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	Author	Aksaev, E. E.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenson, M. E.; Goltsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Prospects for using high-temperature superconductors to create electron bolometers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki	Abbreviated Journal	Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki
	Volume	15	Issue	14	Pages	88-93
	Keywords	HTS HEB
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0320-0116	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Перспективы применения высокотемпературных сверхпроводников для создания электронных болометров			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1693
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	Author	Aksaev, E. E.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Interaction of electrons with thermal phonons in YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ films at low temperatures			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	50	Issue	5	Pages	283-286
	Keywords	YBCO HTS films
	Abstract	The time of electron-phonon interaction tau(eph) in YBaCuO films at low temperatures is studied. This is measured as the time of resistance relaxation in the resistive state of the superconducter, and is also determined from the increase in resistance under the action of radiation. Consistent results of these methods show that resistance relaxation in the resistive state is caused by cooling of the electron subsystem with respect to the phonon subsystem. The time tau(eph) is found to be inversely proportional to the temperature and comes to 80 ps when T = 1.6 K and 5 ps when T = 30 K. 6 refs.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1690
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	Author	Antipov, S. V.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Goltsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Noise temperature of quasioptical NbN hot electron bolometer mixers at 900 GHz			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Physics of Vibrations	Abbreviated Journal	Physics of Vibrations
	Volume	9	Issue	4	Pages	242-245
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1069-1227	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1550
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	Author	Blagosklonskaya, L. E.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elant'ev, A. I.
	Title	Effect of a high magnetic field on the spectrum of donors in InSb			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Fizika i Tekhnika Poluprovodnikov	Abbreviated Journal	Fizika i Tekhnika Poluprovodnikov
	Volume	11	Issue	12	Pages	2373-2375
	Keywords	InSb, energy spectrum, donors, high magnetic field
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Воздействие сильного магнитного поля на спектр доноров в InSb			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1729
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	Author	Blagosklonskaya, L. E.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Elantev, A. I.
	Title	Effect of strong magnetic-field on spectrum of hydrogen-like admixtures in semiconductors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1978	Publication	Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya	Abbreviated Journal	Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya
	Volume	42	Issue	6	Pages	1231-1234
	Keywords	spectrum, semiconductors, admixtures, strong magnetic-field
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga 39 Dimitrova Ul., 113095 Moscow, Russia	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	blagosklonskaya1978effect			Serial	1724
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	Author	Blagosklonskaya, L. E.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Elant’ev, A. I.
	Title	Effect of a strong magnetic field on the spectrum of donors in InSb			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1978	Publication	Sov. Phys. Semicond.	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. Semicond.
	Volume	11	Issue	12	Pages	1395-1397
	Keywords	InSb, spectrum of donors, strong magnetic field
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1725
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	Author	Blundell, R.; Kawamura, J. H.; Tong, C. E.; Papa, D. C.; Hunter, T. R.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Cherednichenko, S. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	A hot-electron bolometer mixer receiver for the 680-830 GHz frequency range			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Proc. 6-th Int. Conf. Terahertz Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 6-th Int. Conf. Terahertz Electron.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	18-20
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We describe a heterodyne receiver designed to operate in the partially transparent atmospheric windows centered on 680 and 830 GHz. The receiver incorporates a niobium nitride thin film, cooled to 4.2 K, as the phonon-cooled hot-electron mixer element. The double sideband receiver noise, measured over the frequency range 680-830 GHz, is typically 700-1300 K. The instantaneous output bandwidth of the receiver is 600 MHz. This receiver has recently been used at the SubMillimeter Telescope, jointly operated by the Steward Observatory and the Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy, for observations of the neutral carbon and CO spectral lines at 810 GHz and at 806 and 691 GHz respectively. Laboratory measurements on a second mixer in the same test receiver have yielded extended high frequency performance to 1 THz.
	Address	Leeds, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	IEEE	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	0-7803-4903-2	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	IEEE Sixth International Conference on Terahertz Electronics Proceedings. THZ 98. (Cat. No.98EX171)
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1581
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	Author	Bondarenko, O. I.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gurvich, Y. A.; Orlova, S. L.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Measurement of the width of the cyclotron resonance line of n-type Ge in quantizing magnetic fields			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	Presumably: Sov. Phys. Semicond. \| Физика и техника полупроводников	Abbreviated Journal	Presumably: Sov. Phys. Semicond. \| Физика и техника полупроводников
	Volume	6	Issue		Pages	362-363
	Keywords	Ge, cyclotron resonance, quantizing magnetic fields
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1774
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	Author	Boyarskii, D. A.; Gershenzon, V. E.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Tikhonov, V. V.; Chulkova, G. M.
	Title	On the possibility of determining the microstructural parameters of an oil-bearing layer from radiophysical measurement data			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	J. of Communications Technology and Electronics	Abbreviated Journal	J. of Communications Technology and Electronics
	Volume	41	Issue	5	Pages	408-414
	Keywords	submillimeter waves, transmission
	Abstract	A method for the reconstruction of microstructural properties of an oil-bearing rock from the spectral dependence of the transmission factor of submillimeter waves is proposed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1064-2269	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Радиотехника и электроника 41, no. 4 (1996): 441-447			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1611
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	Author	Chulcova, G. M.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Effect of the interference between electron-phonon and electron-impurity (boundary) scattering on resistivity Nb, Al, Be films			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Czech J. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Czech J. Phys.
	Volume	46	Issue	S5	Pages	2489-2490
	Keywords	Al, Be, Nb films
	Abstract	The temperature dependence of the resistivity of thin Nb, Al, Be films has been studied over a wide temperature range 4-300 K. We have found that the temperature-dependent correction to the residual resistivity is well described by the sum of the Bloch-Grüneisen term and the term originating from the interference between electron-phonon and electron-impurity scattering. Study of the transport interference phenomena allows to determine electron-phonon coupling in disordered metals. The interference term is proportional to T2 and also to the residual resistivity and dominates over the Bloch-Grüneisen term at low temperatures (T<40 K).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0011-4626	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1767
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	Author	Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M.; Trifonov, V.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Nonequilibrium and bolometric photoresponse in patterned YBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ thin films			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	J. Appl. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Appl. Phys.
	Volume	76	Issue	3	Pages	1902-1909
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB detector, nonequilibrium response
	Abstract	Epitaxial laser deposited YBa2Cu3O7−δ films of ∼50 nm thickness were patterned into detectors consisting of ten parallel 1 μm wide strips in order to study nonequilibrium and bolometric effects. Typically, the patterned samples had critical temperatures around 86 K, transition widths around 2 K and critical current densities above 1×106A/cm2 at 77 K. Pulsed laser measurements at 0.8 μm wavelength (17 ps full width at half maximum) showed a ∼30 ps response, attributed to electron heating, followed by a slower bolometric decay. Amplitude modulation in the band fmod=100 kHz–10 GHz of a laser with wavelength λ=0.8 μm showed two different thermal relaxations in the photoresponse. Phonon escape from the film (∼3 ns) is the limiting process, followed by heat diffusion in the substrate. Similar relaxations were also seen for λ=10.6 μm. The photoresponse measurements were made with the film in the resistive state and extended into the normal state. These states were created by supercritical bias currents. Measurements between 75 and 95 K (i.e., from below to above Tc) showed that the photoresponse was proportional to dR/dT for fmod=1 MHz and 4 GHz. The fast response is limited by the electron‐phonon scattering time, estimated to 1.8 ps from experimental data. The responsivity both at 0.8 and 10.6 μm wavelength was ∼1.2 V/W at fmod=1 GHz and the noise equivalent power was calculated to 1.5×10−9 WHz−1/2 for the fast response.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1637
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	Author	Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M.; Trifonov, V.; Karasik, B.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	A fast infrared detector based on patterned YBCO thin film			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
	Volume	7	Issue	5	Pages	321-323
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detector
	Abstract	Detectors for infrared radiation ( lambda =0.85 mu m) were made of 50 nm thick YBa2Cu3O7- delta films on LaAlO3 and MgO or 60 nm thick films on NdGaO3. Parallel strips (1 mu m wide by 20 mu m long) were patterned in the films and formed the active device. These devices were designed to detect short infrared laser pulses by electron heating. The detectors were current biased into the resistive and the normal states. The response was studied in direct pulse measurements as well as by amplitude modulation of a laser. The pulse measurements showed a fast picosecond response followed by a slower decay related to phonon escape through the film-substrate interface and heat diffusion in the substrate. The frequency spectra up to 10 GHz showed two slopes with a knee corresponding to the phonon escape time.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1646
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	Author	Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Zorin, M.; Trifonov, V.; Karasik, B.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Lindgren, M.
	Title	Picosecond detection of infrared radiation with YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ thin films			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2104	Issue		Pages	183-184
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB detectors
	Abstract	Picosecond nonequilibrium and slow bolometric responses from a patterned high-Tc superconducting (HTS) film due toinfrared radiation were investigated using both modulation and pulse techniques. Measurements at A, = 0.85 [tm andA, = 10.6 lim have shown a similar behaviour of the response vs modulation frequency f. The responsivity of the HTS filmbased detector at f ..- 0.6-1 GHz is estimated to be 10-2 – 10-1 V/W.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves
	Notes	https://inis.iaea.org/search/searchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=25034664			Approved	no
	Call Number	10.1117/12.2298489			Serial	1653
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	Author	Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Jian, H.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Dickinson, J.; Waldman, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Measured results for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at 0.6-0.75 THz, 1.56 THz, and 2.5 THz			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	105-114
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1587
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	Author	Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Jian, H.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Dickinson, J.; Waldman, J.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	New results for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers above 1 THz			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	9	Issue	2	Pages	4217-4220
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	NbN Hot Electron Bolometric (HEB) mixers have produced promising results in terms of DSB receiver noise temperature (2800 K at 1.56 THz). The LO source for these mixers is a gas laser pumped by a CO/sub 2/ laser and the device is quasi-optically coupled through an extended hemispherical lens and a self-complementary log-periodic toothed antenna. NbN HEBs do not require submicron dimensions, can be operated comfortably at 4.2 K or higher, and require LO power of about 100-500 nW. IF noise bandwidths of 5 GHz or greater have been demonstrated. The DC bias point is also not affected by thermal radiation at 300 K. Receiver noise temperatures below 1 THz are typically 450-600 K and are expected to gradually approach these levels above 1 THz as well. NbN HEB mixers thus are rapidly approaching the type of performance required of a rugged practical receiver for astronomy and remote sensing in the THz region.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1568
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	Author	Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Jian, H.; Zhuang, Y.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Dickinson, J.; Goyette, T.; Waldman, J.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Improved characteristics of NbN HEB mixers integrated with log-periodic antennas			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Proc. 10^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 10^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	200-207
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1574
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	Author	Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Schuch, R.; Lutz, C. R.; Jr.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Mueller, E. R.; Waldivian, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Hot electron detection and mixing experiments in NbN at 119 micrometer wavelength			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Proc. 6^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 6^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	284-293
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, detectors
	Abstract	We have performed preliminary experiments with the goal of demonstrating a Hot Electron Bolometric (HEB) mixer for a 119 micrometer wavelength (2.5 THz). We have chosen a NbN device of size 700 x 350 micrometers. This device can easily be coupled to a laser LO source, which is advantageous for performing a prototype experiment. The relatively large size of the device means that the LO power required is in the mW range; this power can be easily obtained from a THz laser source. We have measured the amount of laser power actually absorbed in the device, and from this have estimated the best optical coupling loss to be about 10 di . We are developing methods for improving the optical coupling further. Preliminary measurements of the response of the device to a chopped black-body have not yet resulted in a measured receiver noise temperature. We expect to be able to complete this measurement in the near future.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1629
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	Author	Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Wang, Z.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Mueller, E. R.; Waldman, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Cherednichenco, S. I.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Optimization of hot eleciron bolometer mixing efficiency in NbN at 119 micrometer wavelength			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Proc. 7^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 7^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	584-600
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We describe an investigation of a NbN HEB mixer for 2.5 THz. An intrinsic conversion loss of 23 dB has been measured with a two-laser measurement technique. The conversion loss was limited by the LO power available and is expected to decrease to 10 dB or less when sufficient LO power is available. For this initial experiment we used a prototype device which is directly coupled to the laser beams. We present results for a back-short technique that improves the optical coupling to the device and describe our progress for an antenna-coupled device with a smaller dimension. Based on our measured data for conversion loss and device output noise level, we predict that NbN HEB mixers will be capable of achieving DSB receiver noise temperatures of ten times the quantum noise limit in the THz range.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1616
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	Author	Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Wang, Z.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Waldman, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Cherednichenko, S. I.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	NbN hot electron bolometric mixer for 2.5 THz: the phonon cooled version			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Proc. 8^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 8^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	258-271
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We describe an investigation of a NbN HEB mixer for 2.5 THz. NbN HEBs are phonon-cooled de-. vices which are expected, according to theory, to achieve up to 10 GHz IF conversion gain bandwidth. We have developed an antenna coupled device using a log-periodic antenna and a silicon lens. We have demon- strated that sufficient LO power can be coupled to the device in order to bring it to the optimum mixer oper- ating point. The LO power required is less than 1 microwatts as measured directly at the device. We also describe the impedance characteristics of NbN devices and compare them with theory. The experimental results agree with theory except for the imaginary part of the impedance at very low frequencies as was demonstrated by other groups.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1605
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	Author	Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Waldman, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Optical coupling and conversion gain for NbN HEB mixer at THz frequencies			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Proc. 4-th Int. Semicond. Device Research Symp.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 4-th Int. Semicond. Device Research Symp.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	47-50
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract
	Address	Charlottesville, Virginia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1601
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	Author	Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Zhuang, Y.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	NbN hot electron bolometric mixerss—a new technology for low-noise THz receivers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	47	Issue	12	Pages	2519-2527
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	New advances in hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers have recently resulted in record-low receiver noise temperatures at terahertz frequencies. We have developed quasi-optically coupled NbN HEB mixers and measured noise temperatures up to 2.24 THz, as described in this paper. We project the anticipated future performance of such receivers to have even lower noise temperature and local-oscillator power requirement as well as wider gain and noise bandwidths. We introduce a proposal for integrated focal plane arrays of HEB mixers that will further increase the detection speed of terahertz systems.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1557-9670	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1560
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Goltsman, G. N.; Lulkin, A.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Electron-phonon interaction in ultrathin Nb films			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	70	Issue	3	Pages	505-511
	Keywords	Nb films
	Abstract	A study was made of the heating of electrons in normal resistive states of superconducting thin Nb films. The directly determined relaxation time of the resistance of a sample and the rise of the electron temperature were used to find the electron-phonon interaction time rep,, The dependence of rep, on the mean free path of electrons re,, a 1-'demonstrated, in agreement with the theoretical predictions, that the contribution of the inelastic scattering of electrons by impurities to the energy relaxation process decreased at low temperatures and the observed temperature dependence rep, a T 2 was due to a modification of the phonon spectrum in thin fllms. 1. Much new information on the electron-phonon interaction time?;,, in thin films of normal metals and superconductors has been published recently. This information has been obtained mainly as a result of two types of measurement. One includes experiments on weak electron localization investigated by the method of quantum interference corrections to the conductivity of disordered conductors, which can be used to find the relaxation time T, of the phase of the electron wave function. In the absence of the scattering of electrons by paramagnetic impurities the relaxation time T, is associated with the most effective process of energy relaxation: T;= TL+ rep;, where T,, is the electronelectron relaxation time. At low temperatures, when the dependence T; a T is exhibited by thin disordered films, the dominant channel is that of the electron-electron relaxation and there is a lower limit to the temperature range in which rep, can be investigated.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	241
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Goltsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Wide-band highspeed Nb and YBaCuO detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	IEEE Trans. Magn.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Magn.
	Volume	27	Issue	2	Pages	2836-2839
	Keywords	YBCO, HTS, Nb detectors
	Abstract	The physical limitations on the response time and the nature of nonequilibrium detection of radiation were investigated for Nb and YBCO film in a wide spectral range from millimeter to near-infrared wavelengths. In the case of ideal heat removal from the film, the detection mechanism is connected with an electron heating effect which is not selective over a wide spectral interval. For Nb, the dependence of the response time on the electron mean free path l and temperature T is tau varies as T/sup -2/l/sup -1/. The values of detectivity D* and tau are 310/sup 11/ W/sup -1/ Hz/sup 1/2/ cm and 510/sup -9/ s at T=1.6 K, respectively. For YBCO film the tau value of 1-2 ps at T=77 K was obtained; the NEP value of 3*10/sup -11/ W-Hz/sup -1/2/ can be obtained at T=77 K in the case of the optimal film matching to the radiation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0018-9464	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	239
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elantiev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.; Potoskuev, S. E.
	Title	Intense electromagnetic radiation heating of electrons of a superconductor in the resistive state			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys.
	Volume	14	Issue	7	Pages	414-420
	Keywords	HEB
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Duplicated as 1697			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	236
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gusev, Yu. P.; Elantiev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.; Semenov, A. D.
	Title	Millimeter and submillimeter wave range mixer based on electronic heating of superconducting films in the resistive state			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Sov. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Supercond.
	Volume	3	Issue	10	Pages	1582-1597
	Keywords	HEB mixers
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	240
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Limiting characteristic of fast superconducting bolometers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Sov. Phys.-Tech. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys.-Tech. Phys.
	Volume	34	Issue		Pages	195-199
	Keywords	HEB
	Abstract	Теоретически и экспериментально исследовано физическое ограничение быстродействия сверхпроводящего болометра. Показано, что минимальная постоянная времени реализуется в условиях электронного разогрева и определяется процессом неупругого электрон-фонон- ного взаимодействия. Сформулированы требования кконструкции «электронного болометра» для достижения предельной чувствительности. Проведено сравнение характеристик электронного болометра и обычных болометров различных типов.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	О предельных характеристиках быстродействующих серхпроводниковых болометров			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	237
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenson, M. E.; Goltsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Lyulkin, A. M.; Semenov, A. D.
	Title	Fast-response superconducting electron bolometer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki	Abbreviated Journal	Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki
	Volume	15	Issue	3	Pages	88-92
	Keywords	Nb HEB
	Abstract	The general design, operation, and performance characteristics of fast-response electronic bolometers using a thin superconducting Nb film on a leucosapphire substrate are briefly reviewed. The volt-watt sensitivity of the bolometrs is 2,000-200,000 V/W, the operating temperature is 1.6 K, and the time constant is 4-4.5 ns.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1694
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenson, M. E.; Goltsman, G. N.; Lyulkin, A. M.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Limiting characteristics of fast-response superconducting bolometers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki	Abbreviated Journal	Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki
	Volume	59	Issue	2	Pages	11-120
	Keywords	HEB
	Abstract	Теоретически и экспериментально исследовано физическое ограничение быстродействия сверхпроводящего болометра. Показано, что минимальная постоянная времени реализуется в условиях электронного разогрева и определяется процессом неупругого электрон-фонон-ного взаимодействия. Сформулированы требования к конструкции «электронного болометра» для достижения предельной чувствительности. Проведено сравнение характеристик электронного болометра и обычных болометров различных типов.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1696
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Light-induced heating of electrons and the time of the inelastic electron-phonon scattering in the YBaCuO compound			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	46	Issue	6	Pages	285-287
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB
	Abstract	For the first time, measurements have been made on the electron energy relaxation time due to the electron--phonon interaction in films of the YBaCuO superconductor. The results indicate a significant intensification of the electron--phonon interaction in this compound as compared with normal superconducting metals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1706
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Heating of electrons in a superconductor in the resistive state by electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	59	Issue	2	Pages	442-450
	Keywords	Nb HEB
	Abstract	The effect of heating of electrons relative to phonons is observed and investigated in a superconducting film that is made resistive by current and by an external magnetic field. The effect is manifested by an increase of the film resistance under the influence of the electromagnetic radiation, and is not selective in the frequency band 10^10-10^15 Hz. The independence of the effect of frequency under conditions of strong scattering by static defects is attributed to the decisive role of electron-electron collisions in the distribution function. The experimentally obtained characteristic time of resistance variation near the superconducting transition corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter, while at lower temperatures and fields it corresponds to the time of the inelastic electron-phonon interaction.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ phisix @			Serial	983
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Nonselective effect of electromagnetic radiation on a superconducting film in the resistive state			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	36	Issue	7	Pages	296-299
	Keywords	HEB
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Неселективное воздействие электромагнитного излучения на сверхпроводящую пленку в резистивном состоянии			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1717
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semyonov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Heating of electrons in superconductor in the resistive state due to electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Solid State Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Solid State Communications
	Volume	50	Issue	3	Pages	207-212
	Keywords	Nb HEB
	Abstract	The effect of heating electrons with respect to phonons in a thin superconducting film driven into the resistive state by the current and the external magnetic field has been observed and investigated. This effect caused by the electromagnetic radiation is manifested in the increased resistance of the film and is not selective over the frequency range from 1010 to 1015 Hz. That the effect is frequency independent under the conditions of strong electron scattering caused by static defects is explained by the decisive role of electron -electron collisions in forming the distribution function. The characteristic time of resistance change, obtained experimentally, corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter near the superconducting transition and to the relaxation time of the nonelastic electron-phonon interaction at lower temperatures and in lower magnetic fields.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0038-1098	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1709
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gogidze, I. G.; Goltsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Picosecond response on optical-range emission in thin YBaCuO films			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki	Abbreviated Journal	Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki
	Volume	17	Issue	22	Pages	6-10
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors
	Abstract	Целью настоящей работы является целенаправленный поиск пико-секундного отклика на оптическое излучение выяснение оптимальных условий его наблюдения, а также сравнение характеристик неравновесных эффектов в оптическом и субмиллиметровом диапазонах.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1684
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Hot electron superconductive mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Proc. 4^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 4^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	618-622
	Keywords	HEB mixers
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1656
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Hot-electron superconducting mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2104	Issue		Pages	329-330
	Keywords
	Abstract	The creation of low noise heterodyne receivers for frequencies above 1 THz is in the urgentneed for radio astronomy, laser spectroscopy, plasma diagnostic, etc. In this paper we discussthe nonlinear effect related to hot electrons in superconductors, and their potential use in lownoise submilimeter wave mixer. We also discuss results achieved so far as well as possible futuredevelopments.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1654
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Effect of electromagnetic radiation on a superconductor in a magnetic field			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya	Abbreviated Journal	Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya
	Volume	52	Issue	3	Pages	449-451
	Keywords
	Abstract	The effect of electromagnetic radiation on thin superconducting films of Nb with a large number of static defects is investigated experimentally for the case where the film is in the resistive state due to an applied magnetic field and transport current. The results obtained are found to be well described by a model of spatially homogeneous electron heating. It is noted that the results obtained here for Nb films are also valid for Al, NbN, and MoRe films.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0367-6765	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	4th Vsesoiuznyi Seminar po Opticheskomu Detektirovaniiu Magnitnykh Rezonansov v Tverdykh Telakh, Tallin, Estonian SSR, Apr. 1987
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1702
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Transitions of electrons between excited states of donors in germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1971	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	14	Issue	2	Pages	63-65
	Keywords	Ge, donors, excited states
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1740
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Dzardanov, A. L.; Elant'ev, A. I.; Zorin, M. A.; Markin, A. G.; Semenov, A. D.
	Title	S-N switching of niobium and YBCO films: limit time and perspective of fast key element creation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika	Abbreviated Journal	Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika
	Volume	5	Issue	12	Pages	2386-2402
	Keywords	YBCO HTS switches
	Abstract	A study was made on processes of switching of thin niobium film strips between superconducting and normal states under the effect of optical radiation pulse and voltage step. The results are described satisfactorily by the model of spatial homogeneous electron heating. It is shown that limiting switching times can be equal to several shares of nanosecond at 4.2 K. Preliminary results for YBa2Cu3O-7-x films are presented. Prospects and advantages of creation of ducting structures of narrow streps, are discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0131-5366	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1674
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elant'ev, A. I.
	Title	Energy spectrum of the donors in GaAs and Ge and its reaction to a magnetic field			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	45	Issue	3	Pages	555-565
	Keywords	Ge, GaAs, magnetic field, donors, energy spectrum
	Abstract	The spectrum of the submillimeter photoconductivity of n-GaAs and n-Ge in a magnetic field up to 60 kOe at helium temperatures was investigated. A large number of lines due to transitions between excited states of the donors have been investigated, and the measurement results were used to determine a number of levels of the energy spectrum in a wide range of magnetic fields. For GaAs, these data are compared with calculations of the energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom in magnetic fields up to -2X lo9 Oe. For the donors in Ge, the energy spectrum is investigated at different orientations of the magnetic field relative to the crystallographic axes (H 11 [loo], [I 1 I], [110]), and these results are also compared with the corresponding calculations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1728
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elant'ev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.; Potoskuev, S. E.
	Title	Intense electromagnetic radiation heating of superconductor electrons in resistive state			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Fizika Nizkikh Temperatur	Abbreviated Journal	Fizika Nizkikh Temperatur
	Volume	14	Issue	7	Pages	753-763
	Keywords	Nb HEB
	Abstract	An experimental study is made of the effect of intense radiation in the millimeter and submillimeter ranges on thin and narrow Nb films in the resistive state. It is found that the excess resistance resulting from radiation and the dependence of its relaxation time on radiation intensity and transport current can be explained in terms of the effect of electron heating. Quantitative agreement is obtained between the experimental data and a homogeneous electron heating model.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1697
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Emtsev, V. V.; Mashovets, T. V.; Ptitsyna, N. G.; Ryvkin, S. M.
	Title	Role of impurities of groups III and V in the formation of defects following γ irradiation of germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1971	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	14	Issue	6	Pages	241
	Keywords	Ge, gamma irradiation, defects, impurities
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1742
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gogidze, I. G.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Processes of electron-phonon interaction in thin YBaCuO films			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Phys. C: Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. C: Supercond.
	Volume	185-189	Issue		Pages	1371-1372
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors
	Abstract	The ultrafast voltage response of YBaCuO films to laser radiation is studied and compared with previously investigated quasiparicles response to radiation of submillimeter wavelength range. Voltage shift under the visible light radiation has two components. Picosecond response realized as suppression superconductivity by nonequilibrium excess quasiparticles, response time is determined by quasiparticles recombination rate. Nanosecond response is probably due to bolometric effect.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-4534	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1676
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kagane, M. L.
	Title	Observation of free carrier resonances in p-type germanium at submillimeter wavelengths			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1978	Publication	Sov. Phys. Solid State	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. Solid State
	Volume	20	Issue	4	Pages	573-579
	Keywords	p-Ge, free carriers, resonances
	Abstract	The spectrum of hole resonances in pure p-Ge for submillimetre in quantizing magnetic fields has been studied and identified. Measurements of photoconductivity spectra of p-Ge were made in the wave range lambda = 2-0.3 mm at temp. of 4.2-15 deg K in magnetic fields H up to 40 Measurements at various frequencies showed that the position of a series of characteristic resonances depends on the frequency of the illumination. This is in line with theoretical conclusions about the effective mass of the carriers increasing with rise in the magnetic field as a result of the interaction of the edge of the valency band with the split spin-orbital interaction of the sub 7 exp + band and the conduction band. The relative intensity of the quantum resonance lines of the free holes depends on the excitation conditions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1721
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kagane, M. L.
	Title	Energy spectrum of acceptors in germanium and its response to a magnetic field			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	45	Issue	4	Pages	769-776
	Keywords	p-Ge, photoconductivity, energy spectrum, magnetic field
	Abstract	We investigated the spectrum of the submillimeter photoconductivity of p-Ge at helium temperatures and the effects of a magnetic field up to 40 kOe on the spectrum. A large number of lines of transitions between the excited states of the acceptors was observed, some of the lines were identified, and the energies of a number of spectral levels B, Al, Ga, In, and TI in Ge were identified. The results are compared with calculations and with experimental data obtained from the spectra of the photoexcitation of the ground state of the impurities. Using one transition as an example, we discuss the splitting of the excited states of acceptors in the magnetic field and under uniaxial compression.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1727
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Lugovaya, G. Ya.; Serebryakova, N. A.; Chinkova, E. V.
	Title	Infrared radiation detectors on the base of electron heating in resistive state films from traditional superconducing materials			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika	Abbreviated Journal	Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika
	Volume	5	Issue	6	Pages	1129-1140
	Keywords	IR HEB detectors
	Abstract	Characteristics of infrared radiation detectors based on electron heating in thin superconducting films transformed at T ≤ Tc to a resistive state by transport current and, if necessary, by magnetic field are investigated. A comparison is made of the characteristics of the detectors fabricated of different materials: aluminium, niobium, Mo0.5Re0.5. Some devices with different topology of the reception area are considered. Electron heating detectors are comparable by their sensitivity with superconducting bolometers, but differ in a high fast-response.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0131-5366	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1673
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Semenov, A. D.
	Title	Measurement of the energy gap in the compound YBaCu₃O_9-δ on the basis of the IR absorption spectrum			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	46	Issue	5	Pages	237-238
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors
	Abstract	For the first time the long-wave infrared absorption spectrum has been measured by means of the bolometric effect and energy gap for high-temperature superconducting ceramics YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 9-delta/ has been determined from absorption threshold. 2delta/kT/sub c/ value is equal to 0.6.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1703
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Mel'nikov, A. P.
	Title	Binding energy of a carrier with a neutral impurity atom in germanium and in silicon			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1971	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	14	Issue	5	Pages	185-186
	Keywords	Ge, Si, neutral impurity atom, binding energy
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1739
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Mirskii, G. I.
	Title	Submillimeter backward-wave-tube spectrometer-relaxometer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta	Abbreviated Journal	Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta
	Volume	30	Issue	4	Pages	131-137
	Keywords	BWO, applications
	Abstract	A backward-wave-tube (BWT) spectrometer-relaxometer is described that is designed for study of the relaxation characteristics of photoconductors in the wavelength range of 2-0.25 mm – in particular, to measure the relaxation times of the submillimeter photoconductivity of germanium in the range of 10[sup:-4]-10[sup:-9] sec and to determine from these data the concentration of compensating impurities of from 10[sup:10] to 10[sup:14] cm[sup:-3]. The instrument uses the beats of the oscillations of two BWTs and records the amplitude-frequency response of the specimen with variation of the beat frequency from 10[sup:4] to 10[sup:8] Hz with accumulation of the desired signal for less than or equal to1 sec by means of a quadrature synchronous detector. The beat frequency is stabilized and the quadrature voltages of the synchronous detector are formed by means of phase-locked loops.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1699
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Multanovskii, V. V.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Kinetics of electron and hole binding into excitons in germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	57	Issue	2	Pages	369-376
	Keywords	Ge, electron and hole binding
	Abstract	The kinetics of binding of free carriers'into excitons under stationary and nonstationary conditions is studied by investigating the submillimeter photoconductivity of Ge in a wide range of temperatures and of excitation levels. It is shown that the absolute values and the temperature dependence of the binding cross section (o- T-'.' ) can be satisfactorily described by the cascade recombination theory. The value of o and its temperature dependence differ significantly from the cross sections, measured in the same manner, for capture by attracting small impurities. Under nonstationary conditions, just as in the case of recombination with shallow impurities, a signifi- cant role is played by the sticking of the carriers in highly excited states.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1711
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Multanovskii, V. V.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Cross section for binding of free carriers into excitons in germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	33	Issue	11	Pages	574
	Keywords	Ge, excitons, photoconductivity
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1718
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Multanovskii, V. V.; Ptitsyna, N. G.
	Title	Capture of photoexcited carriers by shallow impurity centers in germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1979	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	50	Issue	4	Pages	728-734
	Keywords	Ge, photoexcited carriers, shallow impurity centers
	Abstract	Measurements were made of the lifetimes rf of free carriers and the relaxation time 7, of the submillimeter impurity photoconductivity when carriers are captured by attracting shallow donors and acceptom in Ge. It is nod that in samples with capture-center concentration N,Z 10"cm-' the relaxation time 7, greatly exceeds rf in the temperature range 4.2-12 K. The measured values of 7,- are compared with the calculation of cascade recombination by the classical model. To evaluate the data on T,, the distinguishing features of this model are considered for the nonstationary case. The substantial difference betweea the values of rf and T, is attributed to re-emission of the carriers from the excited states of the shallow impurities.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1720
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Potapov, V. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Restriction of microwave enhancement of superconductivity in impure superconductors due to electron-electron interaction			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Phys. B Condens. Mat.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. B Condens. Mat.
	Volume	169	Issue	1-4	Pages	629-630
	Keywords	impure superconductors
	Abstract	Transition from microwave enhancement of supercurrent to superconductivity suppression is investigated in impure superconductors. It is demonstrated that frequency range of enhancement effect narrows with the decrease of electron mean free path, ℓ, and at ℓ⩽1nm electron heating is observed in the whole frequency range. Dependences of frequency boundaries on ℓ are explained by taking into account strong electron-electron interaction in impure metals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-4526	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1682
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Potapov, V. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Restriction of microwave enhancement of superconductivity in impure superconductors due to electron-electron interaction			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Solid State Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Solid State Communications
	Volume	75	Issue	8	Pages	639-641
	Keywords	impure superconductors
	Abstract	Transition from microwave enhancement of supercurrent to superconductivity suppression is investigated in impure superconductors. It is demonstrated that the frequency range of the enhancement effect narrows with the decrease of the electron mean free path, l, and at l ⩽ 1 nm electron heating is observed in the whole frequency range. Dependences of frequency boundaries on l are explained by taking into account strong electron-electron interaction in impure metals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0038-1098	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1687
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Population and lifetime of excited states of shallow impurities in Ge			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1979	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	49	Issue	2	Pages	355-362
	Keywords	Ge, photothermal ionization, shallow impurities
	Abstract	An investigation was made of the dependences of the intensities of photothermal ionization lines of excited states of shallow impurities in Ge on the intensity of impurity-absorbed background radiation and on temperature. The results obtained were used to find the density and lifetime of carriers of lower excited states of the impurity centers. The lifetimes of the excited states of donors in Ge were 10-~-10-" sec and the lifetime of the lower excited state of acceptors was -lo-' sec. In the presence of background radiation the population of the excited states was very different from the equilibrium value and, in particular, a population inversion of the 2pk, state relative to the 3p0 and 3s states was observed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1719
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Investigation of free excitons in Ge and their condensation at submillimeter wavelengths			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1976	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	43	Issue	1	Pages	116-122
	Keywords	Ge, free excitons
	Abstract	Results are presented of an investigation of free excitons in Ge in the submillimeter wavelength range for low as well as for high excitation levels when interaction between the excitons becomes important. The free-exciton energy spectrum is discussed. It is shown that the drop radii and their concentrations can be determined by measuring the temperature dependence of the free-exciton concentration. A section of the phase diagram is obtained in the 0.5-2.8 K temperature range for the free excitons+condensate system.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1731
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Submillimeter spectroscopy of semiconductors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1973	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	37	Issue	2	Pages	299-304
	Keywords	semiconductors, submillimeter spectroscopy, spectrometer, BWO, Ge, free excitons
	Abstract	The possibility is considered of carrying out submillimeter-wave spectral investigations of semiconductors by means of a high resolution spectrometer with backward-wave tubes. Results of a study of the excitation spectra of small impurities, D-(A +) centers and free excitons in germanium are presented.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1735
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Observation of the free-exciton spectrum at submillimeter wavelengths			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	16	Issue	4	Pages	161-162
	Keywords	Ge, energy spectrum, free excitons
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1736
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Riger, E. R.
	Title	Effect of electron-electron collisions on the trapping of free carriers by shallow impurity centers in germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	64	Issue	4	Pages	889-897
	Keywords	Ge, trapping of free carriers
	Abstract	Cascade Auger recombination of free carriers on shallow impurities in Ge is investigated under quasi-equilibrium conditions (T= 2-12 K) and in impurity breakdown. The Auger capture cross sections are found to be a,= 5. 10-l9 T-'n cm2 for donors and uip= 7- T-5p cm2 for acceptors. It is shown that in an isotropic semiconductor (p-Ge) ui is well described by the cascade-capture theory that takes into account only electron-electron collisions. In an anisotropic semiconductor ui is considerably larger (n-Ge, strongly uniaxially compressedp-Ge). Under impurity breakdown conditions the electron-electron collisions determine the lifetimes of the free carriers only in samples with appreciable density of the compensating impurity (Nk loi3 cmP3).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1707
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.
	Title	Submillimeter backward wave tube spectrometer for measuring superconducting film transmission			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta	Abbreviated Journal	Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta
	Volume	26	Issue	5	Pages	134-137
	Keywords	BWO spectroscopy, spectrometer, transmission
	Abstract	A spectrometer employing six backward wave tubes is described. It is intended for investigation of superconductors in the 0.2-3 mm range of wave lengths. During the measurement of the transmission spectrum it is possible to determine the energy gap for superconduct1ng films 50 to 4000 A thick. The transmission factor can vary from 10-1 to 10-9. Spectrum of relation of film transmission factors in superconducting and normal states is measured for determining the energy gap 2 Δ. The transmission spectrum obtained by means of a computer for vanadium film 300 A thick is given as an example. The energy gap 2 Δ = 1.4 MeV
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8162	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Субмиллиметровый спектрометр с лампами обратной волны для измерения пропускания сверхпроводниковых пленок			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1713
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Heating of electrons in resistive state of superconducting films. Detectors, mixers and switches			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Progress in High Temperature Superconductivity	Abbreviated Journal	Progress in High Temperature Superconductivity
	Volume	32	Issue		Pages	190-195
	Keywords	superconducting films, heating of electrons
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	International Conference on High Temperature Superconductivity and Localization Phenomena , Moscow, Russia , 11 – 15 May 1991
	Notes	https://books.google.co.kr/books?hl=en&lr=&id=uCI0DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA190&ots=z7WGjXYWr4&sig=TQ6G6dKsmcj4faYe1ZLw_BFmps8			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1666
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Mechanism of picosecond response of granular YBaCuO films to electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Solid State Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Solid State Communications
	Volume	76	Issue	4	Pages	493-497
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors
	Abstract	The ultrafast mechanisms of radiation detection in granular YBaCuO films are studied in the wide wavelength range from millimeter to near infrared. With the rise of radiation frequency the Josephson detection at the grain boundary weak links is replaced by electron heating into the grains. This change occurs in the submillimeter wavelength range. Electron-phonon relaxation time τeph is determined by direct measurements and analyses quasistationary electron heating. Temperature dependence of τeph at T ≤ 40 K was found to be τeph ∼ T−1. The results show that detectors with the response time of few picoseconds at nitrogen temperature are attainable.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0038-1098	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1685
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Zorin, M. A.; Karasik, B. S.; Trifonov, V. A.
	Title	Nonequilibrium and bolometric response of YBaCuO films in a resistive state to infrared low intensity radiation			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Council on Low-temp. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Council on Low-temp. Phys.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	82-83
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB
	Abstract
	Address	Dubna
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Joint Inst. for Nuclear Research, Dubna (Russian Federation); 296 p; 1994; p. 82-83; 30. Conference on low-temperature physics; 30. Soveshchanie po fizike nizkikh temperatur; Dubna (Russian Federation); 6-8 Sep 1994
	Notes	Неравновесный и болометрический отклик YBaCuO пленок в резиотивном состоянии на инфракрасное лазерное излучение малой интенсивности			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1632
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Energy spectrum of free excitons in germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1973	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	18	Issue	3	Pages	93
	Keywords	Ge, free excitons, energy spectrum
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1734
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Zeeman effect in excited-states of donors in germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	Sov. Phys. Semicond.	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. Semicond.
	Volume	6	Issue	3	Pages	509
	Keywords	Ge, donors, Zeeman effect
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Amer Inst Physics 1305 Walt Whitman Rd, Ste 300, Melville, Ny 11747-4501 Usa	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1737
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Multanovskii, V. V.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Kinetics of submillimeter impurity and exciton photoconduction in Ge			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Optics and Spectroscopy	Abbreviated Journal	Optics and Spectroscopy
	Volume	52	Issue	4	Pages	454-455
	Keywords	Ge, exciton photoconduction
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1715
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Orlov, L.
	Title	Investigation of population and ionization of donor excited states in Ge			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1976	Publication	Physics of Semiconductors	Abbreviated Journal	Physics of Semiconductors
	Volume		Issue		Pages	631-634
	Keywords	Ge, donor excited states
	Abstract
	Address	Amsterdam
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	North-Holland Publishing Co.	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1732
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Ptitsyna, N. G.
	Title	Investigation of excited donor states in GaAs			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1974	Publication	Sov. Phys. Semicond.	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. Semicond.
	Volume	7	Issue	10	Pages	1248-1250
	Keywords	GaAs, excited donor states
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Amer Inst Physics 1305 Walt Whitman Rd, Ste 300, Melville, Ny 11747-4501 Usa	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1733
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G.; Orlova, S.; Ptitsina, N.; Gurvich, Y.
	Title	Germanium hot-electron narrow-band detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1971	Publication	Sov. Radio Engineering And Electronic Physics	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Radio Engineering And Electronic Physics
	Volume	16	Issue	8	Pages	1346
	Keywords	Ge HEB detectors
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Scripps Clinic Res Foundation 476 Prospect St, La Jolla, Ca 92037	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1741
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Dzardanov, A. L.; Zorin, M. A.
	Title	Ultrafast superconductive switch			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	IEEE Trans. Magn.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Magn.
	Volume	27	Issue	2	Pages	2844-2846
	Keywords	Nb superconducting switch
	Abstract	The transition from superconductive to resistive state caused by infrared radiation and bias current pulses was investigated in order to minimize switching time tau and driving power W. Experimental results for Nb microstrips confirm the correctness of calculations based on the model of electron heating. For Nb switches, tau measured directly is 0.3-0.8 ns for radiation pulses and 1-3 ns for bias current pulses at T=4.2 K, while for YBaCuO switches at T=77 K it is expected to be several picoseconds. For an YBaCuO sample with the dimensions of 520.15 mu m/sup 2/, W was 10 mW, and it can be further reduced to the order of several microwatts by decreasing the volume of the sample.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1941-0069	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1680
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gousev, Y. P.; Elant’ev, A. I.; Semenov, A. D.
	Title	Electromagnetic radiation mixer based on electron heating in resistive state of superconductive Nb and YBaCuO films			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	IEEE Trans. Magn.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Magn.
	Volume	27	Issue	2	Pages	1317-1320
	Keywords	YBCO, HTS, Nb HEB mixers
	Abstract	A theory of an electron-heating mixer which makes it possible to calculate all the characteristics of the device is developed. It is shown that positive conversion gain is possible for such a mixer in the millimeter to near-infrared wavelength range. The dynamic range and the optimum heterodyne power can be selected from a very wide interval by varying the mixing element volume. Measurements made for Nb within the frequency range of 120-750 GHz confirm the theory. The conversion loss obtained at T=1.6 K and normalized to the element reaches 0.3 dB in the intermediate frequency band of 40 MHz; the possible noise temperature is 50 K. The estimation of noise temperature and output band for YBaCuO at T=77 yields 200 K and more than 10 GHz, respectively.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1941-0069	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1681
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Mechanism of picosecond response of granular YBaCuO films to electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	IEEE Trans. Magn.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Magn.
	Volume	27	Issue	2	Pages	1321-1324
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors
	Abstract	Ultrafast mechanisms of radiation detection in granular YBaCuO films are studied in the wide wavelength range from millimeter waves to near infrared. With an increase in radiation frequency, the Josephson detection at the grain-boundary weak links is replaced by electron heating into the grains. This change occurs in the submillimeter wavelength range. The electron-phonon relaxation time tau /sub eph/ is determined from direct measurements, quasi-stationary electron heating measurements, and the frequency dependence of the current at which maximum voltage shift is observed. The temperature dependence of tau /sub eph/ at T<or=40 K was found to be tau /sub eph/ approximately T/sup -1/. The results show that detectors with a response time of a few picoseconds at nitrogen temperature are attainable.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1941-0069	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1679
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sergeev, A.; Semenov, A. D.
	Title	Picosecond response of YBaCuO films to electromagnetic radiation			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Proc. European Conf. High-Tc Thin Films and Single Crystals	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. European Conf. High-Tc Thin Films and Single Crystals
	Volume		Issue		Pages	457-462
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors
	Abstract	Radiation-induced change of the resistance was studied in the resistive state of YBaCuO films. Electron-phonon relaxation time T h was determmed from direct ep measurements and analysis of quasistationary electron heating. Temperature dependence of That TS 40 K was found to – ep be T h.. T'. The resul ts show that ep detectors with the response time of few picosecond at nitrogen temperature can be realized.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor	Gorzkowski, W.; Gutowski, M.; Reich, A.; Szymczak, H.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	European Conference , Ustroń, Poland , 30 Sept – 4 Oct 1989
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1695
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gurvich, Y. A.; Orlova, S. L.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Scattering of electrons by charged impurities in Ge under cyclotron resonance conditions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1976	Publication	Presumably: Sov. Phys. Semicond. \| Физика и техника полупроводников	Abbreviated Journal	Presumably: Sov. Phys. Semicond. \| Физика и техника полупроводников
	Volume	10	Issue		Pages	1379-1383
	Keywords	Ge, cyclotron resonance, charged impurities,
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1772
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gurvich, Yu. A.; Orlova, S. L.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Cyclotron resonance of electrons in Ge in a quantizing magnetic field in the case of inelastic scattering by acoustic phonons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1975	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	40	Issue	2	Pages	311-315
	Keywords	Ge, cyclotron resonance
	Abstract	Results are presented of an experimental study of the linewidth of cyclotron resonance under strong quantization conditions on the scattering of electrons by acoustic phonons. The measurements were performed in the 2....{).4 mm wavelength range at temperatures between 10 and 1.4 OK. A number of singularities were observed in the temperature and frequency dependences of the cyclotron linewidth. These can be ascribed to the effect of inhomogeneous broadening due to nonparabolicity of the electron spectrum, which is renormalized as a result of interaction with acoustic phonons.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1768
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Il'in, V. A.; Litvak-Gorskaya, L. B.; Filonovich, S. R.
	Title	Character of submillimeter photoconductivity in n-lnSb			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1979	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	49	Issue	1	Pages	121-128
	Keywords
	Abstract	A comprehensive investigation was made of the submillimeter photoconductivity of n -1nSb in the range of wavelengths L = 0.6-8 mm, magnetic fields H = 0-30 kOe, electric fields E = 0.01-0.5 V/cm, and temperatures T = 1.3-30 K. The kinetics of the photoconductivity processes as a function of T, E; and H is investigated. It is shown that impurity photoconductivity does exist for any degree of compensation of extremely purified n-InSb. Particular attention is paid to the hopping photoconductivity realized in strongly compensated n-1nSb (K > 0.8).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ phisix @			Serial	985
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Orlov, L. A.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Absorption spectra in electron transitions between excited states of impurities in germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1975	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	22	Issue	4	Pages	95-97
	Keywords	Ge, impurities, excited states, absorption spectra
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1773
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Orlova, S. L.; Orlov, L. A.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Rabinovich, R. I.
	Title	Intervalley cyclotron-impurity resonance of electrons in n-Ge			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1976	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	24	Issue	3	Pages	125-128
	Keywords	n-Ge, cyclotron-impurity resonance
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1730
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	Author	Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Okunev, O. V.; Dzardanov, A. L.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Ekstrom, H.; Jacobsson, S.; Kollberg, E.
	Title	NbN hot electron superconducting mixers for 100 GHz operation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	5	Issue	2	Pages	3065-3068
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	NbN is a promising superconducting material for hot-electron superconducting mixers with an IF bandwidth larger than 1 GHz. In the 1OO GHz frequency range, the following parameters were obtained for 50 /spl Aring/ thick NbN films at 4.2 K: receiver noise temperature (DSB) /spl sim/1000 K; conversion loss /spl sim/10 dB; IF bandwidth /spl sim/1 GHz; and local oscillator power /spl sim/1 /spl mu/W. An increase of the critical current of the NbN film, increased working temperature, and a better mixer matching may allow a broader IF bandwidth up to 2 GHz, reduced conversion losses down to 3-5 dB and a receiver noise temperature (DSB) down to 200-300 K.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	About LO power required			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	255
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	Author	Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Gousev, Y. P.; Zorin, M. A.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Lang, P. T.; Knott, W. J.; Renk, K. F.
	Title	Sensitive picosecond NbN detector for radiation from millimetre wavelengths to visible light			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
	Volume	4	Issue	9	Pages	453-456
	Keywords	NbN HEB detectors
	Abstract	The authors report on the application of a broad-band NbN film detector which has high sensitivity and picosecond response time for detection of radiation from millimetre wavelengths to visible light. From a study of amplitude modulated radiation of backward-wave tubes and picosecond pulses from gas and solid state lasers at wavelengths between 2 mm and 0.53 mu m, they found a detectivity of 1010 W-1 cm Hz-1/2 and a response time of less than 50 ps at T=10 K. The characteristics were provided by using a 150 AA thick NbN film patterned into a structure of micron strips. According to the proposed detection mechanism, namely electron heating, they expect an intrinsic response time of approximately 20 ps at the same temperature.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	242
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	Author	Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elant'iev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Antenna – coupled superconducting electron-heating bolometer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Proc. 4^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 4^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	623-628
	Keywords	HEB
	Abstract	We propose a novel antenna-coupled superconducting bolometer based on electron-heating in the resistive state. A short narrow ultrathin super- conducting film strip (sized approximately 4x1x0.01 pm 3 ), which is in good thermal contact with the thermostat, serves as a resistive load for infrared or submillimeter current. In contrast to conventional isothermal super- conducting bolometers electron-heating ones can have a higher sensitivity which grows when filni. thickness is reduced. Response time of electron- heating bolometer does not depend on heat transfer from the film to the enviroment. To calculate the sensitivity (NEP), we have used experimental data on wideband Al, Nb and NbN bolometers which have the same un- derlying physical mechanism. The bolom.eters have been made in the form of a structure composed of a number of long narrow strips. The values of for Al, NEP have been found to be 1.5 . 113 -16 1 140 -15 ) and 2 . 10 – 14werT,-1/2 – Nb and NbN respectively. In the paper, the prospects are also discussed of improving the picosecond YBaCuO detector, developed recently. NEP value of the detector, if combined with a microantenna, can reach the order of 10- •ilz-v2.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1657
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	Author	Gol'tsman, G. N.; Goghidze, I. G.; Kouminov, P. B.; Karasik, B. S.; Semenov, A. D.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Influence of grain boundary weak links on the nonequilibrium response of YBaCuO thin films to short laser pulses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	J. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Supercond.
	Volume	7	Issue	4	Pages	751-755
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detector, nonequilibrium response
	Abstract	The transient voltage response in both epitaxial and granular YBaCuO thin films to 80 ps pulses of YAG∶Nd laser radiation of wavelength 0.63 and 1.54 μm was studied. In the normal and resistive states both types of films demonstrate two components: a nonequilibrium picosecond component and a bolometric nanosecond one. The normalized amplitudes are almost the same for all films. In the superconducting state we observed a kinetic inductive response and two-component shape after integration. The normalized amplitude of the response in granular films is up to five orders of magnitude larger than in epitaxial films. We interpret the nonequilibrium response in terms of a suppression of the order parameter by the excess of quasiparticles followed by the change of resistance in the normal and resistive states or kinetic inductance in the superconducting state. The sharp rise of inductive response in granular films is explained both by a diminishing of the cross section for current percolation through the disordered network of Josephson weak links and by a decrease of condensate density in neighboring regions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0896-1107	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1636
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	Author	Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Ekström, H.; Kollberg E.
	Title	Noise temperature of NbN hot—electron quasioptical superconducting mixer in 200-700 GHz range			Type	Abstract
	Year	1995	Publication	Proc. 6^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 6^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	268
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature
	Abstract	The electron heating effect in superconducting films is becoming very attractive for the development of THz range mixers because of the absence of frequency limitations inherent in the bolometric mechanism. However, the evidence for the spectral dependence of the position of optimal operating point has been found recently for NbN thin film devices 1.2 • The effect is presumably attributed to the variation in the absorption of radiation depending on the frequency. Since the resistive state is not spatially uniform the coupling efficiency of the mixer device with radiation can be different for frequencies larger than Zeilh and those smaller than 2Alh (d is the effective superconducting gap in the resistive state). To study the effect more thoroughly we have investigated the noise temperature of quasioptical NbN mixer device with broken hue tapered slot antenna in the frequency range 200-700 GHz. The device consists of several (5-10) parallel strips 1 jim wide and 6-7 tun thick made from NbN film on Si0 2 -Si 3 N 4 -Si membrane. The strips are connected with the gold contacts of the slot-line antenna which serves both as bias and IF leads. We used backward wave oscillators as LO sources and a standard hot/cold load technique for noise temperature measurements. The frequency dependence of noise temperature is mainly determined by two factors: frequency properties of the antenna and frequency dependence of the NbN film impedance. To separate both factors we monitored the frequency dependence of the device responsivity in the detector mode at a higher temperature within the superconducting transition where the impedance of NbN film is close to its normal resistance. In this case the impedance of the device itself is frequency independent. The experimental results will be reported at the Symposium. 1. G. Gollsman, S. Jacobsson, H. EkstrOm, B. Karasik, E. Kollberg, and E. Gershenzon, “Slot-line tapered antenna with NbN hot electron mixer for 300-360 GHz operation,” Proc of the 5th Int. Symp. on Space Terahertz Technology, pp. 209-213a, May 10-12,1994. 2. B.S. Karasik, G.N. Gol i tsman, B.M. Voronov, S.I. Svechnikov, E.M. Gershenzon, H. Ekstrom, S. Jacobsson, E. Kollberg, and K.S. Yngvesson, “Hot electron quasioptical NbN superconducting mixer,” presented at the ASC94, submitted to IEEE Trans. on Appl. Superconductivity.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1627
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	Author	Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kouminov, P.; Goghidze, I.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Nonequilibrium kinetic inductive response of YBaCuO thin films to low-power laser pulses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Phys. C: Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. C: Supercond.
	Volume	235-240	Issue		Pages	1979-1980
	Keywords	YBCO HTS KID
	Abstract	Transient non-equilibrium kinetic inductive voltage response of YBaCuO thin films to 20 ps pulses of YAG:Nd laser radiation with 0.63 μm and 1.5 μm wavelength has been revealed. By increasing the sensitivity of 100 ps resolution time registration system and diminishing light intensity (fluence 0.1-1 μJ2/cm2) and transport current (density j≤105 A/cm2) we observed a perculiar bipolar signal form with nearly equal amplitudes of each sign. The integration of the kinetic inductive response over time gives the result which is qualitatively of the same form as the response in the resistive and normal states: nonequilibrium picosecond scale component followed by bolometric nanosecond. Nonequilibrium response is interpreted as suppression of order parameter by excess of quasiparticles followed by a change in resistance in the resistive state and kinetic inductance in superconductive state.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-4534	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1634
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	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer: overview of recent results			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	6	Issue	10-12	Pages	649-655
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	The paper presents an overview of recent results for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers. The noise temperature of the receivers based on both quasioptical and waveguide versions of HEB mixer has crossed the level of 1 K·GHz−1 at 430 GHz (410 K) and 600–650 GHz (480 K) and is close to this level at 820 GHz (1100 K) and 900 GHz (980 K). The gain bandwidth measured for quasioptical HEB mixer at 620 GHz reached 4 GHz and the noise temperature bandwidth was almost 8 GHz. Local oscillator power requirements are about 1 μW for mixers made by photolithography and are about 100 nW for mixers made by e-beam lithography. The studies in terahertz receivers based on HEB superconducting mixers now present a dynamic, rapidly developing field.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0964-1807	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1564
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	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	High speed hot-electron superconducting bolometer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2104	Issue		Pages	181-182
	Keywords	NbN HEb, Nb, Al
	Abstract	Physical limitation of response time of a superconducting bolometer as well as the nature of non-equilibrium detection of radiation have been investigated for Al, Nb and NbN thin films in spectral range from submillimeter to near-infraredwavelengths [1,2]. In the case of ideal heat removal from the film with the f_‘. 100A thickness the detection mechanism is an electron heating effect that is not selective to radiation wavelength in a very broad range. The response time ofan electron heating bolometer is determined by an electron-phonon interaction time. This time is of about 10 ns, 0.5 ns and 20 ps for Al, Nb, and NbN correspondingly near the critical temperature of the superconducting film. Thesensitive area of the bolometer consists of a number of narrow strips (with awidth of 1Ã‚Âµm) connected in parallel to contact pads; these pads together witha sapphire substrate and a ground plate represent the microstrip transmissionline with an impedance of 50 Q.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1652
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Kouminov, P. B.; Goghidze, I. G.; Karasik, B. S.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Nonbolometric and fast bolometric responses of YBaCuO thin films in superconducting, resistive, and normal states			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2159	Issue		Pages	81-86
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB, nonbolornetric
	Abstract	The transient voltage response in both epitaxial and granular YBaCuO thin films to 20 ps pulses of YAG:Nd laser radiation with 0.63 micrometers and 1.54 micrometers was studied. In normal and resistive states both types of films demonstrate two components: nonequilibrium picosecond component and following bolometric nanosecond. The normalized amplitudes are almost the same for all films. In superconducting state we observed a kinetic inductive response and two-component shape after integration. The normalized amplitude of the response in granular films is up to several orders of magnitude larger than in epitaxial films. We interpret the nonequilibrium response in terms of a suppression of order parameter by the excess of quasiparticles followed by the change of resistance in normal and resistive states or kinetic inductance in superconducting state. The sharp rise of inductive response in granular films is explained both by a diminishing of the crossection for current percolation through the disordered network os Josephson weak links and by a decrease of condensate density in neighboring regions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Nahum, M.; Villegier, J.-C.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	High-Temperature Superconducting Detectors: Bolometric and Nonbolometric
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1641
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.; Aksaev, E. E.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Electron-phonon interaction in thin YBaCuO films and fast detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter VII. Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter VII. Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences
	Volume	112	Issue		Pages	184-185
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors
	Abstract	The thin. YBaCuO film response to laser and submillimeter radiation demonstrates the picosecond nonequilibrium peak on the nanosecond bolometric background. Experimental data give an evidence for the spectral dependence of picosecond photoresponse probably due to a poor efficiency of electron multiplication processes. Presented results prove an availability of fast YBaCuO thin film detector.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor	Meissner, M.; Pohl, R. O.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Seventh International Conference, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, August 3-7, 1992
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1662
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Gousev, Y. P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Semenov, A. D.; Barowski, H. S.; Nebosis, R. S.; Renk, K. F.
	Title	Quasioptical superconducting hot electron bolometer for submillmeter waves			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Int. J. of Infrared and Millimeter Waves	Abbreviated Journal	Int. J. of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
	Volume	17	Issue	2	Pages	317-331
	Keywords	NbN HEB
	Abstract	We report on a superconducting hot electron bolometer coupled to radiation via a broadband antenna. The bolometer, a structured NbN film, was patterned on a thin dielectric membrane between terminals of a gold slotline antenna. We investigated the response to submillimeter radiation (wave-lengths ∼ 0.1 mm to 0.7 mm) in the fundamental Gaussian mode. We found that the directivity of the antenna was constant within a factor of 2.5 through the whole experimental range. The noise equivalent power of the bolometer at 119 µm was ∼ 3 · 10−13 W/Hz1/2; a time constant of ∼ 160 ps was estimated.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0195-9271	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1618
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	Author	Gousev, Y. P.; Semenov, A. D.; Goghidze, I. G.; Pechen, E. V.; Varlashkin, A. V.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Renk, K. F.
	Title	Current dependent noise in a YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ hot-electron bolometer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	7	Issue	2	Pages	3556-3559
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB mixers
	Abstract	We investigated the output noise of a YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ (YBCO) superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) in a large frequency range (10 kHz to 8 GHz); the bolometer either consisted of a structured 50 nm thick YBCO film on LaAlO/sub 3/ or a 30 nm thick film on a MgO substrate. We found that flicker noise dominated at low frequencies (below 1 MHz), while at higher frequencies Johnson noise and a current dependent noise were the main noise sources.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1592
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Gousev, Y. P.; Semenov, A. D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sergeev, A. V.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Electron-phonon interaction in disordered NbN films			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Phys. B Condens. Mat.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. B Condens. Mat.
	Volume	194-196	Issue		Pages	1355-1356
	Keywords	NbN films
	Abstract	Electron-phonon interaction time has been investigated in disordered films of NbN. A temperatures below 5.5 K tau_eph ~ T -1"6 which is attributed to the renormalisation of phonon spectrum in thin films.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-4526	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1649
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Gousev, Yu. P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Nebosis, R. S.; Heusinger, M. A.; Renk, K. F.
	Title	Broadband ultrafast superconducting NbN detector for electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	J. Appl. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Appl. Phys.
	Volume	75	Issue	7	Pages	3695-3697
	Keywords	NbN HEB
	Abstract	An ultrafast detector that is sensitive to radiation in a broad spectral range from submillimeter waves to visible light is reported. It consists of a structured NbN thin film cooled to a temperature below Tc (∼11 K). Using 20 ps pulses of a GaAs laser, we observed signal pulses with both rise and decay time of about 50 ps. From the analysis of a mixing experiment with submillimeter radiation we estimate an intrinsic response time of the detector of ∼12 ps. The sensitivity was found to be similar for the near‐infrared and submillimeter radiation. Broadband sensitivity and short response time are attributed to a quasiparticle heating effect.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	252
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Gousev, Yu. P.; Olsson, H. K.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	NbN hot-electron mixer at radiation frequencies between 0.9 THz and 1.2 THz			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	121-129
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We report on noise temperature measurements for a NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron mixer at radiation frequencies between 0.9 THz and 1.2 THz. Radiation was coupled to the mixer, placed in a vacuum chamber of He cryostat, by means of a planar spiral antenna and a Si immersion lens. A backward-wave oscillator, tunable throughout the spectral range, delivered an output power of few 1.1W that was enough for optimum operation of the mixer. At 4.2 K ambient temperature and 1.025 THz radiation frequency, we obtained a receiver noise temperature of 1550 K despite of using a relatively noisy room-temperature amplifier at the intermediate frequency port. The noise temperature was fairly constant throughout the entire operation range and for intermediate frequencies from 1 GHz to 2 GHz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1588
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Heusinger, M. A.; Nebosis,R. S.; Schatz, W.; Renk, K. F.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Semenov, A. D.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Temperature dependence of bolometric and non-bolometric photoresponse of a structured YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ thin film			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter VII. Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter VII. Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences
	Volume	112	Issue		Pages	193-195
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors
	Abstract	We investigated the temperature dependence of the transient voltage photoresponse of a current biased structured YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin film in its transition temperature region, around 79 K. Both, picosecond nonbolometric and nanosecond bolometric response to ultrashort far-infrared laser pulses were found for frequencies between 25 cm−1 and 215 cm−1. We will discuss optimum conditions for radiation detection and present an analysis of the dynamical behaviour of excited high T c thin films.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor	Meissner, M.; Pohl, R. O.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Seventh International Conference, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, August 3-7, 1992
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1663
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A. D.; Richter, H.; Schubert, J.; Hadjiloucas, S.; Bowen, J. W.; Gol'tsman, G.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Antenna pattern of the quasi-optical hot-electron bolometric mixer at terahertz frequencies			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Proc. 12^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 12^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	286-296
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	San Diego, CA, USA	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	323
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Huebers, H.-W.; Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Schwaab, G. W.
	Title	NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer as a mixer for THz heterodyne receivers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	3828	Issue		Pages	410-416
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We have investigated a phonon-cooled NbN hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixer in the frequency range from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The device was a 3.5 nm thin film with an in- plane dimension of 1.7 X 0.2 micrometers ² integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. The measured DSB receiver noise temperatures are 1500 K, 2200 K, 2600 K, 2900 K, 4000 K, 5600 K and 8800 K. The sensitivity fluctuation, the long term stability, and the antenna pattern were measured and the suitability of the mixer for a practical heterodyne receiver is discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Chamberlain, J.M.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Terahertz Spectroscopy and Applications II
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1477
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Huebers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Schubert, J.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Krabbe, A.; Roeser, H.-P.
	Title	NbN hot-electron bolometer as THz mixer for SOFIA			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	4014	Issue		Pages	195-202
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, airborne, stratospheric observatory, SOFIA
	Abstract	Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum limited sensitivity. We have investigated phonon- cooled NbN hot electron bolometric mixers in the frequency range from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The devices were 3.5 nm thin films with an in-plane dimension of 1.7 X 0.2 micrometers ² integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. The best measured DSB receiver noise temperatures are 1300 K (0.7 THz), 2000 K (1.4 THz), 2100 K (1.6 THz), 2600 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz), 5600 K (4.3 THz), and 8800 K (5.2 THz). The sensitivity fluctuation, the long term stability, and the antenna pattern were measured. The results demonstrate that this mixer is very well suited for GREAT, the German heterodyne receiver for SOFIA.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Melugin, R.K.; Roeser, H.-P.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Airborne Telescope Systems
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1554
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Il'in, K. S.; Karasik, B. S.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Sergeev, A. V.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Pechen, E. V.; Krasnosvobodtsev, S. I.
	Title	Electron-phonon-impurity interference in thin NbC films: electron inelastic scattering time and corrections to resistivity			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Czech. J. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Czech. J. Phys.
	Volume	46	Issue	S2	Pages	857-858
	Keywords	NbC films
	Abstract	Complex study of transport properties of impure NbC films with the electron mean free pathl=0.6–13 nm show the crucial role of the electron-phonon-impurity interference (EPII). In the temperature range 20–70 K we found the interference correction to resistivity proportional to T2 and to the residual resistivity of the film. Using the comprehensive theory of EPII, we determine the electron coupling with transverse phonons and calculate the electron inelastic scattering time. Direct measurements of the inelastic electron scattering time using a response to a high-frequency amplitude modulated cw radiation agree well with the theory.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0011-4626	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1617
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Il'in, K. S.; Lindgren, M.; Currie, M. A.; Semenov, D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, Roman; Cherednichenko, S. I.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Picosecond hot-electron energy relaxation in NbN superconducting photodetectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	76	Issue	19	Pages	2752-2754
	Keywords	NbN HEB detectors, two-temperature model, IF bandwidth
	Abstract	We report time-resolved characterization of superconducting NbN hot-electron photodetectors using an electro-optic sampling method. Our samples were patterned into micron-size microbridges from 3.5-nm-thick NbN films deposited on sapphire substrates. The devices were illuminated with 100 fs optical pulses, and the photoresponse was measured in the ambient temperature range between 2.15 and 10.6 K (superconducting temperature transition TC). The experimental data agreed very well with the nonequilibrium hot-electron, two-temperature model. The quasiparticle thermalization time was ambient temperature independent and was measured to be 6.5 ps. The inelastic electron–phonon scattering time Ï„e–ph tended to decrease with the temperature increase, although its change remained within the experimental error, while the phonon escape time Ï„es decreased almost by a factor of two when the sample was put in direct contact with superfluid helium. Specifically, Ï„e–ph and Ï„es, fitted by the two-temperature model, were equal to 11.6 and 21 ps at 2.15 K, and 10(±2) and 38 ps at 10.5 K, respectively. The obtained value of Ï„e–ph shows that the maximum intermediate frequency bandwidth of NbN hot-electron phonon-cooled mixers operating at TC can reach 16(+4/–3) GHz if one eliminates the bolometric phonon-heating effect.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	856
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Il’in, K. S.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Verevkin, A. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Ultimate quantum efficiency of a superconducting hot-electron photodetector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	73	Issue	26	Pages	3938-3940
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	The quantum efficiency and current and voltage responsivities of fast hot-electron photodetectors, fabricated from superconducting NbN thin films and biased in the resistive state, have been shown to reach values of 340, 220 A/W, and 4×104 V/W, respectively, for infrared radiation with a wavelength of 0.79 μm. The characteristics of the photodetectors are presented within the general model, based on relaxation processes in the nonequilibrium electron heating of a superconducting thin film. The observed, very high efficiency and sensitivity of the superconductor absorbing the photon are explained by the high multiplication rate of quasiparticles during the avalanche breaking of Cooper pairs.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1579
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Karasik, B. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Ekstrom, H.; Jacobsson, S.; Kollberg, E.; Yngvesson, K. S.
	Title	Hot electron quasioptical NbN superconducting mixer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	5	Issue	2	Pages	2232-2235
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	Hot electron superconductor mixer devices made of thin NbN films on SiO/sub 2/-Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/-Si membrane have been fabricated for 300-350 GHz operation. The device consists of 5-10 parallel strips each 5 /spl mu/m long by 1 /spl mu/m wide which are coupled to a tapered slot-line antenna. The I-V characteristics and position of optimum bias point were studied in the temperature range 4.5-8 K. The performance of the mixer at higher temperatures is closer to that predicted by theory for uniform electron heating. The intermediate frequency bandwidth versus bias has also been investigated. At the operating temperature 4.2 K a bandwidth as wide as 0.8 GHz has been measured for a mixer made of 6 nm thick film. The bandwidth tends to increase with operating temperature. The performance of the NbN mixer is expected to be better for higher frequencies where the absorption of radiation should be more uniform.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1622
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