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Melnick GJ, Tolls V, Neufeld DA, Bergin EA, Phillips TG, Wang S, et al. Herschel observations of EXtra-Ordinary Sources (HEXOS): Observations of H2O and its isotopologues towards Orion KL. Astron. Astrophys.. 2010;521:L27.
Abstract: We report the detection of more than 48 velocity-resolved ground rotational state transitions of H216O, H218O, and H217O – most for the first time – in both emission and absorption toward Orion KL using Herschel/HIFI. We show that a simple fit, constrained to match the known emission and absorption components along the line of sight, is in excellent agreement with the spectral profiles of all the water lines. Using the measured H218O line fluxes, which are less affected by line opacity than their H216O counterparts, and an escape probability method, the column densities of H218O associated with each emission component are derived. We infer total water abundances of 7.4 × 10-5, 1.0 × 10-5, and 1.6 × 10-5 for the plateau, hot core, and extended warm gas, respectively. In the case of the plateau, this value is consistent with previous measures of the Orion-KL water abundance as well as those of other molecular outflows. In the case of the hot core and extended warm gas, these values are somewhat higher than water abundances derived for other quiescent clouds, suggesting that these regions are likely experiencing enhanced water-ice sublimation from (and reduced freeze-out onto) grain surfaces due to the warmer dust in these sources.
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Crockett NR, Bergin EA, Wang S, Lis DC, Bell TA, Blake GA, et al. Herschel observations of EXtra-Ordinary Sources (HEXOS): The Terahertz spectrum of Orion KL seen at high spectral resolution. Annual Rev. Astron. Astrophys.. 2010;521:L21 (1 to 5).
Abstract: We present the first high spectral resolution observations of Orion KL in the frequency ranges 1573.4–1702.8 GHz (band 6b) and 1788.4–1906.8 GHz (band 7b) obtained using the HIFI instrument on board the Herschel Space Observatory. We characterize the main emission lines found in the spectrum, which primarily arise from a range of components associated with Orion KL including the hot core, but also see widespread emission from components associated with molecular outflows traced by H2O, SO2, and OH. We find that the density of observed emission lines is significantly diminished in these bands compared to lower frequency Herschel/HIFI bands.
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Karpov A, Miller D, Rice F, Zmuidzinas J, Stern JA, Bumble B, et al. Low noise 1.2 THz SIS receiver. In: Jet Propulsion Laboratory CIit.u.t.e of T, editor. Proc. 12th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. San Diego, CA, USA; 2001. p. 21–2.
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Karpov A, Miller D, Stern JA, Bumble B, LeDuc HG, Zmuidzinas J. Low noise NbTiN 1.25 THz SIS mixer for Herschel Space Observatory. In: Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Göteborg, Sweden; 2005. 450.
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