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Goltsman GN, Vachtomin YB, Antipov SV, Finkel MI, Maslennikov SN, Polyakov SL, et al. Low-noise NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers for terahertz heterodyne receivers. In: Proc. 9-th WMSCI. Vol 9. International Institute of Informatics and Systemics; 2005. p. 154–9.
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Semenov A, Richter H, Smirnov K, Voronov B, Gol'tsman G, Hübers H-W. The development of terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers. Supercond Sci Technol. 2004;17(5):436–9.
Abstract: We present recent advances in the development of NbN hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers for flying terahertz heterodyne receivers. Three important issues have been addressed: the quality of the source NbN films, the effect of the bolometer size on the spectral properties of different planar feed antennas, and the local oscillator (LO) power required for optimal operation of the mixer. Studies of the NbN films with an atomic force microscope indicated a surface structure that may affect the performance of the smallest mixers. Measured spectral gain and noise temperature suggest that at frequencies above 2.5 THz the spiral feed provides better overall performance than the double-slot feed. Direct measurements of the optimal LO power support earlier estimates made in the framework of the uniform mixer model.
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Semenov AD, Hübers H-W, Richter H, Smirnov K, Gol'tsman GN, Voronov BM. Superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers [abstract]. In: Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.; 2004. 164.
Abstract: A number of on-going astronomical and atmospheric research programs are aimed to the Terahertz (THz) spectral region. At frequencies above about 1.4 THz heterodyne receivers planned for these missions will use superconducting hot-electron bolometers as a mixers. We present current results on the development of superconducting NbN hot- electron bolometer mixer and quasioptical radiation coupling scheme for GREAT (German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies, to be used aboard of SOFIA) and TELIS (Terahertz Limb Sounder). The mixer is incorporated into hybrid antenna consisting of a planar feed antenna, which has either logarithmic spiral or double-slot configuration, and hyperhemispherical silicon lens. For the log-spiral feed antenna, the double side-band receiver noise temperature of 5500 K was achieved at 4.3 THz. The noise temperature shows less than 3 dB increase in the intermediate frequency band from 4 GHz to 7 GHz. The hybrid antenna had almost frequency independent and symmetric radiation pattern with the beam-width slightly broader than expected for a diffraction limited pattern. Results of FTS measurements in the direct detection regime agreed with the spectral dependence of the noise temperature for spiral antennas with different spacing of inner terminals.
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Finkel M, Vachtomin Y, Antipov S, Drakinski V, Kaurova N, Voronov B, et al. Gain bandwidth and noise temperature of NbTiN HEB mixer. In: Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.; 2003. p. 276–85.
Abstract: We have determined that the gain bandwidth of phonon-cooled HEB mixer employing NbTiN films deposited on MgO layer over Si substrate is limited b y the escape of phonons to the substrate. The cut-off frequencies of 1 um long devices operating at T 71, based on 3.5 nm. 4 nm and 10 nm thick films amount to 400 Mk. 300 MHz, and 100 MHz, respectivel y . The gain bandwidth of 0.13 . um long devices fabricated from 3.5 nm thick film is larger and amounts to 0.8 GIL; at the optimal operating point and to 1.5 GIL: at larger bias. The increase of the gain bandwidth from 400 MHz up to 1.5 GH: with the change of bridge length is attributed to diffusion cooling. A double sideband noise temperature of 4000 K was obtained for heterodyne receiver utilizing pilot NbTiN HEB mixer (not optimized for normal state resistance) operating at the local oscillator frequency of 2.5 THz.
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Semenov AD, Hiibers H-W, Richter H, Smirnov K, Gol'tsman GN, Kaurova N, et al. Superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers. In: Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.; 2003. p. 33–40.
Abstract: A number of on-going astronomical and atmospheric research programs are aimed to the Terahertz (THz) spectral region. At frequencies above about 1.4 THz heterodyne receivers planned for these missions will use superconducting hot-electron bolometers as a mixers. We present recent results of the terahertz antenna development of superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for GREAT (German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies, to be used aboard of SOFIA) and TELIS (Terahertz Limb Sounder). The mixer is incorporated into hybrid antenna consisting of a planar feed antenna, which has either logarithmic spiral or double-slot configuration, and hyper hemispherical silicon lens. The hybrid antenna showed almost frequency independent and symmetric radiation pattern with the beam-width slightly broader than expected for diffraction limited antenna. The noise temperature as well as its spectral dependence changes with the bolometer sizes that provides additional tool for mixer optimization. FTS spectra measured in the direct detection regime agreed with the noise temperature spectra.
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