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Dauler E, Kerman A, Robinson B, Yang J, Voronov B, Goltsman G, et al. Photon-number-resolution with sub-30-ps timing using multi-element superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. J Modern Opt. 2009;56(2):364–73.
Abstract: A photon-number-resolving detector based on a four-element superconducting nanowire single photon detector is demonstrated to have sub-30-ps resolution in measuring the arrival time of individual photons. This detector can be used to characterize the photon statistics of non-pulsed light sources and to mitigate dead-time effects in high-speed photon counting applications. Furthermore, a 25% system detection efficiency at 1550 nm was demonstrated, making the detector useful for both low-flux source characterization and high-speed photon-counting and quantum communication applications. The design, fabrication and testing of this detector are described, and a comparison between the measured and theoretical performance is presented.
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Marsili F, Bitauld D, Fiore A, Gaggero A, Leoni R, Mattioli F, et al. Superconducting parallel nanowire detector with photon number resolving functionality. J Modern Opt. 2009;56(2-3):334–44.
Abstract: We present a new photon number resolving detector (PNR), the Parallel Nanowire Detector (PND), which uses spatial multiplexing on a subwavelength scale to provide a single electrical output proportional to the photon number. The basic structure of the PND is the parallel connection of several NbN superconducting nanowires (100 nm-wide, few nm-thick), folded in a meander pattern. Electrical and optical equivalents of the device were developed in order to gain insight on its working principle. PNDs were fabricated on 3-4 nm thick NbN films grown on sapphire (substrate temperature TS=900C) or MgO (TS=400C) substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering in an Ar/N2 gas mixture. The device performance was characterized in terms of speed and sensitivity. The photoresponse shows a full width at half maximum (FWHM) as low as 660ps. PNDs showed counting performance at 80 MHz repetition rate. Building the histograms of the photoresponse peak, no multiplication noise buildup is observable and a one photon quantum efficiency can be estimated to be QE=3% (at 700 nm wavelength and 4.2 K temperature). The PND significantly outperforms existing PNR detectors in terms of simplicity, sensitivity, speed, and multiplication noise.
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Marksteiner M, Divochiy A, Sclafani M, Haslinger P, Ulbricht H, Korneev A, et al. A superconducting NbN detector for neutral nanoparticles. Nanotechnol. 2009;20(45):455501.
Abstract: We present a proof-of-principle study of superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD) for the detection of individual neutral molecules/nanoparticles at low energies. The new detector is applied to characterize a laser desorption source for biomolecules and allows retrieval of the arrival time distribution of a pulsed molecular beam containing the amino acid tryptophan, the polypeptide gramicidin as well as insulin, myoglobin and hemoglobin. We discuss the experimental evidence that the detector is actually sensitive to isolated neutral particles.
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Елезов МС, Корнеев АА, Дивочий АВ, Гольцман ГН. Сверхпроводящие однофотонные детекторы с разрешением числа фотонов. In: Науч. сессия МИФИ.; 2009. p. 47–58.
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Smirnov KV, Vakhtomin YB, Divochiy AV, Ozhegov RV, Pentin IV, Slivinskaya EV, et al. Single-photon detectors for the visible and infrared parts of the spectrum based on NbN nanostructures [abstract]. In: Proc. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symp. Moscow, Russia; 2009. p. 863–4.
Abstract: The research by the group of Moscow State Pedagogical University into the hot-electron phenomena in thin superconducting films has led to the development of new types ofdetectors [1, 2] and their use both in fundamental and applied studies [3–6]. In this paper, wepresent the results of the development and fabrication of receiving systems for the visible andinfrared parts of the spectrum optimised for use in telecommunication systems and quantumcryptography.
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