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Gao, J.R.; Hiajenius, M.; Yang, Z.Q.; Klapwijk, T.M.; Miao, W.; Shi, S. C.; Voronov, B.; Gortsman, G. |
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Direct comparison of the sensitivity of a spiral and a twin-slot antenna coupled HEB mixer at 1.6 THz |
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2006 |
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Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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59-62 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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To make a direct comparison of the sensitivity between a spiral and a twin slot antenna coupled HEB mixer, we designed both types of mixers and fabricated them in a single processing run and on the same wafer. Both mixers have similar dimensions of NbN bridges (1.5-2 pm x0.2 pm). At 1.6 THz we obtained a nearly identical receiver noise temperature from both mixers (only 5% difference), which is in a good agreement with the simulation based on semi analytical models for both antennas. In addition, by using a bandpass filter to reduce the direct detection effect and lowering the bath temperature to 2.4 K, we measured the lowest receiver noise temperature of 700 K at 1.63 THz using the twin-slot antenna mixer. |
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1436 |
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Baryshev, A.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Reker, S. F.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Vachtomin, Yu.; Maslennikov, S.; Antipov, S.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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Title |
Direct detection effect in hot electron bolometer mixers |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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463-464 |
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NbN HEB mixers, effect of direct detection, direct detection effect |
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NbN phonon cooled hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers are currently the most sensitive heterodyne detectors at frequencies above 1.2 THz. They combine a good sensitivity (8-15 times the quantum limit), an IF bandwidth of the order of 4-6 GHz and a wide RF bandwidth from 0.7-5.2 THz. However, for use in a space based observatory, such as Herschel, it is of vital importance that the Local Oscillator (LO) power requirement of the mixer is compatible with the low output power of present day THz LO sources. This can be achieved by reducing the mixer volume and critical current. However, the large RF bandwidth and low LO power requirement of such a mixer result in a direct detection effect, characterized by a change in the bias current of the HEB when changing the RF signal from a black body load at 300 K to one at 77 K. As a result the measured sensitivity using a 300 K and 77 K calibration load differs significantly from the small signal sensitivity relevant for astronomical observations. In this article we describe a set of dedicated experiments to characterize the direct detection effect for a small volume quasi-optical NbN phonon cooled HEB mixer. We measure the direct detection effect in a small volume (0.15 μm · 1 μm · 3.5 nm) quasi- optical NbN phonon cooled HEB mixer at 1.6 THz. We found that the small signal sensitivity of the receiver is underestimated by approximately 35% due to the direct detection effect and that the optimal operating point is shifted to higher bias voltages when using calibration loads of 300 K and 77 K. Using a 200 GHz wide band-pass filter at the 4.2 K the direct detection effect virtually disappears. Heterodyne response measurements using water vapor absorption line in a gas cell confirms the existence and a magnitude of a direct detection effect. We also propose a theoretical explanation using uniform electron heating model. This direct detection effect has important implications for the calibration procedure of these receivers in real telescope systems. We are developing Nb HEBs for a large-format, diffusion-cooled hot electron bolometer (HEB) array submillimeter camera. The goal is to produce a 64 pixel array together with the University of Arizona to be used on the HHT on Mt Graham. It is designed to detect in the 850 GHz atmospheric window. We have fabricated Nb HEBs using a new angle- deposition process, which had previously produced high quality Nb-Au bilayer HEB devices at Yale. [1] We have characterized these devices using heterodyne mixing at ~30 GHz to compare to 345 GHz tests at the University of Arizona. We can also directly compare our Nb HEB mixers to SIS mixers in this same 345 GHz system. This allows us to rigorously calibrate the system’s losses and extract the mixer noise temperature in a well characterized mixer block, before undertaking the 850 GHz system. Here we give a report on the initial devices we have fabricated and characterized. * Department of Applied Physics, Yale University ** Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona [1] Applied Physics Letters 84, Number 8; p.1404-7, Feb 23 (2004) |
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1475 |
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Verevkin, A. A.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Smirnov, K. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Gershenson, E. M.; Yngvesson, K. S. |
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Direct measurements of electron energy relaxation times at an AlGaAs/GaAs heterointerface in the optical phonon scattering range |
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Conference Article |
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1997 |
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Proc. 4-th Int. Semicond. Device Research Symp. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 4-th Int. Semicond. Device Research Symp. |
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55-58 |
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2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures |
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1602 |
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Verevkin, A.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Chulkova, G. M.; Smirnov, K. S.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Direct measurements of energy relaxation times in two-dimensional structures under quasi-equilibrium conditions |
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2002 |
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Mater. Sci. Forum |
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Mater. Sci. Forum |
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384-3 |
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107-116 |
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2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs |
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A new microwave technique was successfully applied for direct studies of energy relaxation times in two-dimensional AlGaAs/GaAs structures under quasi-equilibrium conditions in the nanosecond and picosecond time scale. We report our results of energy relaxation time measurements in the temperature range 1.6-50 K, in quantum Hall effect regime in magnetic fields up to 4 T. |
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Materials Science Forum |
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1536 |
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Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J.; de Korte, P.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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Title |
Doubling of sensitivity and bandwidth in phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers |
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Conference Article |
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2004 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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Proc. SPIE |
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5498 |
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168-176 |
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Hot electron bolometers, bandwidth, noise temperature, experimental |
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NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers are at this moment the best heterodyne detectors for frequencies above 1 THz. However, the fabrication procedure of these devices is such that the quality of the interface between the NbN superconducting film and the contact structure is not under good control. This results in a contact resistance between the NbN bolometer and the contact pad. We compare identical bolometers, with different NbN – contact pad interfaces, coupled with a spiral antenna. We find that cleaning the NbN interface and adding a thin additional superconductor prior to the gold contact deposition improves the noise temperature and the bandwidth of the HEB mixers with more than a factor of 2. We obtain a DSB noise temperature of 950 K at 2.5 THz and a Gain bandwidth of 5-6 GHz. For use in real receiver systems we design small volume (0.15x1 micron) HEB mixers with a twin slot antenna. We find that these mixers combine good sensitivity (900 K at 1.6 THz) with low LO power requirement, which is 160 – 240 nW at the Si lens of the mixer. This value is larger than expected from the isothermal technique and the known losses in the lens by a factor of 3-3.5. |
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SPIE |
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Zmuidzinas, J.; Holland, W.S.; Withington, S. |
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Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II |
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1744 |
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Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Effect of electromagnetic radiation on a superconductor in a magnetic field |
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Conference Article |
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1988 |
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Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya |
Abbreviated Journal |
Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya |
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52 |
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3 |
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449-451 |
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The effect of electromagnetic radiation on thin superconducting films of Nb with a large number of static defects is investigated experimentally for the case where the film is in the resistive state due to an applied magnetic field and transport current. The results obtained are found to be well described by a model of spatially homogeneous electron heating. It is noted that the results obtained here for Nb films are also valid for Al, NbN, and MoRe films. |
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Russian |
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0367-6765 |
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4th Vsesoiuznyi Seminar po Opticheskomu Detektirovaniiu Magnitnykh Rezonansov v Tverdykh Telakh, Tallin, Estonian SSR, Apr. 1987 |
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1702 |
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Ryabchun, S.; Tong, C.-yu E.; Blundell, R.; Kimberk, R.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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Title |
Effect of microwave radiation on the stability of terahertz hot-electron bolometer mixers |
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Conference Article |
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2006 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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Proc. SPIE |
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6373 |
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63730J (1 to 5) |
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NbN HEB mixers, hot-electron bolometer mixers, stability, Allan variance, LO power fluctuations |
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We report our studies of the effect of microwave radiation, with a frequency much lower than that corresponding to the energy gap of the superconductor, on the performance of the NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer incorporated into a THz heterodyne receiver. It is shown that exposing the HEB mixer to microwave radiation does not result in a significant rise of the receiver noise temperature and degradation of the mixer conversion gain so long as the level of microwave power is small compared to the local oscillator drive. Hence the injection of a small, but controlled amount of microwave radiation enables active compensation of local oscillator power and coupling fluctuations which can significantly degrade the stability of HEB mixer receivers. |
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SPIE |
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Anwar, M.; DeMaria, A.J.; Shur, M.S. |
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Terahertz Physics, Devices, and Systems |
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1441 |
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Prokhodtsov, A.; Golikov, A.; An, P.; Kovalyuk, V.; Goltsman, G.; Arakelyan, S.; Evlyukhin, A.; Kalachev, A.; Naumov, A. |
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Effect of silicon oxide coating on a silicon nitride focusing grating coupler efficiency |
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2019 |
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EPJ Web Conf. |
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EPJ Web Conf. |
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220 |
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02009 |
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grating coupler, SiO2 |
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The dependence of the efficiency of the focusing grating couplers on the period and filling factor before and after deposition of the upper silicon oxide layer was experimentally studied. The obtained data are of practical importance for tunable integrated-optical devices based on silicon nitride platform. |
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2100-014X |
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1188 |
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Blagosklonskaya, L. E.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Elantev, A. I. |
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Effect of strong magnetic-field on spectrum of hydrogen-like admixtures in semiconductors |
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1978 |
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Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya |
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Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya |
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42 |
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6 |
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1231-1234 |
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spectrum, semiconductors, admixtures, strong magnetic-field |
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Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga 39 Dimitrova Ul., 113095 Moscow, Russia |
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blagosklonskaya1978effect |
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1724 |
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Chulcova, G. M.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Sergeev, A. V. |
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Effect of the interference between electron-phonon and electron-impurity (boundary) scattering on resistivity Nb, Al, Be films |
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1996 |
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Czech J. Phys. |
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Czech J. Phys. |
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46 |
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S5 |
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2489-2490 |
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Al, Be, Nb films |
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The temperature dependence of the resistivity of thin Nb, Al, Be films has been studied over a wide temperature range 4-300 K. We have found that the temperature-dependent correction to the residual resistivity is well described by the sum of the Bloch-Grüneisen term and the term originating from the interference between electron-phonon and electron-impurity scattering. Study of the transport interference phenomena allows to determine electron-phonon coupling in disordered metals. The interference term is proportional to T2 and also to the residual resistivity and dominates over the Bloch-Grüneisen term at low temperatures (T<40 K). |
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0011-4626 |
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