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Mohan, Nishant; Minaeva, Olga; Goltsman, Gregory N.; Saleh, Mohammed F.; Nasr, Magued B.; Sergienko, Alexander V.; Saleh, Bahaa E.; Teich, Malvin C. |
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Ultrabroadband coherence-domain imaging using parametric downconversion and superconducting single-photon detectors at 1064 nm |
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2009 |
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Appl. Opt. |
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Appl. Opt. |
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48 |
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20 |
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4009–4017 |
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SSPD, SNSPD, SPAD |
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Coherence-domain imaging systems can be operated in a single-photon-counting mode, offering low detector noise; this in turn leads to increased sensitivity for weak light sources and weakly reflecting samples. We have demonstrated that excellent axial resolution can be obtained in a photon-counting coherence-domain imaging (CDI) system that uses light generated via spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) in a chirped periodically poled stoichiometric lithium tantalate (chirped-PPSLT) structure, in conjunction with a niobium nitride superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD). The bandwidth of the light generated via SPDC, as well as the bandwidth over which the SSPD is sensitive, can extend over a wavelength region that stretches from 700 to 1500 nm. This ultrabroad wavelength band offers a near-ideal combination of deep penetration and ultrahigh axial resolution for the imaging of biological tissue. The generation of SPDC light of adjustable bandwidth in the vicinity of 1064 nm, via the use of chirped-PPSLT structures, had not been previously achieved. To demonstrate the usefulness of this technique, we construct images for a hierarchy of samples of increasing complexity: a mirror, a nitrocellulose membrane, and a biological sample comprising onion-skin cells. |
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Goltsman, G.; Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Minaeva, O.; Tarkhov, M.; Kaurova, N.; Seleznev, V.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Antipov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Vachtomin, Yu.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G. |
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Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detector |
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2009 |
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J. Modern Opt. |
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J. Modern Opt. |
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56 |
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15 |
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1670-1680 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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The state-of-the-art of the NbN nanowire superconducting single-photon detector technology (SSPD) is presented. The SSPDs exhibit excellent performance at 2 K temperature: 30% quantum efficiency from visible to infrared, negligible dark count rate, single-photon sensitivity up to 5.6 µm. The recent achievements in the development of GHz counting rate devices with photon-number resolving capability is presented. |
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0950-0340 |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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Рябчун, С. А.; Третьяков, И. В.; Пентин, И. В; Каурова, Н. С.; Селезнев, В. А; Воронов, Б. М.; Финкель, М. И.; Масленников, С. Н.; Гольцман, Г. Н. |
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Малошумящий широкополосный терагерцовый смеситель на эффекте электронного разогрева в плёнке NbN |
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2009 |
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Известия высших учебных заведений. Радиофизика |
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52 |
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8 |
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641-648 |
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HEB mixer, in-situ contacts, noise temperature, conversion gain bandwidth, diffusion cooling channel |
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Разработан и исследован смеситель на горячих электронах, изготовленный из двуслойной плёнки NbN-Au, осаждённой на кремневую подложку in situ. Двухполосная шумовая температура устройства составила 750 К на частоте 2.5 ТГц. Измерения эффективности преобразования для смесителя длиной 0.112 мкм вблизи температуры сверхпроводящего перехода показали полосу промежуточных частот около 6.5 ГГц. Эти результаты являются рекордными и были получены за счёт улучшения контактов между чувствительным элементом и спиральной антенной при замене технологического маршрута с нанесением слоёв NbN и Au в отдельных процессах на технологический процесс, в котором данные слои наносятся in situ без нарушения вакуума. |
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Ожегов, Р.В.; Окунев, О.В.; Гольцман, Г.Н. |
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Флуктуационная чувствительность сверхпроводящего болометрического смесителя на эффекте разогрева электронного газа |
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2009 |
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Радиотехника |
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3 |
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120-124 |
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смеситель на горячих электронах; флуктуационная чувствительность; тепловизор терагерцевого диапазона частот; hot-electron bolometer mixer; Imaging system; Noise equivalent temperature difference; Heterodyne receiver; Terahertz range |
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Interest in research in the terahertz range is driven by a great number of various applications, where terahertz instruments may play a leading role. To name just a few, such applications include study of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the distribution of the dark matter, medicine, navigation, fire alarm, security systems and environmental monitoring. The paper discusses the possibility of using a receiver based on the hot-electron effect in superconducting films as an imaging system. We present the results of the noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) measurements performed with a hot-electron bolometer mixer made from a thin superconducting film. The receiver with a noise temperature of ~ 3800 K at a local oscillator frequency of 300 GHz a bandwidth of 500 MHz and an integration time of 1 s has offered an NETD of 0.5 K. We have also developed a technique that enabled us to reduce the contribution of the mixer gain fluctuations to the overall system instability. As of this writing, the above value of the NETD is the lowest value offered for this type of receiver, which indicates the possibility to use such receivers in real-time imaging systems. The technique offered in the paper for achieving the limiting value of the NETD offers an alternative to the phase-locking scheme.
Представены результаты измерения флуктуационной чувствительности (NETD – noise equivalent temperature difference) болометрического смесителя на эффекте разогрева электронного газа в тонких сверхпроводящих пленках. Получено предельное значение NETD, равное 0,5 К, при шумовой температуре приемника 3800 К, ширине полосы преобразования 500 МГц, постоянной времени 1 с и частоте гетеродина 300 ГГц. Разработана методика достижения предельной флуктуационной чувствительности, позволяющая избежать влияния нестабильности коэффициента преобразования смесителя. |
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728 |
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Ожегов, Р. В.; Окунев, О. В.; Гольцман, Г. Н.; Филиппенко, Л. В.; Кошелец, В. П. |
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Флуктуационная чувствительность сверхпроводящего интегрального приемника терагерцового диапазона частот |
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2009 |
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Радиотехника и электроника |
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Радиотех. электроник. |
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54 |
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6 |
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750-755 |
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Исследована зависимость флуктуационной чувствительности сверхпроводящего интегрального приемника (СИП) от шумовой температуры приемника и величины входного сигнала. Измерена рекордная флуктуационная чувствительность приемника (13 ± 2 мК), полученная при шумовой температуре приемника 200 К, ширине полосы промежуточных частот 4 ГГц и постоянной времени 1 с. При уменьшении входного сигнала наблюдалось улучшение флуктуационной чувствительности; предложено обÑŠяснение полученного эффекта: причиной является уменьшение влияния нестабильностей источников питания приемника и усилительного тракта при снижении входного сигнала. |
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Seleznev, V. A.; Tarkhov, M. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Lyakhno, V. Yu; Garbuz, A. S.; Mikhailov, M. Yu; Zhigalina, O. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Deposition and characterization of few-nanometers-thick superconducting Mo-Re films |
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2008 |
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Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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21 |
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11 |
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115006 (1 to 6) |
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We report on the fabrication and investigation of few-nanometers-thick superconducting molybdenum-rhenium (Mo-Re) films intended for use in nanowire single-photon superconducting detectors (SSPDs). Mo-Re films were deposited on sapphire substrates by DC magnetron sputtering of an Mo(60)-Re(40) alloy target in an atmosphere of argon. The films 2-10 nm thick had critical temperatures (Tc) from 5.6 to 9.7 K. HRTEM (high-resolution transmission electron microscopy) analysis showed that the films had a homogeneous structure. XPS (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analysis showed the Mo to Re atom ratio to be 0.575/0.425, oxygen concentration to be 10%, and concentration of other elements to be 1%. |
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Tikhonov, V. V.; Polyakova, O. N.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Dzardanov, A. L.; Boyarskiy, D. A. |
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Determination of dielectric properties of ore minerals in the microwave band |
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2008 |
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Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
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Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
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51 |
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12 |
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966-974 |
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ore complex permittivity, chalcopyrite, magnetite, sphalerite, labradorite |
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We consider a method for determining the complex dielectric permittivity of ore and nonmetal minerals in the microwave band of electromagnetic radiation. The results of measuring the reflectivity and transmittivity of chalcopyrite, magnetite, sphalerite, and labradorite samples in the frequency range 77–300 GHz are presented. A method for calculation of the complex dielectric permittivity of minerals on the basis of the obtained experimental data is proposed. The approximation formulas for calculation of the complex dielectric permittivity of the studied minerals are given. |
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0033-8443 |
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1404 |
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Polyakova, O. N.; Tikhonov, V. V.; Dzardanov, A. L.; Boyarskii, D. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
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Dielectric characteristics of ore minerals in a 10–40 GHz frequency range |
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2008 |
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Tech. Phys. Lett. |
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Tech. Phys. Lett. |
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34 |
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11 |
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967-970 |
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ore minerals, complex permittivity, sphalerite, magnetite, labradorite |
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A new approach to investigation of the complex dielectric permittivity of both nonmetallic and ore minerals in the microwave frequency range is proposed. Using this approach, data on the complex permittivity of sphalerite, magnetite, and labradorite in a 10–40 GHz frequency range have been obtained for the first time. A method is proposed for calculating the complex permittivity from experimentally measured frequency dependences of the reflection and transmission coefficients of a plane-parallel plate of a given mineral. Approximate expressions that can be used for calculations of the complex refractive index and permittivity of minerals are presented. |
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1063-7850 |
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Jukna, A.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Pan, D.; Cross, A.; Perlman, A.; Komissarov, I.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Korneev, A.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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Dynamics of hotspot formation in nanostructured superconducting stripes excited with single photons |
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2008 |
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Acta Physica Polonica A |
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Acta Physica Polonica A |
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113 |
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3 |
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955-958 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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Dynamics of a resistive hotspot formation by near-infrared-wavelength single photons in nanowire-type superconducting NbN stripes was investigated. Numerical simulations of ultrafast thermalization of photon-excited nonequilibrium quasiparticles, their multiplication and out-diffusion from a site of the photon absorption demonstrate that 1.55 μm wavelength photons create in an ultrathin, two-dimensional superconducting film a resistive hotspot with the diameter which depends on the photon energy, and the nanowire temperature and biasing conditions. Our hotspot model indicates that under the subcritical current bias of the 2D stripe, the electric field penetrates the superconductor at the hotspot boundary, leading to suppression of the stripe superconducting properties and accelerated development of a voltage transient across the stripe. |
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de Lara, D. Perez; Ejrnaes, M.; Casaburi, A.; Lisitskiy, M.; Cristiano, R.; Pagano, S.; Gaggero, A.; Leoni, R.; Golt’sman, G.; Voronov, B. |
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Feasibility investigation of NbN nanowires as detector in time-of-flight mass spectrometers for macromolecules of interest in biology (proteins) |
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2008 |
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J. Low Temp. Phys. |
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J. Low Temp. Phys. |
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151 |
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3-4 |
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771-776 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD, nanowires |
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We are investigating the possibility of using NbN nanowires as detectors in time-of-flight mass spectrometers for investigation of macromolecules of interest in biology (proteins). NbN nanowires could overcome the two major drawbacks encountered so far by cryogenic detectors, namely the low working temperature in the mK region and the slow temporal response. In fact, NbN nanowires can work at 5 K and the response time is at least a factor 10–100 better than that of other cryogenic detectors. We present a feasibility study based on a numerical code to calculate the response of a NbN nanowire. The parameter space is investigated at different energies from IR to macromolecules (i.e. from eV to keV) in order to understand if larger value of film thickness and width can be used for the keV energy region. We also present preliminary experimental results of irradiation with X-ray photons of NbN to simulate the effect of macromolecules of the same energy. |
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0022-2291 |
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