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Author Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Marsili, F.; Bitauld, D.; Fiore, A.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Tarkhov, M.; Minaeva, O.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Gaggero, A.; Leoni, R.; Mattioli, F.; Lagoudakis, K.; Benkhaoul, M.; Levy, F.; Goltsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Superconducting photon number resolving counter for near infrared applications Type Conference Article
  Year 2008 Publication Proc. SPIE Abbreviated Journal Proc. SPIE  
  Volume (down) 7138 Issue Pages 713828 (1 to 5)  
  Keywords PNR SSPD; SNSPD; Nanowire superconducting single-photon detector, ultrathin NbN film, infrared  
  Abstract We present a novel concept of photon number resolving detector based on 120-nm-wide superconducting stripes made of 4-nm-thick NbN film and connected in parallel (PNR-SSPD). The detector consisting of 5 strips demonstrate a capability to resolve up to 4 photons absorbed simultaneously with the single-photon quantum efficiency of 2.5% and negligibly low dark count rate.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Spie Place of Publication Editor Tománek, P.; Senderáková, D.; Hrabovský, M.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number 10.1117/12.818079 Serial 1241  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Divochiy, A.; Antipov, A.; Kaurova, N.; Seleznev, V.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Pan, D.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Slysz, W.; Sobolewski, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Ultrafast and high quantum efficiency large-area superconducting single-photon detectors Type Conference Article
  Year 2007 Publication Proc. SPIE Abbreviated Journal Proc. SPIE  
  Volume (down) 6583 Issue Pages 65830I (1 to 9)  
  Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, superconducting NbN films, infrared single-photon detectors  
  Abstract We present our latest generation of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) patterned from 4-nm-thick NbN films, as meander-shaped  0.5-mm-long and  100-nm-wide stripes. The SSPDs exhibit excellent performance parameters in the visible-to-near-infrared radiation wavelengths: quantum efficiency (QE) of our best devices approaches a saturation level of  30% even at 4.2 K (limited by the NbN film optical absorption) and dark counts as low as 2x10-4 Hz. The presented SSPDs were designed to maintain the QE of large-active-area devices, but, unless our earlier SSPDs, hampered by a significant kinetic inductance and a nanosecond response time, they are characterized by a low inductance and GHz counting rates. We have designed, simulated, and tested the structures consisting of several, connected in parallel, meander sections, each having a resistor connected in series. Such new, multi-element geometry led to a significant decrease of the device kinetic inductance without the decrease of its active area and QE. The presented improvement in the SSPD performance makes our detectors most attractive for high-speed quantum communications and quantum cryptography applications.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Spie Place of Publication Editor Dusek, M.; Hillery, M.S.; Schleich, W.P.; Prochazka, I.; Migdall, A.L.; Pauchard, A.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1249  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Milostnaya, I.; Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Rubtsova, I.; Slepneva, S.; Seleznev, V.; Chulkova, G.; Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Slysz, W.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Cross, A.; Pearlman, A.; Sobolewski, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Superconducting nanostructured detectors capable of single photon counting of mid-infrared optical radiation Type Conference Article
  Year 2005 Publication Proc. SPIE Abbreviated Journal Proc. SPIE  
  Volume (down) 5957 Issue Pages 59570A (1 to 9)  
  Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, single-photon detectors, superconductors, superconducting  
  Abstract We report on our progress in research and development of ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) based on ultrathin NbN nanostructures. Our SSPDs were made of the 4-nm-thick NbN films with Tc 11 K, patterned as meander-shaped, 100-nm-wide strips, and covering an area of 10×10 μm2. The detectors exploit a combined detection mechanism, where upon a single-photon absorption, a hotspot of excited electrons and redistribution of the biasing supercurrent, jointly produce a picosecond voltage transient signal across the superconducting nanostripe. The SSPDs are typically operated at 4.2 K, but their sensitivity in the infrared radiation range can be significantly improved by lowering the operating temperature from 4.2 K to 2 K. When operated at 2 K, the SSPD quantum efficiency (QE) for visible light photons reaches 30-40%, which is the saturation value limited by the optical absorption of our 4-nm-thick NbN film. With the wavelength increase of the incident photons,the QE of SSPDs decreases significantly, but even at the wavelength of 6 μm, the detector is able to count single photons and exhibits QE of about 10-2 %. The dark (false) count rate at 2 K is as low as 2x10-4 s,-1 which makes our detector essentially a background-limited sensor. The very low dark-count rate results in a noise equivalent power (NEP) below 10-18 WHz-1/2 for the mid-infrared range (6 μm). Further improvement of the SSPD performance in the mid-infrared range can be obtained by substituting NbN for another, lower-Tc materials with a narrow superconducting gap and low quasiparticles diffusivity. The use of such superconductors should shift the cutoff wavelength below 10 μm.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher SPIE Place of Publication Editor Rogalski, A.; Dereniak, E.L.; Sizov, F.F.  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference Infrared Photoelectronics  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1458  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Zolotov, P.; Divochiy, A.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Moshkova, M.; Morozov, P.; Seleznev, V.; Smirnov, K. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Photon-number-resolving SSPDs with system detection efficiency over 50% at telecom range Type Conference Article
  Year 2018 Publication Proc. AIP Conf. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) 1936 Issue 1 Pages 020019  
  Keywords NbN PNR SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We used technology of making high-efficiency superconducting single-photon detectors as a basis for improvement of photon-number-resolving devices. By adding optical cavity and using an improved NbN superconducting film, we enhanced previously reported system detection efficiency at telecom range for such detectors. Our results show that implementation of optical cavity helps to develop four-section device with quantum efficiency over 50% at 1.55 µm. Performed experimental studies of detecting multi-photon optical pulses showed irregularities over defining multi-photon through single-photon quantum efficiency.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number doi:10.1063/1.5025457 Serial 1231  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Zolotov, P. I.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Morozov, P. V.; Seleznev, V. A.; Smirnov, K. V. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Development of high-effective superconducting single-photon detectors aimed for mid-IR spectrum range Type Conference Article
  Year 2017 Publication J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. Abbreviated Journal J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.  
  Volume (down) 917 Issue Pages 062037  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We report on development of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPD) with high intrinsic quantum efficiency in the wavelength range 1.31 – 3.3 μm. By optimization of the NbN film thickness and its compound, we managed to improve detection efficiency of the detectors in the range up to 3.3 μm. Optimized devices showed intrinsic quantum efficiencies as high as 10% at mid-IR range.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1742-6588 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1233  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Antipov, A. V.; Seleznev, V. A.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Morozov, P. V.; Vasilev, D. D.; Malevannaya, E. I.; Moiseev, K. M.; Smirnov, K. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Investigation of WSi and NbN superconducting single-photon detectors in mid-IR range Type Conference Article
  Year 2020 Publication IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. Abbreviated Journal IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.  
  Volume (down) 781 Issue Pages 012011 (1 to 5)  
  Keywords WSi, NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract Spectral characteristics of WSi and NbN superconducting single-photon detectors with different surface resistance and width of nanowire strips have been investigated in the wavelength range of 1.3-2.5 μm. WSi structures with narrower strips demonstrated better performance for detection of single photons in longer wavelength range. The difference in normalized photon count rate for such structures reaches one order of magnitude higher in comparison with structures based on NbN thin films at 2.5 μm.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1757-899X ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1799  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Seleznev, V. A.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Morozov, P. V.; Zolotov, P. I.; Vasil'ev, D. D.; Moiseev, K. M.; Malevannaya, E. I.; Smirnov, K. V. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Superconducting detector of IR single-photons based on thin WSi films Type Conference Article
  Year 2016 Publication J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. Abbreviated Journal J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.  
  Volume (down) 737 Issue Pages 012032  
  Keywords WSi SSPD, SNSPD, NEP  
  Abstract We have developed the deposition technology of WSi thin films 4 to 9 nm thick with high temperature values of superconducting transition (Tc~4 K). Based on deposed films there were produced nanostructures with indicative planar sizes ~100 nm, and the research revealed that even on nanoscale the films possess of high critical temperature values of the superconducting transition (Tc~3.3-3.7 K) which certifies high quality and homogeneity of the films created. The first experiments on creating superconducting single-photon detectors showed that the detectors' SDE (system detection efficiency) with increasing bias current (I b) reaches a constant value of ~30% (for X=1.55 micron) defined by infrared radiation absorption by the superconducting structure. To enhance radiation absorption by the superconductor there were created detectors with cavity structures which demonstrated a practically constant value of quantum efficiency >65% for bias currents Ib>0.6-Ic. The minimal dark counts level (DC) made 1 s-1 limited with background noise. Hence WSi is the most promising material for creating single-photon detectors with record SDE/DC ratio and noise equivalent power (NEP).  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1742-6588 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1235  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Milostnaya, I.; Korneev, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Divochiy, A.; Minaeva, O.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Superconducting single photon nanowire detectors development for IR and THz applications Type Journal Article
  Year 2008 Publication J. Low Temp. Phys. Abbreviated Journal J. Low Temp. Phys.  
  Volume (down) 151 Issue 1-2 Pages 591-596  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We present our progress in the development of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) based on meander-shaped nanowires made from few-nm-thick superconducting films. The SSPDs are operated at a temperature of 2–4.2 K (well below T c ) being biased with a current very close to the nanowire critical current at the operation temperature. To date, the material of choice for SSPDs is niobium nitride (NbN). Developed NbN SSPDs are capable of single photon counting in the range from VIS to mid-IR (up to 6 μm) with a record low dark counts rate and record-high counting rate. The use of a material with a low transition temperature should shift the detectors sensitivity towards longer wavelengths. We present state-of-the art NbN SSPDs as well as the results of our recent approach to expand the developed SSPD technology by the use of superconducting materials with lower T c , such as molybdenum rhenium (MoRe). MoRe SSPDs first were made and tested; a single photon response was obtained.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0022-2291 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1244  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Smirnov, K. V.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Sidorova, M. V.; Karpova, U. V.; Morozov, P. V.; Seleznev, V. A.; Zotova, A. N.; Vodolazov, D. Y. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Rise time of voltage pulses in NbN superconducting single photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2016 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.  
  Volume (down) 109 Issue 5 Pages 052601  
  Keywords SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We have found experimentally that the rise time of voltage pulse in NbN superconducting single photon detectors increases nonlinearly with increasing the length of the detector L. The effect is connected with dependence of resistance of the detector Rn, which appears after photon absorption, on its kinetic inductance Lk and, hence, on the length of the detector. This conclusion is confirmed by our calculations in the framework of two temperature model.

D.Yu.V. acknowledges the support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project No. 15-42-02365). K.V.S. acknowledges the financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Contract No. 3.2655.2014/K).		  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0003-6951 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1236  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Minaeva, O.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title New advanced generation of superconducting NbN-nanowire single-photon detectors capable of photon number resolving Type Conference Article
  Year 2008 Publication J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. Abbreviated Journal J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.  
  Volume (down) 97 Issue Pages 012307 (1 to 6)  
  Keywords PNR SSPD; SNSPD  
  Abstract We present our latest generation of ultrafast superconducting NbN single-photon detectors (SSPD) capable of photon-number resolving (PNR). We have developed, fabricated and tested a multi-sectional design of NbN nanowire structures. The novel SSPD structures consist of several meander sections connected in parallel, each having a resistor connected in series. The novel SSPDs combine 10 μm × 10 μm active areas with a low kinetic inductance and PNR capability. That resulted in a significantly reduced photoresponse pulse duration, allowing for GHz counting rates. The detector's response magnitude is directly proportional to the number of incident photons, which makes this feature easy to use. We present experimental data on the performances of the PNR SSPDs. The PNR SSPDs are perfectly suited for fibreless free-space telecommunications, as well as for ultrafast quantum cryptography and quantum computing.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1742-6596 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1245  
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