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Gershenzon EM, Gol'tsman GN, Semenov AD, Sergeev AV. Heating of electrons in resistive state of superconducting films. Detectors, mixers and switches. In: Progress in High Temperature Superconductivity. Vol 32.; 1992. p. 190–5.
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Kroug M, Yagoubov P, Gol'tsman G, Kollberg E. NbN quasioptical phonon cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at THz frequencies. In: Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. Vol 1. Bristol; 1997. p. 405–8.
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Verevkin A, Pearlman A, Slysz W, Zhang J, Currie M, Korneev A, et al. Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors for near-infrared-wavelength quantum communications. J Modern Opt. 2004;51(9-10):1447–58.
Abstract: The paper reports progress on the design and development of niobium-nitride, superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) for ultrafast counting of near-infrared photons for secure quantum communications. The SSPDs operate in the quantum detection mode, based on photon-induced hotspot formation and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-width superconducting stripe. The devices are fabricated from 3.5 nm thick NbN films and kept at cryogenic (liquid helium) temperatures inside a cryostat. The detector experimental quantum efficiency in the photon-counting mode reaches above 20% in the visible radiation range and up to 10% at the 1.3–1.55 μn infrared range. The dark counts are below 0.01 per second. The measured real-time counting rate is above 2 GHz and is limited by readout electronics (the intrinsic response time is below 30 ps). The SSPD jitter is below 18 ps, and the best-measured value of the noise-equivalent power (NEP) is 2 × 10−18 W/Hz1/2. at 1.3 μm. In terms of photon-counting efficiency and speed, these NbN SSPDs significantly outperform semiconductor avalanche photodiodes and photomultipliers.
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Gershenzon EM, Gol'tsman GN, Kagane ML. Observation of free carrier resonances in p-type germanium at submillimeter wavelengths. Sov Phys Solid State. 1978;20(4):573–9.
Abstract: The spectrum of hole resonances in pure p-Ge for submillimetre in quantizing magnetic fields has been studied and identified. Measurements of photoconductivity spectra of p-Ge were made in the wave range lambda = 2-0.3 mm at temp. of 4.2-15 deg K in magnetic fields H up to 40 Measurements at various frequencies showed that the position of a series of characteristic resonances depends on the frequency of the illumination. This is in line with theoretical conclusions about the effective mass of the carriers increasing with rise in the magnetic field as a result of the interaction of the edge of the valency band with the split spin-orbital interaction of the sub 7 exp + band and the conduction band. The relative intensity of the quantum resonance lines of the free holes depends on the excitation conditions.
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Hübers H-W, Semenov A, Richter H, Birk M, Krocka M, Mair U, et al. Terahertz heterodyne receiver with a hot-electron bolometer mixer. In: Wold J, Davidson J, editors. Proc. Far-IR, Sub-mm, and mm Detector Technology Workshop.; 2002.
Abstract: During the past decade major advances have been made regarding low noise mixers for terahertz (THz) heterodyne receivers. State of the art hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers have noise temperatures close to the quantum limit and require less than a µW power from the local oscillator (LO). The technology is now at a point where the performance of a practical receiver employing such mixer, rather than the figures of merit of the mixer itself, are of major concern. We have incorporated a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer in a 2.5 THz heterodyne receiver and investigated the performance of the receiver. This yields important information for the development of heterodyne receivers such as GREAT (German receiver for astronomy at THz frequencies aboard SOFIA)[1] and TELIS (Terahertz limb sounder), a balloon borne heterodyne receiver for atmospheric research [2]. Both are currently under development at DLR.
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