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Poglitsch, A.; Waelkens, C.; Geis, N.; Feuchtgruber, H.; Vandenbussche, B.; Rodriguez, L.; Krause, O.; Renotte, E.; van Hoof, C.; Saraceno, P.; Cepa, J.; Kerschbaum, F.; Agnèse, P.; Ali, B.; Altieri, B.; Andreani, P.; Augueres, J.-L.; Balog, Z.; Barl, L.; Bauer, O. H.; Belbachir, N.; Benedettini, M.; Billot, N.; Boulade, O.; Bischof, H.; Blommaert, J.; Callut, E.; Cara, C.; Cerulli, R.; Cesarsky, D.; Contursi, A.; Creten, Y.; De Meester, W.; Doublier, V.; Doumayrou, E.; Duband, L.; Exter, K.; Genzel, R.; Gillis, J.-M.; Grözinger, U.; Henning, T.; Herreros, J.; Huygen, R.; Inguscio, M.; Jakob, G.; Jamar, C.; Jean, C.; de Jong, J.; Katterloher, R.; Kiss, C.; Klaas, U.; Lemke, D.; Lutz, D.; Madden, S.; Marquet, B.; Martignac, J.; Mazy, A.; Merken, P.; Montfort, F.; Morbidelli, L.; Müller, T.; Nielbock, M.; Okumura, K.; Orfei, R.; Ottensamer, R.; Pezzuto, S.; Popesso, P.; Putzeys, J.; Regibo, S.; Reveret, V.; Royer, P.; Sauvage, M.; Schreiber, J.; Stegmaier, J.; Schmitt, D.; Schubert, J.; Sturm, E.; Thiel, M.; Tofani, G.; Vavrek, R.; Wetzstein, M.; Wieprecht, E.; Wiezorrek, E. |
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The Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on the Herschel Space Observatory |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Astron. Astrophys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
A&A |
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518 |
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12 |
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PACS |
| Abstract |
The Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) is one of the three science instruments on ESA's far infrared and submillimetre observatory. It employs two Ge:Ga photoconductor arrays (stressed and unstressed) with 16×25 pixels, each, and two filled silicon bolometer arrays with 16×32 and 32×64 pixels, respectively, to perform integral-field spectroscopy and imaging photometry in the 60-210 μm wavelength regime. In photometry mode, it simultaneously images two bands, 60-85 μm or 85-125 μm and 125-210 μm, over a field of view of ~1.75'× 3.5', with close to Nyquist beam sampling in each band. In spectroscopy mode, it images a field of 47â€ × 47â€, resolved into 5×5 pixels, with an instantaneous spectral coverage of ~1500 km s-1 and a spectral resolution of ~175 km s-1. We summarise the design of the instrument, describe observing modes, calibration, and data analysis methods, and present our current assessment of the in-orbit performance of the instrument based on the performance verification tests. PACS is fully operational, and the achieved performance is close to or better than the pre-launch predictions. |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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694 |
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Yagoubov, P.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Schubert, J.; Hubers, H.-W.; Schwaab, G.; Gol’tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. |
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Performance of NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer at Terahertz frequencies |
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Conference Article |
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1998 |
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Proc. 6-th Int. Conf. Terahertz Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 6-th Int. Conf. Terahertz Electron. |
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149-152 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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The performance of a NbN based phonon-cooled Hot Electron Bolometric (HEB) quasioptical mixer is investigated in the 0.65-3.12 THz frequency range. The device is made from a 3 nm thick NbN film on high resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The in-plane dimensions of the bolometer strip are 0.2/spl times/2 /spl mu/m. The results of the DSB noire temperature are: 1300 K at 650 GHz, 4700 K at 2.5 TBz and 10000 K at 3.12 THz. The RF bandwidth of the receiver is at least 2.5 THz. The amount of LO power absorbed in the bolometer is about 100 nW. The mixer is linear to within 1 dB compression up to the signal level 10 dB below that of the LO. The intrinsic single sideband conversion gain is measured to be -9 dB, the total conversion gain -14 dB. |
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IEEE Sixth International Conference on Terahertz Electronics Proceedings. THZ 98. (Cat. No.98EX171) |
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1582 |
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Hübers, H.-W.; Schubert, J.; Krabbe, A.; Birk, M.; Wagner, G.; Semenov, A.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. |
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Parylene anti-reflection coating of a quasi-optical hot-electron-bolometric mixer at terahertz frequencies |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Infrared Physics & Technology |
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Infrared Physics & Technology |
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42 |
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1 |
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41-47 |
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NbN HEB mixers, anti-reflection coating |
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Parylene C was investigated as anti-reflection coating for silicon at terahertz frequencies. Measurements with a Fourier-transform spectrometer show that the transmittance of pure silicon can be improved by about 30% when applying a layer of Parylene C with a quarter wavelength optical thickness. The 10% bandwidth of this coating extends from 1.5 to 3 THz for a center frequency of 2.3–2.5 THz, where the transmittance is constant. Heterodyne measurements demonstrate that the noise temperature of a hot-electron-bolometric mixer can be reduced significantly by coating the silicon lens of the hybrid antenna with a quarter wavelength Parylene C layer. Compared to the same mixer with an uncoated lens the improvement is about 30% at a frequency of 2.5 THz. |
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1350-4495 |
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1548 |
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Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Hübers, H.-W.; Schwaab, G.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. |
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Noise temperature of an NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer at frequencies from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz |
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1999 |
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Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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12 |
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11 |
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748-750 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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We report on noise temperature measurements of an NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer in the terahertz frequency range. The devices were 3 nm thick films with in-plane dimensions 1.7 × 0.2 µm2 and 0.9 × 0.2 µm2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic-spiral antenna. Measurements were performed at seven frequencies ranging from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The measured DSB noise temperatures are 1500 K (0.7 THz), 2200 K (1.4 THz), 2600 K (1.6 THz), 2900 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz), 5600 K (4.3 THz) and 8800 K (5.2 THz). |
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Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Hübers, H.-W.; Schwaab, G.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. |
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Noise temperature and sensitivity of a NbN hot-electron mixer at frequencies from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz |
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1999 |
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Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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190-199 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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We report on noise temperature measurements of a NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer at different bias regimes. The device was a 3 nm thick bridge with in-plane dimensions of 1.7 x 0.2 gm 2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. Measurements were performed at frequencies ranging from 0.7 THz up to 5.2 THz. The measured DSB noise temperatures are 1500 K (0.7 THz), 2200 K (1.4 THz), 2600 K (1.6 THz), 2900 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz) 5600 K (4.3 THz) and 8800 K (5.2 THz). Two bias regimes are possible in order to achieve low noise temperatures. But only one of them yields sensitivity fluctuations close to the theoretical limit. |
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