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Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Marsili, F.; Bitauld, D.; Fiore, A.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Tarkhov, M.; Minaeva, O.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Gaggero, A.; Leoni, R.; Mattioli, F.; Lagoudakis, K.; Benkhaoul, M.; Levy, F.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Superconducting photon number resolving counter for near infrared applications |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
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Volume |
7138 |
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713828 (1 to 5) |
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PNR SSPD; SNSPD; Nanowire superconducting single-photon detector, ultrathin NbN film, infrared |
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We present a novel concept of photon number resolving detector based on 120-nm-wide superconducting stripes made of 4-nm-thick NbN film and connected in parallel (PNR-SSPD). The detector consisting of 5 strips demonstrate a capability to resolve up to 4 photons absorbed simultaneously with the single-photon quantum efficiency of 2.5% and negligibly low dark count rate. |
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Spie |
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Tománek, P.; Senderáková, D.; Hrabovský, M. |
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10.1117/12.818079 |
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1241 |
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Marsili, Francesco; Bitauld, David; Fiore, Andrea; Gaggero, Alessandro; Mattioli, Francesco; Leoni, Roberto; Divochiy, Aleksander; Gol'tsman, Gregory |
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Title |
Photon-number-resolution at telecom wavelength with superconducting nanowires |
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Miscellaneous |
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2010 |
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IntechOpen |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ marsiliphoton |
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1036 |
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Milostnaya, I.; Korneev, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Divochiy, A.; Minaeva, O.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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Title |
Superconducting single photon nanowire detectors development for IR and THz applications |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
J. Low Temp. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Low Temp. Phys. |
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Volume |
151 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
591-596 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present our progress in the development of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) based on meander-shaped nanowires made from few-nm-thick superconducting films. The SSPDs are operated at a temperature of 2–4.2 K (well below T c ) being biased with a current very close to the nanowire critical current at the operation temperature. To date, the material of choice for SSPDs is niobium nitride (NbN). Developed NbN SSPDs are capable of single photon counting in the range from VIS to mid-IR (up to 6 μm) with a record low dark counts rate and record-high counting rate. The use of a material with a low transition temperature should shift the detectors sensitivity towards longer wavelengths. We present state-of-the art NbN SSPDs as well as the results of our recent approach to expand the developed SSPD technology by the use of superconducting materials with lower T c , such as molybdenum rhenium (MoRe). MoRe SSPDs first were made and tested; a single photon response was obtained. |
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0022-2291 |
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1244 |
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Minaeva, O.; Fraine, A.; Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Goltsman, G.; Sergienko, A. |
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Title |
High resolution optical time-domain reflectometry using superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Conference Article |
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2012 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Opt. 2012/Laser Sci. XXVIII |
Abbreviated Journal |
Frontiers in Opt. 2012/Laser Sci. XXVIII |
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Fw3a.39 |
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SSPD, SNSPD, Photodetectors; Fiber characterization; Light beams; Optical time domain reflectometry; Photon counting; Single mode fibers; Single photon detectors; Superconductors |
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We discuss the advantages and limitations of single-photon optical time-domain reflectometry with superconducting single-photon detectors. The higher two-point resolution can be achieved due to superior timing performance of SSPDs in comparison with InGaAs APDs. |
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Optical Society of America |
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no |
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1237 |
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Korneev, A. A.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Korneeva, Yu. P.; Larionov, P. A.; Manova, N. N.; Florya, I. N.; Trifonov, A. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Smirnov, K. V.; Semenov, A. V.; Chulkova, G. M.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Title |
IR single-photon receiver based on ultrathin NbN superconducting film |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
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5 |
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Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present our recent results in research and development of superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD). We achieved the following performance improvement: first, we developed and characterized SSPD integrated in optical cavity and enabling its illumination from the face side, not through the substrate, second, we improved the quantum efficiency of the SSPD at around 3 μm wavelength by reduction of the strip width to 40 nm, and, finally, we improved the detection efficiency of the SSPD-based single-photon receiver system up to 20% at 1550 nm and extended its wavelength range beyond 1800 nm by the usage of the fluoride ZBLAN fibres. |
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Russian |
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8 pages |
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no |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ korneevir |
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1043 |
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Author |
Korneeva, Y. P.; Mikhailov, M. Y.; Pershin, Y. P.; Manova, N. N.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Korneev, A. A.; Smirnov, K. V.; Sivakov, A. G.; Devizenko, A. Y.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Superconducting single-photon detector made of MoSi film |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
095012 |
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Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD |
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We fabricated and characterized nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors made of 4 nm thick amorphous Mox Si1−x films. At 1.7 K the best devices exhibit a detection efficiency (DE) up to 18% at 1.2 $\mu {\rm m}$ wavelength of unpolarized light, a characteristic response time of about 6 ns and timing jitter of 120 ps. The DE was studied in wavelength range from 650 nm to 2500 nm. At wavelengths below 1200 nm these detectors reach their maximum DE limited by photon absorption in the thin MoSi film. |
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IOP Publishing |
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0953-2048 |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ korneeva2014superconducting |
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1044 |
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Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Minaeva, O.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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Superconducting NbN-nanowire single-photon detectors capable of photon number resolving |
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Conference Article |
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2008 |
Publication |
Supercond. News Forum |
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Supercond. News Forum |
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PNR SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present our latest generation of ultra-fast superconducting NbN single-photon detectors (SSPD) capable of photon-number resolving (PNR). The novel SSPDs combine 10 μm x 10 μm active area with low kinetic inductance and PNR capability. That resulted in significantly reduced photoresponse pulse duration, allowing for GHz counting rates. The detector’s response magnitude is directly proportional to the number of incident photons, which makes this feature easy to use. We present experimental data on the performance of the PNR SSPDs. These detectors are perfectly suited for fibreless free-space telecommunications, as well as for ultra-fast quantum cryptography and quantum computing. |
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Reference No. ST34, paper # 012307, eventually not pulished (skipped) at https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/0953-2048/21/1 |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ korneevsuperconducting |
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1046 |
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Sidorova, Maria V.; Divochiy, Alexander V.; Vakhtomin, Yury B.; Smirnov, Konstantin V. |
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Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detector with a reduced active area coupled to a tapered lensed single-mode fiber |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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J. Nanophoton. |
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9 |
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1 |
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093051 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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This paper presents an ultrafast niobium nitride (NbN) superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) with an active area of 3×3 μm2 that offers better timing performance metrics than the previous SSPD with an active area of 7×7 μm2. The improved SSPD demonstrates a record timing jitter (<25 ps), an ultrashort recovery time (<2 ns), an extremely low dark count rate, and a high detection efficiency in a wide spectral range from visible part to near infrared. The record parameters were obtained due to the development of a new technique providing effective optical coupling between a detector with a reduced active area and a standard single-mode telecommunication fiber. The advantages of the new approach are experimentally confirmed by taking electro-optical measurements. |
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1934-2608 |
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10.1117/1.JNP.9.093051 |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ |
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1052 |
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Ozhegov, R.; Elezov, M.; Kurochkin, Y.; Kurochkin, V.; Divochiy, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Vachtomin, Y.; Smirnov, K.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Quantum key distribution over 300 |
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Conference Article |
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2014 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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Proc. SPIE |
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9440 |
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1F (1 to 9) |
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SSPD, SNSPD applicatins, quantum key distribution, QKD |
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We discuss the possibility of polarization state reconstruction and measurement over 302 km by Superconducting Single- Photon Detectors (SSPDs). Because of the excellent characteristics and the possibility to be effectively coupled to singlemode optical fiber many applications of the SSPD have already been reported. The most impressive one is the quantum key distribution (QKD) over 250 km distance. This demonstration shows further possibilities for the improvement of the characteristics of quantum-cryptographic systems such as increasing the bit rate and the quantum channel length, and decreasing the quantum bit error rate (QBER). This improvement is possible because SSPDs have the best characteristics in comparison with other single-photon detectors. We have demonstrated the possibility of polarization state reconstruction and measurement over 302.5 km with superconducting single-photon detectors. The advantage of an autocompensating optical scheme, also known as “plugandplay” for quantum key distribution, is high stability in the presence of distortions along the line. To increase the distance of quantum key distribution with this optical scheme we implement the superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD). At the 5 MHz pulse repetition frequency and the average photon number equal to 0.4 we measured a 33 bit/s quantum key generation for a 101.7 km single mode ber quantum channel. The extremely low SSPD dark count rate allowed us to keep QBER at 1.6% level. |
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SPIE |
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Orlikovsky, A. A. |
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International Conference on Micro- and Nano-Electronics |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ ozhegov2014quantum |
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1048 |
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Smirnov, Konstantin; Vachtomin, Yury; Divochiy, Alexander; Antipov, Andrey; Goltsman, Gregory |
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Title |
Dependence of dark count rates in superconducting single photon detectors on the filtering effect of standard single mode optical fibers |
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2015 |
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Appl. Phys. Express |
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Appl. Phys. Express |
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8 |
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2 |
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022501 (1 to 4) |
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IOP Publishing |
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1882-0778 |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ smirnov2015dependence |
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1049 |
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Sidorova, Maria V.; Divochiy, Alexander; Vakhtomin, Yury B.; Smirnov, Konstantin V. |
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Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detector with reduced-size active area coupled to a tapered lensed single-mode fiber |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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9504 |
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950408 (1 to 9) |
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International Society for Optics and Photonics |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ sidorova2015ultrafast |
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1051 |
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Kitaygorsky, J.; Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Sergeev, A.; Korneev, A.; Matvienko, V.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Origin of dark counts in nanostructured NbN single-photon detectors |
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2005 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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15 |
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2 |
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545-548 |
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SSPD dark counts, SNSPD, dark counts rate |
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We present our study of dark counts in ultrathin (3.5 to 10 nm thick), narrow (120 to 170 nm wide) NbN superconducting stripes of different lengths. In experiments, where the stripe was completely isolated from the outside world and kept at temperature below the critical temperature Tc, we detected subnanosecond electrical pulses associated with the spontaneous appearance of the temporal resistive state. The resistive state manifested itself as generation of phase-slip centers (PSCs) in our two-dimensional superconducting stripes. Our analysis shows that not far from Tc, PSCs have a thermally activated nature. At lowest temperatures, far below Tc, they are created by quantum fluctuations. |
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1057 |
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Zhang, Jin; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Lipatov, A.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Response time characterization of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors |
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2003 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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13 |
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2 |
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180-183 |
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SSPD jitter, SNSPD jitter |
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We report our time-resolved measurements of NbN-based superconducting single-photon detectors. The structures are meander-type, 10-nm thick, and 200-nm wide stripes and were operated at 4.2 K. We have shown that the NbN devices can count single-photon pulses with below 100-ps time resolution. The response signal pulse width was about 150 ps, and the system jitter was measured to be 35 ps. |
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IEEE |
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1058 |
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Zhang, W.; Miao, W.; Zhong, J. Q.; Shi, S. C.; Hayton, D. J.; Vercruyssen, N.; Gao, J. R.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Temperature dependence of superconducting hot electron bolometers |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Not published results: 24th international symposium on space terahertz technology |
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HEB |
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Groningen,The Netherlands |
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no |
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1067 |
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Author |
Cherednichenko, S.; Yagoubov, P.; Il'in, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. |
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Title |
Large bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Proc. 27th Eur. Microwave Conf. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
2 |
Issue |
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Pages |
972-977 |
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Keywords |
HEB mixer, fabrication process |
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Abstract |
The bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers has been systematically investigated with respect to the film thickness and film quality variation. The films, 2.5 to 10 nm thick, were fabricated on sapphire substrates using DC reactive magnetron sputtering. All devices consisted of several parallel strips, each 1 um wide and 2 um long, placed between Ti-Au contact pads. To measure the gain bandwidth we used two identical BWOs operating in the 120-140 GHz frequency range, one functioning as a local oscillator and the other as a signal source. The majority of the measurements were made at an ambient temperature of 4.2 K with optimal LO and DC bias. The maximum 3 dB bandwidth (about 4 GHz) was achieved for the devices made of films which were 2.5-3.5 nm thick, had a high critical temperature, and high critical current density. A theoretical analysis of bandwidth for these mixers based on the two-temperature model gives a good description of the experimental results if one assumes that the electron temperature is equal to the critical temperature. |
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Jerusalem, Israel |
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IEEE |
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27th Eur. Microwave Conf. |
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no |
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1075 |
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Angeluts, A. A.; Bezotosnyi, V. V.; Cheshev, E. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Finkel, M. I.; Seliverstov, S. V.; Evdokimov, M. N.; Gorbunkov, M. V.; Kitaeva, G. Kh.; Koromyslov, A. L.; Kostryukov, P. V.; Krivonos, M. S.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Shkurinov, A. P.; Sarkisov, S. Yu.; Tunkin, V. G. |
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Title |
Compact 1.64 THz source based on a dual-wavelength diode end-pumped Nd:YLF laser with a nearly semiconfocal cavity |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Laser Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
015004 (1 to 4) |
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Keywords |
HEB applications, HEB detector applications, short THz pulses detection |
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Abstract |
We describe a compact dual-wavelength (1.047 and 1.053 μm) diode end-pumped Q-switched Nd:YLE laser source which has a number of applications in demand. In order to achieve its dual-wavelength operation it is suggested for the first time to use essentially nonmonotonous dependences of the threshold pump powers at these wavelengths on the cavity length in the region of the cavity semiconfocal configuration under a radius of the pump beam smaller than the radius of the zero Gaussian mode. Here we demonstrate one of the most interesting applications for this laser: difference frequency generation in a GaSe crystal at a frequency of 1.64 THz. A superconducting hot-electron bolometer is used to detect the THz power generated and to measure its pulse characteristics. |
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no |
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Serial |
1076 |
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Author |
Shcheslavskiy, V.; Morozov, P.; Divochiy, A.; Vakhtomin, Yu.; Smirnov, K.; Becker, W. |
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Title |
Ultrafast time measurements by time-correlated single photon counting coupled with superconducting single photon detector |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Rev. Sci. Instrum. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
87 |
Issue |
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Pages |
053117 (1 to 5) |
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Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD, TCSPC, jitter |
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Abstract |
Time resolution is one of the main characteristics of the single photon detectors besides quantum efficiency and dark count rate. We demonstrate here an ultrafast time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) setup consisting of a newly developed single photon counting board SPC-150NX and a superconducting NbN single photon detector with a sensitive area of 7 × 7 μm. The combination delivers a record instrument response function with a full width at half maximum of 17.8 ps and system quantum efficiency ~5% at wavelength of 1560 nm. A calculation of the root mean square value of the timing jitter for channels with counts more than 1% of the peak value yielded about 7.6 ps. The setup has also good timing stability of the detector–TCSPC board. |
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no |
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Serial |
1077 |
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Author |
Smirnov, A. V.; Baryshev, A. M.; de Bernardis, P.; Vdovin, V. F.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kardashev, N. S.; Kuz'min, L. S.; Koshelets, V. P.; Vystavkin, A. N.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Finkel, M. I.; Khokhlov, D. R. |
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Title |
The current stage of development of the receiving complex of the millimetron space observatory |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
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Volume |
54 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
557-568 |
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Keywords |
Millimetron space observatory, HEB applications |
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We present an overview of the state of the onboard receiving complex of the Millimetron space observatory in the development phase of its preliminary design. The basic parameters of the onboard equipment planned to create and required for astrophysical observations are considered. A review of coherent and incoherent detectors, which are central to each receiver of the observatory, is given. Their characteristics and limiting parameters feasible at the present level of technology are reported. |
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no |
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Serial |
1079 |
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Author |
Khasminskaya, S.; Pyatkov, F.; Słowik, K.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Kovalyuk, V.; Rath, P.; Vetter, A.; Hennrich, F.; Kappes, M. M.; Gol'tsman, G.; Korneev, A.; Rockstuhl, C.; Krupke, R.; Pernice, W. H. P. |
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Title |
Fully integrated quantum photonic circuit with an electrically driven light source |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Nat. Photon. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nat. Photon. |
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10 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
727-732 |
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Keywords |
Carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, Integrated optics, Single photons and quantum effects, Waveguide integrated single-photon detector |
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Abstract |
Photonic quantum technologies allow quantum phenomena to be exploited in applications such as quantum cryptography, quantum simulation and quantum computation. A key requirement for practical devices is the scalable integration of single-photon sources, detectors and linear optical elements on a common platform. Nanophotonic circuits enable the realization of complex linear optical systems, while non-classical light can be measured with waveguide-integrated detectors. However, reproducible single-photon sources with high brightness and compatibility with photonic devices remain elusive for fully integrated systems. Here, we report the observation of antibunching in the light emitted from an electrically driven carbon nanotube embedded within a photonic quantum circuit. Non-classical light generated on chip is recorded under cryogenic conditions with waveguide-integrated superconducting single-photon detectors, without requiring optical filtering. Because exclusively scalable fabrication and deposition methods are used, our results establish carbon nanotubes as promising nanoscale single-photon emitters for hybrid quantum photonic devices. |
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no |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
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1105 |
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Author |
Tret'yakov, I. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Anfert'ev, V. A.; Revin, L. S.; Vaks, V. L.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
The influence of the diffusion cooling on the noise band of the superconductor NbN hot-electron bolometer operating in the terahertz range |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Tech. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
42 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
563-566 |
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Keywords |
HEB, noise bandwidth, conversion gain bandwidth, noise temperature, Andreev reflection |
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Abstract |
Results of an experimental study of the noise temperature (Tn) and noise bandwidth (NBW) of the superconductor NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer as a function of its temperature (Tb) are presented. It was determined that the NBW of the mixer is significantly wider at temperatures close to the critical ones (Tc) than are values measured at 4.2 K. The NBW of the mixer measured at the heterodyne frequency of 2.5 THz at temperature Tb close to Tc was ~13 GHz, as compared with 6 GHz at Tb = 4.2 K. This experiment clearly demonstrates the limitation of the thermal flow from the NbN bridge at Tb â‰<aa> Tc for mixers manufactured by the in situ technique. This limitation is close in its nature to the Andreev reflection on the superconductor/ metal boundary. In this case, the noise temperature of the studied mixer increased from 1100 to 3800 K. |
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no |
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1106 |
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Author |
Shcherbatenko, M.; Tretyakov, I.; Lobanov, Yu.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Kaurova, N.; Finkel, M.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
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Title |
Nonequilibrium interpretation of DC properties of NbN superconducting hot electron bolometers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
109 |
Issue |
13 |
Pages |
132602 |
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Keywords |
HEB mixer, contacts |
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Abstract |
We present a physically consistent interpretation of the dc electrical properties of niobiumnitride (NbN)-based superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers, using concepts of nonequilibrium superconductivity. Through this, we clarify what physical information can be extracted from the resistive transition and the dc current-voltage characteristics, measured at suitably chosen temperatures, and relevant for device characterization and optimization. We point out that the intrinsic spatial variation of the electronic properties of disordered superconductors, such as NbN, leads to a variation from device to device. |
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no |
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1107 |
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Author |
Vetter, A.; Ferrari, S.; Rath, P.; Alaee, R.; Kahl, O.; Kovalyuk, V.; Diewald, S.; Goltsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Rockstuhl, C.; Pernice, W. H. P. |
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Title |
Cavity-enhanced and ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Nano Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nano Lett. |
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Volume |
16 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
7085-7092 |
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SSPD; SNSPD; multiphoton detection; nanophotonic circuit; photonic crystal cavity |
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Ultrafast single-photon detectors with high efficiency are of utmost importance for many applications in the context of integrated quantum photonic circuits. Detectors based on superconductor nanowires attached to optical waveguides are particularly appealing for this purpose. However, their speed is limited because the required high absorption efficiency necessitates long nanowires deposited on top of the waveguide. This enhances the kinetic inductance and makes the detectors slow. Here, we solve this problem by aligning the nanowire, contrary to usual choice, perpendicular to the waveguide to realize devices with a length below 1 mum. By integrating the nanowire into a photonic crystal cavity, we recover high absorption efficiency, thus enhancing the detection efficiency by more than an order of magnitude. Our cavity enhanced superconducting nanowire detectors are fully embedded in silicon nanophotonic circuits and efficiently detect single photons at telecom wavelengths. The detectors possess subnanosecond decay ( approximately 120 ps) and recovery times ( approximately 510 ps) and thus show potential for GHz count rates at low timing jitter ( approximately 32 ps). The small absorption volume allows efficient threshold multiphoton detection. |
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Institute of Physics, University of Munster , 48149 Munster, Germany |
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English |
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1530-6984 |
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PMID:27759401 |
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no |
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Serial |
1208 |
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Pyatkov, F.; Khasminskaya, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Hennrich, F.; Kappes, M. M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Pernice, W. H. P.; Krupke, R. |
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Sub-nanosecond light-pulse generation with waveguide-coupled carbon nanotube transducers |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
Publication |
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. |
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8 |
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38-44 |
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carbon nanotubes; CNT; infrared; integrated optics devices; nanomaterials |
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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have recently been integrated into optical waveguides and operated as electrically-driven light emitters under constant electrical bias. Such devices are of interest for the conversion of fast electrical signals into optical ones within a nanophotonic circuit. Here, we demonstrate that waveguide-integrated single-walled CNTs are promising high-speed transducers for light-pulse generation in the gigahertz range. Using a scalable fabrication approach we realize hybrid CNT-based nanophotonic devices, which generate optical pulse trains in the range from 200 kHz to 2 GHz with decay times below 80 ps. Our results illustrate the potential of CNTs for hybrid optoelectronic systems and nanoscale on-chip light sources. |
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Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany |
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2190-4286 |
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PMID:28144563; PMCID:PMC5238692 |
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no |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
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1109 |
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Author |
Lobanov, Y.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Semenov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Korneev, A.; Ozhegov, R.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B. M.; Pernice, W. H. P.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Superconducting nanowire single photon detector for coherent detection of weak signals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1-5 |
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NbN SSPD mixer, SNSPD, nanophotonic waveguide |
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Abstract |
Traditional photon detectors are operated in the direct detection mode, counting incident photons with a known quantum efficiency. Here, we have investigated a superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) operated as a photon counting mixer at telecommunication wavelength around 1.5 μm. This regime of operation combines excellent sensitivity of a photon counting detector with excellent spectral resolution given by the heterodyne technique. Advantageously, we have found that low local oscillator (LO) power of the order of hundreds of femtowatts to a few picowatts is sufficient for clear observation of the incident test signal with the sensitivity approaching the quantum limit. With further optimization, the required LO power could be significantly reduced, which is promising for many practical applications, such as the development of receiver matrices or recording ultralow signals at a level of less-than-one-photon per second. In addition to a traditional NbN-based SNSPD operated with normal incidence coupling, we also use detectors with a travelling wave geometry, where a NbN nanowire is placed on the top of a Si 3 N 4 nanophotonic waveguide. This approach is fully scalable and a large number of devices could be integrated on a single chip. |
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1051-8223 |
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1206 |
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Author |
Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Grimes, P.; Lobanov, Y.; Kaurova, N.; Blundell, R.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Development of A Silicon Membrane-based Multi-pixel Hot Electron Bolometer Receiver |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
6 |
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Multi-pixel, HEB, silicon-on-insulator, horn array |
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Abstract |
We report on the development of a multi-pixel
Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) receiver fabricated using
silicon membrane technology. The receiver comprises a
2 × 2 array of four HEB mixers, fabricated on a single
chip. The HEB mixer chip is based on a superconducting
NbN thin film deposited on top of the silicon-on-insulator
(SOI) substrate. The thicknesses of the device layer and
handling layer of the SOI substrate are 20 μm and 300 μm
respectively. The thickness of the device layer is chosen
such that it corresponds to a quarter-wave in silicon at
1.35 THz. The HEB mixer is integrated with a bow-tie
antenna structure, in turn designed for coupling to a
circular waveguide, |
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no |
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Call Number |
RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
Serial |
1111 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Klapwijk, T. M.; Semenov, A. V. |
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Title |
Engineering physics of superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2017 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
627-648 |
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Keywords |
HEB mixers |
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Abstract |
Superconducting hot-electron bolometers are presently the best performing mixing devices for the frequency range beyond 1.2 THz, where good-quality superconductor-insulator-superconductor devices do not exist. Their physical appearance is very simple: an antenna consisting of a normal metal, sometimes a normal-metal-superconductor bilayer, connected to a thin film of a narrow short superconductor with a high resistivity in the normal state. The device is brought into an optimal operating regime by applying a dc current and a certain amount of local-oscillator power. Despite this technological simplicity, its operation has found to be controlled by many different aspects of superconductivity, all occurring simultaneously. A core ingredient is the understanding that there are two sources of resistance in a superconductor: a charge-conversion resistance occurring at a normal-metal-superconductor interface and a resistance due to time-dependent changes of the superconducting phase. The latter is responsible for the actual mixing process in a nonuniform superconducting environment set up by the bias conditions and the geometry. The present understanding indicates that further improvement needs to be found in the use of other materials with a faster energy relaxation rate. Meanwhile, several empirical parameters have become physically meaningful indicators of the devices, which will facilitate the technological developments. |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2156-342X |
ISBN |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1292 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Lobanov, Y. V.; Shcherbatenko, M. L.; Semenov, A. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Vinogradov, E. A.; Naumov, A. V.; Gladush, M. G.; Karimullin, K. R. |
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Title |
Heterodyne spectroscopy with superconducting single-photon detector |
Type |
Conference Article |
|
Year |
2017 |
Publication |
EPJ Web Conf. |
Abbreviated Journal |
EPJ Web Conf. |
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Volume |
132 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
01005 |
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Keywords |
SSPD mixer, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
We demonstrate successful operation of a Superconducting Single Photon Detector (SSPD) as the core element in a heterodyne receiver. Irradiating the SSPD by both a local oscillator power and signal power simultaneously, we observed beat signal at the intermediate frequency of a few MHz. Gain bandwidth was found to coincide with the detector single pulse width, where the latter depends on the detector kinetic inductance, determined by the superconducting nanowire length. |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2100-014X |
ISBN |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1205 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Korneeva, Yuliya; Florya, Irina; Vdovichev, Sergey; Moshkova, Mariya; Simonov, Nikita; Kaurova, Natalia; Korneev, Alexander; Goltsman, Gregory |
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Title |
Comparison of hot-spot formation in NbN and MoN thin superconducting films after photon absorption |
Type |
Conference Article |
|
Year |
2017 |
Publication |
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductiv |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
5 |
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Keywords |
Thin film devices, Superconducitng photoncounting devices, Nanowire single-photon detectors |
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Abstract |
In superconducting single-photon detectors SSPD
the efficiency of local suppression of superconductivity and hotspot
formation is controlled by diffusivity and electron-phonon
interaction time. Here we selected a material, 3.6-nm-thick MoNx
film, which features diffusivity close to those of NbN traditionally
used for SSPD fabrication, but with electron-phonon interaction
time an order of magnitude larger. In MoNx detectors we study
the dependence of detection efficiency on bias current, photon
energy, and strip width and compare it with NbN SSPD. We
observe non-linear current-energy dependence in MoNx SSPD
and more pronounced plateaus in dependences of detection
efficiency on bias current which we attribute to longer electronphonon
interaction time. |
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no |
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Call Number |
RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
Serial |
1114 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Titova, N.; Kardakova, A. I.; Tovpeko, N.; Ryabchun, S.; Mandal, S.; Morozov, D.; Klemencic, G. M.; Giblin, S. R.; Williams, O. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
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Title |
Slow electron–phonon cooling in superconducting diamond films |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2017 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
1-4 |
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Keywords |
superconducting diamond films, electron-phonon cooling |
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Abstract |
We have measured the electron-phonon energy-relaxation time, τ eph , in superconducting boron-doped diamond films grown on silicon substrate by chemical vapor deposition. The observed electron-phonon cooling times vary from 160 ns at 2.70 K to 410 ns at 1.8 K following a T -2-dependence. The data are consistent with the values of τ eph previously reported for single-crystal boron-doped diamond films epitaxially grown on diamond substrate. Such a noticeable slow electron-phonon relaxation in boron-doped diamond, in combination with a high normal-state resistivity, confirms a potential of superconducting diamond for ultrasensitive superconducting bolometers. |
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ISSN |
1051-8223 |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1168 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Gayduchenko, I.; Kardakova, A.; Fedorov, G.; Voronov, B.; Finkel, M.; Jiménez, D.; Morozov, S.; Presniakov, M.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Response of asymmetric carbon nanotube network devices to sub-terahertz and terahertz radiation |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
J. Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Phys. |
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Volume |
118 |
Issue |
19 |
Pages |
194303 |
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Keywords |
terahertz detectors, asymmetric carbon nanotubes, CNT |
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Abstract |
Demand for efficient terahertz radiation detectors resulted in intensive study of the asymmetric carbon nanostructures as a possible solution for that problem. It was maintained that photothermoelectric effect under certain conditions results in strong response of such devices to terahertz radiation even at room temperature. In this work, we investigate different mechanisms underlying the response of asymmetric carbon nanotube (CNT) based devices to sub-terahertz and terahertz radiation. Our structures are formed with CNT networks instead of individual CNTs so that effects probed are more generic and not caused by peculiarities of an individual nanoscale object. We conclude that the DC voltage response observed in our structures is not only thermal in origin. So called diode-type response caused by asymmetry of the device IV characteristic turns out to be dominant at room temperature. Quantitative analysis provides further routes for the optimization of the device configuration, which may result in appearance of novel terahertz radiation detectors. |
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ISSN |
0021-8979 |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1169 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Elezov, M. S.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Makarov, V. |
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Title |
Development of the experimental setup for investigation of latching of superconducting single-photon detector caused by blinding attack on the quantum key distribution system |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
EPJ Web of Conferences |
Abbreviated Journal |
EPJ Web of Conferences |
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Volume |
132 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
2 |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
Recently bright-light control of the SSPD has been
demonstrated. This attack employed a “backdoor†in the detector biasing
scheme. Under bright-light illumination, SSPD becomes resistive and
remains “latched†in the resistive state even when the light is switched off.
While the SSPD is latched, Eve can simulate SSPD single-photon response
by sending strong light pulses, thus deceiving Bob. We developed the
experimental setup for investigation of a dependence on latching threshold
of SSPD on optical pulse length and peak power. By knowing latching
threshold it is possible to understand essential requirements for
development countermeasures against blinding attack on quantum key
distribution system with SSPDs. |
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no |
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Call Number |
RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
Serial |
1116 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Semenov, A. V.; Devyatov, I. A.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Maslennikova, A. S.; Larionov, P. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Chulkova, G. M. |
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Title |
Absorption of terahertz electromagnetic radiation in dirty superconducting film at arbitrary type of the spectral functions |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
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Volume |
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Issue |
10 |
Pages |
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Keywords |
terahertz electromagnetic radiation; superconductors; detectors of terahertz range |
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Abstract |
A problem of absorption of high-frequency electromagnetic field in dirty superconductor is treated within Keldysh technic. Expression for the source term in the kinetic equation for quasiparticle distribution function is derived. The result is significant for deriving a consistent microscopic theory of superconducting detectors for terahertz frequency range, perspective detectors on kinetic inductance of current-biased superconducting strip and on Josephson inductance of tunnel. |
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7 pages |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1117 |
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Author |
Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Vetter, A.; Lewes-Malandrakis, G.; Nebel, C.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.; Pernice, W. |
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Title |
Spectrally multiplexed single-photon detection with hybrid superconducting nanophotonic circuits |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Optica |
Abbreviated Journal |
Optica |
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Volume |
4 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
557-562 |
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Keywords |
Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detectors; Nanophotonics and photonic crystals; Quantum detectors; Spectrometers and spectroscopic instrumentation |
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Abstract |
The detection of individual photons by superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors is an inherently binary mechanism, revealing either their absence or presence while concealing their spectral information. For multicolor imaging techniques, such as single-photon spectroscopy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, wavelength discrimination is essential and mandates spectral separation prior to detection. Here, we adopt an approach borrowed from quantum photonic integration to realize a compact and scalable waveguide-integrated single-photon spectrometer capable of parallel detection on multiple wavelength channels, with temporal resolution below 50 ps and dark count rates below 10 Hz at 80% of the devices' critical current. We demonstrate multidetector devices for telecommunication and visible wavelengths, and showcase their performance by imaging silicon vacancy color centers in diamond nanoclusters. The fully integrated hybrid superconducting nanophotonic circuits enable simultaneous spectroscopy and lifetime mapping for correlative imaging and provide the ingredients for quantum wavelength-division multiplexing on a chip. |
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no |
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Call Number |
RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
Serial |
1119 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Shcherbatenko, M.; Lobanov, Y.; Semenov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Ozhegov, R.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Coherent detection of weak signals with superconducting nanowire single photon detector at the telecommunication wavelength |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
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Volume |
10229 |
Issue |
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Pages |
0G (1 to 12) |
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Keywords |
SSPD mixer, SNSPD, coherent detection, weak signal detection, superconducting nanostructures |
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Abstract |
Achievement of the ultimate sensitivity along with a high spectral resolution is one of the frequently addressed problems, as the complication of the applied and fundamental scientific tasks being explored is growing up gradually. In our work, we have investigated performance of a superconducting nanowire photon-counting detector operating in the coherent mode for detection of weak signals at the telecommunication wavelength. Quantum-noise limited sensitivity of the detector was ensured by the nature of the photon-counting detection and restricted by the quantum efficiency of the detector only. Spectral resolution given by the heterodyne technique and was defined by the linewidth and stability of the Local Oscillator (LO). Response bandwidth was found to coincide with the detector’s pulse width, which, in turn, could be controlled by the nanowire length. In addition, the system noise bandwidth was shown to be governed by the electronics/lab equipment, and the detector noise bandwidth is predicted to depend on its jitter. As have been demonstrated, a very small amount of the LO power (of the order of a few picowatts down to hundreds of femtowatts) was required for sufficient detection of the test signal, and eventual optimization could lead to further reduction of the LO power required, which would perfectly suit for the foreseen development of receiver matrices and the need for detection of ultra-low signals at a level of less-than-one-photon per second. |
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Spie |
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Editor |
Prochazka, I.; Sobolewski, R.; James, R.B. |
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Photon counting applications |
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no |
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Call Number |
10.1117/12.2267724 |
Serial |
1201 |
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Author |
Arutyunov, K. Y.; Ramos-Alvarez, A.; Semenov, A. V.; Korneeva, Y. P.; An, P. P.; Korneev, A. A.; Murphy, A.; Bezryadin, A.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Superconductivity in highly disordered NbN nanowires |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Nanotechnol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nanotechnol. |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
47 |
Pages |
47lt02 (1 to 8) |
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Keywords |
NbN nanowires |
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Abstract |
The topic of superconductivity in strongly disordered materials has attracted significant attention. These materials appear to be rather promising for fabrication of various nanoscale devices such as bolometers and transition edge sensors of electromagnetic radiation. The vividly debated subject of intrinsic spatial inhomogeneity responsible for the non-Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer relation between the superconducting gap and the pairing potential is crucial both for understanding the fundamental issues of superconductivity in highly disordered superconductors, and for the operation of corresponding nanoelectronic devices. Here we report an experimental study of the electron transport properties of narrow NbN nanowires with effective cross sections of the order of the debated inhomogeneity scales. The temperature dependence of the critical current follows the textbook Ginzburg-Landau prediction for the quasi-one-dimensional superconducting channel I c approximately (1-T/T c)(3/2). We find that conventional models based on the the phase slip mechanism provide reasonable fits for the shape of R(T) transitions. Better agreement with R(T) data can be achieved assuming the existence of short 'weak links' with slightly reduced local critical temperature T c. Hence, one may conclude that an 'exotic' intrinsic electronic inhomogeneity either does not exist in our structures, or, if it does exist, it does not affect their resistive state properties, or does not provide any specific impact distinguishable from conventional weak links. |
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Address |
National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics,109028, Moscow, Russia. P L Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems RAS, Moscow, 119334, Russia |
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English |
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0957-4484 |
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Notes |
PMID:27782000 |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1332 |
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Author |
Vorobyov, V. V.; Kazakov, A. Y.; Soshenko, V. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Shalaginov, M. Y.; Bolshedvorskii, S. V.; Sorokin, V. N.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Shalaev, V. M.; Akimov, A. V.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Superconducting detector for visible and near-infrared quantum emitters [Invited] |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Opt. Mater. Express |
Abbreviated Journal |
Opt. Mater. Express |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
513-526 |
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Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
Further development of quantum emitter based communication and sensing applications intrinsically depends on the availability of robust single-photon detectors. Here, we demonstrate a new generation of superconducting single-photon detectors specifically optimized for the 500–1100 nm wavelength range, which overlaps with the emission spectrum of many interesting solid-state atom-like systems, such as nitrogen-vacancy and silicon-vacancy centers in diamond. The fabricated detectors have a wide dynamic range (up to 350 million counts per second), low dark count rate (down to 0.1 counts per second), excellent jitter (62 ps), and the possibility of on-chip integration with a quantum emitter. In addition to performance characterization, we tested the detectors in real experimental conditions involving nanodiamond nitrogen-vacancy emitters enhanced by a hyperbolic metamaterial. |
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ISSN |
2159-3930 |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1234 |
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Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
Seleznev, V. A.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Morozov, P. V.; Zolotov, P. I.; Vasil'ev, D. D.; Moiseev, K. M.; Malevannaya, E. I.; Smirnov, K. V. |
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Title |
Superconducting detector of IR single-photons based on thin WSi films |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
737 |
Issue |
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Pages |
012032 |
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Keywords |
WSi SSPD, SNSPD, NEP |
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Abstract |
We have developed the deposition technology of WSi thin films 4 to 9 nm thick with high temperature values of superconducting transition (Tc~4 K). Based on deposed films there were produced nanostructures with indicative planar sizes ~100 nm, and the research revealed that even on nanoscale the films possess of high critical temperature values of the superconducting transition (Tc~3.3-3.7 K) which certifies high quality and homogeneity of the films created. The first experiments on creating superconducting single-photon detectors showed that the detectors' SDE (system detection efficiency) with increasing bias current (I b) reaches a constant value of ~30% (for X=1.55 micron) defined by infrared radiation absorption by the superconducting structure. To enhance radiation absorption by the superconductor there were created detectors with cavity structures which demonstrated a practically constant value of quantum efficiency >65% for bias currents Ib>0.6-Ic. The minimal dark counts level (DC) made 1 s-1 limited with background noise. Hence WSi is the most promising material for creating single-photon detectors with record SDE/DC ratio and noise equivalent power (NEP). |
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1742-6588 |
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1235 |
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Author |
Shcherbatenko, M.; Lobanov, Y.; Semenov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Ozhegov, R.; Kazakov, A.; Voronov, B.M.; Goltsman, G.N. |
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Title |
Potential of a superconducting photon counter for heterodyne detection at the telecommunication wavelength |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Opt. Express |
Abbreviated Journal |
Opt. Express |
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Volume |
24 |
Issue |
26 |
Pages |
30474-30484 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD mixer, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
Here, we report on the successful operation of a NbN thin film superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) in a coherent mode (as a mixer) at the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm. Providing the local oscillator power of the order of a few picowatts, we were practically able to reach the quantum noise limited sensitivity. The intermediate frequency gain bandwidth (also referred to as response or conversion bandwidth) was limited by the spectral band of a single-photon response pulse of the detector, which is proportional to the detector size. We observed a gain bandwidth of 65 MHz and 140 MHz for 7 x 7 microm2 and 3 x 3 microm2 devices, respectively. A tiny amount of the required local oscillator power and wide gain and noise bandwidths, along with unnecessary low noise amplification, make this technology prominent for various applications, with the possibility for future development of a photon counting heterodyne-born large-scale array. |
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English |
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1094-4087 |
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PMID:28059394 |
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1207 |
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Peltonen, J. T.; Peng, Z. H.; Korneeva, Yu. P.; Voronov, B. M.; Korneev, A. A.; Semenov, A. V.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Tsai, J. S; Astafiev, Oleg |
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Title |
Coherent dynamics and decoherence in a superconducting weak link |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Physic. Rev. B, |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physic. Rev. B, |
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Volume |
94 |
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Pages |
180508 |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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1123 |
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Author |
Goltsman, G. N.; Samartsev, V. V.; Vinogradov, E. A.; Naumov, A. V.; Karimullin, K. R. |
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Title |
New generation of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
EPJ Web of Conferences |
Abbreviated Journal |
EPJ Web of Conferences |
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Volume |
103 |
Issue |
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Pages |
01006 (1 to 2) |
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Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
We present an overview of recent results for new generation of infrared and optical superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) that has already demonstrated a performance that makes them devices-of-choice for many applications. SNSPDs provide high efficiency for detecting individual photons while keeping dark counts and timing jitter minimal. Besides superior detection performance over a broad optical bandwidth, SNSPDs are also compatible with an integrated optical platform as a crucial requirement for applications in emerging quantum photonic technologies. By embedding SNSPDs in nanophotonic circuits we realize waveguide integrated single photon detectors which unite all desirable detector properties in a single device. |
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2100-014X |
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1349 |
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Galin, M. A.; Klushin, A. M.; Kurin, V. V.; Seliverstov, S. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Goltsman, G. N.; Müller, F.; Scheller, T.; Semenov, A. D. |
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Title |
Towards local oscillators based on arrays of niobium Josephson junctions |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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Volume |
28 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
055002 (1 to 7) |
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Josephson junction local oscillators, JJ LO |
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Abstract |
Various applications in the field of terahertz technology are in urgent need of compact, wide-tunable solid-state continuous wave radiation sources with a moderate power. However, satisfactory solutions for the THz frequency range are scarce yet. Here we report on coherent radiation from a large planar array of Josephson junctions (JJs) in the frequency range between 0.1 and 0.3 THz. The external resonator providing the synchronization of JJ array is identified as a straight fragment of a single-strip-line containing the junctions themselves. We demonstrate a prototype of the quasioptical heterodyne receiver with the JJ array as a local oscillator and a hot-electron bolometer mixer. |
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0953-2048 |
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no |
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1347 |
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Author |
Korneev, Alexander; Golt'sman, Gregory; Pernice, Wolfram |
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Title |
Photonic integration meets single-photon detection |
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Miscellaneous |
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2015 |
Publication |
Laser Focus World |
Abbreviated Journal |
Laser Focus World |
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51 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
47-50 |
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optical waveguide SSPD, SNSPD |
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By embedding superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) in nanophotonic circuits, these waveguide-integrated detectors are a key building block for future on-chip quantum computing applications. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ |
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1126 |
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Author |
Florya, I. N.; Korneeva, Y. P.; Sidorova, M. V.; Golikov, A. D.; Gaiduchenko, I. A.; Fedorov, G. E.; Korneev, A. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Samartsev, V. V.; Vinogradov, E. A.; Naumov, A. V.; Karimullin, K. R. |
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Energy relaxtation and hot spot formation in superconducting single photon detectors SSPDs |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
EPJ Web of Conferences |
Abbreviated Journal |
EPJ Web of Conferences |
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103 |
Issue |
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Pages |
10004 (1 to 2) |
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Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD |
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We have studied the mechanism of energy relaxation and resistive state formation after absorption of a single photon for different wavelengths and materials of single photon detectors. Our results are in good agreement with the hot spot model. |
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2100-014X |
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no |
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1351 |
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Lusche, R.; Semenov, A.; Ilin, K.; Siegel, M.; Korneeva, Y.; Trifonov, A.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.; Vodolazov, D.; Hübers, H.-W. |
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Effect of the wire width on the intrinsic detection efficiency of superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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2014 |
Publication |
J. Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Appl. Phys. |
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116 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
043906 (1 to 9) |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD, TaN |
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A thorough spectral study of the intrinsic single-photon detection efficiency in superconducting TaN and NbN nanowires with different widths has been performed. The experiment shows that the cut-off of the intrinsic detection efficiency at near-infrared wavelengths is most likely controlled by the local suppression of the barrier for vortex nucleation around the absorption site. Beyond the cut-off quasi-particle diffusion in combination with spontaneous, thermally activated vortex crossing explains the detection process. For both materials, the reciprocal cut-off wavelength scales linearly with the wire width where the scaling factor agrees with the hot-spot detection model. |
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0021-8979 |
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1357 |
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Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Hübers, H.-W.; Petrenko, D.; Tretyakov, I.; Ryabchun, S.; Finkel, M.; Kaurova, N.; Gol’tsman, G.; Risacher, C.; Ricken, O.; Güsten, R. |
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Optimization of the intermediate frequency bandwidth in the THz HEB mixers |
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Abstract |
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2014 |
Publication |
Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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54 |
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NbN HEB mixer |
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We report on the studies of the intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of quasi-optically coupled NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers which are aimed at the optimization of the mixer performance at terahertz frequencies. Extension of the IF bandwidth due to the contribution of electron diffusion to the heat removal from NbN microbolometers has been already demonstrated for NbN HEBs at subterahertz frequencies. However, reducing the size of the microbolometer causes degradation of the noise temperature. Using in-situ multilayer manufacturing process we succeeded to improve the transparency of the contacts for electrons which go away from microbolometer to the metallic antenna. The improved transparency and hence coupling efficiency counterbalances the noise temperature degradation. HEB mixers were tested in a laboratory heterodyne receiver with a narrow-band cold filter which allowed us to eliminate direct detection. We used a local oscillator with a quantum cascade laser (QCL) at a frequency of 4.745 THz [1] which was developed for the H-Channel of the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz frequencies (GREAT). Both the noise and gain bandwidth were measured in the IF range from 0.5 to 8 GHz using the hot-cold technique and preliminary calibrated IF analyzer with a tunable microwave filter. For optimized HEB geometry we found the noise bandwidth as large as 7 GHz. We compare our results with the conventional and the hot-spot mixer models and show that further extension of the IF bandwidth should be possible via improving the sharpness of the superconducting transition. The cross characterization of the HEB mixer was performed in the test bed of GREAT at the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie with the same QCL LO and delivered results which were consistent with the laboratory studies. |
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1359 |
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Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Semenov, A.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Lobanov, Y.; Ozhegov, R.; Korneev, A.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Pernice, W.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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On-chip coherent detection with quantum limited sensitivity |
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2017 |
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Sci Rep |
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Sci Rep |
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7 |
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1 |
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4812 |
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waveguide, SSPD, SNSPD |
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While single photon detectors provide superior intensity sensitivity, spectral resolution is usually lost after the detection event. Yet for applications in low signal infrared spectroscopy recovering information about the photon's frequency contributions is essential. Here we use highly efficient waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detectors for on-chip coherent detection. In a single nanophotonic device, we demonstrate both single-photon counting with up to 86% on-chip detection efficiency, as well as heterodyne coherent detection with spectral resolution f/f exceeding 10(11). By mixing a local oscillator with the single photon signal field, we observe frequency modulation at the intermediate frequency with ultra-low local oscillator power in the femto-Watt range. By optimizing the nanowire geometry and the working parameters of the detection scheme, we reach quantum-limited sensitivity. Our approach enables to realize matrix integrated heterodyne nanophotonic devices in the C-band wavelength range, for classical and quantum optics applications where single-photon counting as well as high spectral resolution are required simultaneously. |
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National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, 101000, Russia. ggoltsman@hse.ru |
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2045-2322 |
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PMID:28684752; PMCID:PMC5500578 |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
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1129 |
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Anosov, A. A.; Nemchenko, O. Yu.; Less, Yu. A.; Kazanskii, A. S.; Mansfel'd, A. D. |
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Possibilities of acoustic thermometry for controlling targeted drug delivery |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Acoust. Phys. |
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61 |
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4 |
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488-493 |
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acoustic thermometry, liposome suspension, thermography |
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Model acoustic thermometry experiments were conducted during heating of an aqueous liposome suspension. Heating was done to achieve the liposome phase transition temperature. At the moment of the phase transition, the thermal acoustic signal achieved a maximum and decreased, despite continued heating. During subsequent cooling of the suspension, when lipids again passed through the phase transition point, the thermal acoustic signal again increased, despite a reduction in temperature. This effect is related to an increase in ultrasound absorption by the liposome suspension at the moment of the lipid phase transition. The result shows that acoustic thermography can be used to control targeted delivery of drugs mixed in thermally sensitive liposomes, the integrity of which is violated during heating to the phase transition temperature. |
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1130 |
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Anosov, A. A.; Barabanenkov, Yu. N.; Kazanskii, A. S.; Less, Yu. A.; Sharakshane, A. S. |
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The inverse problem of acoustothermography with correlation reception of thermal acoustic radiation |
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2009 |
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Acoust. Phys. |
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55 |
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1 |
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114-119 |
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acoustic thermography, acoustothermography |
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For the one-dimensional inverse problem of acoustothermography with correlation reception of thermal acoustic radiation, an integral equation is presented and experimentally verified. A method of solving the inverse problem is proposed. The method is based on combining the correlation functions of thermal acoustic radiation that were obtained for different distances between the receivers. |
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1131 |
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Лесс, Ю. А.; Кирсанов, Ю. А. |
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Былое и думы. Посвящение эпохе Н. Н. Малова, Е. М. Гершензона, В. С. Эткина |
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Miscellaneous |
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2015 |
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ПРФЛ |
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физфак МПГУ, физфак МГПИ, ПРФЛ |
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1132 |
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Hajenius, M.; Yang, Z. Q.; Gao, J. R.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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Optimized sensitivity of NbN hot electron bolometer mixers by annealing |
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2007 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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17 |
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2 |
Pages |
399-402 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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Abstract |
We report that the heterodyne sensitivity of superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) increases by 25-30% after annealing at 85degC in high vacuum. The devices studied are twin-slot antenna coupled mixers with a small area NbN bridge of 1 mum times 0.15 mum, above which there is a SiO 2 passivation layer. The mixer noise temperature, gain, and resistance versus temperature curve of a HEB before and after annealing are compared and analysed. We show that the annealing reduces the intrinsic noise of the mixer by 37% and makes the superconducting transition of the bridge and the contacts sharper. We argue that the reduction ofthe noise is mainly due to the improvement of the transparency of the contact/film interface. The lowest receiver noise temperature of 700 K is measured at a local oscillator frequency of 1.63 THz and at a bath temperature of 4.2 K. |
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1051-8223 |
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1426 |
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Author |
Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Semenov, A.; Lobanov, Y.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detector for on-chip quantum and spectral photonic application |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
917 |
Issue |
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Pages |
062032 |
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Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD, waveguide |
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Abstract |
With use of the travelling-wave geometry approach, integrated superconductor- nanophotonic devices based on silicon nitride nanophotonic waveguide with a superconducting NbN-nanowire suited on top of the waveguide were fabricated. NbN-nanowire was operated as a single-photon counting detector with up to 92 % on-chip detection efficiency in the coherent mode, serving as a highly sensitive IR heterodyne mixer with spectral resolution (f/df) greater than 106 in C-band at 1550 nm wavelength |
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no |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
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1140 |
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Author |
Korneev, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Pernice, W.; An, P.; Golikov, A.; Zubkova, E.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors for Integrated Nanophotonics Circuits |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
16th ISEC |
Abbreviated Journal |
16th ISEC |
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1-3 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present an overview of our recent achievements in integration of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors SNSPD with dielectric optical waveguides. We are able to produce complex nanophotonics integrated circuits containing optical elements and photon detector on single chip thus producing a compact integrated platform for quantum optics applications. |
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no |
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8314200 |
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1200 |
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Author |
Zubkova, E.; An, P.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Ferrari, S.; Pernice, W.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Integrated Bragg waveguides as an efficient optical notch filter on silicon nitride platform |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
917 |
Issue |
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Pages |
062042 |
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Si3N4, Bragg waveguides |
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We modeled and fabricated integrated optical Bragg waveguides on a silicon nitride (Si3N4) platform. These waveguides would serve as efficient notch-filters with the desired characteristics. Transmission spectra of the fabricated integrated notch filters have been measured and attenuation at the desired wavelength of 1550 nm down to -43 dB was observed. Performance of the filters has been studied depending on different parameters, such as pitch, filling factor, and height of teeth of the Bragg grating |
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no |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
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1141 |
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Author |
Chuprina, I. N.; An, P. P.; Zubkova, E. G.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Kalachev, A. A.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Optimisation of spontaneous four-wave mixing in a ring microcavity |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
47 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
887-891 |
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Keywords |
ring microcavity |
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Abstract. A theory of spontaneous four-wave mixing in a ring microcavity is developed. The rate of emission of biphotons for pulsed and monochromatic pumping with allowance for the disper- sion of group velocities is analytically calculated. In the first case, pulses in the form of an increasing exponential are considered, which are optimal for excitation of an individual resonator mode. The behaviour of the group velocity dispersion as a function of the width and height of the waveguide is studied for a specific case of a ring microcavity made of silicon nitride. The results of the numeri- cal calculation are in good agreement with the experimental data. The ring microcavity is made of two types of waveguides: com- pletely etched and half etched. It is found that the latter allow for better control over the parameters in the manufacturing process, making them more predictable. |
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no |
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RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ |
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1142 |
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Author |
Флоря, И. Н. |
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Title |
Ультрабыстрый однофотонный детектор для оптических применений |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Науч. сессия МИФИ |
Abbreviated Journal |
Науч. сессия МИФИ |
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Pages |
45-46 |
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SSPD |
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Abstract |
Представлен сверхпроводниковый однофотонный детектор (SSPD) на основе ультратонкой пленки NbN, обладающий рекордным быстродействием. Активный элемент выполнен в виде N сверхпроводящих полосок соединенных параллельно, покрывающих площадку размером 10 мкм х 10 мкм. Для SSPD с N=12 длительность импульса напряжения составляет 200 пс. Полученные результаты открывают путь к детекторам обладающими скоростью счета свыше 1 ГГц, что делает SSPDs весьма привлекательными во многих применениях, в частности для квантовой криптографии. SSPD хорошо согласуется с оптоволокном и легко может быть интегрирован в полностью готовую для работы приемную систему. |
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978-5-7262-1042-1 |
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Notes |
УДК 533.14(06)+004.056(06) Фотоника и информационная оптика |
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no |
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1145 |
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Author |
Bandurin, D. A.; Svintsov, D.; Gayduchenko, I.; Xu, S. G.; Principi, A.; Moskotin, M.; Tretyakov, I.; Yagodkin, D.; Zhukov, S.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Polini, M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Geim, A. K.; Fedorov, G. |
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Resonant terahertz detection using graphene plasmons |
Type |
Journal Article |
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2018 |
Publication |
Nat. Commun. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nat. Commun. |
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9 |
Issue |
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Pages |
5392 (1 to 8) |
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THz, graphene plasmons |
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Plasmons, collective oscillations of electron systems, can efficiently couple light and electric current, and thus can be used to create sub-wavelength photodetectors, radiation mixers, and on-chip spectrometers. Despite considerable effort, it has proven challenging to implement plasmonic devices operating at terahertz frequencies. The material capable to meet this challenge is graphene as it supports long-lived electrically tunable plasmons. Here we demonstrate plasmon-assisted resonant detection of terahertz radiation by antenna-coupled graphene transistors that act as both plasmonic Fabry-Perot cavities and rectifying elements. By varying the plasmon velocity using gate voltage, we tune our detectors between multiple resonant modes and exploit this functionality to measure plasmon wavelength and lifetime in bilayer graphene as well as to probe collective modes in its moire minibands. Our devices offer a convenient tool for further plasmonic research that is often exceedingly difficult under non-ambient conditions (e.g. cryogenic temperatures) and promise a viable route for various photonic applications. |
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Address |
Physics Department, Moscow State University of Education (MSPU), Moscow, Russian Federation, 119435. fedorov.ge@mipt.ru |
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2041-1723 |
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no |
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1148 |
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Tretyakov, I.; Shurakov, A.; Perepelitsa, A.; Kaurova, N.; Svyatodukh, S.; Zilberley, T.; Ryabchun, S.; Smirnov, M.; Ovchinnikov, O.; Goltsman, G. |
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Room temperature silicon detector for IR range coated with Ag2S quantum dots |
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Journal Article |
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2019 |
Publication |
Phys. Status Solidi RRL |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. Status Solidi RRL |
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13 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
1900187-(1-6) |
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Abstract |
For decades, silicon has been the chief technological semiconducting material of modern microelectronics and has a strong influence on all aspects of the society. Applications of Si-based optoelectronic devices are limited to the visible and near infrared (IR) ranges. For photons with an energy less than 1.12 eV, silicon is almost transparent. The expansion of the Si absorption to shorter wavelengths of the IR range is of considerable interest for optoelectronic applications. By creating impurity states in Si, it is possible to cause sub-bandgap photon absorption. Herein, an elegant and effective technology of extending the photo-response of Si toward the IR range is presented. This approach is based on the use of Ag 2 S quantum dots (QDs) planted on the surface of Si to create impurity states in the Si bandgap. The specific sensitivity of the room temperature zero-bias Si_Ag 2 Sp detector is 10 11 cm Hz W 1 at 1.55 μm. Given the variety of available QDs and the ease of extending the photo-response of Si toward the IR range, these findings open a path toward future studies and development of Si detectors for technological applications. The current research at the interface of physics and chemistry is also of fundamental importance to the development of Si optoelectronics. |
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1862-6254 |
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no |
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1149 |
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Семенов, Александр Владимирович |
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Проскальзывание фазы, поглощение электромагнитного излучения и формирование отклика в детекторах на основе узких полосок сверхпроводников |
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2010 |
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М. МПГУ |
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SSPD, SNSPD, response |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Russian |
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1150 |
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Shurakov, A.; Mikhailov, D.; Belikov, I.; Kaurova, N.; Zilberley, T.; Prikhodko, A.; Voronov, B.; Vasil’evskii, I.; Goltsman, G. |
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Planar Schottky diode with a Γ-shaped anode suspended bridge |
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Conference Article |
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2020 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
1695 |
Issue |
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Pages |
012154 |
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Schottky diode, GaAs, InP substrate |
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In this paper we report on the fabrication of a planar Schottky diode utilizing a Г-shaped anode suspended bridge. The bridge maintains transition between the top and bottom level planes of a 1.4 µm thick GaAs mesa. To implement the profile of a suspended bridge and inward tilt of a mesa wall adjacent to it, we make use of an anisotropic etching of gallium arsenide. The geometry proposed enables the fabrication of a diode with mesa of an arbitrary thickness to mitigate AC losses in the diode layered structure at terahertz frequencies of interest. For frequencies beyond 1 THz, it is also beneficial to use the geometry for the implementation of n-GaAs/n-InGaAs heterojunction Schottky diodes grown on InP substrate. |
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1742-6588 |
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1152 |
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Shurakov, A.; Prikhodko, A.; Mikhailov, D.; Belikov, I.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G. |
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Efficiency of a microwave reflectometry for readout of a THz multipixel Schottky diode direct detector |
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Conference Article |
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2020 |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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1695 |
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012156 |
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Shottky diode, THz, direct detector, multipixel camera |
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In this paper we report on the results of investigation of efficiency of a microwave reflectometry for readout of a terahertz multipixel Schottky diode direct detector. Decent capabilities of the microwave reflectometry readout were earlier justified by us for a hot electron bolometric direct detector. In case of a planar Schottky diode, we observed increase of an optical noise equivalent power by a factor of 2 compared to that measured within a conventional readout scheme. For implementation of a multipixel camera, a microwave reflectometer is to be used to readout each row of the camera, and the row switching is to be maintained by a CMOS analog multiplexer. The diodes within a row have to be equipped with filters to distribute the probing microwave signal properly. The simultaneous use of analog multiplexing and microwave reflectometry enables to reduce the camera response time by a factor of its number of columns. |
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1742-6588 |
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no |
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1153 |
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Tretyakov, I.; Shurakov, A.; Perepelitsa, A.; Kaurova, N.; Svyatodukh, S.; Zilberley, T.; Ryabchun, S.; Smirnov, M.; Ovchinnikov, O.; Goltsman, G. |
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Silicon room temperature IR detectors coated with Ag2S quantum dots |
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Conference Article |
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2019 |
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Proc. IWQO |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. IWQO |
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369-371 |
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silicon detector, quantum dot, IR, surface states |
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For decades silicon has been the chief technological semiconducting material of modern microelectronics. Application of silicon detectors in optoelectronic devices are limited to the visible and near infrared ranges, due to their transparency for radiation with a wavelength higher than 1.1 μm. The expansion Si absorption towards longer wave lengths is a considerable interest to optoelectronic applications. In this work we present an elegant and effective solution to this problem using Ag2S quantum dots, creating impurity states in Si to cause sub-band gap photon absorption. The sensitivity of room temperature zero-bias Si_Ag2S detectors, which we obtained is 1011 cmHzW . Given the variety of QDs parameters such as: material, dimensions, our results open a path towards the future study and development of Si detectors for technological applications. |
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978-5-89513-451-1 |
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no |
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1154 |
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Shurakov, A.; Mikhalev, P.; Mikhailov, D.; Mityashkin, V.; Tretyakov, I.; Kardakova, A.; Belikov, I.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Vasil’evskii, I.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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Title |
Ti/Au/n-GaAs planar Schottky diode with a moderately Si-doped matching sublayer |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Microelectronic Engineering |
Abbreviated Journal |
Microelectronic Engineering |
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195 |
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26-31 |
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In this paper, we report on the results of the study of the Ti/Au/n-GaAs planar Schottky diodes (PSD) intended for the wideband detection of terahertz radiation. The two types of the PSD devices were compared having either the dual n/n+ silicon dopant profile or the triple one with a moderately doped matching sublayer inserted. All the diodes demonstrated no noticeable temperature dependence of ideality factors and barrier heights, whose values covered the ranges of 1.15–1.50 and 0.75–0.85 eV, respectively. We observed the lowering of the flat band barrier height of ∼80 meV after introducing the matching sublayer into the GaAs sandwich. For both the devices types, the series resistance value as low as 20 Ω was obtained. To extract the total parasitic capacitance, we performed the Y-parameters analysis within the electromagnetic modeling of the PSD's behavior via the finite-element method. The capacitance values of 12–12.2 fF were obtained and further verified by measuring the diodes' response voltages in the frequency range of 400–480 GHz. We also calculated the AC current density distribution within the layered structures similar to those being experimentally studied. It was demonstrated that insertion of the moderately Si-doped matching sublayer might be beneficial for implementation of a PSD intended for the operation within the ‘super-THz’ frequency range. |
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Shurakov, A.; Lobanov, Y.; Goltsman, G. |
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Superconducting hot-electron bolometer: from the discovery of hot-electron phenomena to practical applications |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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29 |
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2 |
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023001 |
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HEB |
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The discovery of hot-electron phenomena in a thin superconducting film in the last century was followed by numerous experimental studies of its appearance in different materials aiming for a better understanding of the phenomena and consequent implementation of terahertz detection systems for practical applications. In contrast to the competitors such as superconductor-insulator-superconductor tunnel junctions and Schottky diodes, the hot electron bolometer (HEB) did not demonstrate any frequency limitation of the detection mechanism. The latter, in conjunction with a decent performance, rapidly made the HEB mixer the most attractive candidate for heterodyne observations at frequencies above 1 THz. The successful operation of practical instruments (the Heinrich Hertz Telescope, the Receiver Lab Telescope, APEX, SOFIA, Hershel) ensures the importance of the HEB technology despite the lack of rigorous theoretical routine for predicting the performance. In this review, we provide a summary of experimental and theoretical studies devoted to understanding the HEB physics, and an overview of various fabrication routes and materials. |
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Shcherbatenko, Michael; Lobanov, Yury; Benderov, Oleg; Shurakov, Alexander; Ignatov, Anton; Titova, Nadezhda; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Kaurova, Natalya; Voronov, Boris M.; Rodin, Alexander; Klapwijk, Teunis M.; Gol'tsman, Gregory N. |
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Antenna-coupled 30 THz hot electron bolometer mixers |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
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Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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27 |
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HEB mixer, IR, mid-IR, 30 THz, antenna-coupled |
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We report on design and characterization of a superconducting Hot Electron Bolometer Mixer integrated with a logarithmic spiral antenna for mid-IR range observations. The antenna parameters have been adjusted to achieve the ultimate performance at 10 µm (30 THz) range where O3, NH3, CO2, CH4, N2O,…. lines in the Earth’s atmosphere, in planetary atmospheres and in the interstellar space can be observed. The HEB mixer is made of a thin NbN film deposited onto a GaAs substrate. To couple the radiation we rely on the quasioptical approach: the device is glued to a semi-spherical germanium lens with diameter~ 3 mm. A wet cryostat equipped with a germanium window and narrow band-pass filter is used to characterize the antenna and estimate the mixer performance. |
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Shurakov, Alexander; Maslennikov, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-yu E.; Gol’tsman, Gregory |
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Performance of an HEB direct detector utilizing a microwave reflection readout scheme |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
Publication |
Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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36 |
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HEB detector |
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We report the results of our study on the performance of a hot electron bolometric (HEB) direct detector, operated by a microwave pump. The HEB devices used in this work were made from NbN thin film deposited on high resistivity silicon with an in-situ fabrication process. The experimental setup employed is similar to the one described in [1]. The detector chips were glued to a silicon lens clamped to a copper holder mounted on the cold plate of a liquid helium cryostat. Thermal link between the lens and the holder was maintained by a thin indium shim. The HEBs were operated at a bath temperature of about 4.4 K. Conventional phonon pump, commonly realized by raising the bath temperature of the detector, was substituted by a microwave one. In this case, a CW microwave signal is injected to the device through a directional coupler connected directly to the detector holder. The power incident on the HEB device was typically 1-2 μW, and the pump frequency was in the range of 0.5-1.5 GHz. The signal sources were 2 black bodies held at temperatures of 295 K and 77 K. A chopper wheel placed in front of the cryostat window switched the input to the detector between the 2 sources. A modulation frequency of several kilohertz was chosen in order to reduce the effects of the HEB’s flicker noise. A cold mesh filter was used to define the input bandwidth of the detector. The reflected microwave signal from the HEB device was fed into a low noise amplifier, the output of which is connected to a room temperature Schottky microwave power detector. This Schottky detector, in conjunction with a lock-in amplifier, demodulated the input signal modulation from the copper wheel. As the input load was switched, the impedance of the HEB device at the microwave pump frequency also changed in response to the incident signal power variation. Therefore the reflected microwave power follows the incident signal modulation. The derived responsivity from this detection system nicely correlates with the HEB impedance. In order to provide a quantitative description of the impedance variation of the HEB device and the impact of a microwave pump, we have numerically solved the heat balance equations written for the NbN bridge and its surrounding thermal heat sink [2]. Our model also accounts for the impact of the operating frequency of the detector because of non-uniform absorption of low-frequency photons across the NbN bridge [3]. In our measurements we varied the signal source wavelength from 2 mm down to near infrared range, and hence we indirectly performed the impedance measurements at frequencies below, around and far beyond the superconducting gap. Preliminary results show good agreement between the experiment and theoretical prediction. Further measurements are still in progress. [1] A. Shurakov et al., “A Microwave Reflection Readout Scheme for Hot Electron Bolometric Direct Detector”, to appear in IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Tech., 2015. [2] S. Maslennikov, “RF heating efficiency of the terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer”, http://arxiv.org/pdf/1404.5276v5.pdf, 2014. [3] W. Miao et al., “Non-uniform absorption of terahertz radiation on superconducting hot electron bolometer microbridges”, Appl. Phys. Let., 104, 052605, 2014. |
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1158 |
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Tretyakov, I.; Maslennikov, S.; Semenov, A.; Safir, O.; Finkel, M.; Ryabchun, S.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
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Impact of operating conditions on noise and gain bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers |
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Conference Article |
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2015 |
Publication |
Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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39 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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Hot-electron bolometer mixers (HEB’s) are the most promising devices as mixing element for terahertz spectroscopy and astronomy at frequencies beyond 1.4 THz. They have a low noise temperature and low demands on local oscillator (LO) power. 1,2 An important limitation is the IF bandwidth, of the order of a few GHz, and which in principle depends on energy relaxation due to electron- phonon processes and on diffusion-cooling. It has been proposed by Prober that a reduction in length of the HEB would lead to an increased bandwidth. 3 This appeared to be achieved by Tretyakov et al by measuring the gain bandwidth close to the critical temperature of the NbN. 2 Unfortunately, the noise bandwidth of similar devices operated at temperatures around 4.2 K appear not depend on the length. The fundamental problem to be addressed is the position-dependent superconducting state of the HEB- devices under operating conditions, which determines the conditions for the cooling of the hot quasiparticles. Some progress has been made by Barends et al in a semi-empirical model to describe the I,V curves under operating conditions at a bath temperature around 4.2 K. 4 In more recent work Vercruyssen et al have analyzed the I,V curve, without any LO-equivalent bias, of a model NSN system. 5 This work suggests that the most appropriate model for an HEB under operating conditions is that of a potential-well in the superconducting gap in the center of the NbN, analogous the bimodal superconducting state described by Vercruyssen et al. Hot quasiparticles in the well can not diffuse out and can only cool by electron-phonon processes, those with higher energies than the heights of the walls of the well can diffuse out. Using this working hypothesis we have carried out experiments on a sub-micrometer NbN bridge connected to a gold (Au) planar spiral antenna. An in situ process is used to deposit Au on NbN. The Au is removed in the center to define the uncovered NbN, which will act as the superconducting mixer itself. The antenna is deposited on the remaining Au layer on the NbN. The Au contacts suppress the energy gap of the NbN film located underneath the gold layer 7,8 . The measured resistive transition is shown in Fig.1. It clearly shows a T c of the bilayer at 6.2 K and the resistive transition of the NbN itself around 9 K. In addition we show the measured noise bandwidth (red squares) for different bath temperatures. Clearly the noise bandwidth increases strongly by increasing the bath temperature from 5 K to 8 K, up to 13 GHz. We interpret this pattern as evidence for improved out-diffusion of hot electrons due to normal banks and a shallow superconducting potential well compared to k B T. As expected the noise temperature in this regime is much bigger than when biased at 4.2 K. R EFERENCES 1 W. Zhang, P. Khosropanah, J. R. Gao, E. L. Kollberg, K. S. Yngvesson, T. Bansal, R. Barends, and T. M. Klapwijk Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111113, (2010). 2 Ivan Tretyakov, Sergey Ryabchun, Matvey Finkel, Anna Maslennikova, Natalia Kaurova, Anastasia Lobastova, Boris Voronov, and Gregory Gol’tsman Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 033507 (2011). 3 D. E. Prober, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 2119 (1992). 4 R. Barends, M. Hajenius, J. R. Gao, and T. M. Klapwijk, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 263506 (2005). 5 N. Vercruyssen, T. G. A. Verhagen, M. G. Flokstra, J. P. Pekola, and T. M. Klapwijk Physical Review B 85, 224503 (2012). |
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Trifonov, Andrey; Tong, C. Edward; Lobanov, Yury; Kaurova, Natalia; Blundell, Raymond; Gol’tsman, Gregory |
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An investigation of the DC and IF performance of silicon-membrane HEB mixer elements |
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2015 |
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Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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40 |
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silicon-membrane HEB waveguide mixer |
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We report on our initial development towards a 2x2 multi-pixel HEB waveguide mixer for operation at 1.4 THz. We have successfully fabricated devices comprising an NbN bridge integrated with antenna test structure using a silicon membrane as the supporting substrate. DC measurements of the test chips demonstrate critical current from 0.1 – 1mA depending on the size of device, with T c of around 10 K and ΔTc ~ 0.8 K. |
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1160 |
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Shurakov, A.; Seliverstov, S.; Kaurova, N.; Finkel, M.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G. |
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Input bandwidth of hot electron bolometer with spiral antenna |
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Journal Article |
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2012 |
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IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
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IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
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2 |
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4 |
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400-405 |
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NbN HEB bolometers bandwidth, log-spiral antenna |
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We report the results of our study of the input bandwidth of hot electron bolometers (HEB) embedded into the planar log-spiral antenna. The sensitive element is made of the ultrathin superconducting NbN film patterned as a bridge at the feed of the antenna. The contacts between the antenna and a sensitive element are made from in situ deposited gold (i.e., deposited over NbN film without breaking vacuum), which gives high quality contacts and makes the response of the HEB at higher frequencies less affected by the RF loss. An accurate experimental spectroscopic procedure is demonstrated that leads to the confirmation of the wide ( 8 THz) bandwidth in this antenna coupled device. |
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1161 |
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Samsonova, Alena; Zolotov, Philipp; Baeva, Elmira; Lomakin, Andrey; Titova, Nadezhda; Kardakova, Anna; Goltsman, Gregory |
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Signatures of surface magnetic disorder in thin niobium films |
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2021 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Temperature measurement, Temperature dependence, Superconducting magnets, Superconducting transition temperature, Substrates, Resistance, Scattering |
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We present our studies on the evolution of the normal and superconducting properties with thickness of thin Nb films with a low level of non-magnetic disorder (kFl 150 for the thickest film in the set). The analysis of the superconducting behavior points to the presence of magnetic moments, hidden in the native oxide on the surface of Nb films. Using the Abrikosov-Gorkov theory, we obtain the density of surface magnetic moments of 1013 cm-2, which is in agreement with the previously reported data for Nb films. |
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Baeva, E. M.; Titova, N. A.; Veyrat, L.; Sacépé, B.; Semenov, A. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Kardakova, A. I.; Khrapai, V. S. |
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Thermal relaxation in metal films bottlenecked by diffuson lattice excitations of amorphous substrates |
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2021 |
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arXiv |
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arXiv |
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metal films, NbN, InOx, Au/Ni, thermal relaxation |
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Here we examine the role of the amorphous insulating substrate in the thermal relaxation in thin NbN, InOx, and Au/Ni films at temperatures above 5 K. The studied samples are made up of metal bridges on an amorphous insulating layer lying on or suspended above a crystalline substrate. Noise thermometry was used to measure the electron temperature Te of the films as a function of Joule power per unit of area P2D. In all samples, we observe the dependence P2D∝Tne with the exponent n≃2, which is inconsistent with both electron-phonon coupling and Kapitza thermal resistance. In suspended samples, the functional dependence of P2D(Te) on the length of the amorphous insulating layer is consistent with the linear T-dependence of the thermal conductivity, which is related to lattice excitations (diffusons) for the phonon mean free path smaller than the dominant phonon wavelength. Our findings are important for understanding the operation of devices embedded in amorphous dielectrics. |
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Baeva, E. M.; Titova, N. A.; Kardakova, A. I.; Piatrusha, S. U.; Khrapai, V. S. |
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Universal bottleneck for thermal relaxation in disordered metallic films |
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2020 |
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JETP Lett. |
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Jetp Lett. |
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111 |
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2 |
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104-108 |
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NbN disordered metallic films, thermal relaxation |
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We study the heat relaxation in current biased metallic films in the regime of strong electron–phonon coupling. A thermal gradient in the direction normal to the film is predicted, with a spatial temperature profile determined by the temperature-dependent heat conduction. In the case of strong phonon scattering, the heat conduction occurs predominantly via the electronic system and the profile is parabolic. This regime leads to the linear dependence of the noise temperature as a function of bias voltage, in spite of the fact that all the dimensions of the film are large compared to the electron–phonon relaxation length. This is in stark contrast to the conventional scenario of relaxation limited by the electron–phonon scattering rate. A preliminary experimental study of a 200-nm-thick NbN film indicates the relevance of our model for materials used in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. |
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0021-3640 |
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1164 |
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Titova, N. A.; Baeva, E. M.; Kardakova, A. I.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Fabrication of NbN/SiNx:H/SiO2 membrane structures for study of heat conduction at low temperatures |
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Conference Article |
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2020 |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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1695 |
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012190 |
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NbN films, insulating membrane |
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Here we report on the development of NbN/SiNx:H/SiO2-membrane structures for investigation of the thermal transport at low temperatures. Thin NbN films are known to be in the regime of a strong electron-phonon coupling, and one can assume that the phononic and electronic baths in the NbN are in local equilibrium. In such case, the cooling of the NbN-based devices strongly depends on acoustic matching to the substrate and substrate thermal characteristics. For the insulating membrane much thicker than the NbN film, our preliminary results demonstrate that the membrane serves as an additional channel for the thermal relaxation of the NbN sample. That implies a negligible role of thermal boundary resistance of the NbN-SiNx:H interface in comparison with the internal thermal resistance of the insulating membrane. |
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1742-6588 |
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1165 |
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Saveskul, N. A.; Titova, N. A.; Baeva, E. M.; Semenov, A. V.; Lubenchenko, A. V.; Saha, S.; Reddy, H.; Bogdanov, S. I.; Marinero, E. E.; Shalaev, V. M.; Boltasseva, A.; Khrapai, V. S.; Kardakova, A. I.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Superconductivity behavior in epitaxial TiN films points to surface magnetic disorder |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Phys. Rev. Applied |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. Rev. Applied |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
054001 |
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Keywords |
epitaxial TiN films |
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Abstract |
We analyze the evolution of the normal and superconducting properties of epitaxial TiN films, characterized by high Ioffe-Regel parameter values, as a function of the film thickness. As the film thickness decreases, we observe an increase of the residual resistivity, that becomes dominated by diffusive surface scattering for d≤20nm. At the same time, a substantial thickness-dependent reduction of the superconducting critical temperature is observed compared to the bulk TiN value. In such high-quality material films, this effect can be explained by a weak magnetic disorder residing in the surface layer with a characteristic magnetic defect density of approximately 1012cm−2. Our results suggest that surface magnetic disorder is generally present in oxidized TiN films. |
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2331-7019 |
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1166 |
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Kardakova, A.; Shishkin, A.; Semenov, A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Ryabchun, S.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Bousquet, J.; Eon, D.; Sacépé, B.; Klein, T.; Bustarret, E. |
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Title |
Relaxation of the resistive superconducting state in boron-doped diamond films |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Phys. Rev. B |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. Rev. B |
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Volume |
93 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
064506 |
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Keywords |
boron-doped diamond films, resistive superconducting state, relaxation time |
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Abstract |
We report a study of the relaxation time of the restoration of the resistive superconducting state in single crystalline boron-doped diamond using amplitude-modulated absorption of (sub-)THz radiation (AMAR). The films grown on an insulating diamond substrate have a low carrier density of about 2.5×1021cm−3 and a critical temperature of about 2K. By changing the modulation frequency we find a high-frequency rolloff which we associate with the characteristic time of energy relaxation between the electron and the phonon systems or the relaxation time for nonequilibrium superconductivity. Our main result is that the electron-phonon scattering time varies clearly as T−2, over the accessible temperature range of 1.7 to 2.2 K. In addition, we find, upon approaching the critical temperature Tc, evidence for an increasing relaxation time on both sides of Tc. |
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2469-9950 |
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1167 |
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Tretyakov, I. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Kardakova, A. I.; Seliverstov, S. V.; Petrenko, D. V.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Hot-electron bolometer mixers with in situ contacts |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2014 |
Publication |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Radiophys. Quant. Electron. |
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Volume |
56 |
Issue |
8-9 |
Pages |
591-598 |
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Keywords |
HEB mixers |
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Abstract |
We report on the latest achievements in the development of superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers for terahertz superheterodyne receivers. We consider application ranges of such receivers and requirements for the basic characteristics of the mixers. Main features of the mixers, such as noise temperature, gain bandwidth, noise bandwidth, and required local-oscillator power, have been improved significantly over the past few years due to intense research work, both in terms of the element fabrication quality and in terms of understanding of the physics of the processes occurring in the HEB mixers. Contacts between the superconducting bridge and the planar antenna play a key role in the mixer operation. Improvement of the quality of the contacts leads simultaneously to a decrease in the noise temperature and an increase in the gain bandwidth of a mixer. |
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0033-8443 |
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no |
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1170 |
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Author |
Fedorov, G.; Kardakova, A.; Gayduchenko, I.; Charayev, I.; Voronov, B.M.; Finkel, M.; Klapwijk, T.M.; Morozov, S.; Presniakov, M.; Bobrinetskiy, I.; Ibragimov, R.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Photothermoelectric response in asymmetric carbon nanotube devices exposed to sub-terahertz radiation |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
103 |
Issue |
18 |
Pages |
181121 (1 to 5) |
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Keywords |
carbon nanotubes, CNT, THz radiation, SiO2 substrate |
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Abstract |
We report on the voltage response of carbon nanotube devices to sub-terahertz (THz) radiation. The devices contain carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which are over their length partially suspended and partially Van der Waals bonded to a SiO2 substrate, causing a difference in thermal contact. We observe a DC voltage upon exposure to 140 GHz radiation. Based on the observed gate voltage and power dependence, at different temperatures, we argue that the observed signal is both thermal and photovoltaic. The room temperature responsivity in the microwave to THz range exceeds that of CNT based devices reported before. Authors thank Professor P. Barbara for providing the catalyst for CNT growth and Dr. N. Chumakov and V. Rylkov for stimulating discussions. The work was supported by the RFBR (Grant No. 12-02-01291-a) and by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Contract No. 14.B25.31.0007). G.F. acknowledges support of the RFBR grant 12-02-01005-a. |
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0003-6951 |
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no |
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1171 |
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Author |
Elezov, M. S.; Semenov, A. V.; An, P. P.; Tarkhov, M. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Kardakova, A. I.; Kazakov, A. Y. |
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Title |
Investigating the detection regimes of a superconducting single-photon detector |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
J. Opt. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Opt. Technol. |
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Volume |
80 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
435 |
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Keywords |
SSPD, quantum efficiency |
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Abstract |
The detection regimes of a superconducting single-photon detector have been investigated. A technique is proposed for determining the regions in which “pure regimes” predominate. Based on experimental data, the dependences of the internal quantum efficiency on the bias current are determined in the one-, two-, and three-photon detection regimes. |
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1070-9762 |
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no |
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1172 |
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Author |
Seliverstov, Sergey V.; Rusova, Anastasia A.; Kaurova, Natalya S.; Voronov, Boris M.; Goltsman, Gregory N. |
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Title |
AC-biased superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer for frequency-domain multiplexing |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Pages |
120-122 |
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NbN HEB mixer |
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We present the results of characterization of fast and sensitive superconducting antenna-coupled THz direct detector based on NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) with AC-bias. We discuss the possibility of implementation of the AC-bias for design the readout system from the multi-element arrays of HEBs using standard technique of frequency-domain multiplexing. We demonstrate experimentally that this approach does not lead to significant deterioration of the HEB sensitivity compared with the value obtained for the same detector with DC- bias. Results of a numerical calculations of the HEB responsivity at AC-bias are in a good agreement with the experiment. |
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no |
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1174 |
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Author |
Antipov, S.; Trifonov, A.; Krause, S.; Meledin, D.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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Title |
Gain bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers on GaN buffer layer operating at 2 THz local oscillator frequency |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2017 |
Publication |
Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Pages |
147-148 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, GaN buffer-layer, IF bandwidth |
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In this paper, we present IF bandwidth measurement results of NbN HEB mixers, which are employing NbN thin films grown on a GaN buffer-layer. The HEB mixers were operated in the heterodyne regime at a bath temperature of approximately 4.5 K and with a local oscillator operating at a frequency of 2 THz. A quantum cascade laser served as the local oscillator and a reference synthesizer based on a BWO generator (130-160 GHz) and a semiconductor superlattice (SSL) frequency multiplier was used as a signal source. By changing the LO frequency it was possible to record the IF response or gain bandwidth of the HEB with a spectrum analyzer at the operation point, which yielded lowest noise temperature. The gain bandwidth that was recorded in the heterodyne regime at 2 THz amounts to approximately 5 GHz and coincides well with a measurement that has been performed at elevated bath temperatures and lower LO frequency of 140 GHz. These findings strongly support that by using a GaN buffer-layer the phonon escape time of NbN HEBs can be significantly lower as compared to e.g. Si substrate, thus, providing higher gain bandwidth. |
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no |
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1175 |
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Author |
Komrakova, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; An, P.; Golikov, A.; Rybin, M.; Obraztsova, E.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Effective absorption coefficient of a graphene atop of silicon nitride nanophotonic circuit |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
1695 |
Issue |
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Pages |
012135 |
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silicon nitride O-ring resonator, ORR |
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In this paper, we demonstrate the results of a study of the optical absorption properties of graphene integrated with silicon nitride O-ring resonator. We fabricated an array of O-ring resonators with different graphene coverage area atop. By measuring the transmission spectra of nanophotonic devices with and without graphene, we calculated the effective absorption coefficient of the graphene on a rib silicon nitride waveguide. |
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1742-6588 |
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1177 |
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Prokhodtsov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; An, P.; Golikov, A.; Shakhovoy, R.; Sharoglazova, V.; Udaltsov, A.; Kurochkin, Y.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Silicon nitride Mach-Zehnder interferometer for on-chip quantum random number generation |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
1695 |
Issue |
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Pages |
012118 |
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Mach-Zehnder interferometer, MZI |
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In this work, we experimentally studied silicon nitride Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with two directional couplers and 400 ps optical delay line for telecom wavelength 1550 nm. We achieved the extinction ratio in a range of 0.76-13.86 dB and system coupling losses of 28-44 dB, depending on the parameters of directional couplers. The developed interferometer is promising for the use in a compact random number generator for the needs of a fully integrated quantum cryptography system, where compact design, as well as high generation speed, are needed. |
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1742-6588 |
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1178 |
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Venediktov, I. O.; Elezov, M. S.; Prokhodtsov, A. I.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; An, P. P.; Golikov, A. D.; Shcherbatenko, M. L.; Sych, D. V.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Study of microheater’s phase modulation for on-chip Kennedy receiver |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
1695 |
Issue |
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Pages |
012117 |
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Mach-Zehnder interferometers, MZI |
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Abstract |
In this work we describe phase modulators for several Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZI) on silicon nitride platform for telecomm wavelength (1550 nm). We obtained current-voltage and phase-voltage curves for these modulators. MZI are needed for experimental realisation of various quantum receivers that can distinguish weak coherent states of light with extremely low error. Thermo-optical (TO) modulation is ensured by microheaters on one of the arms of MZI, which enables the change of the refractive index of the material with temperature. This approach allows to apply the necessary voltage to the golden microheaters to obtain the required phase change. For the on-chip microheaters we demonstrate the dependence of the phase shift on the voltage applied to our on-chip microheaters. |
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1742-6588 |
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1179 |
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Elmanov, I.; Sardi, F.; Xia, K.; Kornher, T.; Kovalyuk, V.; Prokhodtsov, A.; An, P.; Kuzin, A.; Elmanova, A.; Goltsman, G.; Kolesov, R. |
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Title |
Development of focusing grating couplers for lithium niobate on insulator platform |
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Conference Article |
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2020 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
1695 |
Issue |
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Pages |
012127 |
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grating couplers, lithium niobat |
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In this paper, we fabricate and experimentally study focusing grating couplers for lithium niobate on an insulator photonic platform. The transmittance of a waveguide equipped with in- and out-couplers with respect to the grating period is measured with and without silicon dioxide cladding applied. Our results show the influence of silicon dioxide cladding on the efficiency and the central wavelength of grating couplers and can be used to improve grating coupling efficiency. Our study is supported by numerical simulations. |
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1742-6588 |
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1180 |
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Zvagelsky, R. D.; Chubich, D. A.; Kolymagin, D. A.; Korostylev, E. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Prokhodtsov, A. I.; Tarasov, A. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Vitukhnovsky, A. G. |
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Title |
Three-dimensional polymer wire bonds on a chip: morphology and functionality |
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Journal Article |
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2020 |
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J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. |
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Volume |
53 |
Issue |
35 |
Pages |
355102 |
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Keywords |
photonic wire bonds, PWB |
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Modern microchip-scale transceivers are capable of transmitting data at rates of the order of several terabits per second. In this regard, there is an urgent need to improve the interfaces connecting the chips and extend the bandpass of the interconnections. We use an approach combining silicon nitride nanophotonic circuits with 3D polymer waveguides fabricated by direct laser writing, which can be used as photonic interconnections or photonic wire bonds (PWB). These structures are designed, simulated, fabricated, and optimized for better light transmission at the telecommunication wavelength. An important part of this work is the study of the telecom signal transmission in a 3D polymer waveguide connecting two silicon nitride facing tapers. Two cases are considered: the tapers are one opposite the other or misaligned. Initially, the PWB shape was chosen to be Gaussian and then optimized: the top was circle-shaped and with the lower part still being Gaussian. Transmission losses were measured for both types of waveguides with different shapes. The idea of an optical multi-level crossing for photonic integrated circuits is also suggested as a solution to the problem of interconnections within a single chip. |
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0022-3727 |
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1181 |
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Author |
Komrakova, S.; Javadzade, J.; Vorobyov, V.; Bolshedvorskii, S.; Soshenko, V.; Akimov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
CMOS compatible nanoantenna-nanodiamond integration |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
1410 |
Issue |
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Pages |
012180 |
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Keywords |
bull-eye antenna, hyperbolic metamaterials, NV-centers |
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Abstract |
Here we demonstrate CMOS compatible method to deterministically produce nanoantenna with nanodiamonds systems on example of bull-eye antenna on top of on hyperbolic metamaterials. We study the statistics of the placement of nanodiamonds and measure the fluorescence lifetime and the second-order correlation function of NV-centers inside nanodiamonds. |
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1742-6588 |
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no |
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1182 |
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Author |
Zubkova, E.; Golikov, A.; An, P.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Ferrari, S.; Pernice, W.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
CWDM demultiplexer using anti-reflection, contra-directional couplers based on silicon nitride rib waveguide |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
1410 |
Issue |
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Pages |
012179 |
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Keywords |
coarse wavelength-division multiplexing, Si3N4 rib waveguide |
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Abstract |
We report on the development and fabrication of a 9-channel coarse wavelength-division multiplexing for telecommunication wavelengths (1550 nm) using anti-reflection contra-directional couplers, based on silicon nitride (Si3N4) rib waveguide. The transmitted and reflected spectrum in each channel of the demultiplexer were measured. The average full width at half maximum of the transmitted (reflected) spectra is about 3 nm. |
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1742-6588 |
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no |
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Serial |
1183 |
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Author |
Kuzin, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Golikov, A.; Prokhodtsov, A.; Marakhin, A.; Ferrari, S.; Pernice, W.; Gippius, N.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Efficiency of focusing grating couplers versus taper length and angle |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
1410 |
Issue |
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Pages |
012181 |
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Keywords |
focusing grating coupler |
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Abstract |
Here we experimentally studied dependence of a focusing grating coupler efficiency versus taper length and angle on silicon nitride platform. As a result, we obtained a dependence for the efficiency of a focusing grating coupler on the parameters of the taper length and angle. |
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1742-6588 |
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no |
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Serial |
1184 |
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Author |
Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Vetter, A.; Lee, C.; Rockstuhl, C.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Pernice, W. |
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Title |
Analysis of the detection response of waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors at high count rate |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
115 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
101104 |
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Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD, waveguide |
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Abstract |
Nanophotonic circuitry and superconducting nanowires have been successfully combined for detecting single photons, propagating in an integrated photonic circuit, with high efficiency and low noise and timing uncertainty. Waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) can nowadays be engineered to achieve subnanosecond recovery times and can potentially be adopted for applications requiring Gcps count rates. However, particular attention shall be paid to such an extreme count rate regime since artifacts in the detector functionality emerge. In particular, a count-rate dependent detection efficiency has been encountered that can compromise the accuracy of quantum detector tomography experiments. Here, we investigate the response of waveguide-integrated SNSPDs at high photon flux and identify the presence of parasitic currents due to the accumulation of charge in the readout electronics to cause the above-mentioned artifact in the detection efficiency. Our approach allows us to determine the maximum photon count rate at which the detector can be operated without adverse effects. Our findings are particularly important to avoid artifacts when applying SNSPDs for quantum tomography.
We acknowledge support through ERC Consolidator Grant No. 724707 and from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through Project No. PE 1832/5-1,2, as well as funding by the Volkswagen Foundation. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 675745. V.K. and G.G. acknowledge support from the Russian Science Foundation Project No. 16-12-00045 (NbN film deposition and testing). A.V. acknowledges support from the Karlsruhe School of Optics and Photonics (KSOP). |
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0003-6951 |
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no |
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Serial |
1185 |
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Author |
Bakhvalova, T.; Belkin, M. E.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Prokhodtcov, A. I.; Goltsman, G. N.; Sigov, A. S. |
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Title |
Studying key principles for design and fabrication of silicon photonic-based beamforming networks |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
PIERS-Spring |
Abbreviated Journal |
PIERS-Spring |
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Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
745-751 |
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Keywords |
silicon photonics, TriPleX platform |
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Abstract |
In the paper, we address key principles for computer-aided design and fabrication of silicon-photonics-based optical beamforming network selecting the optimal approach by simulation and experimental results. To clarify the consideration, the study is conducted on the example of a widely used binary switchable silicon-nitride optical beamforming network based on TriPleX platform. Comparison of simulation results and experimental studies of the prototype shows that the relative error due to technological imperfections does not exceed 3%. According to the estimation, such an error introduces insignificant distortion in the radiation pattern of the referred antenna array. |
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no |
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Call Number |
9017646 |
Serial |
1186 |
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Author |
Polyakova, M.; Semenov, A. V.; Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Pernice, W. H. P.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Protocol of measuring hot-spot correlation length for SNSPDs with near-unity detection efficiency |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
29 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1-5 |
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Keywords |
SSPD, waveguide-integrated SNSPD, hot-spot interaction length |
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Abstract |
We present a simple quantum detector tomography protocol, which allows, without ambiguities, to measure the two-spot detection efficiency and extract the hot-spot interaction length of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) with unity intrinsic detection efficiency. We identify a significant parasitic contribution to the measured two-spot efficiency, related to an effect of the bias circuit, and find a way to rule out this contribution during data post-processing and directly in the experiment. From the data analysis for waveguide-integrated SNSPD, we find signatures of the saturation of the two-spot efficiency and hot-spot interaction length of order of 100 nm. |
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ISSN |
1051-8223 |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1187 |
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Author |
Prokhodtsov, A.; Golikov, A.; An, P.; Kovalyuk, V.; Goltsman, G.; Arakelyan, S.; Evlyukhin, A.; Kalachev, A.; Naumov, A. |
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Title |
Effect of silicon oxide coating on a silicon nitride focusing grating coupler efficiency |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
EPJ Web Conf. |
Abbreviated Journal |
EPJ Web Conf. |
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Volume |
220 |
Issue |
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Pages |
02009 |
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Keywords |
grating coupler, SiO2 |
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Abstract |
The dependence of the efficiency of the focusing grating couplers on the period and filling factor before and after deposition of the upper silicon oxide layer was experimentally studied. The obtained data are of practical importance for tunable integrated-optical devices based on silicon nitride platform. |
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2100-014X |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1188 |
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Author |
Elmanov, I.; Elmanova, A.; Komrakova, S.; Golikov, A.; Kaurova, N.; Kovalyuk, V.; Goltsman, G.; Arakelyan, S.; Evlyukhin, A.; Kalachev, A.; Naumov, A. |
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Title |
Method for determination of resists parameters for photonic – integrated circuits e-beam lithography on silicon nitride platform |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
EPJ Web Conf. |
Abbreviated Journal |
EPJ Web Conf. |
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Volume |
220 |
Issue |
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Pages |
03012 |
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e-beam lithography, Si3N4 |
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Abstract |
In the work the thicknesses of the e-beam resists ZEP 520A and ma-N 2400 by using non-destructive method were measured, as well as recipe for the high ratio between the Si3N4 and the resists etching rate was determined. The work has a practical application for e-beam lithography of photonic-integrated circuits and nanophotonics devices based on silicon nitride platform. |
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2100-014X |
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no |
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Serial |
1189 |
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Author |
Elmanova, A.; Elmanov, I.; Komrakova, S.; Golikov, A.; Javadzade, J.; Vorobyev, V.; Bolshedvorskii, S.; Soshenko, V.; Akimov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Goltsman, G.; Arakelyan, S.; Evlyukhin, A.; Kalachev, A.; Naumov, A. |
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Title |
Integration of nanodiamonds with NV-centers on optical silicon nitride structures |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
EPJ Web Conf. |
Abbreviated Journal |
EPJ Web Conf. |
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Volume |
220 |
Issue |
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Pages |
03013 |
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Keywords |
nanodiamonds, NV-centers, Si3N4 |
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In this work we had developed optical structures from silicon nitride for further integration of the nanodiamonds containing NV-centers with them. We have introduced method of the nanodiamonds solution application on the substrates. The work has practical meaning in nanophotonics sphere and in development of optical devices with single-photon sources. |
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2100-014X |
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no |
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Serial |
1190 |
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Author |
An, P.; Kovalyuk, V.; Golikov, A.; Zubkova, E.; Ferrari, S.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Experimental optimisation of O-ring resonator Q-factor for on-chip spontaneous four wave mixing |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
1124 |
Issue |
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Pages |
051047 |
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Keywords |
planar O-ring resonators, Q-factor |
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In this paper we experimentally studied the influence of geometrical parameters of the planar O-ring resonators on its Q-factor and losses. We systematically changed the gap between the bus waveguide and the ring, as well as the width of the ring. We found the highest Q = 5×105 for gap 2.0 μm and the ring width 2 μm. This work is important for further on-chip SFWM applications since the generation rate of the biphoton field strongly depends on the quality factor as Q3 |
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1742-6588 |
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no |
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1191 |
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Author |
Elezov, M. S.; Scherbatenko, M. L.; Sych, D. V.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Active and passive phase stabilization for the all-fiber Michelson interferometer |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
1124 |
Issue |
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Pages |
051014 (1 to 5) |
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Keywords |
Michelson interferometer, phase stabilization |
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Abstract |
We put forward two methods for phase stabilization in the all-fiber Michelson interferometer. To perform passive phase stabilization, we use a heat bath for all fibers and electro-optical components, and put the interferometer in a hermetic case. To perform active phase stabilization, we monitor output power of the interferometer and develop an electronic feedback control. The phase stabilization methods enable stable interference pattern for several minutes, and can be helpful for the development of the optimal quantum receiver for coherent signals. |
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1742-6588 |
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no |
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Serial |
1299 |
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Author |
Golikov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; An, P.; Zubkova, E.; Ferrari, S.; Pernice, W.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Silicon nitride nanophotonic circuit for on-chip spontaneous four-wave mixing |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
1124 |
Issue |
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Pages |
051051 |
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Keywords |
O-ring resonator |
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Abstract |
Here we present an integrated nanophotonic circuit for on-chip spontaneous four-wave mixing. The fabricated device includes an O-ring resonator, a Bragg noch-filter as well as a nine-channel arrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) operated in the C-band wavelength range (1550 nm). The measured optical losses of the device (-6.8 dB) as well as a high Q-factor (> 1.2×105) shows a good potential for realizing the spontaneous four-wave mixing on the silicon nitride chip. |
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1742-6588 |
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no |
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1193 |
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Author |
Smirnov, E.; Golikov, A.; Zolotov, P.; Kovalyuk, V.; Lobino, M.; Voronov, B.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector on lithium niobate |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
1124 |
Issue |
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Pages |
051025 |
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Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD, lithium niobate, LN |
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Abstract |
We demonstrate superconducting niobium nitride nanowires folded on top of lithium niobate substrate. We report of 6% system detection efficiency at 20 s−1 dark count rate at telecommunication wavelength (1550 nm). Our results shown great potential for the use of NbN nanowires in the field of linear and nonlinear integrated quantum photonics. |
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1742-6588 |
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no |
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1194 |
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Zubkova, E.; An, P.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Ferrari, S.; Pernice, W.; Goltsman, G. |
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Title |
Optimization of contra-directional coupler based on silicon nitride Bragg rib waveguide |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
1124 |
Issue |
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Pages |
051048 |
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Keywords |
Bragg waveguide, Si3N4 |
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Abstract |
We report on the development and fabrication of a contra-directional coupler based on the Bragg waveguide on Si3N4 platform. Transmitted and reflected by the contra-directional coupler spectra were measured. The reflected spectra exactly matches the one notched by the main channel of the coupler. Losses are about 3dB, coupling to the directing branch of the coupler is practically lossless. FWHM of the transmitted (reflected) spectra is 3.46 nm. |
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Prokhodtsov, A.; An, P.; Kovalyuk, V.; Zubkova, E.; Golikov, A.; Korneev, A.; Ferrari, S.; Pernice, W.; Goltsman, G. |
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Optimization of on-chip photonic delay lines for telecom wavelengths |
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2018 |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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1124 |
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051052 |
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optical delay lines |
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In this work, we experimentally studied optical delay lines on silicon nitride platform for telecomm wavelength (1550 nm). We modeled the group delay time and fabricated spiral optical delay lines with different waveguide widths and radii as well as measured their transmission. For the half etched rib waveguides we achieved the losses in the range of 3 dB/cm. |
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1196 |
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Kovalyuk, V.; Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Vetter, A.; Lewes-Malandrakis, G.; Nebel, C.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.; Pernice, W. |
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On-chip single-photon spectrometer for visible and infrared wavelength range |
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Conference Article |
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2018 |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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1124 |
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051045 |
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single-photon spectrometer |
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Here we show our latest progress in the field of a single-photon spectrometer for the visible and infrared wavelengths ranges implementation. We consider three different on-chip approaches: a coherent spectrometer with a low power of the heterodyne, a coherent spectrometer with a high power of the heterodyne, and an eight-channel single-photon spectrometer for direct detection. Along with high efficiency, spectrometers show high detection efficiency and temporal resolution through the use of waveguide integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. |
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1197 |
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