Hübers H-W, Semenov A, Richter H, Birk M, Krocka M, Mair U, et al. Terahertz heterodyne receiver with a hot-electron bolometer mixer. In: Wold J, Davidson J, editors. Proc. Far-IR, Sub-mm, and mm Detector Technology Workshop.; 2002.
Abstract: During the past decade major advances have been made regarding low noise mixers for terahertz (THz) heterodyne receivers. State of the art hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers have noise temperatures close to the quantum limit and require less than a µW power from the local oscillator (LO). The technology is now at a point where the performance of a practical receiver employing such mixer, rather than the figures of merit of the mixer itself, are of major concern. We have incorporated a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer in a 2.5 THz heterodyne receiver and investigated the performance of the receiver. This yields important information for the development of heterodyne receivers such as GREAT (German receiver for astronomy at THz frequencies aboard SOFIA)[1] and TELIS (Terahertz limb sounder), a balloon borne heterodyne receiver for atmospheric research [2]. Both are currently under development at DLR.
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Norton P. HgCdTe infrared detectors. Opto-Electron Rev. 2002;10(3):159–74.
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Colombelli R. FIR quantum cascade lasers at λ>20 μm and THz emitters at λ=80 μm. Phys. E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 2002;13(2-4):848–53.
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Semenov AD, Gol'tsman GN, Sobolewski R. Hot-electron effect in superconductors and its applications for radiation sensors. Supercond Sci Technol. 2002;15(4):R1–R16.
Abstract: The paper reviews the main aspects of nonequilibrium hot-electron phenomena in superconductors and various theoretical models developed to describe the hot-electron effect. We discuss implementation of the hot-electron avalanche mechanism in superconducting radiation sensors and present the most successful practical devices, such as terahertz mixers and direct intensity detectors, for far-infrared radiation. Our presentation also includes the novel approach to hot-electron quantum detection implemented in superconducting x-ray to optical photon counters.
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Uzawa Y, Miki S, Wang Z, Kawakami A, Kroug M, Yagoubov P, et al. Performance of a quasi-optical NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer at terahertz frequencies. Supercond Sci Technol. 2002;15(1):141–5.
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