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Author Antipov, S.; Trifonov, A.; Krause, S.; Meledin, D.; Kaurova, N.; Rudzinski, M.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Goltsman, G.
Title Improved bandwidth of a 2 THz hot-electron bolometer heterodyne mixer fabricated on sapphire with a GaN buffer layer Type Journal Article
Year (down) 2019 Publication Supercond. Sci. Technol. Abbreviated Journal Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume 32 Issue 7 Pages 075003
Keywords NbN HEB mixer, GaN buffer layer, sapphire substrate
Abstract We report on the signal-to-noise and gain bandwidth of a niobium nitride (NbN) hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer at 2 THz fabricated on a sapphire substrate with a GaN buffer layer. Two mixers with different DC properties and geometrical dimensions were studied and they demonstrated very close bandwidth performance. The signal-to-noise bandwidth is increased to 8 GHz in comparison to the previous results, obtained without a buffer-layer. The data were taken in a quasi-optical system with the use of the signal-to-noise method, which is close to the signal levels used in actual astrophysical observations. We find an increase of the gain bandwidth to 5 GHz. The results indicate that prior results obtained on a substrate of crystalline GaN can also be obtained on a conventional sapphire substrate with a few micron MOCVD-deposited GaN buffer-layer.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher IOP Publishing Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Antipov_2019 Serial 1277
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Author Elezov, M.; Ozhegov, R.; Goltsman, G.; Makarov, V.
Title Countermeasure against bright-light attack on superconducting nanowire single-photon detector in quantum key distribution Type Journal Article
Year (down) 2019 Publication Opt. Express Abbreviated Journal Opt. Express
Volume 27 Issue 21 Pages 30979-30988
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract We present an active anti-latching system for superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. We experimentally test it against a bright-light attack, previously used to compromise security of quantum key distribution. Although our system detects continuous blinding, the detector is shown to be partially blindable and controllable by specially tailored sequences of bright pulses. Improvements to the countermeasure are suggested.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1094-4087 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:31684339 Approved no
Call Number Serial 1275
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Author Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Vetter, A.; Lee, C.; Rockstuhl, C.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Pernice, W.
Title Analysis of the detection response of waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors at high count rate Type Journal Article
Year (down) 2019 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 115 Issue 10 Pages 101104
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, waveguide
Abstract Nanophotonic circuitry and superconducting nanowires have been successfully combined for detecting single photons, propagating in an integrated photonic circuit, with high efficiency and low noise and timing uncertainty. Waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) can nowadays be engineered to achieve subnanosecond recovery times and can potentially be adopted for applications requiring Gcps count rates. However, particular attention shall be paid to such an extreme count rate regime since artifacts in the detector functionality emerge. In particular, a count-rate dependent detection efficiency has been encountered that can compromise the accuracy of quantum detector tomography experiments. Here, we investigate the response of waveguide-integrated SNSPDs at high photon flux and identify the presence of parasitic currents due to the accumulation of charge in the readout electronics to cause the above-mentioned artifact in the detection efficiency. Our approach allows us to determine the maximum photon count rate at which the detector can be operated without adverse effects. Our findings are particularly important to avoid artifacts when applying SNSPDs for quantum tomography.

We acknowledge support through ERC Consolidator Grant No. 724707 and from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through Project No. PE 1832/5-1,2, as well as funding by the Volkswagen Foundation. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 675745. V.K. and G.G. acknowledge support from the Russian Science Foundation Project No. 16-12-00045 (NbN film deposition and testing). A.V. acknowledges support from the Karlsruhe School of Optics and Photonics (KSOP).
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0003-6951 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1185
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Author Kitaeva, G. K.; Kornienko, V. V.; Kuznetsov, K. A.; Pentin, I. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.
Title Direct detection of the idler THz radiation generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion Type Journal Article
Year (down) 2019 Publication Opt. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Opt. Lett.
Volume 44 Issue 5 Pages 1198-1201
Keywords HEB applications
Abstract We study parametric down-conversion (PDC) of optical laser radiation in the strongly frequency non-degenerate regime which is promising for the generation of quantum-correlated pairs of extremely different spectral ranges, the optical and the terahertz (THz) ones. The possibility to detect tenuous THz-frequency photon fluxes generated under low-gain spontaneous PDC is demonstrated using a hot electron bolometer. Then experimental dependences of the THz radiation power on the detection angle and on the pump intensity are analyzed.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0146-9592 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:30821747 Approved no
Call Number Serial 1801
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Author Moshkova, M.; Divochiy, A.; Morozov, P.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Antipov, A.; Zolotov, P.; Seleznev, V.; Ahmetov, M.; Smirnov, K.
Title High-performance superconducting photon-number-resolving detectors with 86% system efficiency at telecom range Type Journal Article
Year (down) 2019 Publication J. Opt. Soc. Am. B Abbreviated Journal J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
Volume 36 Issue 3 Pages B20
Keywords NbN PNR SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract The use of improved fabrication technology, highly disordered NbN thin films, and intertwined section topology makes it possible to create high-performance photon-number-resolving superconducting single-photon detectors (PNR SSPDs) that are comparable to conventional single-element SSPDs at the telecom range. The developed four-section PNR SSPD has simultaneously an 86±3% system detection efficiency, 35 cps dark count rate, ∼2 ns dead time, and maximum 90 ps jitter. An investigation of the PNR SSPD’s detection efficiency for multiphoton events shows good uniformity across sections. As a result, such a PNR SSPD is a good candidate for retrieving the photon statistics for light sources and quantum key distribution systems.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0740-3224 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1225
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Author Nikogosyan, A. S.; Martirosyan, R. M.; Hakhoumian, A. A.; Makaryan, A. H.; Tadevosyan, V. R.; Goltsman, G. N.; Antipov, S. V.
Title Effect of absorption on the efficiency of terahertz radiation generation in the metal waveguide partially filled with nonlinear crystal LiNbO3, DAST or ZnTe Type Journal Article
Year (down) 2019 Publication J. Contemp. Phys. Abbreviated Journal J. Contemp. Phys.
Volume 54 Issue 1 Pages 97-104
Keywords nonlinear crystal, THz, waveguide
Abstract The influence of terahertz (THz) radiation absorption on the efficiency of generation of coherent THz radiation in the system ‘nonlinear-optical crystal partially filling the cross section of a rectangular metal waveguide’ has been investigated. The efficiency of the nonlinear frequency conversion of optical laser radiation to the THz range depends on the loss in the system and the fulfillment of the phase-matching (FM) condition in a nonlinear crystal. The method of partially filling of a metal waveguide with a nonlinear optical crystal is used to ensure phase matching. The phase matching is achieved by numerical determination of the thickness of the nonlinear crystal, that is the degree of partial filling of the waveguide. The attenuation of THz radiation caused by losses both in the metal walls of the waveguide and in the crystal was studied, taking into account the dimension of the cross section of the waveguide, the degree of partial filling, and the dielectric constant of the crystal. It is shown that the partial filling of the waveguide with a nonlinear crystal results in an increase in the efficiency of generation of THz radiation by an order of magnitude, owing to the decrease in absorption.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1068-3372 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1289
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Author Polyakova, M.; Semenov, A. V.; Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Pernice, W. H. P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
Title Protocol of measuring hot-spot correlation length for SNSPDs with near-unity detection efficiency Type Journal Article
Year (down) 2019 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 29 Issue 5 Pages 1-5
Keywords SSPD, waveguide-integrated SNSPD, hot-spot interaction length
Abstract We present a simple quantum detector tomography protocol, which allows, without ambiguities, to measure the two-spot detection efficiency and extract the hot-spot interaction length of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) with unity intrinsic detection efficiency. We identify a significant parasitic contribution to the measured two-spot efficiency, related to an effect of the bias circuit, and find a way to rule out this contribution during data post-processing and directly in the experiment. From the data analysis for waveguide-integrated SNSPD, we find signatures of the saturation of the two-spot efficiency and hot-spot interaction length of order of 100 nm.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1051-8223 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1187
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Author Rasulova, G. K.; Pentin, I. V.; Goltsman, G. N.
Title Terahertz emission from a weakly-coupled GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice biased into three different modes of current self-oscillations Type Journal Article
Year (down) 2019 Publication AIP Advances Abbreviated Journal AIP Advances
Volume 9 Issue 10 Pages 105220
Keywords GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice, SL, NbN HEB
Abstract Radio-frequency modulated terahertz (THz) emission power from weakly-coupled GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice (SL) has been increased by parallel connection of several SL mesas. Each SL mesa is a self-oscillator with its own oscillation frequency and mode. In coupled non-identical SL mesas biased at different voltages within the hysteresis loop the chaotic, quasiperiodic and frequency-locked modes of self-oscillations of current arise. THz emission was detected when three connected in parallel SL mesas were biased into the frequency-locked and quasiperiodic modes of self-oscillations of current, while in the chaotic mode of those it falls to the noise level.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 2158-3226 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1274
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Author Ren, Y.; Zhang, D. X.; Zhou, K. M.; Miao, W.; Zhang, W.; Shi, S. C.; Seleznev, V.; Pentin, I.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Smirnov, K.
Title 10.6 μm heterodyne receiver based on a superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer and a quantum cascade laser Type Journal Article
Year (down) 2019 Publication AIP Advances Abbreviated Journal AIP Advances
Volume 9 Issue 7 Pages 075307
Keywords NbN HEB mixers, QCL, IR
Abstract We report on the development of a heterodyne receiver at mid-infrared wavelength for high-resolution spectroscopy applications. The receiver employs a superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer as a mixer and a room temperature distributed feedback quantum cascade laser operating at 10.6 μm (28.2 THz) as a local oscillator. The stabilization of the heterodyne receiver has been achieved using a feedback loop controlling the output power of the laser. Improved Allan variance times as well as a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 5000 K and a noise bandwidth of 2.8 GHz of the receiver system are demonstrated.

The work is supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2018YFA0404701, by the CAS program under Grant QYZDJ-SSW-SLH043 and GJJSTD20180003, by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 11773083, by the “Hundred Talents Program” of the “Pioneer Initiative”, and in part by the CAS Key Lab for Radio Astronomy.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 2158-3226 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1293
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Author Saveskul, N. A.; Titova, N. A.; Baeva, E. M.; Semenov, A. V.; Lubenchenko, A. V.; Saha, S.; Reddy, H.; Bogdanov, S. I.; Marinero, E. E.; Shalaev, V. M.; Boltasseva, A.; Khrapai, V. S.; Kardakova, A. I.; Goltsman, G. N.
Title Superconductivity behavior in epitaxial TiN films points to surface magnetic disorder Type Journal Article
Year (down) 2019 Publication Phys. Rev. Applied Abbreviated Journal Phys. Rev. Applied
Volume 12 Issue 5 Pages 054001
Keywords epitaxial TiN films
Abstract We analyze the evolution of the normal and superconducting properties of epitaxial TiN films, characterized by high Ioffe-Regel parameter values, as a function of the film thickness. As the film thickness decreases, we observe an increase of the residual resistivity, that becomes dominated by diffusive surface scattering for d≤20nm. At the same time, a substantial thickness-dependent reduction of the superconducting critical temperature is observed compared to the bulk TiN value. In such high-quality material films, this effect can be explained by a weak magnetic disorder residing in the surface layer with a characteristic magnetic defect density of approximately 1012cm−2. Our results suggest that surface magnetic disorder is generally present in oxidized TiN films.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 2331-7019 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1166
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Author Tretyakov, I.; Shurakov, A.; Perepelitsa, A.; Kaurova, N.; Svyatodukh, S.; Zilberley, T.; Ryabchun, S.; Smirnov, M.; Ovchinnikov, O.; Goltsman, G.
Title Room temperature silicon detector for IR range coated with Ag2S quantum dots Type Journal Article
Year (down) 2019 Publication Phys. Status Solidi RRL Abbreviated Journal Phys. Status Solidi RRL
Volume 13 Issue 9 Pages 1900187-(1-6)
Keywords
Abstract For decades, silicon has been the chief technological semiconducting material of modern microelectronics and has a strong influence on all aspects of the society. Applications of Si-based optoelectronic devices are limited to the visible and near infrared (IR) ranges. For photons with an energy less than 1.12 eV, silicon is almost transparent. The expansion of the Si absorption to shorter wavelengths of the IR range is of considerable interest for optoelectronic applications. By creating impurity states in Si, it is possible to cause sub-bandgap photon absorption. Herein, an elegant and effective technology of extending the photo-response of Si toward the IR range is presented. This approach is based on the use of Ag 2 S quantum dots (QDs) planted on the surface of Si to create impurity states in the Si bandgap. The specific sensitivity of the room temperature zero-bias Si_Ag 2 Sp detector is 10 11 cm Hz W 1 at 1.55 μm. Given the variety of available QDs and the ease of extending the photo-response of Si toward the IR range, these findings open a path toward future studies and development of Si detectors for technological applications. The current research at the interface of physics and chemistry is also of fundamental importance to the development of Si optoelectronics.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1862-6254 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1149
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Author Baeva, E. M.; Sidorova, M. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Smirnov, K. V.; Divochy, A. V.; Morozov, P. V.; Zolotov, P. I.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Semenov, A. V.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Khrapai, V. S.; Goltsman, G. N.
Title Thermal properties of NbN single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
Year (down) 2018 Publication Phys. Rev. Applied Abbreviated Journal Phys. Rev. Applied
Volume 10 Issue 6 Pages 064063 (1 to 8)
Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract We investigate thermal properties of a NbN single-photon detector capable of unit internal detection efficiency. Using an independent calibration of the coupling losses, we determine the absolute optical power absorbed by the NbN film and, via resistive superconductor thermometry, the temperature dependence of the thermal resistance Z(T) of the NbN film. In principle, this approach permits simultaneous measurement of the electron-phonon and phonon-escape contributions to the energy relaxation, which in our case is ambiguous because of the similar temperature dependencies. We analyze Z(T) with a two-temperature model and impose an upper bound on the ratio of electron and phonon heat capacities in NbN, which is surprisingly close to a recent theoretical lower bound for the same quantity in similar devices.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 2331-7019 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1226
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Author Bandurin, D. A.; Gayduchenko, I.; Cao, Y.; Moskotin, M.; Principi, A.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Goltsman, G.; Fedorov, G.; Svintsov, D.
Title Dual origin of room temperature sub-terahertz photoresponse in graphene field effect transistors Type Journal Article
Year (down) 2018 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 112 Issue 14 Pages 141101 (1 to 5)
Keywords graphene field effect transistors, FET
Abstract Graphene is considered as a promising platform for detectors of high-frequency radiation up to the terahertz (THz) range due to its superior electron mobility. Previously, it has been shown that graphene field effect transistors (FETs) exhibit room temperature broadband photoresponse to incoming THz radiation, thanks to the thermoelectric and/or plasma wave rectification. Both effects exhibit similar functional dependences on the gate voltage, and therefore, it was difficult to disentangle these contributions in previous studies. In this letter, we report on combined experimental and theoretical studies of sub-THz response in graphene field-effect transistors analyzed at different temperatures. This temperature-dependent study allowed us to reveal the role of the photo-thermoelectric effect, p-n junction rectification, and plasmonic rectification in the sub-THz photoresponse of graphene FETs.

D.A.B. acknowledges the Leverhulme Trust for financial support. The work of D.S. was supported by Grant No. 16-19-10557 of the Russian Scientific Foundation (theoretical model). G.F., I.G., M.M., and G.G. acknowledge the Russian Science Foundation [Grant No. 14-19-01308 (MIET, cryostat upgrade) and Grant No. 17-72-30036, (MSPU, photoresponse measurements), the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Contract No. 14.B25.31.0007 (device fabrication) and Task No. 3.7328.2017/LS (NEP analyses)] and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research [Grant No. 15-02-07841 (device design)]. The authors are grateful to Professor M. S. Shur for helpful discussions.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0003-6951 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1309
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Author Bandurin, D. A.; Svintsov, D.; Gayduchenko, I.; Xu, S. G.; Principi, A.; Moskotin, M.; Tretyakov, I.; Yagodkin, D.; Zhukov, S.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Polini, M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Geim, A. K.; Fedorov, G.
Title Resonant terahertz detection using graphene plasmons Type Journal Article
Year (down) 2018 Publication Nat. Commun. Abbreviated Journal Nat. Commun.
Volume 9 Issue Pages 5392 (1 to 8)
Keywords THz, graphene plasmons
Abstract Plasmons, collective oscillations of electron systems, can efficiently couple light and electric current, and thus can be used to create sub-wavelength photodetectors, radiation mixers, and on-chip spectrometers. Despite considerable effort, it has proven challenging to implement plasmonic devices operating at terahertz frequencies. The material capable to meet this challenge is graphene as it supports long-lived electrically tunable plasmons. Here we demonstrate plasmon-assisted resonant detection of terahertz radiation by antenna-coupled graphene transistors that act as both plasmonic Fabry-Perot cavities and rectifying elements. By varying the plasmon velocity using gate voltage, we tune our detectors between multiple resonant modes and exploit this functionality to measure plasmon wavelength and lifetime in bilayer graphene as well as to probe collective modes in its moire minibands. Our devices offer a convenient tool for further plasmonic research that is often exceedingly difficult under non-ambient conditions (e.g. cryogenic temperatures) and promise a viable route for various photonic applications.
Address Physics Department, Moscow State University of Education (MSPU), Moscow, Russian Federation, 119435. fedorov.ge@mipt.ru
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 2041-1723 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1148
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Author Divochiy, A.; Misiaszek, M.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Morozov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Zolotov, P.; Kolenderski, P.
Title Single photon detection system for visible and infrared spectrum range Type Journal Article
Year (down) 2018 Publication Opt. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Opt. Lett.
Volume 43 Issue 24 Pages 6085-6088
Keywords
Abstract We demonstrate niobium nitride based superconducting single-photon detectors sensitive in the spectral range 452-2300 nm. The system performance was tested in a real-life experiment with correlated photons generated by means of spontaneous parametric downconversion, where one photon was in the visible range and the other was in the infrared range. We measured a signal to noise ratio as high as 4x10(4) in our detection setting. A photon detection efficiency as high as 64% at 1550 nm and 15% at 2300 nm was observed.
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0146-9592 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.04273 Approved no
Call Number Serial 1227
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