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Karasik BS, Gol'tsman GN, Voronov BM, Svechnikov SI, Gershenzon EM, Ekstrom H, et al. Hot electron quasioptical NbN superconducting mixer. IEEE Trans Appl Supercond. 1995;5(2):2232–5.
Abstract: Hot electron superconductor mixer devices made of thin NbN films on SiO/sub 2/-Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/-Si membrane have been fabricated for 300-350 GHz operation. The device consists of 5-10 parallel strips each 5 /spl mu/m long by 1 /spl mu/m wide which are coupled to a tapered slot-line antenna. The I-V characteristics and position of optimum bias point were studied in the temperature range 4.5-8 K. The performance of the mixer at higher temperatures is closer to that predicted by theory for uniform electron heating. The intermediate frequency bandwidth versus bias has also been investigated. At the operating temperature 4.2 K a bandwidth as wide as 0.8 GHz has been measured for a mixer made of 6 nm thick film. The bandwidth tends to increase with operating temperature. The performance of the NbN mixer is expected to be better for higher frequencies where the absorption of radiation should be more uniform.
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Tong C-YE, Meledin D, Loudkov D, Blundell R, Erickson N, Kawamura J, et al. A 1.5 THz Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer operated by a planar diode based local oscillator. In: IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Digest. Vol 2.; 2003. p. 751–4.
Abstract: We have developed a 1.5 THz superconducting NbN Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer. It is operated by an all-solid-state Local Oscillator comprising of a cascade of 4 planar doublers following an MMIC based W-band power amplifier. The threshold available pump power is estimated to be 1 /spl mu/W.
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Antipov SV, Vachtomin YB, Maslennikov SN, Smirnov KV, Kaurova NS, Grishina EV, et al. Noise performance of quasioptical ultrathin NbN hot electron bolometer mixer at 2.5 and 3.8 THz. In: Proc. 5-th MSMW. Vol 2. Kharkov, Ukraine; 2004. p. 592–4.
Abstract: To put space-based and airborne heterodyne instruments into operation at frequencies above 1 THz the superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) will be incorporated into heterodyne receiver as a mixer. At frequencies above 1.3 THz the sensitivity of the NbN HEB mixers outperform the one of the Schottky diodes and SIS-mixers, and the receiver noise temperature of the NbN HEB mixers increase with frequency. In this paper we present the results of the noise temperature measurements within one batch of NbN HEB mixers based on 3.5 mn thick superconducting NbN film grown on Si substrate with MgO buffer layer at the LO frequencies 2.5 THz and 3.8 THz.
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Svechnikov SI, Finkel MI, Maslennikov SN, Vachtomin YB, Smirnov KV, Seleznev VA, et al. Superconducting hot electron bolometer mixer for middle IR range. In: Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology. Vol 2.; 2006. p. 686–7.
Abstract: The developed directly lens coupled hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer was based on 5 nm superconducting NbN deposited on GaAs substrate. The layout of the structure, including 30x20 mcm^2 active area coupled with a 50 Ohm coplanar line, was patterned by photolithography. The responsivity of the mixer was measured in a direct detection mode in the 25-64 THz frequency range. The noise performance of the mixer and the directivity of the receiver were investigated in a heterodyne mode. A 10.6 mum wavelength CW CO2 laser was utilized as a local oscillator.
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Vachtomin YB, Antipov SV, Maslennikov SN, Smirnov KV, Polyakov SL, Zhang W, et al. Quasioptical hot electron bolometer mixers based on thin NBN films for terahertz region. In: Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology. Vol 2.; 2006. p. 688–9.
Abstract: Presented in this paper are the performances of HEB mixers based on 2-3.5 nm thick NbN films integrated with log-periodic spiral antenna. Double side-band receiver noise temperature values are 1300 K and 3100 K at 2.5 THz and at 3.8 THz, respectively. Mixer gain bandwidth is 5.2 GHz. Local oscillator power is 1-3 muW for mixers with different active area
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