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de Graauw T, Whyborn N, Caux E, Phillips T, Stutzki J, Tielens X, et al. The Herschel-heterodyne instrument for the far-infrared (HIFI). In: Proc. SPIE. Orlando; 2006.
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Thijs de Graauw, Nick Whyborn, Frank Helmich, Pieter Dieleman, Peter Roelfsema, Emmanuel Caux, et al. The Herschel-heterodyne instrument for the far-infrared (HIFI): instrument and pre-launch testing. In: Proc. SPIE. Vol 7010.; 2008. 701004.
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Gol'tsman GN, Vachtomin YB, Antipov SV, Finkel MI, Maslennikov SN, Smirnov KV, et al. NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers. In: Proc. SPIE. Vol 5727.; 2005. p. 95–106.
Abstract: We present the results of our studies of NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers at terahertz frequencies. The mixers were fabricated from NbN film deposited on a high-resistivity Si substrate with an MgO buffer layer. The mixer element was integrated with a log-periodic spiral antenna. The noise temperature measurements were performed at 2.5 THz and at 3.8 THz local oscillator frequencies for the 3 x 0.2 μm2 active area devices. The best uncorrected receiver noise temperatures found for these frequencies are 1300 K and 3100 K, respectively. A water vapour discharge laser was used as the LO source. The largest gain bandwidth of 5.2 GHz was achieved for a mixer based on 2 nm thick NbN film deposited on MgO layer over Si substrate. The gain bandwidth of the mixer based on 3.5 nm NbN film deposited on Si with MgO is 4.2 GHz and the noise bandwidth for the same device amounts to 5 GHz. We also present the results of our research into decrease of the direct detection contribution to the measured Y-factor and a possible error of noise temperature calculation. The use of a square nickel cell mesh as an IR-filter enabled us to avoid the effect of direct detection and measure apparent value of the noise temperature which was 16% less than that obtained using conventional black polyethylene IR-filter.
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David Olaya, Jian Wei, Sergei Pereverzev, Karasik BS, Kawamura Jhan H, McGrath WR, et al. An ultrasensitive hot-electron bolometer for low-background SMM applications. In: Proc. SPIE. Vol 6275.; 2006. 627506.
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Karpov A, Miller D, Rice F, Stern JA, Bumble B, LeDuc HG, et al. Development of 1.25 THz SIS mixer for Herschel Space Observatory. In: Zmuidzinas J, Holland WS, editors. Proc. SPIE. Vol 6275.; 2006. 62751.
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