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Elant'ev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S. |
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Effect of high-frequency current on Nb superconductive film in resistive state |
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1989 |
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Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. |
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Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. |
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15 |
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7 |
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379-383 |
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Nb HEB |
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882 |
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Гершензон, Е. М.; Гольцман, Г. Н.; Елантьев, А. И.; Карасик, Б. С.; Потоскуев, С. Э. |
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Разогрев электронов в резистивном состоянии сверхпроводника электромагнитным излучением значительной интенсивности |
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1988 |
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Физика низких температур |
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Физика низких температур |
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14 |
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7 |
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753-763 |
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HEB |
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Duplicated as 1697 |
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883 |
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Lobanov, Yury; Shcherbatenko, Michael; Shurakov, Alexander; Rodin, Alexander V.; Klimchuk, Artem; Nadezhdinsky, Alexander I.; Maslennikov, Sergey; Larionov, Pavel; Finkel, Matvey; Semenov, Alexander; Verevkin, Aleksandr A.; Voronov, Boris M.; Ponurovsky, Yakov; Klapwijk, Teunis M.; Gol'tsman, Gregory N. |
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Heterodyne detection at near-infrared wavelengths with a superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer |
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2014 |
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Opt. Lett. |
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39 |
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6 |
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1429-1432 |
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HEB, zebra, IR, infrared |
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We report on the development of a highly sensitive optical receiver for heterodyne IR spectroscopy at the communication wavelength of 1.5 μm (200 THz) by use of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer. The results are important for the resolution of narrow spectral molecular lines in the near-IR range for the study of astronomical objects, as well as for quantum optical tomography and fiber-optic sensing. Receiver configuration as well as fiber-to-detector light coupling designs are discussed. Light absorption of the superconducting detectors was enhanced by nano-optical antennas, which were coupled to optical fibers. An intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of about 3 GHz was found in agreement with measurements at 300 GHz, and a noise figure of about 25 dB was obtained that was only 10 dB above the quantum limit. |
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906 |
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Yagoubov, P.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Svechnikov, S.; Gershenzon, E. |
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Noise temperature and local oscillator power requirement of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at terahertz frequencies |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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73 |
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19 |
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2814-2816 |
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NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature, local oscillator power |
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In this letter, the noise performance of NbN-based phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric quasioptical mixers is investigated in the 0.55–1.1 THz frequency range. The best results of the double-sideband <cd><2018>DSB<cd><2019> noise temperature are: 500 K at 640 GHz, 600 K at 750 GHz, 850 K at 910 GHz, and 1250 K at 1.1 THz. The water vapor in the signal path causes significant contribution to the measured receiver noise temperature around 1.1 THz. The devices are made from 3-nm-thick NbN film on high-resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The in-plane dimensions of the bolometer strip are typically 0.2Ï«2 um. The amount of local oscillator power absorbed in the bolometer is less than 100 nW. |
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911 |
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Kardakova, A.; Finkel, M.; Morozov, D.; Kovalyuk, V.; An, P.; Dunscombe, C.; Tarkhov, M.; Mauskopf, P.; Klapwijk, T.M.; Goltsman, G. |
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The electron-phonon relaxation time in thin superconducting titanium nitride films |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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103 |
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25 |
Pages |
252602 (1 to 4) |
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disordered TiN films, electron-phonon relaxation time |
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We report on the direct measurement of the electron-phonon relaxation time, τeph, in disordered TiN films. Measured values of τeph are from 5.5 ns to 88 ns in the 4.2 to 1.7 K temperature range and consistent with a T−3 temperature dependence. The electronic density of states at the Fermi level N0 is estimated from measured material parameters. The presented results confirm that thin TiN films are promising candidate-materials for ultrasensitive superconducting detectors.
The work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Contract No. 14.B25.31.0007 and by the RFBR Grant No. 13-02-91159. |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
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941 |
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Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Golts'man, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov B. |
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Title |
Superconductive NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer performance at 250 GHz |
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Conference Article |
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1996 |
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Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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331-336 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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Thin film NbN (<40 A) strips are used as waveguide mixer elements. The electron cooling mechanism for the geometry is the electron-phonon interaction. We report a receiver noise temperature of 750 K at 244 GHz, with / IF = 1.5 GHz, Af= 500 MHz, and Tphysical = 4 K. The instantaneous bandwidth for this mixer is 1.6 GHz. The local oscillator (LO) power is 0.5 1.tW with 3 dB-uncertainty. The mixer is linear to 1 dB up to an input power level 6 dB below the LO power. We report the first detection of a molecular line emission using this class of mixer, and that the receiver noise temperature determined from Y-factor measurements reflects the true heterodyne sensitivity. |
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945 |
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Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W. H. P. |
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Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detectors with high internal quantum efficiency at telecom wavelengths |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Sci. Rep. |
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Sci. Rep. |
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5 |
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10941 (1 to 11) |
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optical waveguides; waveguide integrated SSPD; waveguide SSPD; nanophotonics |
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Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) provide high efficiency for detecting individual photons while keeping dark counts and timing jitter minimal. Besides superior detection performance over a broad optical bandwidth, compatibility with an integrated optical platform is a crucial requirement for applications in emerging quantum photonic technologies. Here we present efficiencies close to unity at 1550nm wavelength. This allows for the SNSPDs to be operated at bias currents far below the critical current where unwanted dark count events reach milli-Hz levels while on-chip detection efficiencies above 70% are maintained. The measured dark count rates correspond to noiseequivalent powers in the 10–19W/Hz–1/2 range and the timing jitter is as low as 35ps. Our detectors are fully scalable and interface directly with waveguide-based optical platforms. |
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PMID:26061283; PMCID:PMC4462017 |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
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946 |
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Bell, M.; Sergeev, A.; Mitin, V.; Bird, J.; Verevkin, A.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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One-dimensional resistive states in quasi-two-dimensional superconductors |
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2007 |
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arXiv:0709.0709v1 [cond-mat.supr-con] |
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1-11 |
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We investigate competition between one- and two-dimensional topological excitations – phase slips and vortices – in formation of resistive states in quasi-two-dimensional superconductors in a wide temperature range below the mean-field transition temperature T(C0). The widths w = 100 nm of our ultrathin NbN samples is substantially larger than the Ginzburg-Landau coherence length ξ = 4nm and the fluctuation resistivity above T(C0) has a two-dimensional character. However, our data shows that the resistivity below T(C0) is produced by one-dimensional excitations, – thermally activated phase slip strips (PSSs) overlapping the sample cross-section. We also determine the scaling phase diagram, which shows that even in wider samples the PSS contribution dominates over vortices in a substantial region of current/temperature variations. Measuring the resistivity within seven orders of magnitude, we find that the quantum phase slips can only be essential below this level. |
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RPLAB @ atomics90 @ |
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948 |
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Lusche, Robert; Semenov, Alexey; Huebers, Heinz-Willhelm; Ilin, Konstantin; Siegel, Michael; Korneeva, Yuliya; Trifonov, Andrey; Korneev, Alexander; Goltsman, Gregory |
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Effect of the wire geometry and an externally applied magnetic field on the detection efficiency of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors |
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2013 |
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INIS |
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INIS |
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46 |
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8 |
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1-3 |
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TaN, NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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The interest in single-photon detectors in the near-infrared wavelength regime for applications, e.g. in quantum cryptography has immensely increased in the last years. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPD) already show quite reasonable detection efficiencies in the NIR which can even be further improved. Novel theoretical approaches including vortex-assisted photon counting state that the detection efficiency in the long wavelength region can be enhanced by the detector geometry and an applied magnetic field. We present spectral measurements in the wavelength range from 350-2500 nm of the detection efficiency of meander-type TaN and NbN SNSPD with varying nanowire line width from 80 to 250 nm. Due to the used experimental setup we can accurately normalize the measured spectra and are able to extract the intrinsic detection efficiency (IDE) of our detectors. The results clearly indicate an improvement of the IDE depending on the wire width according to the theoretic models. Furthermore we experimentally found that the smallest detectable photon-flux can be increased by applying a small magnetic field to the detectors. |
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Shurakov, A.; Tong, Cheuk-yu E.; Grimes, P.; Blundell, R.; Golt'sman, G. |
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A microwave reflection readout scheme for hot electron bolometric direct detector |
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2015 |
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IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
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IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
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5 |
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81-84 |
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HEB detectors |
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In this paper, we propose and present data from a fast THz detector based on the repurpose of hot electron bolometer mixers (HEB) fabricated from superconducting NbN thinfilm. This detector is essentially a traditional NbN bolometer element that operates under the influence of a microwave pump. The in-jected microwave power serves the dual purpose of enhancing the detector sensitivity and reading out the impedance changes of the device in response to incidentTHz radiation. We have measured an optical Noise Equivalent Power of 4 pW/ Hz for our detector at a bath temperature of 4.2 K. The measurement frequency was 0.83 THz and the modulation frequency was 1.48 kHz. The readout
scheme is versatile and facilitates both high-speed operation as well as multi-pixel applications. |
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RPLAB @ atomics90 @ |
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950 |
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Lobanov, Y.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Finkel, M.; Maslennikov, S.; Semenov, A.; Voronov, B. M.; Rodin, A. V.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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NbN hot-electron-bolometer mixer for operation in the near-IR frequency range |
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2015 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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25 |
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3 |
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2300704 (1 to 4) |
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HEB mixer, IR, optical antenna |
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Traditionally, hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers are employed for THz and “super-THz” heterodyne detection. To explore the near-IR spectral range, we propose a fiber-coupled NbN film based HEB mixer. To enhance the incident-light absorption, a quasi-antenna consisting of a set of parallel stripes of gold is used. To study the antenna effect on the mixer performance, we have experimentally studied a set of devices with different size of the Au stripe and spacing between the neighboring stripes. With use of the well-known isotherm technique we have estimated the absorption efficiency of the mixer, and the maximum efficiency has been observed for devices with the smallest pitch of the alternating NbN and NbN-Au stripes. Also, a proper alignment of the incident Eâƒ<2014>-field with respect to the stripes allows us to improve the coupling further. Studying IV-characteristics of the mixer under differently-aligned Eâƒ<2014>-field of the incident radiation, we have noticed a difference in their shape. This observation suggests that a difference exists in the way the two waves with orthogonal polarizations parallel and perpendicular Eâƒ<2014>-field to the stripes heat the electrons in the HEB mixer. The latter results in a variation in the electron temperature distribution over the HEB device irradiated by the two waves. |
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Seliverstov, S.; Maslennikov, S.; Ryabchun, S.; Finkel, M.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Kaurova, N.; Vachtomin, Yu.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G. |
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Fast and sensitive terahertz direct detector based on superconducting antenna-coupled hot electron bolometer |
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2015 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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25 |
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3 |
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2300304 |
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HEB detector responsivity, HEB model, numerical calculations, numerical model |
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We characterize superconducting antenna-coupled hot-electron bolometers for direct detection of terahertz radiation operating at a temperature of 9.0 K. The estimated value of responsivity obtained from lumped-element theory is strongly different from the measured one. A numerical calculation of the detector responsivity is developed, using the Euler method, applied to the system of heat balance equations written in recurrent form. This distributed element model takes into account the effect of nonuniform heating of the detector along its length and provides results that are in better agreement with the experiment. At a signal frequency of 2.5 THz, the measured value of the optical detector noise equivalent power is 2.0 × 10-13 W · Hz-0.5. The value of the bolometer time constant is 35 ps. The corresponding energy resolution is about 3 aJ. This detector has a sensitivity similar to that of the state-of-the-art sub-millimeter detectors operating at accessible cryogenic temperatures, but with a response time several orders of magnitude shorter. |
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Maslennikov, S. |
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RF heating efficiency of the terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer |
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2014 |
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arXiv |
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arXiv |
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1404.5276 |
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1-4 |
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superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer, HEB, NbN, distributed model, HEB model, HEB mixer model, heat balance equa-tions, conversion gain, RF heating efficiency, noise temperature, simulation, Euler method |
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We report results of the numerical solution by the Euler method of the system of heat balance equations written in recurrent form for the superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) embedded in an electrical circuit. By taking into account the dependence of the HEB resistance on the transport current we have been able to calculate rigorously the RF heating efficiency, absorbed local oscillator (LO) power and conversion gain of the HEB mixer. We show that the calculated conversion gai nis in excellent agreement with the experimental results, and that the substitution of the calculated RF heating efficiency and absorbed LO power into the expressions for the conversion gain and noise temperature given by the analytical small-signal model of the HEB yields excellent agreement with the corresponding measured values |
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RPLAB @ atomics90 @ |
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954 |
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Корнеева, Ю. П.; Флоря, И. Н.; Корнеев, А. А.; Гольцман, Г. Н. |
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Cверхпроводящий однофотонный детектор для дальнего ИК диапазона длин волн |
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Conference Article |
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2010 |
Publication |
Науч. сессия НИЯУ МИФИ |
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Науч. сессия НИЯУ МИФИ |
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46-47 |
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SSPD |
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Мы представляем быстродействующий сверхпроводниковый однофотонный детектор (SSPD) для дальнего инфракрасного диапазона на основе ультратонкой монокристаллической пленки NbN толщиной 3 нм, состоящий из параллельных полосок. QE на длине волны 1,5.μм и 1,3 μм для предложенного SSPD практически одинаковы. SSPD показывает отклик длительностью 200 пс, что открывает путь к детекторам, обладающим скоростью счета свыше 1 ГГц. |
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978-5-7262-1227-2 |
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УДК 533.14(06)+004.056(06) Фотоника и информационная оптика |
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1144 |
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Verevkin, A.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Sobolewski, Roman; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Smimov, K.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Spectral sensitivity and temporal resolution of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Conference Article |
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2002 |
Publication |
Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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105-111 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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We report our studies on spectral sensitivity and time resolution of superconducting NbN thin film single-photon detectors (SPDs). Our SPDs exhibit an everimentally measured detection efficiencies (DE) from — 0.2% at 2=1550 nm up to —3% at lambda=405 nm wavelength for 10-nm film thickness devices and up to 3.5% at lambda=1550 nm for 3.5-nm film thickness devices. Spectral dependences of detection efficiency (DE) at 2=0.4 —3.0 pm range are presented. With variable optical delay setup, it is shown that NbN SPD potentially can resolve optical pulses with the repetition rate up to 10 GHz at least. The observed full width at the half maximum (FWHM) of the signal pulse is about 150-180 ps, limited by read-out electronics. The jitter of NbN SPD is measured to be —35 ps at optimum biasing. |
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1528 |
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Dzardanov, A.; Ekstrom, H.; Gershenzon, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Jacobsson, S.; Karasik, B.; Kollberg, E.; Okunev, O.; Voronov, B.; Yngvesson, S. |
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Title |
Hot-electron superconducting mixers for 20-500 GHz operation |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Proc. Int. Conf. on Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves and Appl. |
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2250 |
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4D |
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276-278 |
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Bolometdcmucers based on Nb and NbN superconducting thin films in the resistive state have been prepared for 20, 100 GHz and 350-500 GHz operation. The mixing mechanism is presumably of electron heating origin. Our measurements indicate that a conversion loss of about 6-8 dB can rather easily be achieved, and that the noise is reasonably low. The requirements on the operation mode and on the film parameters in order to obtain small conversion losses or even gain are discussed. For NbN films the availability of nearly 1 GHz IF bandwidth is experimentally demonstrated. NbN hot-electron mucers combined with slot-line tapered antenna on Si membrane or with double-dipole antenna on SiO^ substrate have been fabricated. The devices we study are considered to be very promising for use in heterodyne receivers from microwaves to terahertz frequencies. |
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RPLAB @ phisix @ |
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981 |
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Author |
Гольцман, Г. Н.; Птицина, Н. Г.; Ригер, Е. Р. |
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Title |
Оже-рекомбинация свободных носителей на мелких донорах в германии |
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Journal Article |
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1984 |
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Физика и техника полупроводников |
Abbreviated Journal |
Физика и техника полупроводников |
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18 |
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9 |
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1684-1686 |
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Ge, free carrier recombination |
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Russian |
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1710 |
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Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Multanovskii, V. V.; Ptitsina, N. G. |
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Kinetics of electron and hole binding into excitons in germanium |
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Journal Article |
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1983 |
Publication |
Sov. Phys. JETP |
Abbreviated Journal |
Sov. Phys. JETP |
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57 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
369-376 |
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Ge, electron and hole binding |
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The kinetics of binding of free carriers'into excitons under stationary and nonstationary conditions is studied by investigating the submillimeter photoconductivity of Ge in a wide range of temperatures and of excitation levels. It is shown that the absolute values and the temperature dependence of the binding cross section (o- T-'.' ) can be satisfactorily described by the cascade recombination theory. The value of o and its temperature dependence differ significantly from the cross sections, measured in the same manner, for capture by attracting small impurities. Under nonstationary conditions, just as in the case of recombination with shallow impurities, a signifi- cant role is played by the sticking of the carriers in highly excited states. |
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1711 |
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Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V. |
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Heating of electrons in a superconductor in the resistive state by electromagnetic radiation |
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Journal Article |
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1984 |
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Sov. Phys. JETP |
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Sov. Phys. JETP |
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59 |
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2 |
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442-450 |
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Nb HEB |
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The effect of heating of electrons relative to phonons is observed and investigated in a superconducting film that is made resistive by current and by an external magnetic field. The effect is manifested by an increase of the film resistance under the influence of the electromagnetic radiation, and is not selective in the frequency band 10^10-10^15 Hz. The independence of the effect of frequency under conditions of strong scattering by static defects is attributed to the decisive role of electron-electron collisions in the distribution function. The experimentally obtained characteristic time of resistance variation near the superconducting transition corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter, while at lower temperatures and fields it corresponds to the time of the inelastic electron-phonon interaction. |
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RPLAB @ phisix @ |
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983 |
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Gershenzon, E. M.; Il'in, V. A.; Litvak-Gorskaya, L. B.; Filonovich, S. R. |
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Character of submillimeter photoconductivity in n-lnSb |
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1979 |
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Sov. Phys. JETP |
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Sov. Phys. JETP |
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49 |
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1 |
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121-128 |
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A comprehensive investigation was made of the submillimeter photoconductivity of n -1nSb in the range of wavelengths L = 0.6-8 mm, magnetic fields H = 0-30 kOe, electric fields E = 0.01-0.5 V/cm, and temperatures T = 1.3-30 K. The kinetics of the photoconductivity processes as a function of T, E; and H is investigated. It is shown that impurity photoconductivity does exist for any degree of compensation of extremely purified n-InSb. Particular attention is paid to the hopping photoconductivity realized in strongly compensated n-1nSb (K > 0.8). |
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RPLAB @ phisix @ |
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985 |
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Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Zeeman effect in excited-states of donors in germanium |
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1972 |
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Sov. Phys. Semicond. |
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Sov. Phys. Semicond. |
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6 |
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3 |
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509 |
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Ge, donors, Zeeman effect |
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Amer Inst Physics 1305 Walt Whitman Rd, Ste 300, Melville, Ny 11747-4501 Usa |
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1737 |
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Ptitsina N. G.; Chulkova G. M.; Il'in K. S.; Sergeev A. V.; Pochinkov F. S.; Gershenzon E. M. |
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Superconductivity has been found in a number of new compounds between the non-superconducting transition elements and nonmetals such as Si, Ge, and Te. These findings have suggested possible criteria for superconductivity in both elements and compounds. |
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1997 |
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Phys. Rev. B |
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Phys. Rev. B |
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56 |
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16 |
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The temperature dependence of the resistance of films of Al, Be, and NbC with small values of the electron mean free path L=1.5– 10 nm has been measured at 4.2–300 K. The resistance of all the films contains a T^2 contribution that is proportional to the residual resistance; this contribution has been attributed to the interference between the elastic electron scattering and the electron-phonon scattering. Fitting the data to the theory of the electron-phonon-impurity interference „M. Yu. Reiser and A. V. Sergeev, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 92, 224 ~1987! @Sov. Phys. JETP 65, 1291 ~1987!#…, we obtain constants of nteraction of the electrons with transverse phonons, and estimate the contribution of this interaction to the electron dephasing rate in thin films of Au, Al, Be, Nb, and NbC. Our estimates are in a good agreement with the experimental data on the inelastic electronphonon scattering in these films. This indicates that the interaction of electrons with transverse phonons controls the electron-phonon relaxation rate in thin-metal films over a broad temperature range. |
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RPLAB @ phisix @ |
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988 |
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Ptitsina, N. G.; Chulkova, G. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
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Influence of the interference of electron-phonon and electron-impurity scattering on the conductivity of unordered Nb films |
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1995 |
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JETP |
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JETP |
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80 |
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5 |
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960-964 |
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The temperature dependence of the resistivity of Nb thin films has been studied at T=4.2-300 K. It has been shown that quantum interference between electron-phonon and electron-impurity scattering determines the temperature dependence of the resistivity of the films investigated over a broad temperature range. The magnitude of the contribution of the electron-phonon-impurity,interference is described satisfactorily by the theory developed by Reizer and Sergeev {Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 92,2291 (1987) [Sov. Phys. JETP 65, 1291 (1987)l). The interaction constants of electrons with longitudinal and transverse phonons in Nb films have been determined for the first time by comparing the experimental data with the theory. The values of the constants obtained are consistent with the data on the inelastic electron-phonon scattering times in the films investigated. The contribution of the transverse phonons is dominant both in the interference correction to the resistivity and in the electron energy relaxation. |
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RPLAB @ phisix @ |
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989 |
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Beck, M.; Klammer, M.; Rousseau, I.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Diamant, I.; Dagan, Y.; Demsar, J. |
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Probing superconducting gap dynamics with THz pulses |
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2015 |
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CLEO |
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CLEO |
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SM3H.3 (1 to 2) |
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superconducting gap; electric fields; femtosecond pulses; near infrared radiation; picosecond pulses; superconductors; thin films |
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We studied superconducting gap dynamics in a BCS superconductor NbN and electron doped cuprate superconductor PCCO following excitation with near-infrared (NIR) and narrow band THz pulses. Systematic studies on PCCO imply very selective electron-phonon coupling. |
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Optical Society of America |
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Korneev, A. A.; Korneeva, Y. P.; Mikhailov, M. Yu.; Pershin, Y. P.; Semenov, A. V.; Vodolazov, D. Yu.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Sivakov, A. G.; Devizenko, A. Yu.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Characterization of MoSi superconducting single-photon detectors in the magnetic field |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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25 |
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3 |
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2200504 (1 to 4) |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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We investigate the response mechanism of nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) made of amorphous MoxSi1-x. We study the dependence of photon count and dark count rates on bias current in magnetic fields up to 113 mT at 1.7 K temperature. The observed behavior of photon counts is similar to the one recently observed in NbN SSPDs. Our results show that the detecting mechanism of relatively high-energy photons does not involve the vortex penetration from the edges of the film, and on the contrary, the detecting mechanism of low-energy photons probably involves the vortex penetration from the film edges. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ KorneevIEEE2015 |
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991 |
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Korneev, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Manova, N.; Larionov, P.; Divochiy, A.; Semenov, A.; Chulkova, G.; Vachtomin, Y.; Smirnov, K.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Recent nanowire superconducting single-photon detector optimization for practical applications |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
23 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
2201204 (1 to 4) |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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In this paper, we present our approaches to the development of fiber-coupled superconducting single photon detectors with enhanced photon absorption. For such devices we have measured detection efficiency in wavelength range from 500 to 2000 nm. The best fiber coupled devices exhibit detection efficiency of 44.5% at 1310 nm wavelength and 35.5% at 1550 nm at 10 dark counts per second. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ KorneevIEEE2013 |
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996 |
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Palma, F.; Teppe, F.; Fatimy, A. E.; Green, R.; Xu, J.; Vachontin, Y.; Tredicucci, A.; Goltsman, G.; Knap, W. |
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Title |
THz communication system based on a THz quantum cascade laser and a hot electron bolometer |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
35th Int. Conf. Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves |
Abbreviated Journal |
35th Int. Conf. Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves |
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11623798 (1 to 2) |
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QCL, HEB detector |
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We present the experimental study of the direct emission – detection system based on the THz Quantum Cascade Laser as a source and Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) detector – in view of its application as an optical communication system. We show that the system can efficiently transmit the QCL Terahertz pulses. We estimate the maximal modulation speed of the system to be about several GHz and show that it is limited only by the QCL pulse power supply, detector amplifier and connection line/wires parameters. |
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1391 |
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Marsili, F.; Bitauld, D.; Divochiy, A.; Gaggero, A.; Leoni, R.; Mattioli, F.; Korneev, A.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Minaeva, O.; Gol’tsman, G.; Lagoudakis, K.G.; Benkahoul, M.; Lévy, F.; Fiore, A. |
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Title |
Superconducting nanowire photon number resolving detector at telecom wavelength |
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Conference Article |
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2008 |
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CLEO/QELS |
Abbreviated Journal |
CLEO/QELS |
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Pages |
Qmj1 (1 to 2) |
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PNR SSPD; SNSPD; Detectors; Infrared; Low light level; Diode lasers; Photons; Scanning electron microscopy; Superconductors; Ti:sapphire lasers |
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We demonstrate a photon-number-resolving (PNR) detector, based on parallel superconducting nanowires, capable of resolving up to 5 photons in the telecommunication wavelength range, with sensitivity and speed far exceeding existing approaches. |
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Optical Society of America |
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978-1-55752-859-9 |
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Marsili:08 |
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1243 |
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Gol’tsman, G.; Korneev, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Seleznev, V.; Divochiy, A.; Minaeva, O.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Smirnov, K. |
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Title |
Middle-infrared ultrafast superconducting single photon detector |
Type |
Conference Article |
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2007 |
Publication |
32nd IRMW / 15th ICTE |
Abbreviated Journal |
32nd IRMW / 15th ICTE |
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115-116 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present the results of the research on quantum efficiency of the ultrathin-film superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPD) in the wavelength rage from 1 mum to 5.7 mum. Reduction of operation temperature to 1.6 K allowed us to measure quantum efficiency of ~1 % at 5.7 mum wavelength with the SSPD made from 4-nm-thick NbN film. In a pursuit of further performance improvement we endeavored SSPD fabricating from 4-nm-thick MoRe film as an alternative material. The MoRe film exhibited transition temperature of 7.7K, critical current density at 4.2 K temperature was 1.1times10 6 A/cm 2 , and diffusivity 1.73 cmVs. The single-photon response was observed with MoRe SSPD at 1.3 mum wavelength with quantum efficiency estimated to be 0.04%. |
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1246 |
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Titova, N; Kardakova, A.; Tovpeko, N; Ryabchun, S.; Mandal, S.; Morozov, D.; Klemencic, G. M.; Giblin, S.R.; Williams, O. A.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Superconducting diamond films as perspective material for direct THz detectors |
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Abstract |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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82 |
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KID, HEB, superconducting diamond films, boron-doped diamond films, Al, TiN, Si substrates, NEP |
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Superconducting films with a high resistivity in the normal state have established themselves as the best materials for direct THz radiation sensors, such as kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) [1] and hot electron bolometers (nano-HEBs) [2]. The primary characteristics of the future instrument such as the sensitivity and the response time are determined by the material parameters such as the electron-phonon (e-ph) interaction time, the electron density and the resistivity of the material. For direct detectors, such as KIDs and nano-HEBs, to provide a high sensitivity and low noise one prefer materials with long e-ph relaxation times and low values of the electron density. As a potential material for THz radiation detection we have studied superconducting diamond films. A significant interest to diamond for the development of electronic devices is due to the evolution of its properties with the boron dopant concentration. At a high boron doping concentration, n B ~5·10 20 cm -3 , diamond has been reported to become a superconducting with T c depending on the doping level. Our previous study of energy relaxation in single-crystalline boron-doped diamond films epitaxially grown on a diamond shows a remarkably slow energy-relaxation at low temperatures. The electron-phonon cooling time varies from 400 ns to 700 ns over the temperature range 2.2 K to 1.7 K [3]. In superconducting materials such as Al and TiN, traditionally used in KIDs, the e-ph cooling times at 1.7 K correspond to ~20 ns [4] and ~100 ns [5], correspondingly. Such a noticeable slow e-ph relaxation in boron-doped diamond, in combination with a low value of carrier density (~10 21 cm -3 ) in comparison with typical metals (~10 23 cm -3 ) and a high normal state resistivity (~1500 μΩ·cm) confirms a potential of superconducting diamond for superconducting bolometers and resonator detectors. However, the price and the small substrate growth are of single crystal diamond limit practical applications of homoepitaxial diamond films. As an alternative way with more convenient technology, one can employ heteroepitaxial diamond films grown on large-size Si substrates. Here we report about measurements of e-ph cooling times in superconducting diamond grown on silicon substrate and discuss our expectations about the applicability of boron-doped diamond films to superconducting detectors. Our estimation of limit value of noise-equivalent power (NEP) and the energy resolution of bolometer made from superconducting diamond is order 10 -17 W/Hz 1/2 at 2 K and the energy resolution is of 0.1 eV that corresponds to counting single-photon up to 15 um. The estimation was obtained by using the film thickness of 70 nm and ρ ~ 1500 μΩ·cm, and the planar dimensions that are chosen to couple bolometer with 75 Ω log-spiral antenna. Although the value of NEP is far yet from what might like to have for certain astronomical applications, we believe that it can be improved by a suitable fabrication process. Also the direct detectors, based on superconducting diamond, will offer low noise performance at about 2 K, a temperature provided by inexpensive close-cycle refrigerators, which provides another practical advantage of development and application of these devices. [1] P.K. Day, et. al, Nature, 425, 817, 2003. [2] J. Wei, et al, Nature Nanotech., 3, 496, 2008. [3] A. Kardakova, et al, Phys. Rev. B, 93, 064506, 2016. [4] P. Santhanam and D. Prober, Phys. Rev. B, 29, 3733, 1984 [5] A. Kardakova, et al, Appl. Phys. Lett, vol. 103, p. 252602, 2013. |
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1173 |
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Мошкова, М. А.; Дивочий, А. В.; Морозов, П. В.; Золотов, Ф. И.; Вахтомин, Ю. Б.; Смирнов, К. В. |
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Высокоэффективные NBN однофотонные детекторы с разрешением числа фотонов |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Сборн. науч. труд. VII международн. конф. по фотонике и информац. опт. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Сборн. науч. труд. VII международн. конф. по фотонике и информац. опт. |
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400-401 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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Разработаны и исследованы сверхпроводниковые однофотонные детекторы, способные к разрешению до 3-х фотонов в коротком импульсе излучения и имеющие квантовую эффективность детектирования одиночных фотонов ~60% на длине волны lambda=1.55 мкм. Проведенная модернизация технологии изготовления детекторов, позволила получить приемные устройства с мультифотонной квантовой эффективностью, приближающейся к расчетным значениям. |
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Russian |
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978-5-7262-2445-9 |
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УДК 535(06)+004(06) |
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1250 |
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Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Tarkhov, M.; Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Voronov, B.; Divochiy, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Pan, D.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Superconducting single-photon nanostructured detectors for advanced optical applications |
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Conference Article |
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2006 |
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Proc. Symposium on Photonics Technologies for 7th Framework Program |
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400 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) based on NbN thin-film nanostructures and operated at liquid helium temperatures. The SSPDs are made of ultrathin NbN films (2.5-4 nm thick, Tc= 9-11K) as meander-shaped nanowires covering the area of 10× 10 µm2. Our detectors are operated at the temperature well below the critical temperature Tc and are DC biased by a current Ib close to the meander critical current Ic. The operation principle of the detector is based on the use of the resistive region in a narrow ultra-thin superconducting stripe upon the absorption of an incident photon. The developed devices demonstrate high sensitivity and response speed in a broadband range from UV to mid-IR (up to 6 µm), making them very attractive for advanced optical technologies, which require efficient detectors of single quanta and low-density optical radiation. |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ chulkova2006superconducting |
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1021 |
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Манова, Н.Н.; Корнеева, Ю. П.; Корнеев, А. А., Гольцман, Г. Н. |
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Cверхпроводящий однофотонный детектор, интегрированный с оптическим резонатором |
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Conference Article |
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2010 |
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Науч. сессия НИЯУ МИФИ |
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Науч. сессия НИЯУ МИФИ |
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92-93 |
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SSPD |
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978-5-7262-1227-2 |
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УДК 533.14(06)+004.056(06) Фотоника и информационная оптика |
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1143 |
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Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Divochiy, A. V.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Pentin, I. V.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Infrared and terahertz detectors on basis of superconducting nanostructures |
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2010 |
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Microwave and Telecom. Technol. (CriMiCo), 20th Int. Crimean Conf. |
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823-824 |
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SSPD, SNSPD, HEB |
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Results of development of single-photon receiving systems of visible, infrared and terahertz range based on thin-film superconducting nanostructures are presented. The receiving systems are produced on the basis of superconducting nanostructures, which function by means of hot-electron phenomena. |
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IEEE |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ smirnov2010infrared |
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1025 |
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Kitaygorsky, Jennifer; Komissarov, I.; Jukna, A.; Minaeva, O.; Kaurova, N.; Divochiy, A.; Korneev, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Voronov, B.; Milostnaya, I.; Gol'tsman, G.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Fluctuations in two-dimensional superconducting NbN nanobridges and nanostructures meanders |
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2007 |
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Proc. APS March Meeting |
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Proc. APS March Meeting |
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52 |
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1 |
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L9.00013 |
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We have observed fluctuations, manifested as sub-nanosecond to nanosecond transient, millivolt-amplitude voltage pulses, generated in two-dimensional NbN nanobridges, as well as in extended superconducting meander nanostructures, designed for single photon counting. Both nanobridges and nano-stripe meanders were biased at currents close to the critical current and measured in a range of temperatures from 1.5 to 8 K. During the tests, the devices were blocked from all incoming radiation by a metallic enclosure and shielded from any external magnetic fields. We attribute the observed spontaneous voltage pulses to the Kosterlitz-Thouless-type fluctuations, where the high enough applied bias current reduces the binding energy of vortex-antivortex pairs and, subsequently, thermal fluctuations break them apart causing the order parameter to momentarily reduce to zero, which in turn causes a transient voltage pulse. The duration of the voltage pulses depended on the device geometry (with the high-kinetic inductance meander structures having longer, nanosecond, pulses) while their rate was directly related to the biasing current as well as temperature. |
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1027 |
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Елезов, М. С.; Корнеев, А. А; Дивочий, А. В.; Гольцман, Г. Н. |
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Сверхпроводящие однофотонные детекторы с разрешением числа фотонов |
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2009 |
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Науч. сессия МИФИ |
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Науч. сессия МИФИ |
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47-58 |
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PNR SSPD, SNSPD |
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978-5-7262-1042-1 |
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УДК 533.14(06)+004.056(06) Фотоника и информационная оптика |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ елезов2009сверхпроводящие |
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1029 |
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Чулкова, Г. М.; Семёнов, А. В.; Дивочий, А. В.; Тархов, М. А. |
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Сверхпроводниковый однофотонный детектор с разрешением числа фотонов для систем дальней телекоммуникационной связи |
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2011 |
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Ж. радиоэлектрон. |
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Ж. радиоэлектрон. |
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12 |
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1-6 |
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Рассмотрена возможность применения сверхпроводникового однофотонного детектора, разрешающего число фотонов, в качестве датчика приёмных модулей телекоммуникационных линий. Показано, что для достижения доли ошибочных битов на уровне 10-11 достаточно на два порядка меньшей мощности в оптическом импульсе, чем при использовании существующих приёмных модулей. |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ чулковасверхпроводниковый |
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1031 |
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Елезов, М. С.; Тархов, М. А.; Дивочий, А. В.; Вахтомин, Ю. Б.; Гольцман, Г. Н. |
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Система регистрации одиночных фотонов в видимом и ближнем инфракрасном диапазонах |
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Conference Article |
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2010 |
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Науч. сессия НИЯУ МИФИ |
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94-95 |
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SSPD |
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978-5-7262-1227-2 |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ елезов2010система |
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1032 |
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Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Marsili, F.; Bitauld, D.; Fiore, A.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Tarkhov, M.; Minaeva, O.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Gaggero, A.; Leoni, R.; Mattioli, F.; Lagoudakis, K.; Benkhaoul, M.; Levy, F.; Goltsman, G. |
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Superconducting photon number resolving counter for near infrared applications |
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2008 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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Proc. SPIE |
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7138 |
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713828 (1 to 5) |
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PNR SSPD; SNSPD; Nanowire superconducting single-photon detector, ultrathin NbN film, infrared |
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We present a novel concept of photon number resolving detector based on 120-nm-wide superconducting stripes made of 4-nm-thick NbN film and connected in parallel (PNR-SSPD). The detector consisting of 5 strips demonstrate a capability to resolve up to 4 photons absorbed simultaneously with the single-photon quantum efficiency of 2.5% and negligibly low dark count rate. |
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Spie |
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Tománek, P.; Senderáková, D.; Hrabovský, M. |
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10.1117/12.818079 |
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1241 |
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Marsili, Francesco; Bitauld, David; Fiore, Andrea; Gaggero, Alessandro; Mattioli, Francesco; Leoni, Roberto; Divochiy, Aleksander; Gol'tsman, Gregory |
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Photon-number-resolution at telecom wavelength with superconducting nanowires |
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Miscellaneous |
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2010 |
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IntechOpen |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ marsiliphoton |
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1036 |
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Minaeva, O.; Fraine, A.; Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Goltsman, G.; Sergienko, A. |
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High resolution optical time-domain reflectometry using superconducting single-photon detectors |
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2012 |
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Frontiers in Opt. 2012/Laser Sci. XXVIII |
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Frontiers in Opt. 2012/Laser Sci. XXVIII |
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Fw3a.39 |
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SSPD, SNSPD, Photodetectors; Fiber characterization; Light beams; Optical time domain reflectometry; Photon counting; Single mode fibers; Single photon detectors; Superconductors |
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We discuss the advantages and limitations of single-photon optical time-domain reflectometry with superconducting single-photon detectors. The higher two-point resolution can be achieved due to superior timing performance of SSPDs in comparison with InGaAs APDs. |
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Optical Society of America |
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1237 |
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Korneev, A. A.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Korneeva, Yu. P.; Larionov, P. A.; Manova, N. N.; Florya, I. N.; Trifonov, A. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Smirnov, K. V.; Semenov, A. V.; Chulkova, G. M.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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IR single-photon receiver based on ultrathin NbN superconducting film |
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2013 |
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Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
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Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
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5 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present our recent results in research and development of superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD). We achieved the following performance improvement: first, we developed and characterized SSPD integrated in optical cavity and enabling its illumination from the face side, not through the substrate, second, we improved the quantum efficiency of the SSPD at around 3 μm wavelength by reduction of the strip width to 40 nm, and, finally, we improved the detection efficiency of the SSPD-based single-photon receiver system up to 20% at 1550 nm and extended its wavelength range beyond 1800 nm by the usage of the fluoride ZBLAN fibres. |
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Russian |
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8 pages |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ korneevir |
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1043 |
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Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Minaeva, O.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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Superconducting NbN-nanowire single-photon detectors capable of photon number resolving |
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2008 |
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Supercond. News Forum |
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Supercond. News Forum |
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PNR SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present our latest generation of ultra-fast superconducting NbN single-photon detectors (SSPD) capable of photon-number resolving (PNR). The novel SSPDs combine 10 μm x 10 μm active area with low kinetic inductance and PNR capability. That resulted in significantly reduced photoresponse pulse duration, allowing for GHz counting rates. The detector’s response magnitude is directly proportional to the number of incident photons, which makes this feature easy to use. We present experimental data on the performance of the PNR SSPDs. These detectors are perfectly suited for fibreless free-space telecommunications, as well as for ultra-fast quantum cryptography and quantum computing. |
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Reference No. ST34, paper # 012307, eventually not pulished (skipped) at https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/0953-2048/21/1 |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ korneevsuperconducting |
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1046 |
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Ozhegov, R.; Elezov, M.; Kurochkin, Y.; Kurochkin, V.; Divochiy, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Vachtomin, Y.; Smirnov, K.; Goltsman, G. |
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Quantum key distribution over 300 |
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Conference Article |
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2014 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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Proc. SPIE |
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9440 |
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1F (1 to 9) |
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SSPD, SNSPD applicatins, quantum key distribution, QKD |
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We discuss the possibility of polarization state reconstruction and measurement over 302 km by Superconducting Single- Photon Detectors (SSPDs). Because of the excellent characteristics and the possibility to be effectively coupled to singlemode optical fiber many applications of the SSPD have already been reported. The most impressive one is the quantum key distribution (QKD) over 250 km distance. This demonstration shows further possibilities for the improvement of the characteristics of quantum-cryptographic systems such as increasing the bit rate and the quantum channel length, and decreasing the quantum bit error rate (QBER). This improvement is possible because SSPDs have the best characteristics in comparison with other single-photon detectors. We have demonstrated the possibility of polarization state reconstruction and measurement over 302.5 km with superconducting single-photon detectors. The advantage of an autocompensating optical scheme, also known as “plugandplay” for quantum key distribution, is high stability in the presence of distortions along the line. To increase the distance of quantum key distribution with this optical scheme we implement the superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD). At the 5 MHz pulse repetition frequency and the average photon number equal to 0.4 we measured a 33 bit/s quantum key generation for a 101.7 km single mode ber quantum channel. The extremely low SSPD dark count rate allowed us to keep QBER at 1.6% level. |
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SPIE |
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Orlikovsky, A. A. |
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International Conference on Micro- and Nano-Electronics |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ ozhegov2014quantum |
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1048 |
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Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Divochiy, A. V.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Pentin, I. V.; Slivinskaya, E. V.; Tarkhov, M. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
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Single-photon detectors for the visible and infrared parts of the spectrum based on NbN nanostructures |
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2009 |
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Proc. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symp. |
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Proc. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symp. |
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863-864 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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The research by the group of Moscow State Pedagogical University into the hot-electron phenomena in thin superconducting films has led to the development of new types ofdetectors [1, 2] and their use both in fundamental and applied studies [3–6]. In this paper, wepresent the results of the development and fabrication of receiving systems for the visible andinfrared parts of the spectrum optimised for use in telecommunication systems and quantumcryptography. |
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Moscow, Russia |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ smirnovsession |
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1050 |
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Sidorova, Maria V.; Divochiy, Alexander; Vakhtomin, Yury B.; Smirnov, Konstantin V. |
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Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detector with reduced-size active area coupled to a tapered lensed single-mode fiber |
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2015 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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9504 |
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950408 (1 to 9) |
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International Society for Optics and Photonics |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ sidorova2015ultrafast |
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1051 |
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Kitaygorsky, J.; Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Sergeev, A.; Korneev, A.; Matvienko, V.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Origin of dark counts in nanostructured NbN single-photon detectors |
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2005 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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15 |
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2 |
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545-548 |
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SSPD dark counts, SNSPD, dark counts rate |
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We present our study of dark counts in ultrathin (3.5 to 10 nm thick), narrow (120 to 170 nm wide) NbN superconducting stripes of different lengths. In experiments, where the stripe was completely isolated from the outside world and kept at temperature below the critical temperature Tc, we detected subnanosecond electrical pulses associated with the spontaneous appearance of the temporal resistive state. The resistive state manifested itself as generation of phase-slip centers (PSCs) in our two-dimensional superconducting stripes. Our analysis shows that not far from Tc, PSCs have a thermally activated nature. At lowest temperatures, far below Tc, they are created by quantum fluctuations. |
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1057 |
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Zhang, Jin; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Lipatov, A.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Response time characterization of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors |
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2003 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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13 |
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2 |
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180-183 |
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SSPD jitter, SNSPD jitter |
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We report our time-resolved measurements of NbN-based superconducting single-photon detectors. The structures are meander-type, 10-nm thick, and 200-nm wide stripes and were operated at 4.2 K. We have shown that the NbN devices can count single-photon pulses with below 100-ps time resolution. The response signal pulse width was about 150 ps, and the system jitter was measured to be 35 ps. |
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IEEE |
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1058 |
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Zhang, W.; Miao, W.; Zhong, J. Q.; Shi, S. C.; Hayton, D. J.; Vercruyssen, N.; Gao, J. R.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Temperature dependence of superconducting hot electron bolometers |
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2013 |
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Not published results: 24th international symposium on space terahertz technology |
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HEB |
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Groningen,The Netherlands |
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1067 |
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Cherednichenko, S.; Yagoubov, P.; Il'in, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. |
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Large bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers |
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1997 |
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Proc. 27th Eur. Microwave Conf. |
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2 |
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HEB mixer, fabrication process |
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The bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers has been systematically investigated with respect to the film thickness and film quality variation. The films, 2.5 to 10 nm thick, were fabricated on sapphire substrates using DC reactive magnetron sputtering. All devices consisted of several parallel strips, each 1 um wide and 2 um long, placed between Ti-Au contact pads. To measure the gain bandwidth we used two identical BWOs operating in the 120-140 GHz frequency range, one functioning as a local oscillator and the other as a signal source. The majority of the measurements were made at an ambient temperature of 4.2 K with optimal LO and DC bias. The maximum 3 dB bandwidth (about 4 GHz) was achieved for the devices made of films which were 2.5-3.5 nm thick, had a high critical temperature, and high critical current density. A theoretical analysis of bandwidth for these mixers based on the two-temperature model gives a good description of the experimental results if one assumes that the electron temperature is equal to the critical temperature. |
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Jerusalem, Israel |
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IEEE |
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27th Eur. Microwave Conf. |
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1075 |
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Author |
Angeluts, A. A.; Bezotosnyi, V. V.; Cheshev, E. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Finkel, M. I.; Seliverstov, S. V.; Evdokimov, M. N.; Gorbunkov, M. V.; Kitaeva, G. Kh.; Koromyslov, A. L.; Kostryukov, P. V.; Krivonos, M. S.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Shkurinov, A. P.; Sarkisov, S. Yu.; Tunkin, V. G. |
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Title |
Compact 1.64 THz source based on a dual-wavelength diode end-pumped Nd:YLF laser with a nearly semiconfocal cavity |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Laser Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
015004 (1 to 4) |
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Keywords |
HEB applications, HEB detector applications, short THz pulses detection |
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Abstract |
We describe a compact dual-wavelength (1.047 and 1.053 μm) diode end-pumped Q-switched Nd:YLE laser source which has a number of applications in demand. In order to achieve its dual-wavelength operation it is suggested for the first time to use essentially nonmonotonous dependences of the threshold pump powers at these wavelengths on the cavity length in the region of the cavity semiconfocal configuration under a radius of the pump beam smaller than the radius of the zero Gaussian mode. Here we demonstrate one of the most interesting applications for this laser: difference frequency generation in a GaSe crystal at a frequency of 1.64 THz. A superconducting hot-electron bolometer is used to detect the THz power generated and to measure its pulse characteristics. |
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no |
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1076 |
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Author |
Shcheslavskiy, V.; Morozov, P.; Divochiy, A.; Vakhtomin, Yu.; Smirnov, K.; Becker, W. |
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Title |
Ultrafast time measurements by time-correlated single photon counting coupled with superconducting single photon detector |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Rev. Sci. Instrum. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
87 |
Issue |
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Pages |
053117 (1 to 5) |
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Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD, TCSPC, jitter |
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Abstract |
Time resolution is one of the main characteristics of the single photon detectors besides quantum efficiency and dark count rate. We demonstrate here an ultrafast time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) setup consisting of a newly developed single photon counting board SPC-150NX and a superconducting NbN single photon detector with a sensitive area of 7 × 7 μm. The combination delivers a record instrument response function with a full width at half maximum of 17.8 ps and system quantum efficiency ~5% at wavelength of 1560 nm. A calculation of the root mean square value of the timing jitter for channels with counts more than 1% of the peak value yielded about 7.6 ps. The setup has also good timing stability of the detector–TCSPC board. |
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no |
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1077 |
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Author |
Smirnov, A. V.; Baryshev, A. M.; de Bernardis, P.; Vdovin, V. F.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kardashev, N. S.; Kuz'min, L. S.; Koshelets, V. P.; Vystavkin, A. N.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Finkel, M. I.; Khokhlov, D. R. |
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Title |
The current stage of development of the receiving complex of the millimetron space observatory |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
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Volume |
54 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
557-568 |
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Keywords |
Millimetron space observatory, HEB applications |
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Abstract |
We present an overview of the state of the onboard receiving complex of the Millimetron space observatory in the development phase of its preliminary design. The basic parameters of the onboard equipment planned to create and required for astrophysical observations are considered. A review of coherent and incoherent detectors, which are central to each receiver of the observatory, is given. Their characteristics and limiting parameters feasible at the present level of technology are reported. |
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no |
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1079 |
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Author |
Khasminskaya, S.; Pyatkov, F.; Słowik, K.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Kovalyuk, V.; Rath, P.; Vetter, A.; Hennrich, F.; Kappes, M. M.; Gol'tsman, G.; Korneev, A.; Rockstuhl, C.; Krupke, R.; Pernice, W. H. P. |
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Title |
Fully integrated quantum photonic circuit with an electrically driven light source |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Nat. Photon. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nat. Photon. |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
727-732 |
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Keywords |
Carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, Integrated optics, Single photons and quantum effects, Waveguide integrated single-photon detector |
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Abstract |
Photonic quantum technologies allow quantum phenomena to be exploited in applications such as quantum cryptography, quantum simulation and quantum computation. A key requirement for practical devices is the scalable integration of single-photon sources, detectors and linear optical elements on a common platform. Nanophotonic circuits enable the realization of complex linear optical systems, while non-classical light can be measured with waveguide-integrated detectors. However, reproducible single-photon sources with high brightness and compatibility with photonic devices remain elusive for fully integrated systems. Here, we report the observation of antibunching in the light emitted from an electrically driven carbon nanotube embedded within a photonic quantum circuit. Non-classical light generated on chip is recorded under cryogenic conditions with waveguide-integrated superconducting single-photon detectors, without requiring optical filtering. Because exclusively scalable fabrication and deposition methods are used, our results establish carbon nanotubes as promising nanoscale single-photon emitters for hybrid quantum photonic devices. |
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no |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
Serial |
1105 |
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Author |
Tret'yakov, I. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Anfert'ev, V. A.; Revin, L. S.; Vaks, V. L.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
The influence of the diffusion cooling on the noise band of the superconductor NbN hot-electron bolometer operating in the terahertz range |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Tech. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
42 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
563-566 |
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Keywords |
HEB, noise bandwidth, conversion gain bandwidth, noise temperature, Andreev reflection |
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Abstract |
Results of an experimental study of the noise temperature (Tn) and noise bandwidth (NBW) of the superconductor NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer as a function of its temperature (Tb) are presented. It was determined that the NBW of the mixer is significantly wider at temperatures close to the critical ones (Tc) than are values measured at 4.2 K. The NBW of the mixer measured at the heterodyne frequency of 2.5 THz at temperature Tb close to Tc was ~13 GHz, as compared with 6 GHz at Tb = 4.2 K. This experiment clearly demonstrates the limitation of the thermal flow from the NbN bridge at Tb â‰<aa> Tc for mixers manufactured by the in situ technique. This limitation is close in its nature to the Andreev reflection on the superconductor/ metal boundary. In this case, the noise temperature of the studied mixer increased from 1100 to 3800 K. |
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no |
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1106 |
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Author |
Shcherbatenko, M.; Tretyakov, I.; Lobanov, Yu.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Kaurova, N.; Finkel, M.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
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Title |
Nonequilibrium interpretation of DC properties of NbN superconducting hot electron bolometers |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
109 |
Issue |
13 |
Pages |
132602 |
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Keywords |
HEB mixer, contacts |
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Abstract |
We present a physically consistent interpretation of the dc electrical properties of niobiumnitride (NbN)-based superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers, using concepts of nonequilibrium superconductivity. Through this, we clarify what physical information can be extracted from the resistive transition and the dc current-voltage characteristics, measured at suitably chosen temperatures, and relevant for device characterization and optimization. We point out that the intrinsic spatial variation of the electronic properties of disordered superconductors, such as NbN, leads to a variation from device to device. |
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no |
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1107 |
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Author |
Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Grimes, P.; Lobanov, Y.; Kaurova, N.; Blundell, R.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Development of A Silicon Membrane-based Multi-pixel Hot Electron Bolometer Receiver |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
6 |
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Keywords |
Multi-pixel, HEB, silicon-on-insulator, horn array |
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Abstract |
We report on the development of a multi-pixel
Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) receiver fabricated using
silicon membrane technology. The receiver comprises a
2 × 2 array of four HEB mixers, fabricated on a single
chip. The HEB mixer chip is based on a superconducting
NbN thin film deposited on top of the silicon-on-insulator
(SOI) substrate. The thicknesses of the device layer and
handling layer of the SOI substrate are 20 μm and 300 μm
respectively. The thickness of the device layer is chosen
such that it corresponds to a quarter-wave in silicon at
1.35 THz. The HEB mixer is integrated with a bow-tie
antenna structure, in turn designed for coupling to a
circular waveguide, |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
Serial |
1111 |
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Author |
Korneeva, Yuliya; Florya, Irina; Vdovichev, Sergey; Moshkova, Mariya; Simonov, Nikita; Kaurova, Natalia; Korneev, Alexander; Goltsman, Gregory |
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Title |
Comparison of hot-spot formation in NbN and MoN thin superconducting films after photon absorption |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductiv |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
5 |
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Keywords |
Thin film devices, Superconducitng photoncounting devices, Nanowire single-photon detectors |
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Abstract |
In superconducting single-photon detectors SSPD
the efficiency of local suppression of superconductivity and hotspot
formation is controlled by diffusivity and electron-phonon
interaction time. Here we selected a material, 3.6-nm-thick MoNx
film, which features diffusivity close to those of NbN traditionally
used for SSPD fabrication, but with electron-phonon interaction
time an order of magnitude larger. In MoNx detectors we study
the dependence of detection efficiency on bias current, photon
energy, and strip width and compare it with NbN SSPD. We
observe non-linear current-energy dependence in MoNx SSPD
and more pronounced plateaus in dependences of detection
efficiency on bias current which we attribute to longer electronphonon
interaction time. |
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no |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
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1114 |
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Author |
Elezov, M. S.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Makarov, V. |
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Title |
Development of the experimental setup for investigation of latching of superconducting single-photon detector caused by blinding attack on the quantum key distribution system |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
EPJ Web of Conferences |
Abbreviated Journal |
EPJ Web of Conferences |
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Volume |
132 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
2 |
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Abstract |
Recently bright-light control of the SSPD has been
demonstrated. This attack employed a “backdoor†in the detector biasing
scheme. Under bright-light illumination, SSPD becomes resistive and
remains “latched†in the resistive state even when the light is switched off.
While the SSPD is latched, Eve can simulate SSPD single-photon response
by sending strong light pulses, thus deceiving Bob. We developed the
experimental setup for investigation of a dependence on latching threshold
of SSPD on optical pulse length and peak power. By knowing latching
threshold it is possible to understand essential requirements for
development countermeasures against blinding attack on quantum key
distribution system with SSPDs. |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
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1116 |
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Semenov, A. V.; Devyatov, I. A.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Maslennikova, A. S.; Larionov, P. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Chulkova, G. M. |
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Title |
Absorption of terahertz electromagnetic radiation in dirty superconducting film at arbitrary type of the spectral functions |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
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Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
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10 |
Pages |
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Keywords |
terahertz electromagnetic radiation; superconductors; detectors of terahertz range |
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A problem of absorption of high-frequency electromagnetic field in dirty superconductor is treated within Keldysh technic. Expression for the source term in the kinetic equation for quasiparticle distribution function is derived. The result is significant for deriving a consistent microscopic theory of superconducting detectors for terahertz frequency range, perspective detectors on kinetic inductance of current-biased superconducting strip and on Josephson inductance of tunnel. |
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7 pages |
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no |
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1117 |
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Author |
Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Vetter, A.; Lewes-Malandrakis, G.; Nebel, C.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.; Pernice, W. |
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Spectrally multiplexed single-photon detection with hybrid superconducting nanophotonic circuits |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Optica |
Abbreviated Journal |
Optica |
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Volume |
4 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
557-562 |
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Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detectors; Nanophotonics and photonic crystals; Quantum detectors; Spectrometers and spectroscopic instrumentation |
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Abstract |
The detection of individual photons by superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors is an inherently binary mechanism, revealing either their absence or presence while concealing their spectral information. For multicolor imaging techniques, such as single-photon spectroscopy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, wavelength discrimination is essential and mandates spectral separation prior to detection. Here, we adopt an approach borrowed from quantum photonic integration to realize a compact and scalable waveguide-integrated single-photon spectrometer capable of parallel detection on multiple wavelength channels, with temporal resolution below 50 ps and dark count rates below 10 Hz at 80% of the devices' critical current. We demonstrate multidetector devices for telecommunication and visible wavelengths, and showcase their performance by imaging silicon vacancy color centers in diamond nanoclusters. The fully integrated hybrid superconducting nanophotonic circuits enable simultaneous spectroscopy and lifetime mapping for correlative imaging and provide the ingredients for quantum wavelength-division multiplexing on a chip. |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
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1119 |
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Author |
Shcherbatenko, M.; Lobanov, Y.; Semenov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Ozhegov, R.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Coherent detection of weak signals with superconducting nanowire single photon detector at the telecommunication wavelength |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
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Volume |
10229 |
Issue |
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Pages |
0G (1 to 12) |
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Keywords |
SSPD mixer, SNSPD, coherent detection, weak signal detection, superconducting nanostructures |
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Abstract |
Achievement of the ultimate sensitivity along with a high spectral resolution is one of the frequently addressed problems, as the complication of the applied and fundamental scientific tasks being explored is growing up gradually. In our work, we have investigated performance of a superconducting nanowire photon-counting detector operating in the coherent mode for detection of weak signals at the telecommunication wavelength. Quantum-noise limited sensitivity of the detector was ensured by the nature of the photon-counting detection and restricted by the quantum efficiency of the detector only. Spectral resolution given by the heterodyne technique and was defined by the linewidth and stability of the Local Oscillator (LO). Response bandwidth was found to coincide with the detector’s pulse width, which, in turn, could be controlled by the nanowire length. In addition, the system noise bandwidth was shown to be governed by the electronics/lab equipment, and the detector noise bandwidth is predicted to depend on its jitter. As have been demonstrated, a very small amount of the LO power (of the order of a few picowatts down to hundreds of femtowatts) was required for sufficient detection of the test signal, and eventual optimization could lead to further reduction of the LO power required, which would perfectly suit for the foreseen development of receiver matrices and the need for detection of ultra-low signals at a level of less-than-one-photon per second. |
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Spie |
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Prochazka, I.; Sobolewski, R.; James, R.B. |
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Photon counting applications |
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10.1117/12.2267724 |
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1201 |
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Peltonen, J. T.; Peng, Z. H.; Korneeva, Yu. P.; Voronov, B. M.; Korneev, A. A.; Semenov, A. V.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Tsai, J. S; Astafiev, Oleg |
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Coherent dynamics and decoherence in a superconducting weak link |
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Journal Article |
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2016 |
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Physic. Rev. B, |
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Physic. Rev. B, |
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94 |
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180508 |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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1123 |
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Korneev, Alexander; Golt'sman, Gregory; Pernice, Wolfram |
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Title |
Photonic integration meets single-photon detection |
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Miscellaneous |
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2015 |
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Laser Focus World |
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Laser Focus World |
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51 |
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5 |
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47-50 |
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optical waveguide SSPD, SNSPD |
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By embedding superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) in nanophotonic circuits, these waveguide-integrated detectors are a key building block for future on-chip quantum computing applications. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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1126 |
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Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Hübers, H.-W.; Petrenko, D.; Tretyakov, I.; Ryabchun, S.; Finkel, M.; Kaurova, N.; Gol’tsman, G.; Risacher, C.; Ricken, O.; Güsten, R. |
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Optimization of the intermediate frequency bandwidth in the THz HEB mixers |
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2014 |
Publication |
Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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54 |
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NbN HEB mixer |
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We report on the studies of the intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of quasi-optically coupled NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers which are aimed at the optimization of the mixer performance at terahertz frequencies. Extension of the IF bandwidth due to the contribution of electron diffusion to the heat removal from NbN microbolometers has been already demonstrated for NbN HEBs at subterahertz frequencies. However, reducing the size of the microbolometer causes degradation of the noise temperature. Using in-situ multilayer manufacturing process we succeeded to improve the transparency of the contacts for electrons which go away from microbolometer to the metallic antenna. The improved transparency and hence coupling efficiency counterbalances the noise temperature degradation. HEB mixers were tested in a laboratory heterodyne receiver with a narrow-band cold filter which allowed us to eliminate direct detection. We used a local oscillator with a quantum cascade laser (QCL) at a frequency of 4.745 THz [1] which was developed for the H-Channel of the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz frequencies (GREAT). Both the noise and gain bandwidth were measured in the IF range from 0.5 to 8 GHz using the hot-cold technique and preliminary calibrated IF analyzer with a tunable microwave filter. For optimized HEB geometry we found the noise bandwidth as large as 7 GHz. We compare our results with the conventional and the hot-spot mixer models and show that further extension of the IF bandwidth should be possible via improving the sharpness of the superconducting transition. The cross characterization of the HEB mixer was performed in the test bed of GREAT at the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie with the same QCL LO and delivered results which were consistent with the laboratory studies. |
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1359 |
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Anosov, A. A.; Nemchenko, O. Yu.; Less, Yu. A.; Kazanskii, A. S.; Mansfel'd, A. D. |
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Possibilities of acoustic thermometry for controlling targeted drug delivery |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
Publication |
Acoust. Phys. |
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61 |
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4 |
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488-493 |
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acoustic thermometry, liposome suspension, thermography |
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Model acoustic thermometry experiments were conducted during heating of an aqueous liposome suspension. Heating was done to achieve the liposome phase transition temperature. At the moment of the phase transition, the thermal acoustic signal achieved a maximum and decreased, despite continued heating. During subsequent cooling of the suspension, when lipids again passed through the phase transition point, the thermal acoustic signal again increased, despite a reduction in temperature. This effect is related to an increase in ultrasound absorption by the liposome suspension at the moment of the lipid phase transition. The result shows that acoustic thermography can be used to control targeted delivery of drugs mixed in thermally sensitive liposomes, the integrity of which is violated during heating to the phase transition temperature. |
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1130 |
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Anosov, A. A.; Barabanenkov, Yu. N.; Kazanskii, A. S.; Less, Yu. A.; Sharakshane, A. S. |
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The inverse problem of acoustothermography with correlation reception of thermal acoustic radiation |
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2009 |
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Acoust. Phys. |
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55 |
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1 |
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114-119 |
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acoustic thermography, acoustothermography |
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For the one-dimensional inverse problem of acoustothermography with correlation reception of thermal acoustic radiation, an integral equation is presented and experimentally verified. A method of solving the inverse problem is proposed. The method is based on combining the correlation functions of thermal acoustic radiation that were obtained for different distances between the receivers. |
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1131 |
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Лесс, Ю. А.; Кирсанов, Ю. А. |
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Былое и думы. Посвящение эпохе Н. Н. Малова, Е. М. Гершензона, В. С. Эткина |
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Miscellaneous |
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2015 |
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ПРФЛ |
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физфак МПГУ, физфак МГПИ, ПРФЛ |
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1132 |
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Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Semenov, A.; Lobanov, Y.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W.; Goltsman, G. |
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Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detector for on-chip quantum and spectral photonic application |
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Conference Article |
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2017 |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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917 |
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062032 |
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SSPD, SNSPD, waveguide |
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With use of the travelling-wave geometry approach, integrated superconductor- nanophotonic devices based on silicon nitride nanophotonic waveguide with a superconducting NbN-nanowire suited on top of the waveguide were fabricated. NbN-nanowire was operated as a single-photon counting detector with up to 92 % on-chip detection efficiency in the coherent mode, serving as a highly sensitive IR heterodyne mixer with spectral resolution (f/df) greater than 106 in C-band at 1550 nm wavelength |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
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1140 |
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Korneev, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Pernice, W.; An, P.; Golikov, A.; Zubkova, E.; Goltsman, G. |
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Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors for Integrated Nanophotonics Circuits |
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2017 |
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16th ISEC |
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16th ISEC |
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1-3 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present an overview of our recent achievements in integration of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors SNSPD with dielectric optical waveguides. We are able to produce complex nanophotonics integrated circuits containing optical elements and photon detector on single chip thus producing a compact integrated platform for quantum optics applications. |
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8314200 |
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1200 |
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Zubkova, E.; An, P.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Ferrari, S.; Pernice, W.; Goltsman, G. |
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Integrated Bragg waveguides as an efficient optical notch filter on silicon nitride platform |
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2017 |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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917 |
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062042 |
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Si3N4, Bragg waveguides |
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We modeled and fabricated integrated optical Bragg waveguides on a silicon nitride (Si3N4) platform. These waveguides would serve as efficient notch-filters with the desired characteristics. Transmission spectra of the fabricated integrated notch filters have been measured and attenuation at the desired wavelength of 1550 nm down to -43 dB was observed. Performance of the filters has been studied depending on different parameters, such as pitch, filling factor, and height of teeth of the Bragg grating |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
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1141 |
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Chuprina, I. N.; An, P. P.; Zubkova, E. G.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Kalachev, A. A.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Optimisation of spontaneous four-wave mixing in a ring microcavity |
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2017 |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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47 |
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10 |
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887-891 |
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ring microcavity |
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Abstract. A theory of spontaneous four-wave mixing in a ring microcavity is developed. The rate of emission of biphotons for pulsed and monochromatic pumping with allowance for the disper- sion of group velocities is analytically calculated. In the first case, pulses in the form of an increasing exponential are considered, which are optimal for excitation of an individual resonator mode. The behaviour of the group velocity dispersion as a function of the width and height of the waveguide is studied for a specific case of a ring microcavity made of silicon nitride. The results of the numeri- cal calculation are in good agreement with the experimental data. The ring microcavity is made of two types of waveguides: com- pletely etched and half etched. It is found that the latter allow for better control over the parameters in the manufacturing process, making them more predictable. |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
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1142 |
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Флоря, И. Н. |
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Ультрабыстрый однофотонный детектор для оптических применений |
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2009 |
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Науч. сессия МИФИ |
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Науч. сессия МИФИ |
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45-46 |
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SSPD |
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Представлен сверхпроводниковый однофотонный детектор (SSPD) на основе ультратонкой пленки NbN, обладающий рекордным быстродействием. Активный элемент выполнен в виде N сверхпроводящих полосок соединенных параллельно, покрывающих площадку размером 10 мкм х 10 мкм. Для SSPD с N=12 длительность импульса напряжения составляет 200 пс. Полученные результаты открывают путь к детекторам обладающими скоростью счета свыше 1 ГГц, что делает SSPDs весьма привлекательными во многих применениях, в частности для квантовой криптографии. SSPD хорошо согласуется с оптоволокном и легко может быть интегрирован в полностью готовую для работы приемную систему. |
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978-5-7262-1042-1 |
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УДК 533.14(06)+004.056(06) Фотоника и информационная оптика |
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1145 |
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Семенов, Александр Владимирович |
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Проскальзывание фазы, поглощение электромагнитного излучения и формирование отклика в детекторах на основе узких полосок сверхпроводников |
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2010 |
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М. МПГУ |
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SSPD, SNSPD, response |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Russian |
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1150 |
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Tretyakov, I.; Shurakov, A.; Perepelitsa, A.; Kaurova, N.; Svyatodukh, S.; Zilberley, T.; Ryabchun, S.; Smirnov, M.; Ovchinnikov, O.; Goltsman, G. |
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Silicon room temperature IR detectors coated with Ag2S quantum dots |
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2019 |
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Proc. IWQO |
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Proc. IWQO |
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369-371 |
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silicon detector, quantum dot, IR, surface states |
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For decades silicon has been the chief technological semiconducting material of modern microelectronics. Application of silicon detectors in optoelectronic devices are limited to the visible and near infrared ranges, due to their transparency for radiation with a wavelength higher than 1.1 μm. The expansion Si absorption towards longer wave lengths is a considerable interest to optoelectronic applications. In this work we present an elegant and effective solution to this problem using Ag2S quantum dots, creating impurity states in Si to cause sub-band gap photon absorption. The sensitivity of room temperature zero-bias Si_Ag2S detectors, which we obtained is 1011 cmHzW . Given the variety of QDs parameters such as: material, dimensions, our results open a path towards the future study and development of Si detectors for technological applications. |
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978-5-89513-451-1 |
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Shcherbatenko, Michael; Lobanov, Yury; Benderov, Oleg; Shurakov, Alexander; Ignatov, Anton; Titova, Nadezhda; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Kaurova, Natalya; Voronov, Boris M.; Rodin, Alexander; Klapwijk, Teunis M.; Gol'tsman, Gregory N. |
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Antenna-coupled 30 THz hot electron bolometer mixers |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
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Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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27 |
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HEB mixer, IR, mid-IR, 30 THz, antenna-coupled |
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We report on design and characterization of a superconducting Hot Electron Bolometer Mixer integrated with a logarithmic spiral antenna for mid-IR range observations. The antenna parameters have been adjusted to achieve the ultimate performance at 10 µm (30 THz) range where O3, NH3, CO2, CH4, N2O,…. lines in the Earth’s atmosphere, in planetary atmospheres and in the interstellar space can be observed. The HEB mixer is made of a thin NbN film deposited onto a GaAs substrate. To couple the radiation we rely on the quasioptical approach: the device is glued to a semi-spherical germanium lens with diameter~ 3 mm. A wet cryostat equipped with a germanium window and narrow band-pass filter is used to characterize the antenna and estimate the mixer performance. |
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Shurakov, Alexander; Maslennikov, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-yu E.; Gol’tsman, Gregory |
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Performance of an HEB direct detector utilizing a microwave reflection readout scheme |
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2015 |
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Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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HEB detector |
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We report the results of our study on the performance of a hot electron bolometric (HEB) direct detector, operated by a microwave pump. The HEB devices used in this work were made from NbN thin film deposited on high resistivity silicon with an in-situ fabrication process. The experimental setup employed is similar to the one described in [1]. The detector chips were glued to a silicon lens clamped to a copper holder mounted on the cold plate of a liquid helium cryostat. Thermal link between the lens and the holder was maintained by a thin indium shim. The HEBs were operated at a bath temperature of about 4.4 K. Conventional phonon pump, commonly realized by raising the bath temperature of the detector, was substituted by a microwave one. In this case, a CW microwave signal is injected to the device through a directional coupler connected directly to the detector holder. The power incident on the HEB device was typically 1-2 μW, and the pump frequency was in the range of 0.5-1.5 GHz. The signal sources were 2 black bodies held at temperatures of 295 K and 77 K. A chopper wheel placed in front of the cryostat window switched the input to the detector between the 2 sources. A modulation frequency of several kilohertz was chosen in order to reduce the effects of the HEB’s flicker noise. A cold mesh filter was used to define the input bandwidth of the detector. The reflected microwave signal from the HEB device was fed into a low noise amplifier, the output of which is connected to a room temperature Schottky microwave power detector. This Schottky detector, in conjunction with a lock-in amplifier, demodulated the input signal modulation from the copper wheel. As the input load was switched, the impedance of the HEB device at the microwave pump frequency also changed in response to the incident signal power variation. Therefore the reflected microwave power follows the incident signal modulation. The derived responsivity from this detection system nicely correlates with the HEB impedance. In order to provide a quantitative description of the impedance variation of the HEB device and the impact of a microwave pump, we have numerically solved the heat balance equations written for the NbN bridge and its surrounding thermal heat sink [2]. Our model also accounts for the impact of the operating frequency of the detector because of non-uniform absorption of low-frequency photons across the NbN bridge [3]. In our measurements we varied the signal source wavelength from 2 mm down to near infrared range, and hence we indirectly performed the impedance measurements at frequencies below, around and far beyond the superconducting gap. Preliminary results show good agreement between the experiment and theoretical prediction. Further measurements are still in progress. [1] A. Shurakov et al., “A Microwave Reflection Readout Scheme for Hot Electron Bolometric Direct Detector”, to appear in IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Tech., 2015. [2] S. Maslennikov, “RF heating efficiency of the terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer”, http://arxiv.org/pdf/1404.5276v5.pdf, 2014. [3] W. Miao et al., “Non-uniform absorption of terahertz radiation on superconducting hot electron bolometer microbridges”, Appl. Phys. Let., 104, 052605, 2014. |
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Tretyakov, I.; Maslennikov, S.; Semenov, A.; Safir, O.; Finkel, M.; Ryabchun, S.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
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Impact of operating conditions on noise and gain bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
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Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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39 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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Hot-electron bolometer mixers (HEB’s) are the most promising devices as mixing element for terahertz spectroscopy and astronomy at frequencies beyond 1.4 THz. They have a low noise temperature and low demands on local oscillator (LO) power. 1,2 An important limitation is the IF bandwidth, of the order of a few GHz, and which in principle depends on energy relaxation due to electron- phonon processes and on diffusion-cooling. It has been proposed by Prober that a reduction in length of the HEB would lead to an increased bandwidth. 3 This appeared to be achieved by Tretyakov et al by measuring the gain bandwidth close to the critical temperature of the NbN. 2 Unfortunately, the noise bandwidth of similar devices operated at temperatures around 4.2 K appear not depend on the length. The fundamental problem to be addressed is the position-dependent superconducting state of the HEB- devices under operating conditions, which determines the conditions for the cooling of the hot quasiparticles. Some progress has been made by Barends et al in a semi-empirical model to describe the I,V curves under operating conditions at a bath temperature around 4.2 K. 4 In more recent work Vercruyssen et al have analyzed the I,V curve, without any LO-equivalent bias, of a model NSN system. 5 This work suggests that the most appropriate model for an HEB under operating conditions is that of a potential-well in the superconducting gap in the center of the NbN, analogous the bimodal superconducting state described by Vercruyssen et al. Hot quasiparticles in the well can not diffuse out and can only cool by electron-phonon processes, those with higher energies than the heights of the walls of the well can diffuse out. Using this working hypothesis we have carried out experiments on a sub-micrometer NbN bridge connected to a gold (Au) planar spiral antenna. An in situ process is used to deposit Au on NbN. The Au is removed in the center to define the uncovered NbN, which will act as the superconducting mixer itself. The antenna is deposited on the remaining Au layer on the NbN. The Au contacts suppress the energy gap of the NbN film located underneath the gold layer 7,8 . The measured resistive transition is shown in Fig.1. It clearly shows a T c of the bilayer at 6.2 K and the resistive transition of the NbN itself around 9 K. In addition we show the measured noise bandwidth (red squares) for different bath temperatures. Clearly the noise bandwidth increases strongly by increasing the bath temperature from 5 K to 8 K, up to 13 GHz. We interpret this pattern as evidence for improved out-diffusion of hot electrons due to normal banks and a shallow superconducting potential well compared to k B T. As expected the noise temperature in this regime is much bigger than when biased at 4.2 K. R EFERENCES 1 W. Zhang, P. Khosropanah, J. R. Gao, E. L. Kollberg, K. S. Yngvesson, T. Bansal, R. Barends, and T. M. Klapwijk Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111113, (2010). 2 Ivan Tretyakov, Sergey Ryabchun, Matvey Finkel, Anna Maslennikova, Natalia Kaurova, Anastasia Lobastova, Boris Voronov, and Gregory Gol’tsman Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 033507 (2011). 3 D. E. Prober, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 2119 (1992). 4 R. Barends, M. Hajenius, J. R. Gao, and T. M. Klapwijk, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 263506 (2005). 5 N. Vercruyssen, T. G. A. Verhagen, M. G. Flokstra, J. P. Pekola, and T. M. Klapwijk Physical Review B 85, 224503 (2012). |
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Trifonov, Andrey; Tong, C. Edward; Lobanov, Yury; Kaurova, Natalia; Blundell, Raymond; Gol’tsman, Gregory |
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An investigation of the DC and IF performance of silicon-membrane HEB mixer elements |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
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Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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silicon-membrane HEB waveguide mixer |
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We report on our initial development towards a 2x2 multi-pixel HEB waveguide mixer for operation at 1.4 THz. We have successfully fabricated devices comprising an NbN bridge integrated with antenna test structure using a silicon membrane as the supporting substrate. DC measurements of the test chips demonstrate critical current from 0.1 – 1mA depending on the size of device, with T c of around 10 K and ΔTc ~ 0.8 K. |
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Baeva, E. M.; Titova, N. A.; Veyrat, L.; Sacépé, B.; Semenov, A. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Kardakova, A. I.; Khrapai, V. S. |
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Thermal relaxation in metal films bottlenecked by diffuson lattice excitations of amorphous substrates |
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2021 |
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arXiv |
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metal films, NbN, InOx, Au/Ni, thermal relaxation |
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Here we examine the role of the amorphous insulating substrate in the thermal relaxation in thin NbN, InOx, and Au/Ni films at temperatures above 5 K. The studied samples are made up of metal bridges on an amorphous insulating layer lying on or suspended above a crystalline substrate. Noise thermometry was used to measure the electron temperature Te of the films as a function of Joule power per unit of area P2D. In all samples, we observe the dependence P2D∝Tne with the exponent n≃2, which is inconsistent with both electron-phonon coupling and Kapitza thermal resistance. In suspended samples, the functional dependence of P2D(Te) on the length of the amorphous insulating layer is consistent with the linear T-dependence of the thermal conductivity, which is related to lattice excitations (diffusons) for the phonon mean free path smaller than the dominant phonon wavelength. Our findings are important for understanding the operation of devices embedded in amorphous dielectrics. |
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Seliverstov, Sergey V.; Rusova, Anastasia A.; Kaurova, Natalya S.; Voronov, Boris M.; Goltsman, Gregory N. |
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AC-biased superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer for frequency-domain multiplexing |
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2017 |
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Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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120-122 |
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NbN HEB mixer |
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We present the results of characterization of fast and sensitive superconducting antenna-coupled THz direct detector based on NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) with AC-bias. We discuss the possibility of implementation of the AC-bias for design the readout system from the multi-element arrays of HEBs using standard technique of frequency-domain multiplexing. We demonstrate experimentally that this approach does not lead to significant deterioration of the HEB sensitivity compared with the value obtained for the same detector with DC- bias. Results of a numerical calculations of the HEB responsivity at AC-bias are in a good agreement with the experiment. |
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Antipov, S.; Trifonov, A.; Krause, S.; Meledin, D.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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Gain bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers on GaN buffer layer operating at 2 THz local oscillator frequency |
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2017 |
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Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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147-148 |
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NbN HEB mixers, GaN buffer-layer, IF bandwidth |
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In this paper, we present IF bandwidth measurement results of NbN HEB mixers, which are employing NbN thin films grown on a GaN buffer-layer. The HEB mixers were operated in the heterodyne regime at a bath temperature of approximately 4.5 K and with a local oscillator operating at a frequency of 2 THz. A quantum cascade laser served as the local oscillator and a reference synthesizer based on a BWO generator (130-160 GHz) and a semiconductor superlattice (SSL) frequency multiplier was used as a signal source. By changing the LO frequency it was possible to record the IF response or gain bandwidth of the HEB with a spectrum analyzer at the operation point, which yielded lowest noise temperature. The gain bandwidth that was recorded in the heterodyne regime at 2 THz amounts to approximately 5 GHz and coincides well with a measurement that has been performed at elevated bath temperatures and lower LO frequency of 140 GHz. These findings strongly support that by using a GaN buffer-layer the phonon escape time of NbN HEBs can be significantly lower as compared to e.g. Si substrate, thus, providing higher gain bandwidth. |
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Bakhvalova, T.; Belkin, M. E.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Prokhodtcov, A. I.; Goltsman, G. N.; Sigov, A. S. |
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Studying key principles for design and fabrication of silicon photonic-based beamforming networks |
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2019 |
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PIERS-Spring |
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PIERS-Spring |
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silicon photonics, TriPleX platform |
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In the paper, we address key principles for computer-aided design and fabrication of silicon-photonics-based optical beamforming network selecting the optimal approach by simulation and experimental results. To clarify the consideration, the study is conducted on the example of a widely used binary switchable silicon-nitride optical beamforming network based on TriPleX platform. Comparison of simulation results and experimental studies of the prototype shows that the relative error due to technological imperfections does not exceed 3%. According to the estimation, such an error introduces insignificant distortion in the radiation pattern of the referred antenna array. |
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Krause, S.; Mityashkin, V.; Antipov, S.; Gol'tsman, G.; Meledin, D.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Rudzinski, M. |
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Study of IF bandwidth of NbN hot electron bolometers on GaN buffer layer using a direct measurement method |
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2016 |
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Proc. 27th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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NbN HEB, GaN buffer layer |
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In this paper, we present a reliable measurement method to study the influence of the GaN buffer layer on phonon-escape time in comparison with commonly used Si substrates and, in consequence, on the IF bandwidth of HEBs. One of the key aspects is to operate the HEB mixer at elevated bath temperatures close to the critical temperature of the NbN ultra-thin film, where contributions from electron-phonon processes and self-heating effects are relatively small, therefore IF roll-off will be governed by the phonon-escape.Two independent experiments were performed at GARD and MSPU on a similar experimental setup at frequencies of approximately 180 and 140 GHz, respectively, and have shown reproducible and consistent results. The entire IF chain was characterized by S-parameter measurements. We compared the measurement results of epitaxial NbN grown onto GaN buffer-layer with Tc of 12.5 K (4.5nm) with high quality polycrystalline NbN films on Si substrate with Tc of 10.5K (5nm) and observed a strong indication of an enhancement of phonon escape to the substrate by a factor of two for the NbN/GaN material combination. |
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Shcherbatenko, M.; Lobanov, Y.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Photon counting detector as a mixer with picowatt local oscillator power requirement |
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2016 |
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Proc. 27th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 27th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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SSPD mixer, SNSPD |
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At the current stage of the heterodyne receiver technology, great attention is paid to the development of detector arrays and matrices comprising many detectors on a single wafer. However, any traditional THz detector (such as SIS, HEB, or Schottky diode) requires quite a noticeable amount of Local Oscillator (LO) power which scales with the matrix size, and the total amount of the LO power needed is much greater than that available from compact and handy solid state sources. Substantial reduction of the LO power requirement may be obtained with a photon-counting detector used as a mixer. This approach, mentioned earlier in [1,2] provides a number of advantages. Thus, sensitivity of such a detector would be at the quantum limit (because of the photon-counting nature of the detector) and just a few LO photons for the mixing would be required leading to a possible breakthrough in the matrix receiver development. In addition, the receiver could be easily tuned from the heterodyne to the direct detection mode without any loss in its sensitivity with the latter limited only by the quantum efficiency of the detector used. We demonstrate such a technique with the use of the Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector(SNSPD)[3] irradiated by both 1.5 μm LO with a tiny amount of power (from a few picowatts down to femtowatts) facing the detector, and the test signal with a power significantly less than that of the LO. The SNSPD was operated in the current mode and the bias current was slightly below its critical value. Irradiating the detector with either the LO or the signal source produced voltage pulses which are statistically evenly distributed and could be easily counted by a lab counter or oscilloscope. Irradiating the detector by the both lasers simultaneously produced pulses at the frequency f m which is the exact difference between the frequencies at which the two lasers operate. f m could be deduced form either counts statistics integrated over a sufficient time interval or with the help of an RF spectrum analyzer. In addition to the chip SNSPD with normal incidence coupling, we use the detectors with a travelling wave geometry design [4]. In this case a niobium nitride nanowire is placed on the top of a nanophotonic waveguide, thus increasing the efficient interaction length. Integrated device scheme allows us to measure the optical losses with high accuracy. Our approach is fully scalable and, along with a large number of devices integrated on a single chip can be adapted to the mid and far IR ranges. This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, contract no. 14.B25.31.0007 and by RFBR grant # 16-32-00465. 1. Leaf A. Jiang and Jane X. Luu, ―Heterodyne detection with a weak local oscillator, Applied Optics Vol. 47, Issue 10, pp. 1486-1503 (2008) 2. Matsuo H. ―Requirements on Photon Counting Detectors for Terahertz Interferometry J Low Temp Phys (2012) 167:840–845 3. A. Semenov, G. Gol'tsman, A. Korneev, “Quantum detection by current carrying superconducting film”, Physica C, 352, pp. 349-356 (2001) 4. O. Kahl, S. Ferrari, V. Kovalyuk, G. N. Goltsman, A. Korneev, and W. H. P. Pernice, ―Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detectors with high internal quantum efficiency at telecom wavelengths., Sci. Rep., vol. 5, p. 10941, (2015). |
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Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Lobanov, Y.; Kaurova, N.; Blundell, R.; Goltsman, G. |
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Gap frequency and photon absorption in a hot electron bolometer |
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2016 |
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Proc. 27th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 27th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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NbN HEB; Si membrane |
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The superconducting energy gap is a crucial parameter of a superconductor when used in mixing applications. In the case of the SIS mixer, the mixing process is efficient for frequencies below the energy gap, whereas, in the case of the HEB mixer, the mixing process is most efficient at frequencies above the gap, where photon absorption takes place more readily. We have investigated the photon absorption phenomenon around the gap frequency of HEB mixers based on NbN films deposited on silicon membranes. Apart from studying the pumped I-V curves of HEB devices, we have also probed them with microwave radiation, as previously described [1]. At frequencies far below the gap frequency, the pumped I-V curves show abrupt switching between the superconducting and resistive states. For the NbN HEB mixers we tested, which have critical temperatures of ~9 K, this is true for frequencies below about 400 GHz. As the pump frequency is increased beyond 400 GHz, the resistive state extends towards zero bias and at some point a small region of negative differential resistance appears close to zero bias. In this region, the microwave probe reveals that the device impedance is changing randomly with time. As the pump frequency is further increased, this random impedance change develops into relaxation oscillations, which can be observed by the demodulation of the reflected microwave probe. Initially, these oscillations take the form of several frequencies grouped together under an envelope. As we approach the gap frequency, the multiple frequency relaxation oscillations coalesce into a single frequency of a few MHz. The resultant square-wave nature of the oscillation is a clear indication that the device is in a bi-stable state, switching between the superconducting and normal state. Above the gap frequency, it is possible to obtain a pumped I-V curve with no negative differential resistance above a threshold pumping level. Below this pumping level, the device demonstrates bi-stability, and regular relaxation oscillation at a few MHz is observed as a function of pump power. The threshold pumping level is clearly related to the amount of power absorbed by the device and its phonon cooling. From the above experiment, we can derive the gap frequency of the NbN film, which is 585 GHz for our 6 μm thin silicon membrane-based device. We also confirm that the HEB mixer is not an efficient photon absorber for radiation below the gap frequency. 1. A. Trifonov et al., “Probing the stability of HEB mixers with microwave injection”, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 25, no. 3, June 2015. |
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Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Vetter, A.; Lewes-Malandrakis, G.; Nebel, C.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.; Pernice, W. |
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Spectrally multiplexed single-photon detection with hybrid superconducting nanophotonic circuits: supplementary material |
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Miscellaneous |
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2017 |
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Optica |
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Quantum detectors; Spectrometers and spectroscopic instrumentation; Nanophotonics and photonic crystals; Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy; Fluorescence resonance energy transfer; Fluorescence spectroscopy; Imaging techniques; Optical components; Quantum key distribution |
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This document provides supplementary information to “Spectrally multiplexed single-photon detection with hybrid superconducting nanophotonic circuits", DOI:10.1364/optica.4.000557. Here we detail the on-chip spectrometer design, its characterization and the experimental setup we used. In addition, we present a detailed report concerning the characterization of the superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. In the final sections, we describe sample preparation and characterization of the nanodiamonds containing silicon vacancy color centers. |
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Osa |
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Goltsman, G. N.; Shcherbatenko, M. L.; Lobanov, Y. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W. H. P. |
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Superconducting nanowire single photon detector for coherent detection of weak optical signals |
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2016 |
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LPHYS'16 |
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LPHYS'16 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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Traditionally, photon detectors are operated in a direct detection mode counting incident photonswith a known quantum efficiency. This procedure allows one to detect weak sources of radiation but allthe information about its frequency is limited by the optical filtering/resonating structures used which arenot as precise as would be required for some practical applications. In this work we propose heterodynereceiver based on a photon counting mixer which would combine excellent sensitivity of a photon countingdetector and excellent spectral resolution given by the heterodyne technique. At present, Superconducting-Nanowire-Single-Photon-Detectors (SNSPDs) [1] are widely used in a variety of applications providing thebest possible combination of the sensitivity and speed. SNSPDs demonstrate lack of drawbacks like highdark count rate or autopulsing, which are common for traditional semiconductor-based photon detectors,such as avalanche photon diodes.In our study we have investigated SNSPD operated as a photon counting mixer. To fully understandits behavior in such a regime, we have utilized experimental setup based on a couple of distributedfeedback lasers irradiating at 1.5 micrometers, one of which is being the Local Oscillator (LO) and theother mimics the test signal [2]. The SNSPD was operated in the current mode and the bias currentwas slightly below of the critical current. Advantageously, we have found that LO power needed for anoptimal mixing is of the order of hundreds of femtowatts to a few picowatts, which is promising for manypractical applications, such as receiver matrices [3]. With use of the two lasers, one can observe thevoltage pulses produced by the detected photons, and the time distribution of the pulses reproduces thefrequency difference between the lasers, forming power response at the intermediate frequency which canbe captured by either an oscilloscope (an analysis of the pulse statistics is needed) or by an RF spectrumanalyzer. Photon-counting nature of the detector ensures quantum-limited sensitivity with respect to theoptical coupling achieved. In addition to the chip SNSPD with normal incidence coupling, we use thedetectors with a travelling wave geometry design [4]. In this case a NbN nanowire is placed on the topof a Si3N4 nanophotonic waveguide, thus increasing the efficient interaction length. For this reason it ispossible to achieve almost complete absorption of photons and reduce the detector footprint. This reducesthe noise of the device together with the expansion of the bandwidth. Integrated device scheme allowsus to measure the optical losses with high accuracy. Our approach is fully scalable and, along with alarge number of devices integrated on a single chip can be adapted to the mid and far IR ranges wherephoton-counting measurement may be beneficial as well [5].Acknowledgements: This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Education and Science of theRussian Federation, contract No. 14.B25.31.0007 and by RFBR grant No. 16-32-00465. |
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Zolotov, P.; Divochiy, A.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Seleznev, V.; Morozov, P.; Smirnov, K. |
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Superconducting single-photon detectors made of ultra-thin VN films |
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2018 |
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KnE Energy |
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KnE Energy |
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83-89 |
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We optimized technology of thin VN films deposition in order to study VN-based superconducting single-photon detectors. Investigation of the main VN film parameters showed that this material has lower resistivity compared to commonly used NbN. Fabricated from obtained films devices showed 100% intrinsic detection efficiency at 900 nm, at the temperature of 1.7 K starting with the bias current of 0.7·I |
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Zolotov, P.; Divochiy, A.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Moshkova, M.; Morozov, P.; Seleznev, V.; Smirnov, K. |
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Photon-number-resolving SSPDs with system detection efficiency over 50% at telecom range |
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2018 |
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Proc. AIP Conf. |
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020019 |
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NbN PNR SSPD, SNSPD |
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We used technology of making high-efficiency superconducting single-photon detectors as a basis for improvement of photon-number-resolving devices. By adding optical cavity and using an improved NbN superconducting film, we enhanced previously reported system detection efficiency at telecom range for such detectors. Our results show that implementation of optical cavity helps to develop four-section device with quantum efficiency over 50% at 1.55 µm. Performed experimental studies of detecting multi-photon optical pulses showed irregularities over defining multi-photon through single-photon quantum efficiency. |
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doi:10.1063/1.5025457 |
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Huebers, H.-W.; Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Schwaab, G. W. |
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NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer as a mixer for THz heterodyne receivers |
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1999 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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We have investigated a phonon-cooled NbN hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixer in the frequency range from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The device was a 3.5 nm thin film with an in- plane dimension of 1.7 X 0.2 micrometers 2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. The measured DSB receiver noise temperatures are 1500 K, 2200 K, 2600 K, 2900 K, 4000 K, 5600 K and 8800 K. The sensitivity fluctuation, the long term stability, and the antenna pattern were measured and the suitability of the mixer for a practical heterodyne receiver is discussed. |
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Chamberlain, J.M. |
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Terahertz Spectroscopy and Applications II |
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1477 |
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Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Divochiy, A.; Antipov, A.; Kaurova, N.; Seleznev, V.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Pan, D.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Slysz, W.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Ultrafast and high quantum efficiency large-area superconducting single-photon detectors |
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2007 |
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65830I (1 to 9) |
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SSPD, SNSPD, superconducting NbN films, infrared single-photon detectors |
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We present our latest generation of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) patterned from 4-nm-thick NbN films, as meander-shaped 0.5-mm-long and 100-nm-wide stripes. The SSPDs exhibit excellent performance parameters in the visible-to-near-infrared radiation wavelengths: quantum efficiency (QE) of our best devices approaches a saturation level of 30% even at 4.2 K (limited by the NbN film optical absorption) and dark counts as low as 2x10-4 Hz. The presented SSPDs were designed to maintain the QE of large-active-area devices, but, unless our earlier SSPDs, hampered by a significant kinetic inductance and a nanosecond response time, they are characterized by a low inductance and GHz counting rates. We have designed, simulated, and tested the structures consisting of several, connected in parallel, meander sections, each having a resistor connected in series. Such new, multi-element geometry led to a significant decrease of the device kinetic inductance without the decrease of its active area and QE. The presented improvement in the SSPD performance makes our detectors most attractive for high-speed quantum communications and quantum cryptography applications. |
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Dusek, M.; Hillery, M.S.; Schleich, W.P.; Prochazka, I.; Migdall, A.L.; Pauchard, A. |
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Симонов, Н. О.; Флоря, И. Н.; Корнеева, Ю. П.; Корнеев, А. А.; Гольцман, Г. Н. |
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Однофотонный отклик в тонких сверхпроводящих MoNx пленках |
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2018 |
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Сборн. науч. труд. VII международн. конф. по фотонике и информац. опт. |
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Сборн. науч. труд. VII международн. конф. по фотонике и информац. опт. |
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Продемонстрирован однофотонный отклик, при токе близком к критическому, в MoNx сверхпроводящих полосках шириной 70-104 нм. MoNx детекторы, имеющие коэффициент диффузии D≈0.32 см2/с и время электрон-фононного взаимодействия ηe-ph≈300 пс, достигают квантовой эффективности QE≈20% на длине волны λ=1550 нм. Возможность реализации однофотонного детектора в данном материале, подтверждает существующую теорию вихревого механизма возникновения фотоотклика в узких сверхпроводящих полосках. |
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УДК 535(06)+004(06) |
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Золотов, Ф. И.; Дивочий, А. В.; Вахтомин, Ю. Б.; Пентин, И. В.; Морозов, П. В.; Селезнев, В. А.; Смирнов, К. В. |
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Применение тонких сверхпроводниковых пленок нитрида ванадия для изготовления счетчиков одиночных ИК-фотонов |
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2018 |
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Сборн. науч. труд. VII международн. конф. по фотонике и информац. опт. |
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Сборн. науч. труд. VII международн. конф. по фотонике и информац. опт. |
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VN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Получены первые результаты по применению сверхпроводниковых пленок нитрида ванадия (VN) для детекторов одиночных фотонов ИК-диапазона. Изучение сверхпроводниковых однофотонных детекторов (SSPD), изготовленных на основе ультратонких (~5 нм) пленок VN, показало возможность создания устройств с близкой к насыщению зависимостью квантовой эффективности от тока смещения детекторов в телекоммуникационном диапазоне длин волн. Также нами были исследованы кинетическая индуктивность изготовленных структур с различной длиной сверхпроводниковой полоски и времена релаксации электронов в тонких сверхпроводниковых пленках VN. |
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УДК 535(06)+004(06) |
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1252 |
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Zolotov, P.; Divochiy, A.; Korneeva, Yu.; Vakhtomin, Yu.; Seleznev, V.; Smirnov, K. |
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Capability investigation of superconducting single-photon detectors, optimized for 800–1200 nm spectrum range |
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Miscellaneous |
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2015 |
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3th ICQT |
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3th ICQT |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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Hotel Ukraina (Radisson), Moscow |
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1253 |
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Zolotov, P.; Vakhtomin, Yu.; Divochiy, A.; Seleznev, V.; Morozov, P.; Smirnov, K. |
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High-efficiency single-photon detectors based on NbN films |
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Miscellaneous |
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2013 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present our resent results in development and testing of Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors (SSPD) with detection efficiencies greater than 85%. High values of obtained results are assigned to proposed design of the detector with integrated resonator structure, including two-layer optical cavity and anti-reflective coating (ARC). |
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1254 |
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Zolotov, P.; Vakhtomin, Yu.; Divochiy, A.; Morozov, P.; Seleznev, V.; Smirnov, K |
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Development of fast and high-effective single-photon detector for spectrum range up to 2.3 μm |
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Conference Article |
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2017 |
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Proc. SPBOPEN |
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Proc. SPBOPEN |
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439-440 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present the results of development and testing of the single-photon-counting system operating in the wide spectrum rane up to 2.3 mcm. We managed to increase system detection efficiency up to 60% in the range of 1.7-2.3 mcm optimisation of the fabrication methods of superconducting single-photon detectors and application of the single-mode fiber with enlarged core diameter. |
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St. Petersburg, Russia |
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no |
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1255 |
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Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Semenov, A.; Lobanov, Yu; Shcherbatenko, M.; Korneev, A; Pernice, W.; Goltsman, G. |
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Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detector for on-chip quantum and spectral photonic application |
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2017 |
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Proc. SPBOPEN |
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Proc. SPBOPEN |
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421-422 |
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waveguide, SSPD, SNSPD |
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By adopting a travelling-wave geometry approach, integrated superconductor- nanophotonic devices were fabricated. The architecture consists of a superconducting NbN- nanowire atop of a silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) nanophotonic waveguide. NbN-nanowire was operated as a single-photon counting detector, with up to 92% on-chip detection efficiency (OCDE), in the coherent mode, serving as a highly sensitive IR heterodyne mixer with spectral resolution (f/df) greater than 10^6 in C-band at 1550 nm wavelength. |
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St. Petersburg, Russia |
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Duplicated as 1140 |
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1256 |
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Zubkova, E.; An, P.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G. |
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Integrated Bragg waveguides as an efficient optical notch filter on silicon nitride platform |
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Conference Article |
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2017 |
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Proc. SPBOPEN |
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Proc. SPBOPEN |
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449-450 |
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Bragg waveguides |
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We modeled and fabricated integrated optical Bragg waveguides on a silicon nitride (Si3N4) platform. Transmission spectra of the integrated notch filter has been measured and attenuation at the desired wavelength of 1550 nm down to -43 dB was observed. |
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St. Petersburg, Russia |
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Duplicated as 1141 |
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1257 |
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Baksheeva, K.; Ozhegov, R.; Goltsman, G.; Kinev, N.; Koshelets, V.; Kochnev, A.; Betzalel, N.; Puzenko, A.; Ben Ishai, P.; Feldman, Y. |
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The sub THz emission of the human body under physiological stress |
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Journal Article |
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2021 |
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IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. |
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IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. |
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skin sub-THz emission, medicine |
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We present evidence that in the sub-THz frequency band, human skin can be considered as an electromagnetic bio-metamaterial, in that its natural emission is a product of skin tissue geometry and embedded structures. Radiometry was performed on 32 human subjects from 480 to 700 GHz. Concurrently, the subjects were exposed to stress, while heart pulse rate (PS) and galvanic skin response (GSR) were also measured. The results are substantially different from the expected black body radiation signal of the skin surface. PS and GSR correlate to the emissivity. Using a simulation model for the skin, we find that the sweat duct is a critical element. The simulated frequency spectra qualitatively match the measured emission spectra and show that our sub-THz emission is modulated by our level of mental stress. This opens avenues for the remote monitoring of the human state. |
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9380570 |
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1259 |
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