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| Author | Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gusev, Yu. P.; Elantiev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.; Semenov, A. D. | ||||
| Title | Millimeter and submillimeter wave range mixer based on electronic heating of superconducting films in the resistive state | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1990 | Publication | Sov. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | Sov. Supercond. |
| Volume | 3 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 1582-1597 |
| Keywords | HEB mixers | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 240 | |||
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| Author | Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Goltsman, G. N.; Lulkin, A.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V. | ||||
| Title | Electron-phonon interaction in ultrathin Nb films | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1990 | Publication | Sov. Phys. JETP | Abbreviated Journal | Sov. Phys. JETP |
| Volume | 70 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 505-511 |
| Keywords | Nb films | ||||
| Abstract | A study was made of the heating of electrons in normal resistive states of superconducting thin Nb films. The directly determined relaxation time of the resistance of a sample and the rise of the electron temperature were used to find the electron-phonon interaction time rep,, The dependence of rep, on the mean free path of electrons re,, a 1-'demonstrated, in agreement with the theoretical predictions, that the contribution of the inelastic scattering of electrons by impurities to the energy relaxation process decreased at low temperatures and the observed temperature dependence rep, a T 2 was due to a modification of the phonon spectrum in thin fllms. 1. Much new information on the electron-phonon interaction time?;,, in thin films of normal metals and superconductors has been published recently. This information has been obtained mainly as a result of two types of measurement. One includes experiments on weak electron localization investigated by the method of quantum interference corrections to the conductivity of disordered conductors, which can be used to find the relaxation time T, of the phase of the electron wave function. In the absence of the scattering of electrons by paramagnetic impurities the relaxation time T, is associated with the most effective process of energy relaxation: T;= TL+ rep;, where T,, is the electronelectron relaxation time. At low temperatures, when the dependence T; a T is exhibited by thin disordered films, the dominant channel is that of the electron-electron relaxation and there is a lower limit to the temperature range in which rep, can be investigated. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 241 | |||
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| Author | Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Gousev, Y. P.; Zorin, M. A.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Lang, P. T.; Knott, W. J.; Renk, K. F. | ||||
| Title | Sensitive picosecond NbN detector for radiation from millimetre wavelengths to visible light | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1991 | Publication | Supercond. Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
| Volume | 4 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 453-456 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB detectors | ||||
| Abstract | The authors report on the application of a broad-band NbN film detector which has high sensitivity and picosecond response time for detection of radiation from millimetre wavelengths to visible light. From a study of amplitude modulated radiation of backward-wave tubes and picosecond pulses from gas and solid state lasers at wavelengths between 2 mm and 0.53 mu m, they found a detectivity of 1010 W-1 cm Hz-1/2 and a response time of less than 50 ps at T=10 K. The characteristics were provided by using a 150 AA thick NbN film patterned into a structure of micron strips. According to the proposed detection mechanism, namely electron heating, they expect an intrinsic response time of approximately 20 ps at the same temperature. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0953-2048 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 242 | |||
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| Author | Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M. A.; Trifonov, V.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
| Title | Optical mixing in a patterned YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 65 | Issue | 26 | Pages | 3398-3400 |
| Keywords | YBCO HTS HEB mixer, bandwidth | ||||
| Abstract | Mixing of 1.56 µm infrared radiation from two lasers in a high quality YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film, patterned to parallel strips, was demonstrated. A mixer bandwidth of 18 GHz, limited by the measurement system, was obtained. A model based on nonequilibrium electron heating gives a good fit to the data and predicts an intrinsic mixer bandwidth in excess of 100 GHz, operating in the whole infrared spectrum. Reduction of bolometric effects and ways to decrease the conversion loss of the mixer is discussed. The minimum conversion loss is expected to be ~10 dB. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 251 | |||
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| Author | Gousev, Yu. P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Nebosis, R. S.; Heusinger, M. A.; Renk, K. F. | ||||
| Title | Broadband ultrafast superconducting NbN detector for electromagnetic radiation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1994 | Publication | J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Phys. |
| Volume | 75 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 3695-3697 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB | ||||
| Abstract | An ultrafast detector that is sensitive to radiation in a broad spectral range from submillimeter waves to visible light is reported. It consists of a structured NbN thin film cooled to a temperature below Tc (∼11 K). Using 20 ps pulses of a GaAs laser, we observed signal pulses with both rise and decay time of about 50 ps. From the analysis of a mixing experiment with submillimeter radiation we estimate an intrinsic response time of the detector of ∼12 ps. The sensitivity was found to be similar for the near‐infrared and submillimeter radiation. Broadband sensitivity and short response time are attributed to a quasiparticle heating effect. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 252 | |||
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| Author | Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Okunev, O. V.; Dzardanov, A. L.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Ekstrom, H.; Jacobsson, S.; Kollberg, E. | ||||
| Title | NbN hot electron superconducting mixers for 100 GHz operation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1995 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume | 5 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 3065-3068 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | NbN is a promising superconducting material for hot-electron superconducting mixers with an IF bandwidth larger than 1 GHz. In the 1OO GHz frequency range, the following parameters were obtained for 50 /spl Aring/ thick NbN films at 4.2 K: receiver noise temperature (DSB) /spl sim/1000 K; conversion loss /spl sim/10 dB; IF bandwidth /spl sim/1 GHz; and local oscillator power /spl sim/1 /spl mu/W. An increase of the critical current of the NbN film, increased working temperature, and a better mixer matching may allow a broader IF bandwidth up to 2 GHz, reduced conversion losses down to 3-5 dB and a receiver noise temperature (DSB) down to 200-300 K. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | About LO power required | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 255 | |||
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| Author | Karasik, B. S.; Elantiev, A. I. | ||||
| Title | Noise temperature limit of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Applied Physics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 68 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 853-855 |
| Keywords | HEB mixer noise temperature, Johnson noise, thermal fluctuation noise, noise bandwidth | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 260 | |||
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| Author | Karasik, B. S.; Il'in, K. S.; Pechen, E. V.; Krasnosvobodtsev, S. I. | ||||
| Title | Diffusion cooling mechanism in a hot-electron NbC microbolometer mixer | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Applied Physics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 68 | Issue | 16 | Pages | 2285-2287 |
| Keywords | HEB mixer, diffusion cooling channel, diffusion channel | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 262 | |||
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| Author | Semenov, Alexei; Richter, Heiko; Smirnov, Konstantin; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm | ||||
| Title | The development of terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Supercond. Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
| Volume | 17 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 436-439 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | We present recent advances in the development of NbN hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers for flying terahertz heterodyne receivers. Three important issues have been addressed: the quality of the source NbN films, the effect of the bolometer size on the spectral properties of different planar feed antennas, and the local oscillator (LO) power required for optimal operation of the mixer. Studies of the NbN films with an atomic force microscope indicated a surface structure that may affect the performance of the smallest mixers. Measured spectral gain and noise temperature suggest that at frequencies above 2.5 THz the spiral feed provides better overall performance than the double-slot feed. Direct measurements of the optimal LO power support earlier estimates made in the framework of the uniform mixer model. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 357 | |||
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| Author | Ekstörm, H.; Kollberg, E.; Yagoubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Yngvesson, S. | ||||
| Title | Gain and noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometric mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 70 | Issue | 24 | Pages | 3296-3298 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, conversion loss, conversion gain, U-factor technique | ||||
| Abstract | We have measured the noise performance and gain bandwidth of 35 Å thin NbN hot-electron mixers integrated with spiral antennas on silicon substrate lenses at 620 GHz. The best double-sideband receiver noise temperature is less than 1300 K with a 3 dB bandwidth of ≈5 GHz. The gain bandwidth is 3.2 GHz. The mixer output noise dominated by thermal fluctuations is 50 K, and the intrinsic conversion gain is about −12 dB. Without mismatch losses and excluding the loss from the beamsplitter, we expect to achieve a receiver noise temperature of less than 700 K. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 279 | |||
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| Author | Sobolewski, R.; Verevkin, A.; Gol'tsman, G.N.; Lipatov, A.; Wilsher, K. | ||||
| Title | Ultrafast superconducting single-photon optical detectors and their applications | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 13 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 1151-1157 |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | We present a new class of ultrafast single-photon detectors for counting both visible and infrared photons. The detection mechanism is based on photon-induced hotspot formation, which forces the supercurrent redistribution and leads to the appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin, submicrometer-width, superconducting stripe. The devices were fabricated from 3.5-nm- and 10-nm-thick NbN films, patterned into <200-nm-wide stripes in the 4 /spl times/ 4-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ or 10 /spl times/ 10-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ meander-type geometry, and operated at 4.2 K, well below the NbN critical temperature (T/sub c/=10-11 K). Continuous-wave and pulsed-laser optical sources in the 400-nm-to 3500-nm-wavelength range were used to determine the detector performance in the photon-counting mode. Experimental quantum efficiency was found to exponentially depend on the photon wavelength, and for our best, 3.5-nm-thick, 100-/spl mu/m/sup 2/-area devices varied from >10% for 405-nm radiation to 3.5% for 1550-nm photons. The detector response time and jitter were /spl sim/100 ps and 35 ps, respectively, and were acquisition system limited. The dark counts were below 0.01 per second at optimal biasing. In terms of the counting rate, jitter, and dark counts, the NbN single-photon detectors significantly outperform their semiconductor counterparts. Already-identified applications for our devices range from noncontact testing of semiconductor CMOS VLSI circuits to free-space quantum cryptography and communications. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 509 | |||
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| Author | Kawamura, J. H.; Tong, C.-Y.E.; Blundell, R.; Cosmo Papa, D.; Hunter, T. R.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
| Title | An 800 GHz NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer receiver | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 3753-3756 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | We describe a heterodyne receiver developed for astronomical applications to operate in the 350 /spl mu/m atmospheric window. The waveguide receiver employs a superconductive NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer. The double sideband receiver noise temperature closely follows 1 kGHz/sup -1/ across 780-870 GHz, with the intermediate frequency centered at 1.4 GHz. The conversion loss is about 15 dB. The receiver was installed for operation at the University of Arizona/Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy Submillimeter Telescope facility. The instrument was successfully used to conduct test observations of a number of celestial sources in a number of astronomically important spectral lines. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 288 | |||
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| Author | Il’in, K. S.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Verevkin, A. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Sobolewski, R. | ||||
| Title | Ultimate quantum efficiency of a superconducting hot-electron photodetector | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 73 | Issue | 26 | Pages | 3938-3940 |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | The quantum efficiency and current and voltage responsivities of fast hot-electron photodetectors, fabricated from superconducting NbN thin films and biased in the resistive state, have been shown to reach values of 340, 220 A/W, and 4×104 V/W, respectively, for infrared radiation with a wavelength of 0.79 μm. The characteristics of the photodetectors are presented within the general model, based on relaxation processes in the nonequilibrium electron heating of a superconducting thin film. The observed, very high efficiency and sensitivity of the superconductor absorbing the photon are explained by the high multiplication rate of quasiparticles during the avalanche breaking of Cooper pairs. |
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| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1579 | |||
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| Author | Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Hübers, H.-W.; Schwaab, G.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
| Title | Noise temperature of an NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer at frequencies from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Supercond. Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 12 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 748-750 |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | We report on noise temperature measurements of an NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer in the terahertz frequency range. The devices were 3 nm thick films with in-plane dimensions 1.7 × 0.2 µm2 and 0.9 × 0.2 µm2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic-spiral antenna. Measurements were performed at seven frequencies ranging from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The measured DSB noise temperatures are 1500 K (0.7 THz), 2200 K (1.4 THz), 2600 K (1.6 THz), 2900 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz), 5600 K (4.3 THz) and 8800 K (5.2 THz). | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 298 | |||
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| Author | Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, H.-W.; Schubert, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elantiev, A. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
| Title | Design and performance of the lattice-cooled hot-electron terahertz mixer | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Phys. |
| Volume | 88 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 6758-6767 |
| Keywords | HEB mixer, charge imbalance, HF current distribution | ||||
| Abstract | We present the measurements and the theoreticalmodel of the frequency-dependent noise temperature of a superconductor lattice-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer in the terahertz frequency range. The increase of the noise temperature with frequency is a cumulative effect of the nonuniform distribution of the high-frequency current in the bolometer and the charge imbalance, which occurs at the edges of the normal domain and at the contacts with normal metal. We show that under optimal operation the fluctuation sensitivity of the mixer is determined by thermodynamic fluctuations of the noise power, whereas at small biases there appears additional noise, which is probably due to the flux flow. We propose the prescription of how to minimize the influence of the current distribution on the mixer performance. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0021-8979 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 306 | |||
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