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	Author	Zinoni, C.; Alloing, B.; Li, L. H.; Marsili, F.; Fiore, A.; Lunghi, L.; Gerardino, A.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Erratum: “Single photon experiments at telecom wavelengths using nanowire superconducting detectors” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 031106 (2007)]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	96	Issue	8	Pages	089901
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, erratum
	Abstract	A calculation error was made in the original publication of this letter. The error was in the calculation of the noise equivalent power (NEP) values for the avalanche photodiode detector (APD) and the superconducting single photon detector (SSPD), the incorrect values were plotted on the right axis in Fig. 1(b). The correct NEP values were calculated with the same equation reported in the original letter and the revised Fig. 1(b) is shown below. The other conclusions of the paper remain unaltered.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1395
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	Author	Semenov, A. D.; Goghidze, I. G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sergeev, A. V.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Evidence for the spectral dependence of nonequilibrium picosecond photoresponse of YBaCuO thin films			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	63	Issue	5	Pages	681-683
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors, nonequilibrium
	Abstract	The transient voltage photoresponse of current biased YBaCuO thin films to 20 ps laser pulses of 0.63 and 1.54 μm wavelengths is measured for temperatures around the superconducting transition region. The fast picosecond decay of the response is followed by a slow nanosecond relaxation which is associated with the bolometric effect. The magnitude of the fast component of the response varies in proportion to the square root of wavelength that plausibly reflects multiplication processes of photoexcited electrons via electron–electron scattering and interaction with high energy phonons.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1655
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	Author	Karasik, B. S.; Zorin, M. A.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Elantev, A. I.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Evidence of subnanosecond transition stage in S-N current switching of YBaCuO films			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2160	Issue		Pages	74-82
	Keywords	YBCO HTS switches
	Abstract	We report on a study of S-N and N-S current switching in high quality YBaCuO films deposited onto ZrO₂ and NdGaO₃ substrates. The films 60-120 nm thick prepared by laser ablation were structured into single strips and were provided with gold contacts. We monitored the time dependence of the resistance upon application of the voltage step on the film. Experiment performed within certain ranges of voltage amplitudes and temperatures showed the occurrence of the fast stage both in S-N (shorter than 300 ps) and N-S transition. We discuss the mechanism of switching taking into account the hot electron phenomena in YBaCuO. The contributions of various thermal processes in the subsequent stage of the resistance dynamic are also discussed. The basic limiting characteristics (average dissipated power, minimum work done for switching, maximum repetition rate) of a picosecond switch which is proposed to be developed are estimated.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Buhrman, R.A.; Clarke, J.T.; Daly, K.; Koch, R.H.; Luine, J.A.; Simon, R.W.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Superconductive Devices and Circuits
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1638
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	Author	Casaburi, A.; Ejrnaes, M.; Quaranta, O.; Gaggero, A.; Mattioli, F.; Leoni, R.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Lisitskiy, M.; Esposito, E.; Nappi, C.; Cristiano, R.; Pagano, S.
	Title	Experimental characterization of NbN nanowire optical detectors with parallel stripline configuration			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
	Volume	97	Issue		Pages	012265 (1 to 6)
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We have developed a novel geometrical configuration for NbN-based superconducting single photon optical detector (SSPD) that achieves two goals: a much lower intrinsic impedance, and a consequently greater bandwidth, and a much larger signal amplitude compared to the standard meandered configuration. This has been obtained by implementing a properly designed parallel stripline structure where a cascade switching mechanism occurs when one of the striplines is hit by an optical photon. The overall switching occurs synchronously and in a very short time, giving rise to a strong and fast voltage pulse. The SSPD have been realized using state of the art NbN deposition technology and e-beam lithography. The strips are 100 nm wide and 5 μm long and have been realized with 4 nm NbN film on sapphire and Si substrate. We report on experimental characterization of such novel devices. The performances of the proposed novel type of SSPD are compared with standard SSPD design and results in terms of signal amplitude, risetime and effective detection area.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	IOP Publishing	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1742-6596	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	8th European Conference on Applied Superconductivity (EUCAS 2007)
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1416
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	Author	An, P.; Kovalyuk, V.; Golikov, A.; Zubkova, E.; Ferrari, S.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Experimental optimisation of O-ring resonator Q-factor for on-chip spontaneous four wave mixing			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2018	Publication	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
	Volume	1124	Issue		Pages	051047
	Keywords	planar O-ring resonators, Q-factor
	Abstract	In this paper we experimentally studied the influence of geometrical parameters of the planar O-ring resonators on its Q-factor and losses. We systematically changed the gap between the bus waveguide and the ring, as well as the width of the ring. We found the highest Q = 5×105 for gap 2.0 μm and the ring width 2 μm. This work is important for further on-chip SFWM applications since the generation rate of the biphoton field strongly depends on the quality factor as Q3
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1742-6588	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1191
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	Author	Neroev, V. V.; Iomdina, E. N.; Khandzhyan, A. T.; Khodzhabekyan, N. V.; Sengaeva, M. D.; Ivanova, A. V.; Seliverstov, S. V.; Teplyakova, K. O.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Experimental study of the effect of corneal hydration and its biomechanical properties on the results of photorefractive keratectomy			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Vestn. Oftalmol.	Abbreviated Journal	Vestn. Oftalmol.
	Volume	137	Issue	3	Pages	68-75
	Keywords	THz scanning, cornea, photorefractive keratectomy, medicine
	Abstract	Water content in the cornea may affect the outcome of its excimer laser ablation, especially in presbyopic patients with myopic refraction. This hypothesis can be tested by scanning the cornea in the terahertz (THz) range to determine its hydration level. Purpose: To study the effect of hydration of the cornea determined by non-contact THz scanning and its biomechanical parameters on the results of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in an experiment. Material and methods: PRK was performed using the Nidek EC-5000 QUEST excimer laser on 8 rabbit eyes. Corneal hydration was evaluated by determining the reflection coefficient (RC) in the THz electromagnetic radiation range before PRK, after 3-5 days, and after 1, 2, 3, and 4 months. Clinical examination included autorefractometry, assessment of corneal thickness and other anatomical and optical parameters of the anterior eye segment (Galilei G6, Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG 6.0.2, Switzerland), measurement of corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) using the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA; Reichert, USA), as well as tear production (Schirmer test). Results: The initial water content in the cornea has a significant effect on the thickness of the removed layer, i.e. on the PRK effect, with correlation coefficient of Rs= -0.976 (p<0.01). The correlation between CH and the ablation depth is less pronounced (Rs=0.643), and CRF had no correlation with it (Rs= -0.089). Biomechanical indicators of the cornea depend on its hydration: changes in CH and CRF after excimer laser ablation qualitatively coincide with changes in RC, the correlation coefficient between RC and the initial value of CH is R= -0.619 (moderate negative correlation). Conclusion: THz scanning is an effective non-contact technology for monitoring corneal hydration level. The mismatch of the hypoeffect of keratorefractive excimer laser intervention planned for patients with presbyopia with the actual outcome can be caused by individual decrease in the initial water content in the cornea.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1794
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	Author	Polyakova, M. I.; Florya, I. N.; Semenov, A. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Extracting hot-spot correlation length from SNSPD tomography data			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2019	Publication	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
	Volume	1410	Issue		Pages	012166 (1 to 4)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, quantum detector tomography, QDT
	Abstract	We present data of quantum detector tomography for the samples specifically optimized for this problem. Using this method, we take results of hot-spot correlation length of 17 ± 2 nm.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1742-6588	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1273
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	Author	Ryabchun, S. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Fabrication and characterisation of NbN HEB mixers with in situ gold contacts			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proc. 19^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 19^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	62-67
	Keywords	HEB, mixer, NbN, in-situ contacts
	Abstract	We present our recent results of the fabrication and testing of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers with in situ gold contacts. An intermediate frequency bandwidth of about 6 GHz has been measured for the mixers made of a 3.5-nm NbN film on a plane Si substrate with in situ gold contacts, compared to 3.5 GHz for devices made of the same film with ex situ gold contacts. The increase in the intermediate frequency bandwidth is attributed to additional diffusion cooling through the improved contacts, which is further supported by the its dependence on the bridge length: intermediate frequency bandwidths of 3.5 GHz and 6 GHz have been measured for devices with lengths of 0.35 μm and 0.16 μm respectively at a local oscillator frequency of 300 GHz near the superconducting transition. At a local oscillator frequency of 2.5 THz the receiver has offered a DSB noise temperature of 950 K. When compared to the previous result of 1300 K obtained at the same local oscillator frequency for devices fabricated with an ex situ route, such a low value of the noise temperature may also be attributed to the improved gold contacts.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Groningen, Netherlands	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	412
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	Author	Gol’tsman, G.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Lipatov, A.; Dzardanov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Semenov, A.; Voronov, B.; Williams, C.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Fabrication and properties of an ultrafast NbN hot-electron single-photon detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	11	Issue	1	Pages	574-577
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	A new type of ultra-high-speed single-photon counter for visible and near-infrared wavebands based on an ultrathin NbN hot-electron photodetector (HEP) has been developed. The detector consists of a very narrow superconducting stripe, biased close to its critical current. An incoming photon absorbed by the stripe produces a resistive hotspot and causes an increase in the film’s supercurrent density above the critical value, leading to temporary formation of a resistive barrier across the device and an easily measurable voltage pulse. Our NbN HEP is an ultrafast (estimated response time is 30 ps; registered time, due to apparatus limitations, is 150 ps), frequency unselective device with very large intrinsic gain and negligible dark counts. We have observed sequences of output pulses, interpreted as single-photon events for very weak laser beams with wavelengths ranging from 0.5 /spl mu/m to 2.1 /spl mu/m and the signal-to-noise ratio of about 30 dB.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1558-2515	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1547
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	Author	Yang, J. K. W.; Dauler, E.; Ferri, A.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B.; Sobolewski, R.; Keicher, W. E.; Berggren, K. K.
	Title	Fabrication development for nanowire GHz-counting-rate single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	15	Issue	2	Pages	626-630
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We have developed a fabrication process for GHz-counting-rate, single-photon, high-detection-efficiency, NbN, nanowire detectors. We have demonstrated two processes for the device patterning, one based on the standard polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) organic positive-tone electron-beam resist, and the other based on the newer hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) negative-tone spin-on-glass resist. The HSQ-based process is simple and robust, providing high resolution and the prospect of high fill-factors. Initial testing results show superconductivity in the films, and suggest that the devices exhibit photosensitivity.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1558-2515	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1466
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	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Smirnov, K.; Kouminov, P.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Drakinsky, V.; Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Fabrication of nanostructured superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	13	Issue	2	Pages	192-195
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Fabrication of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors, based on the hotspot effect is presented. The hotspot formation arises in an ultrathin and submicrometer-width superconductor stripe and, together with the supercurrent redistribution, leads to the resistive detector response upon absorption of a photon. The detector has a meander structure to maximally increase its active area and reach the highest detection efficiency. Main processing steps, leading to efficient devices, sensitive in 0.4-5 /spl mu/m wavelength range, are presented. The impact of various processing steps on the performance and operational parameters of our detectors is discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1558-2515	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1515
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	Author	Titova, N. A.; Baeva, E. M.; Kardakova, A. I.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Fabrication of NbN/SiN_x:H/SiO₂ membrane structures for study of heat conduction at low temperatures			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
	Volume	1695	Issue		Pages	012190
	Keywords	NbN films, insulating membrane
	Abstract	Here we report on the development of NbN/SiNx:H/SiO2-membrane structures for investigation of the thermal transport at low temperatures. Thin NbN films are known to be in the regime of a strong electron-phonon coupling, and one can assume that the phononic and electronic baths in the NbN are in local equilibrium. In such case, the cooling of the NbN-based devices strongly depends on acoustic matching to the substrate and substrate thermal characteristics. For the insulating membrane much thicker than the NbN film, our preliminary results demonstrate that the membrane serves as an additional channel for the thermal relaxation of the NbN sample. That implies a negligible role of thermal boundary resistance of the NbN-SiNx:H interface in comparison with the internal thermal resistance of the insulating membrane.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1742-6588	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1165
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	Author	Seliverstov, S.; Maslennikov, S.; Ryabchun, S.; Finkel, M.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Kaurova, N.; Vachtomin, Yu.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Fast and sensitive terahertz direct detector based on superconducting antenna-coupled hot electron bolometer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	25	Issue	3	Pages	2300304
	Keywords	HEB detector responsivity, HEB model, numerical calculations, numerical model
	Abstract	We characterize superconducting antenna-coupled hot-electron bolometers for direct detection of terahertz radiation operating at a temperature of 9.0 K. The estimated value of responsivity obtained from lumped-element theory is strongly different from the measured one. A numerical calculation of the detector responsivity is developed, using the Euler method, applied to the system of heat balance equations written in recurrent form. This distributed element model takes into account the effect of nonuniform heating of the detector along its length and provides results that are in better agreement with the experiment. At a signal frequency of 2.5 THz, the measured value of the optical detector noise equivalent power is 2.0 × 10-13 W Â· Hz-0.5. The value of the bolometer time constant is 35 ps. The corresponding energy resolution is about 3 aJ. This detector has a sensitivity similar to that of the state-of-the-art sub-millimeter detectors operating at accessible cryogenic temperatures, but with a response time several orders of magnitude shorter.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	953
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	Author	Zorin, M.; Milostnaya, I.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Fast NbN superconducting switch controlled by optical radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	7	Issue	2	Pages	3734-3737
	Keywords	NbN superconducting switch
	Abstract	The switching time and the optical control power of the NbN superconducting switch have been measured. The device is based on the ultrathin film 5-8 nm thick patterned as a structure of several narrow parallel strips (/spl sim/1 /spl mu/m wide) connected to wide current leads. The current-voltage characteristic of the switch at temperature 4.2 K demonstrated a hysteresis due to DC current self-heating. We studied the superconducting-to-resistive state transition induced by both optical and bias-current excitations. The optical pulse duration was /spl sim/20 ps and the rise time of the current step was determined to be less than 50 ps. The optical pulse was delivered to the switch by the semiconductor laser through an optical fiber. We found that the measured switching time is less than the duration of the optical excitation. The threshold optical power density does not exceed 3/spl middot/10/sup 3/ W/cm/sup 2/. The proposed device can be used in the fiber input of LTS rapid single flux quantum circuits.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1596
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Akhmadishina, K. F.; Bobrinetskiy, I. I.; Komarov, I. A.; Malovichko, A. M.; Nevolin, V. K.; Fedorov, G. E.; Golovin, A. V.; Zalevskiy, A. O.; Aidarkhanov, R. D.
	Title	Fast-response biological sensors based on single-layer carbon nanotubes modified with specific aptamers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Semicond.	Abbreviated Journal	Semicond.
	Volume	49	Issue	13	Pages	1749-1753
	Keywords	carbon nanotubes, CNT detectors
	Abstract	The possibility of the fabrication of a fast-response biological sensor based on a composite of single-layer carbon nanotubes and aptamers for the specific detection of proteins is shown. The effect of modification of the surface of the carbon nanotubes on the selectivity and sensitivity of the sensors is investigated. It is shown that carboxylated nanotubes have a better selectivity for detecting thrombin.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1063-7826	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1783
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenson, M. E.; Goltsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Lyulkin, A. M.; Semenov, A. D.
	Title	Fast-response superconducting electron bolometer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki	Abbreviated Journal	Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki
	Volume	15	Issue	3	Pages	88-92
	Keywords	Nb HEB
	Abstract	The general design, operation, and performance characteristics of fast-response electronic bolometers using a thin superconducting Nb film on a leucosapphire substrate are briefly reviewed. The volt-watt sensitivity of the bolometrs is 2,000-200,000 V/W, the operating temperature is 1.6 K, and the time constant is 4-4.5 ns.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1694
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	Author	de Lara, D. Perez; Ejrnaes, M.; Casaburi, A.; Lisitskiy, M.; Cristiano, R.; Pagano, S.; Gaggero, A.; Leoni, R.; Golt’sman, G.; Voronov, B.
	Title	Feasibility investigation of NbN nanowires as detector in time-of-flight mass spectrometers for macromolecules of interest in biology (proteins)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	J. Low Temp. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Low Temp. Phys.
	Volume	151	Issue	3-4	Pages	771-776
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD, nanowires
	Abstract	We are investigating the possibility of using NbN nanowires as detectors in time-of-flight mass spectrometers for investigation of macromolecules of interest in biology (proteins). NbN nanowires could overcome the two major drawbacks encountered so far by cryogenic detectors, namely the low working temperature in the mK region and the slow temporal response. In fact, NbN nanowires can work at 5 K and the response time is at least a factor 10–100 better than that of other cryogenic detectors. We present a feasibility study based on a numerical code to calculate the response of a NbN nanowire. The parameter space is investigated at different energies from IR to macromolecules (i.e. from eV to keV) in order to understand if larger value of film thickness and width can be used for the keV energy region. We also present preliminary experimental results of irradiation with X-ray photons of NbN to simulate the effect of macromolecules of the same energy.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-2291	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1410
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	Author	Smirnov, K. V.; Vachtomin, Y. B.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Pentin, I. V.; Slivinskaya, E. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Fiber coupled single photon receivers based on superconducting detectors for quantum communications and quantum cryptography			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	7138	Issue		Pages	713827 (1 to 6)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, superconducting single photon detector, ultra-thin superconducting films, optical fiber coupling, ready to use receiver
	Abstract	At present superconducting detectors become increasingly attractive for various practical applications. In this paper we present results on the depelopment of fiber coupled receiver systems for the registration of IR single photons, optimized for telecommunication and quantum-cryptography. These receiver systems were developed on the basis of superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD) of VIS and IR wavelength ranges. The core of the SSPD is a narrow ( 100 nm) and long ( 0,5 mm) strip in the form of a meander which is patterned from a 4-nm-thick NbN film (T_C=10-11 K, j_C= 5-7â€¢10⁶ A/cm²); the sensitive area dimensions are 10Ã—10 Î¼m². The main problem to be solved while the receiver system development was optical coupling of a single-mode fiber (9 microns in diameter) with the SSPD sensitive area. Characteristics of the developed system at the optical input are as follows: quantum efficiency >10 % (at 1.3 Î¼m), >4 % (at 1.55 Î¼m); dark counts rate â‰¤1 s^-1; duration of voltage pulse â‰¤5 ns; jitter â‰¤40 ps. The receiver systems have either one or two identical channels (for the case of carrying out correlation measurements) and are made as an insert in a helium storage Dewar.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Tománek, P.; Senderáková, D.; Hrabovský, M.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1405
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	Author	Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Gorska, M.; Rieger, E.; Dorenbos, P.; Zwiller, V.; Milostnaya, I.; Minaeva, O.; Antipov, A.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Gol’tsman, G.N.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Pan, D.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Komissarov, I.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Fiber-coupled NbN superconducting single-photon detectors for quantum correlation measurements			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	6583	Issue		Pages	65830J (1 to 11)
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD, superconducting single-photon detectors, single-photon detectors, fiber-coupled optical detectors, quantum correlations, superconducting devices
	Abstract	We have fabricated fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs), designed for quantum-correlationtype experiments. The SSPDs are nanostructured ( 100-nm wide and 4-nm thick) NbN superconducting meandering stripes, operated in the 2 to 4.2 K temperature range, and known for ultrafast and efficient detection of visible to nearinfrared photons with almost negligible dark counts. Our latest devices are pigtailed structures with coupling between the SSPD structure and a single-mode optical fiber achieved using a micromechanical photoresist ring placed directly over the meander. The above arrangement withstands repetitive thermal cycling between liquid helium and room temperature, and we can reach the coupling efficiency of up to 33%. The system quantum efficiency, measured as the ratio of the photons counted by SSPD to the total number of photons coupled into the fiber, in our early devices was found to be around 0.3 % and 1% for 1.55 &mgr;m and 0.9 &mgr;m photon wavelengths, respectively. The photon counting rate exceeded 250 MHz. The receiver with two SSPDs, each individually biased, was placed inside a transport, 60-liter liquid helium Dewar, assuring uninterrupted operation for over 2 months. Since the receiver’s optical and electrical connections are at room temperature, the set-up is suitable for any applications, where single-photon counting capability and fast count rates are desired. In our case, it was implemented for photon correlation experiments. The receiver response time, measured as a second-order photon cross-correlation function, was found to be below 400 ps, with timing jitter of less than 40 ps.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Dusek, M.; Hillery, M.S.; Schleich, W.P.; Prochazka, I.; Migdall, A.L.; Pauchard, A.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Photon Counting Applications, Quantum Optics, and Quantum Cryptography
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1431
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	Author	Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Górska, M.; Latta, C.; Zwiller, V.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Verevkin, A.; Currie, M.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Fiber-coupled quantum-communications receiver based on two NbN superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	5957	Issue		Pages	59571K (1 to 10)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, single-photon detectors, quantum communication, quantum cryptography, superconductors, infrared optical detectors
	Abstract	We present the design and performance of a novel, two-channel single-photon receiver, based on two fiber-coupled NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). The SSPDs are nanostructured superconducting meanders covering an area of 100 μm² and are known for ultrafast and efficient counting of single, visible-to-infrared photons. Their operation has been explained within a phenomenological hot-electron photoresponse model. Our receiver is intended for fiber-based quantum cryptography and communication systems, operational at near-infrared (NIR) telecommunication wavelengths, λ = 1.3 μm and λ = 1.55 μm. Coupling between the NbN detector and a single-mode optical fiber was achieved using a specially designed, micromechanical photoresist ring, positioned directly over the SSPD active area. The positioning accuracy of the ring was below 1 μm. The receiver with SSPDs was placed (immersed) in a standard liquid-helium transport Dewar and kept without interruption for over two months at 4.2 K. At the same time, the optical fiber inputs and electrical outputs were kept at room temperature. Our best system reached a system quantum efficiency of up to 0.3 % in the NIR radiation range, with the detector coupling efficiency of about 30 %. The response time was measured to be about 250 ps and was limited by our read-out electronics. The measured jitter was close to 35 ps. The presented performance parameters show that our NIR single photon detectors are suitable for practical quantum cryptography and for applications in quantum-correlation experiments.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Rogalski, A.; Dereniak, E.L.; Sizov, F.F.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Infrared Photoelectronics
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1459
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	Author	Słysz, W.; Węgrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Górska, M.; Zwiller, V.; Latta, C.; Bohi, P.; Milostnaya, I.; Minaeva, O.; Antipov, A.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Gol’tsman, G.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Komissarov, I.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Fiber-coupled single-photon detectors based on NbN superconducting nanostructures for practical quantum cryptography and photon-correlation studies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	88	Issue	26	Pages	261113 (1 to 3)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We have fabricated and tested a two-channel single-photon detector system based on two fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). Our best device reached the system quantum efficiency of 0.3% in the 1540-nm telecommunication wavelength with a fiber-to-detector coupling factor of about 30%. The photoresponse consisted of 2.5-ns-wide voltage pulses with a rise time of 250ps and timing jitter below 40ps. The overall system response time, measured as a second-order, photon cross-correlation function, was below 400ps. Our SSPDs operate at 4.2K inside a liquid-helium Dewar, but their optical fiber inputs and electrical outputs are at room temperature. Our two-channel detector system should find applications in practical quantum cryptography and in antibunching-type quantum correlation measurements. The authors would like to thank Dr. Marc Currie for his assistance in early time-resolved photoresponse measurements and Professor Atac Imamoglu for his support. This work was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science under Project No. 3 T11B 052 26 (Warsaw), RFBR 03-02-17697 and INTAS 03-51-4145 grants (Moscow), CRDF Grant No. RE2-2531-MO-03 (Moscow), RE2-2529-MO-03 (Moscow and Rochester), and US AFOSR FA9550-04-1-0123 (Rochester). Additional funding was provided by the grants from the MIT Lincoln Laboratory and BBN Technologies Corp.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1449
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	Author	Słysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Górska, M.; Zwiller, V.; Latta, C.; Böhi, P.; Pearlman, A.J.; Cross, A.S.; Pan, D.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Komissarov, I.; Verevkin, A.; Milostnaya, I.; Korneev, A.; Minayeva, O.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.N.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Fibre-coupled, single photon detector based on NbN superconducting nanostructures for quantum communications			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	J. Modern Opt.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Modern Opt.
	Volume	54	Issue	2-3	Pages	315-326
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We present a novel, two-channel, single photon receiver based on two fibre-coupled, NbN, superconducting, single photon detectors (SSPDs). The SSPDs are nanostructured superconducting meanders and are known for ultrafast and efficient detection of visible-to-infrared photons. Coupling between the NbN detector and optical fibre was achieved using a micromechanical photoresist ring placed directly over the SSPD, holding the fibre in place. With this arrangement, we obtained coupling efficiencies up to ∼30%. Our experimental results showed that the best receiver had a near-infrared system quantum efficiency of 0.33% at 4.2 K. The quantum efficiency increased exponentially with the photon energy increase, reaching a few percent level for visible-light photons. The photoresponse pulses of our devices were limited by the meander high kinetic inductance and had the rise and fall times of approximately 250 ps and 5 ns, respectively. The receiver's timing jitter was in the 37 to 58 ps range, approximately 2 to 3 times larger than in our older free-space-coupled SSPDs. We stipulate that this timing jitter is in part due to optical fibre properties. Besides quantum communications, the two-detector arrangement should also find applications in quantum correlation experiments.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0950-0340	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1434
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	Author	Kawamura, Jonathan; Blundell, Raymond; Tong, C.-Y. Edward; Papa, D. Cosmo; Hunter, Todd R.; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Cherednichenko, Sergei; Voronov, Boris; Gershenzon, Eugene
	Title	First light with an 800 GHz phonon-cooled HEB mixer receiver			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	35-43
	Keywords	HEB, mixer, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation effect, dynamic range
	Abstract	Phonon-cooled superconductive hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers are incorporated in a waveguide receiver designed to operate near 800 Gliz. The mixer elements are thin-film nio- bium nitride microbridges with dimensions of 4 nm thickness, 0.2 to 0.3 p.m in length and 2 jun in width. At 780 GHz the best receiver noise temperature is 840 K (DSB). The mixer IF bandwidth is 2.0 GHz, the absorbed LO power is —0.1 1.1W. A fixed-tuned version of the re- ceiver was installed at the Submillimeter Telescope Observatory on Mt. Graham, Arizona, to conduct astronomical observations. These observations represent the first time that a receiver incorporating any superconducting HEB mixer has been used to detect a spectral line of celes- tial origin.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Pasadena, California, USA	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	572
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	Author	Kitaygorsky, Jennifer; Komissarov, I.; Jukna, A.; Minaeva, O.; Kaurova, N.; Divochiy, A.; Korneev, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Voronov, B.; Milostnaya, I.; Gol'tsman, G.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Fluctuations in two-dimensional superconducting NbN nanobridges and nanostructures meanders			Type	Abstract
	Year	2007	Publication	Proc. APS March Meeting	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. APS March Meeting
	Volume	52	Issue	1	Pages	L9.00013
	Keywords
	Abstract	We have observed fluctuations, manifested as sub-nanosecond to nanosecond transient, millivolt-amplitude voltage pulses, generated in two-dimensional NbN nanobridges, as well as in extended superconducting meander nanostructures, designed for single photon counting. Both nanobridges and nano-stripe meanders were biased at currents close to the critical current and measured in a range of temperatures from 1.5 to 8 K. During the tests, the devices were blocked from all incoming radiation by a metallic enclosure and shielded from any external magnetic fields. We attribute the observed spontaneous voltage pulses to the Kosterlitz-Thouless-type fluctuations, where the high enough applied bias current reduces the binding energy of vortex-antivortex pairs and, subsequently, thermal fluctuations break them apart causing the order parameter to momentarily reduce to zero, which in turn causes a transient voltage pulse. The duration of the voltage pulses depended on the device geometry (with the high-kinetic inductance meander structures having longer, nanosecond, pulses) while their rate was directly related to the biasing current as well as temperature.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1027
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	Author	Shangina, E. L.; Smirnov, K. V.; Morozov, D. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A. A.; Toropov, A. I.
	Title	Frequency bandwidth and conversion loss of a semiconductor heterodyne receiver with phonon cooling of two-dimensional electrons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Semicond.	Abbreviated Journal	Semicond.
	Volume	44	Issue	11	Pages	1427-1429
	Keywords	2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures mixers
	Abstract	The temperature and concentration dependences of the frequency bandwidth of terahertz heterodyne AlGaAs/GaAs detectors based on hot electron phenomena with phonon cooling of two-dimensional electrons have been measured by submillimeter spectroscopy with a high time resolution. At a temperature of 4.2 K, the frequency bandwidth at a level of 3 dB (f 3 dB) is varied from 150 to 250 MHz with a change in the concentration n s according to the power law f 3dB ∝ n −0.5 s due to the dominant contribution of piezoelectric phonon scattering. The minimum conversion loss of the semiconductor heterodyne detector is obtained in structures with a high carrier mobility (μ > 3 × 105 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 4.2 K).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1063-7826	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Полоса и потери преобразования полупроводникового смесителя с фононным каналом охлаждения двумерных электронов			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1216
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	Author	Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, H.–W.; Schubert, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elantiev, A. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Frequency dependent noise temperature of the lattice cooled hot-electron terahertz mixer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Proc. 11^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 11^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	39-48
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We present the measurements and the theoretical model on the frequency dependent noise temperature of a lattice cooled hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer in the terahertz frequency range. The experimentally observed increase of the noise temperature with frequency is a cumulative effect of the non-uniform distribution of the high frequency current in the bolometer and the charge imbalance, which occurs near the edges of the normal domain and contacts with normal metal. In addition, we present experimental results which show that the noise temperature of a HEB mixer can be reduced by about 30% due to a Parylene antireflection coating on the Silicon hyperhemispheric lens.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	305
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	Author	Baselmans, J.; Kooi, J.; Baryshev, A.; Yang, Z. Q.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Full characterization of small volume NbN HEB mixers for space applications			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proc. 16^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 16^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	457-462
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	NbN phonon cooled HEB’s are one of the most promising bolometer mixer technologies for (near) future (space) applications. Their performance is usually quantified by mea- suring the receiver noise temperature at a given IF frequency, usually around 1 – 2 GHz. However, for any real applications it is vital that one fully knows all the relevant properties of the mixer, including LO power, stability, direct detection, gain bandwidth and noise bandwidth, not only the noise temperature at low IF frequencies. To this aim we have measured all these parameters at the optimal operating point of one single, small volume quasioptical NbN HEB mixer. We find a minimum noise temperature of 900 K at 1.46 THz. We observe a direct detection effect indicated by a change in bias current when changing from a 300 K hot load to a 77 K cold load. Due to this effect we overestimate the noise temperature by about 22% using a 300 K hot load and a 77 K cold load. The LO power needed to reach the optimal operating point is 80 nW at the receiver lens front, 59 nW inside the NbN bridge. However, using the isothermal technique we find a power absorbed in the NbN bridge of 25 nW, a difference of about a factor 2. We obtain a gain bandwidth of 2.3 GHz and a noise bandwidth of 4 GHz. The system Allan time is about 1 sec. in a 50 MHz spectral bandwidth and a deviation from white noise integration (governed by the radiometer equation) occurs at 0.2 sec., which implies a maximum integration time of a few seconds in a 1 MHz bandwidth spectrometer.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Göteborg, Sweden	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	363
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	Author	Khasminskaya, S.; Pyatkov, F.; Słowik, K.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Kovalyuk, V.; Rath, P.; Vetter, A.; Hennrich, F.; Kappes, M. M.; Gol'tsman, G.; Korneev, A.; Rockstuhl, C.; Krupke, R.; Pernice, W. H. P.
	Title	Fully integrated quantum photonic circuit with an electrically driven light source			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Nat. Photon.	Abbreviated Journal	Nat. Photon.
	Volume	10	Issue	11	Pages	727-732
	Keywords	Carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, Integrated optics, Single photons and quantum effects, Waveguide integrated single-photon detector
	Abstract	Photonic quantum technologies allow quantum phenomena to be exploited in applications such as quantum cryptography, quantum simulation and quantum computation. A key requirement for practical devices is the scalable integration of single-photon sources, detectors and linear optical elements on a common platform. Nanophotonic circuits enable the realization of complex linear optical systems, while non-classical light can be measured with waveguide-integrated detectors. However, reproducible single-photon sources with high brightness and compatibility with photonic devices remain elusive for fully integrated systems. Here, we report the observation of antibunching in the light emitted from an electrically driven carbon nanotube embedded within a photonic quantum circuit. Non-classical light generated on chip is recorded under cryogenic conditions with waveguide-integrated superconducting single-photon detectors, without requiring optical filtering. Because exclusively scalable fabrication and deposition methods are used, our results establish carbon nanotubes as promising nanoscale single-photon emitters for hybrid quantum photonic devices.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ kovalyuk @			Serial	1105
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	Author	Ekstörm, H.; Kollberg, E.; Yagoubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Yngvesson, S.
	Title	Gain and noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometric mixers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	70	Issue	24	Pages	3296-3298
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, conversion loss, conversion gain, U-factor technique
	Abstract	We have measured the noise performance and gain bandwidth of 35 Å thin NbN hot-electron mixers integrated with spiral antennas on silicon substrate lenses at 620 GHz. The best double-sideband receiver noise temperature is less than 1300 K with a 3 dB bandwidth of ≈5 GHz. The gain bandwidth is 3.2 GHz. The mixer output noise dominated by thermal fluctuations is 50 K, and the intrinsic conversion gain is about −12 dB. Without mismatch losses and excluding the loss from the beamsplitter, we expect to achieve a receiver noise temperature of less than 700 K.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	279
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	Author	Maslennikova, Anna; Tretyakov, Ivan; Ryabchun, Sergey; Finkel, Matvey; Kaurova, Natalia; Voronov, Boris; Gol’tsman, Gregory
	Title	Gain bandwidth and noise temperature of NbN HEB mixers with simultaneous phonon and diffusion cooling			Type	Abstract
	Year	2010	Publication	Proc. 21^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 21^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	218-219
	Keywords
	Abstract	The space observatory Millimetron will be operating in the millimeter, sub-millimeter and infrared ranges using a 12-m cryogenic telescope in a single-dish mode, and as an interferometer with the space-earth and space-space baselines (the latter after the launch of the second identical space telescope). The observatory will allow performing astronomical observations with an unprecedented sensitivity (down to nJy level) in the single-dish mode, and observations with a high angular resolution in the interferometer mode. The total spectral range 20 μm – 2 cm is separated into 10 bands. HEB mixers with two cooling channels (diffusion and phonon) have been chosen to be the detectors of choice of the system covering the range from 1 THz to 6 THz as the best detectors in terahertz receivers. This type of HEB has already shown good work in the terahertz range. A gain bandwidth of 6 GHz at an LO frequency of 300 GHz and a noise temperature of 750 K at an LO frequency of 2.5 THz are the best values for HEB mixers with two cooling channels [1]. Theoretical estimations predict a bandwidth up to 12 GHz. Reaching such good result demands more systematic and thorough research. We present the results of the gain bandwidth and noise temperature measurements for superconducting hot- electron bolometer mixers with two cooling channels. These characteristics of the devices of lengths varying from 50 to 200 nm were measured for the purposes of Millimetron at frequencies of 600 GHz, 2.5 THz, and 3.8 THz. For gain bandwidth measurements we use two BWO’s operating at 600 GHz: one as the signal and the second as the LO. The noise temperature measurements were performed using a gas discharge laser as the LO and blackbodies at 77 K and 295 K as input signals. The devices studied consist of 3.5-nm-thick NbN bridges connected to thick (10 nm) high conductivity Au leads fabricated in situ. This method of fabricating devices has already proved promising by opening the diffusion cooling channel. [2] Fig. 1 shows a SEM photograph of a log-spiral antenna with an HEB at its apex. Fig. 1. Left: a SEM photograph of a log-spiral antenna with an HEB at its apex; right: a close-up of the HEB at the antenna apex. [1] S. A. Ryabchun, I. V. Tretyakov, M. I. Finkel, S. N. Maslennikov, N. S. Kaurova, V. A. Seleznev, B. M. Voronov, and G. N. Gol’tsman, NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer with additional diffusion cooling, Proc. of the 20 th Int. Symp. Space. Technol., Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, April 20 – 22, 2009. 218[2] S. A. Ryabchun * , I. V. Tretyakov, M. I. Finkel, S. N. Maslennikov, N. S. Kaurova, V. A. Seleznev, B. M. Voronov and G. N. Goltsman, Fabrication and characterisation of NbN HEB mixers with in situ gold contacts, Proc. of the 19 th Int. Symp. Space. Technol., Groningen, The Netherlands, April 28-30, 2008
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1393
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	Author	Finkel, Matvey; Vachtomin, Yuriy; Antipov, Sereey; Drakinski, Vladimir; Kaurova, Natalia; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Greeory
	Title	Gain bandwidth and noise temperature of NbTiN HEB mixer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proc. 14^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 14^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	276-285
	Keywords	NbTiN HEB mixer
	Abstract	We have determined that the gain bandwidth of phonon-cooled HEB mixer employing NbTiN films deposited on MgO layer over Si substrate is limited b y the escape of phonons to the substrate. The cut-off frequencies of 1 um long devices operating at T 71, based on 3.5 nm. 4 nm and 10 nm thick films amount to 400 Mk. 300 MHz, and 100 MHz, respectivel y . The gain bandwidth of 0.13 . um long devices fabricated from 3.5 nm thick film is larger and amounts to 0.8 GIL; at the optimal operating point and to 1.5 GIL: at larger bias. The increase of the gain bandwidth from 400 MHz up to 1.5 GH: with the change of bridge length is attributed to diffusion cooling. A double sideband noise temperature of 4000 K was obtained for heterodyne receiver utilizing pilot NbTiN HEB mixer (not optimized for normal state resistance) operating at the local oscillator frequency of 2.5 THz.
	Address
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1500
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	Author	Antipov, S.; Trifonov, A.; Krause, S.; Meledin, D.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Gain bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers on GaN buffer layer operating at 2 THz local oscillator frequency			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Proc. 28^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 28^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	147-148
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, GaN buffer-layer, IF bandwidth
	Abstract	In this paper, we present IF bandwidth measurement results of NbN HEB mixers, which are employing NbN thin films grown on a GaN buffer-layer. The HEB mixers were operated in the heterodyne regime at a bath temperature of approximately 4.5 K and with a local oscillator operating at a frequency of 2 THz. A quantum cascade laser served as the local oscillator and a reference synthesizer based on a BWO generator (130-160 GHz) and a semiconductor superlattice (SSL) frequency multiplier was used as a signal source. By changing the LO frequency it was possible to record the IF response or gain bandwidth of the HEB with a spectrum analyzer at the operation point, which yielded lowest noise temperature. The gain bandwidth that was recorded in the heterodyne regime at 2 THz amounts to approximately 5 GHz and coincides well with a measurement that has been performed at elevated bath temperatures and lower LO frequency of 140 GHz. These findings strongly support that by using a GaN buffer-layer the phonon escape time of NbN HEBs can be significantly lower as compared to e.g. Si substrate, thus, providing higher gain bandwidth.
	Address
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1175
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	Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Krieg, J.-M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Desmaris, V.
	Title	Gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on 1.5 μm Si₃N₄ / SiO₂ membranes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	J. Appl. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Appl. Phys.
	Volume	101	Issue	12	Pages	124508 (1 to 6)
	Keywords	HEB, mixer, membrane
	Abstract	The gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on electrically thin Si3N4/SiO2 membranes was experimentally investigated and compared with that of HEB mixers on bulk substrates. A gain bandwidth of 3.5 GHz is achieved on bulk silicon, whereas the gain bandwidth is reduced down to 0.6–0.9 GHz for mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4/SiO2 membranes. We show that application of a MgO buffer layer on the membrane extends the gain bandwidth to 3 GHz. The experimental data were analyzed using the film-substrate acoustic mismatch approach.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	560
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	Author	Vahtomin, Yuriy B.; Finkel, Matvey I.; Antipov, Sergey V.; Voronov, Boris M.; Smirnov, Konstantin V.; Kaurova, Natalia S.; Drakinski, Vladimir N.; Gol'tsman, Gregogy N.
	Title	Gain bandwidth of phonon-cooled HEB mixer made of NbN thin film with MgO buffer layer on Si			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Proc. 13^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 13^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	259-270
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, conversion gain bandwidth
	Abstract	We present recently obtained values for gain bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers for different substrates and film thicknesses and for MgO buffer layer on Si at LO frequency of 0.85-1 THz. The maximal bandwidth, 5.2 GHz, was achieved for the device on MgO buffer layer on Si with a 2 nm thick NbN film. Functional devices based on NbN films of such thickness were fabricated for the first time due to an improvement of superconducting properties of NbN film deposited on MgO buffer layer on Si substrate.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Cambridge, MA, USA	Editor	Harvard university
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	325
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	Author	Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Lobanov, Y.; Kaurova, N.; Blundell, R.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Gap frequency and photon absorption in a hot electron bolometer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Proc. 27^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 27^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	121
	Keywords	NbN HEB; Si membrane
	Abstract	The superconducting energy gap is a crucial parameter of a superconductor when used in mixing applications. In the case of the SIS mixer, the mixing process is efficient for frequencies below the energy gap, whereas, in the case of the HEB mixer, the mixing process is most efficient at frequencies above the gap, where photon absorption takes place more readily. We have investigated the photon absorption phenomenon around the gap frequency of HEB mixers based on NbN films deposited on silicon membranes. Apart from studying the pumped I-V curves of HEB devices, we have also probed them with microwave radiation, as previously described [1]. At frequencies far below the gap frequency, the pumped I-V curves show abrupt switching between the superconducting and resistive states. For the NbN HEB mixers we tested, which have critical temperatures of ~9 K, this is true for frequencies below about 400 GHz. As the pump frequency is increased beyond 400 GHz, the resistive state extends towards zero bias and at some point a small region of negative differential resistance appears close to zero bias. In this region, the microwave probe reveals that the device impedance is changing randomly with time. As the pump frequency is further increased, this random impedance change develops into relaxation oscillations, which can be observed by the demodulation of the reflected microwave probe. Initially, these oscillations take the form of several frequencies grouped together under an envelope. As we approach the gap frequency, the multiple frequency relaxation oscillations coalesce into a single frequency of a few MHz. The resultant square-wave nature of the oscillation is a clear indication that the device is in a bi-stable state, switching between the superconducting and normal state. Above the gap frequency, it is possible to obtain a pumped I-V curve with no negative differential resistance above a threshold pumping level. Below this pumping level, the device demonstrates bi-stability, and regular relaxation oscillation at a few MHz is observed as a function of pump power. The threshold pumping level is clearly related to the amount of power absorbed by the device and its phonon cooling. From the above experiment, we can derive the gap frequency of the NbN film, which is 585 GHz for our 6 μm thin silicon membrane-based device. We also confirm that the HEB mixer is not an efficient photon absorber for radiation below the gap frequency. 1. A. Trifonov et al., “Probing the stability of HEB mixers with microwave injection”, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 25, no. 3, June 2015.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1204
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	Author	Matyushkin, Yakov; Fedorov, Georgy; Moskotin, Maksim; Danilov, Sergey; Ganichev, Sergey; Goltsman, Gregory
	Title	Gate-mediated helicity sensitive detectors of terahertz radiation with graphene-based field effect transistors			Type	Abstract
	Year	2020	Publication	Graphene and 2dm Virt. Conf.	Abbreviated Journal	Graphene and 2DM Virt. Conf.
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	single layer graphene, SLG, CVD, plasmons, FET
	Abstract	Closing of the so-called terahertz gap results in an increased demand for optoelectronic devices operating in the frequency range from 0.1 to 10 THz. Active plasmonic in field effect devices based on high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) opens up opportunities for creation of on-chip spectrum [1] and polarization [2] analysers. Here we show that single layer graphene (SLG) grown using CVD method can be used for an all-electric helicity sensitive polarization broad analyser of THz radiation. Allourresults show plasmonic nature of response. Devices are made in a configuration ofa field-effect transistor (FET) with a graphene channel that has a length of 2 mkm and a width of 5.5 mkm. Response of opposite polarity to clockwise and anticlockwise polarized radiation is due to special antenna design (see Fig.1c) as follow works [2,3]. Our approaches can be extrapolated to other 2D materials and used as a tool to characterize plasmonic excitations in them. [1]Bandurin, D. A., etal.,Nature Communications, 9(1),(2018),1-8.[2]Drexler, C.,etal.,Journal of Applied Physics, 111(12),(2012),124504.[3]Gorbenko, I. V.,et al.,physica status solidi (RRL)–Rapid Research Letters, 13(3),(2019),1800464.
	Address	Grenoble, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference	Graphene and 2dm Virtual Conference & Expo
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1743
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	Author	Kuznetsov, K. A.; Kornienko, V. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Pentin, I. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kitaeva, G. K.
	Title	Generation and detection of optical-terahertz biphotons via spontaneous parametric downconversion			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Proc. ICLO	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. ICLO
	Volume		Issue		Pages	303
	Keywords	NbN HEB applications
	Abstract	We study spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) in the strongly non-degenerate regime when the idler wave hits the terahertz range. By using the hot-electron bolometer, for the first time the SPDC-generated idler-wave photons were directly detected in the terahertz frequency range. Spectrum of corresponding signal photons was measured using standard technique by the CCD camera. Possible applications of correlated optical-terahertz biphotons are discussed.
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference	International Conference Laser Optics
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1806
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	Author	Lang, P. T.; Knott, W. J.; Leipold, I.; Renk, K. F.; Semenov, A. D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Generation and detection of tunable ultrashort infrared and far-infrared radiation pulses of high intensity			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Int. J. of Infrared and Millimeter Waves	Abbreviated Journal	Int. J. of Infrared and Millimeter Waves
	Volume	13	Issue	3	Pages	373-380
	Keywords	CO2 IR lasers, FIR
	Abstract	We report on generation and detection of intense pulsed radiation with frequency tunability in the infrared and far-infrared spectral regions. Infrared radiation is generated with a transversally electrically excited high pressure CO2 laser. A laser pulse of a total duration of about 300 ns consisted, due to self mode locking, of a series of single pulses, some with pulse durations of less than 450 ps and peak powers larger than 20 MW. Using these pulses for optical with durations less than 400 ps were obtained. For detection a new ultrafast superconducting detector was used.
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0195-9271	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1671
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	Author	Tuchak, A. N.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Kitaeva, G. K.; Penin, A. N.; Seliverstov, S. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Shepelev, A. V.; Yakunin, P. V.
	Title	Generation of nanosecond terahertz pulses by the optical rectification method			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	96	Issue	2	Pages	94-97
	Keywords	optical rectification, lithium niobate crystal
	Abstract	The possibility of the generation of quasi-cw terahertz radiation by the optical rectification method for broad-band Fourier unlimited nanosecond laser pulses has been experimentally demonstrated. The broadband radiation of a LiF dye-center laser is used as a pump source of a nonlinear optical oscillator. The energy efficiency of terahertz optical frequency conversion in a periodically polarized lithium niobate crystal is 4 × 10−9 at a pump power density of 7 MW/cm2.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-3640	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1377
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G.; Orlova, S.; Ptitsina, N.; Gurvich, Y.
	Title	Germanium hot-electron narrow-band detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1971	Publication	Sov. Radio Engineering And Electronic Physics	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Radio Engineering And Electronic Physics
	Volume	16	Issue	8	Pages	1346
	Keywords	Ge HEB detectors
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Scripps Clinic Res Foundation 476 Prospect St, La Jolla, Ca 92037	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1741
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	Author	Korneev, A.; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	GHz counting rate NbN single-photon detector for IR diagnostics of VLSI CMOS circuits			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Microelectronic Engineering	Abbreviated Journal	Microelectronic Engineering
	Volume	69	Issue	2-4	Pages	274-278
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD, applications
	Abstract	We present a new, simple to manufacture superconducting single-photon detector operational in the range from ultraviolet to mid-infrared radiation wavelengths. The detector combines GHz counting rate, high quantum efficiency and very low level of dark (false) counts. At 1.3–1.5 μm wavelength range our detector exhibits a quantum efficiency of 5–10%. The detector photoresponse voltage pulse duration was measured to be about 150 ps with jitter of 35 ps and both of them were limited mostly by our measurement equipment. In terms of quantum efficiency, dark counts level, speed of operation the detector surpasses all semiconductor counterparts and was successfully applied for CMOS integrated circuits diagnostics.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0167-9317	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1511
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	Author	Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Slysz, W.; Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Currie, M.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Gigahertz counting rates of NbN single-photon detectors for quantum communications			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	15	Issue	2	Pages	579-582
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We report on the GHz counting rate and jitter of our nanostructured superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). The devices were patterned in 4-nm-thick and about 100-nm-wide NbN meander stripes and covered a 10-/spl mu/m/spl times/10-/spl mu/m area. We were able to count single photons at both the visible and infrared telecommunication wavelengths at rates of over 2 GHz with a timing jitter of below 18 ps. We also present the model for the origin of the SSPD switching dynamics and jitter, based on the time-delay effect in the phase-slip-center formation mechanism during the detector photoresponse process. With further improvements in our readout electronics, we expect that our SSPDs will reach counting rates of up to 10 GHz. An integrated quantum communications receiver based on two fiber-coupled SSPDs and operating at 1550-nm wavelength is also presented.
	Address
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1558-2515	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1465
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	Author	Fedorov, G.; Gayduchenko, I.; Titova, N.; Moskotin, M.; Obraztsova, E.; Rybin, M.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Graphene-based lateral Schottky diodes for detecting terahertz radiation			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Proc. Optical Sensing and Detection V	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Optical Sensing and Detection V
	Volume	10680	Issue		Pages	30-39
	Keywords	graphene, terahertz radiation, detectors, Schottky diodes, carbon nanotubes, plasma waves
	Abstract	Demand for efficient terahertz radiation detectors resulted in intensive study of the carbon nanostructures as possible solution for that problem. In this work we investigate the response to sub-terahertz radiation of graphene field effect transistors of two configurations. The devices of the first type are based on single layer CVD graphene with asymmetric source and drain (vanadium and gold) contacts and operate as lateral Schottky diodes (LSD). The devices of the second type are made in so-called Dyakonov-Shur configuration in which the radiation is coupled through a spiral antenna to source and top electrodes. We show that at 300 K the LSD detector exhibit the room-temperature responsivity from R = 15 V/W at f= 129 GHz to R = 3 V/W at f = 450 GHz. The DS detector responsivity is markedly lower (2 V/W) and practically frequency independent in the investigated range. We find that at low temperatures (77K) the graphene lateral Schottky diodes responsivity rises with the increasing frequency of the incident sub-THz radiation. We interpret this result as a manifestation of a plasmonic effect in the devices with the relatively long plasmonic wavelengths. The obtained data allows for determination of the most promising directions of development of the technology of nanocarbon structures for the detection of THz radiation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Berghmans, F.; Mignani, A.G.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	10.1117/12.2307020			Serial	1306
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	Author	Matyushkin, Y. E.; Gayduchenko, I. A.; Moskotin, M. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Fedorov, G. E.; Rybin, M. G.; Obraztsova, E. D.
	Title	Graphene-layer and graphene-nanoribbon FETs as THz detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2018	Publication	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
	Volume	1124	Issue		Pages	051054
	Keywords	field-effect transistor, FET, monolayer graphene, graphene nanoribbons
	Abstract	We report on detection of sub-THz radiation (129-430 GHz) using graphene based asymmetric field-effect transistor (FET) structures with different channel geometry: monolayer graphene, graphene nanoribbons. In all devices types we observed the similar trends of response on sub-THz radiation. The response fell with increasing frequency at room temperature, but increased with increasing frequency at 77 K. Our calculations show that the change in the trend of the frequency dependence at 77 K is associated with the appearance of plasma waves in the graphene channel. Unusual properties of p-n junctions in graphene are highlighted using devices of special geometry.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1742-6588	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1300
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	Author	Kawamura, J.; Hunter, T. R.; Tong, C. Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Papa, D. C.; Patt, F.; Peters, W.; Wilson, T.; Henkel, C.; Goltsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.
	Title	Ground-based terahertz CO spectroscopy towards Orion			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	A&A	Abbreviated Journal	A&A
	Volume	394	Issue	1	Pages	271-274
	Keywords	HEB mixers, applications
	Abstract	Using a superconductive hot-electron bolometer heterodyne receiver on the 10-m Heinrich Hertz Telescope on Mount Graham, Arizona, we have obtained velocity-resolved 1.037 THz CO () spectra toward several positions along the Orion Molecular Cloud (OMC-1) ridge. We confirm the general results of prior observations of high-J CO lines that show that the high temperature, , high density molecular gas, , is quite extended, found along a ~ region centered on BN/KL. However, our observations have significantly improved angular resolution, and with a beam size of we are able to spatially and kinematically discriminate the emission originating in the extended quiescent ridge from the very strong and broadened emission originating in the compact molecular outflow. The ridge emission very close to the BN/KL region appears to originate from two distinct clouds along the line of sight with and ≈ . The former component dominates the emission to the south of BN/KL and the latter to the north, with a turnover point coincident with or near BN/KL. Our evidence precludes a simple rotation of the inner ridge and lends support to a model in which there are multiple molecular clouds along the line of sight towards the Orion ridge.
	Address
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	322
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	Author	Sergeev, A.; Semenov, A.; Trifonov, V.; Karasik, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.
	Title	Heat transfer in YBaCuO thin film/sapphire substrate system			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	J. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Supercond.
	Volume	7	Issue	2	Pages	341-344
	Keywords	YBCO films
	Abstract	The thermal boundary resistance at the YBaCuO thin film/Al2O3 substrate interface was investigated. The transparency for thermal phonons incident on the interface as well as for phonons moving from the substrate was determined. We have measured a transient voltage response of current-biased films to continuously modulated radiation. The observed knee in the modulation frequency dependence of the response reflects the crossover from the diffusion regime to the contact resistance regime of the heat transfer across the interface. The values of transparency were independently deduced both from the phonon escape time and from the time of phonon return to the film which were identified with peculiarities in the frequency dependence. The results are much more consistent with the acoustic mismatch theory than the diffuse mismatch model.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0896-1107	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1647
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Heating of electrons in a superconductor in the resistive state by electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	59	Issue	2	Pages	442-450
	Keywords	Nb HEB
	Abstract	The effect of heating of electrons relative to phonons is observed and investigated in a superconducting film that is made resistive by current and by an external magnetic field. The effect is manifested by an increase of the film resistance under the influence of the electromagnetic radiation, and is not selective in the frequency band 10^10-10^15 Hz. The independence of the effect of frequency under conditions of strong scattering by static defects is attributed to the decisive role of electron-electron collisions in the distribution function. The experimentally obtained characteristic time of resistance variation near the superconducting transition corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter, while at lower temperatures and fields it corresponds to the time of the inelastic electron-phonon interaction.
	Address
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ phisix @			Serial	983
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Heating of electrons in resistive state of superconducting films. Detectors, mixers and switches			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Progress in High Temperature Superconductivity	Abbreviated Journal	Progress in High Temperature Superconductivity
	Volume	32	Issue		Pages	190-195
	Keywords	superconducting films, heating of electrons
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	International Conference on High Temperature Superconductivity and Localization Phenomena , Moscow, Russia , 11 – 15 May 1991
	Notes	https://books.google.co.kr/books?hl=en&lr=&id=uCI0DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA190&ots=z7WGjXYWr4&sig=TQ6G6dKsmcj4faYe1ZLw_BFmps8			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1666
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semyonov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Heating of electrons in superconductor in the resistive state due to electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Solid State Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Solid State Communications
	Volume	50	Issue	3	Pages	207-212
	Keywords	Nb HEB
	Abstract	The effect of heating electrons with respect to phonons in a thin superconducting film driven into the resistive state by the current and the external magnetic field has been observed and investigated. This effect caused by the electromagnetic radiation is manifested in the increased resistance of the film and is not selective over the frequency range from 1010 to 1015 Hz. That the effect is frequency independent under the conditions of strong electron scattering caused by static defects is explained by the decisive role of electron -electron collisions in forming the distribution function. The characteristic time of resistance change, obtained experimentally, corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter near the superconducting transition and to the relaxation time of the nonelastic electron-phonon interaction at lower temperatures and in lower magnetic fields.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0038-1098	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1709
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	Author	Gershenzon, E.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Heating of quasiparticles in a superconducting film in the resistive state			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	34	Issue	5	Pages	268-271
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1716
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	Author	Kroug, M.; Cherednichenko, S.; Choumas, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Hübers, H.-W.; Richter, H.; Loudkov, D.; Voronov, B.; Gol'Tsman, G.
	Title	HEB quasi-optical heterodyne receiver for THz frequencies			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Proc. 12^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	244-252
	Keywords	HEB mixer, NbN, MgO, conversion gain bandwidth, noise temperature
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	San Diego, CA, USA	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	319
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	Author	Matyushkin, Y.; Danilov, S.; Moskotin, M.; Belosevich, V.; Kaurova, N.; Rybin, M.; Obraztsova, E. D.; Fedorov, G.; Gorbenko, I.; Kachorovskii, V.; Ganichev, S.
	Title	Helicity-sensitive plasmonic terahertz interferometer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Nano Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Nano Lett.
	Volume	20	Issue	10	Pages	7296-7303
	Keywords	graphene, plasmonic interferometer, radiation helicity, terahertz radiation
	Abstract	Plasmonic interferometry is a rapidly growing area of research with a huge potential for applications in the terahertz frequency range. In this Letter, we explore a plasmonic interferometer based on graphene field effect transistor connected to specially designed antennas. As a key result, we observe helicity- and phase-sensitive conversion of circularly polarized radiation into dc photovoltage caused by the plasmon-interference mechanism: two plasma waves, excited at the source and drain part of the transistor, interfere inside the channel. The helicity-sensitive phase shift between these waves is achieved by using an asymmetric antenna configuration. The dc signal changes sign with inversion of the helicity. A suggested plasmonic interferometer is capable of measuring the phase difference between two arbitrary phase-shifted optical signals. The observed effect opens a wide avenue for phase-sensitive probing of plasma wave excitations in two-dimensional materials.
	Address	CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics, PAS, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1530-6984	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:32903004			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1781
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	Author	Lobanov, Yury; Shcherbatenko, Michael; Shurakov, Alexander; Rodin, Alexander V.; Klimchuk, Artem; Nadezhdinsky, Alexander I.; Maslennikov, Sergey; Larionov, Pavel; Finkel, Matvey; Semenov, Alexander; Verevkin, Aleksandr A.; Voronov, Boris M.; Ponurovsky, Yakov; Klapwijk, Teunis M.; Gol'tsman, Gregory N.
	Title	Heterodyne detection at near-infrared wavelengths with a superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Opt. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	39	Issue	6	Pages	1429-1432
	Keywords	HEB, zebra, IR, infrared
	Abstract	We report on the development of a highly sensitive optical receiver for heterodyne IR spectroscopy at the communication wavelength of 1.5 μm (200 THz) by use of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer. The results are important for the resolution of narrow spectral molecular lines in the near-IR range for the study of astronomical objects, as well as for quantum optical tomography and fiber-optic sensing. Receiver configuration as well as fiber-to-detector light coupling designs are discussed. Light absorption of the superconducting detectors was enhanced by nano-optical antennas, which were coupled to optical fibers. An intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of about 3 GHz was found in agreement with measurements at 300 GHz, and a noise figure of about 25 dB was obtained that was only 10 dB above the quantum limit.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	906
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	Author	Semenov, A. D.; Gousev, Y. P.; Nebosis, R. S.; Renk, K. F.; Yagoubov, P.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Syomash, V. D.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Heterodyne detection of THz radiation with a superconducting hot‐electron bolometer mixer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	69	Issue	2	Pages	260-262
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We report on the use of a superconducting hot‐electron bolometer mixer for heterodyne detection of terahertz radiation. Radiation with a wavelength of 119 μm was coupled to the mixer, a NbN microbridge, by a hybrid quasioptical antenna consisting of an extended hyperhemispherical lens and a planar logarithmic spiral antenna. We found, at an intermediate frequency of 1.5 GHz, a system double side band noise temperature of ≊40 000 K and conversion losses of 25 dB. We also discuss the possibilities of further improvement of the mixer performance.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1610
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	Author	Yagoubov, P.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Schubert, J.; Hubers, H.-W.; Schwaab, G.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.
	Title	Heterodyne measurements of a NbN superconducting hot electron mixer at terahertz frequencies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	9	Issue	2	Pages	3757-3760
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	The performance of a NbN based phonon-cooled Hot Electron Bolometric (HEB) quasioptical mixer is investigated in the 0.65-3.12 THz frequency range. The device is made from a 3 nm thick NbN film on high resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The in-plane dimensions of the bolometer strip are 0.2/spl times/2 /spl mu/m. The best results of the DSB noise temperature at 1.5 GHz IF frequency obtained with one device are: 1300 K at 650 GHz, 4700 K at 2.5 THz and 10000 K at 3.12 THz. The measurements were performed at 4.5 K ambient temperature. The amount of local oscillator (LO) power absorbed in the bolometer is about 100 nW. The mixer is linear to within 1 dB compression up to the signal level 10 dB below that of the LO. The intrinsic single sideband conversion gain measured at 650 GHz is -9 dB, the total conversion gain is -14 dB.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1569
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	Author	Hubers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Schwarz, M.; Gunther, B.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B.
	Title	Heterodyne receiver for 3-5 THz with hot-electron bolometer mixer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	5498	Issue		Pages	579-586
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy and planetary research need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently build for SOFIA and Herschel superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) will be used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. The local oscillator and the mixer are the most critical components for a heterodyne receiver operating at 3-5 THz. The design and performance of an optically pumped THz gas laser optimized for this frequency band will be presented. In order to optimize the performance for this frequency hot electron bolometer mixers with different in-plane dimensions and logarithmic-spiral feed antennas have been investigated. Their noise temperatures and beam patterns were measured. Above 3 THz the best performance was achieved with a superconducting bridge of 2.0 x 0.2 Î¼m² incorporated in a logarithmic spiral antenna. The DSB noise temperatures were 2700 K, 4700 K and 6400 K at 3.1 THz, 4.3 THz and 5.2 THz, respectively. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for THz heterodyne receivers up to at least 5 THz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Zmuidzinas, J.; Holland, W.S.; Withington, S.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1483
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	Author	Pentin, I. V.; Smirnov, A. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Vaks, V. L.; Pripolzin, S. I.; Paveliev, D. G.
	Title	Heterodyne source of THz range based on semiconductor superlattice multiplier			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2011	Publication	IRMMW-THz	Abbreviated Journal	IRMMW-THz
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-2
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixer, superlattice
	Abstract	We present the results of our studies of the possibility of developing a heterodyne receiver incorporating a hot-electron bolometer mixer as the detector and a semiconductor superlattice multiplier driven by a reference synthesizer as the local oscillator. We observe that such a local oscillator offers enough power in the terahertz range to pump the HEB into the operating state.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	6105209			Serial	1384
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	Author	Lobanov, Y. V.; Shcherbatenko, M. L.; Semenov, A. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Vinogradov, E. A.; Naumov, A. V.; Gladush, M. G.; Karimullin, K. R.
	Title	Heterodyne spectroscopy with superconducting single-photon detector			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2017	Publication	EPJ Web Conf.	Abbreviated Journal	EPJ Web Conf.
	Volume	132	Issue		Pages	01005
	Keywords	SSPD mixer, SNSPD
	Abstract	We demonstrate successful operation of a Superconducting Single Photon Detector (SSPD) as the core element in a heterodyne receiver. Irradiating the SSPD by both a local oscillator power and signal power simultaneously, we observed beat signal at the intermediate frequency of a few MHz. Gain bandwidth was found to coincide with the detector single pulse width, where the latter depends on the detector kinetic inductance, determined by the superconducting nanowire length.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2100-014X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1205
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	Author	Minaeva, O.; Fraine, A.; Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Goltsman, G.; Sergienko, A.
	Title	High resolution optical time-domain reflectometry using superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Frontiers in Opt. 2012/Laser Sci. XXVIII	Abbreviated Journal	Frontiers in Opt. 2012/Laser Sci. XXVIII
	Volume		Issue		Pages	Fw3a.39
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, Photodetectors; Fiber characterization; Light beams; Optical time domain reflectometry; Photon counting; Single mode fibers; Single photon detectors; Superconductors
	Abstract	We discuss the advantages and limitations of single-photon optical time-domain reflectometry with superconducting single-photon detectors. The higher two-point resolution can be achieved due to superior timing performance of SSPDs in comparison with InGaAs APDs.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Optical Society of America	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1237
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	Author	Anfertev, V.; Vaks, V.; Revin, L.; Pentin, I.; Tretyakov, I.; Goltsman, G.; Vinogradov, E. A.; Naumov, A. V.; Gladush, M. G.; Karimullin, K. R.
	Title	High resolution THz gas spectrometer based on semiconductor and superconductor devices			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2017	Publication	EPJ Web Conf.	Abbreviated Journal	EPJ Web Conf.
	Volume	132	Issue		Pages	02001 (1 to 2)
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, detectors, THz spectroscopy
	Abstract	The high resolution THz gas spectrometer consists of a synthesizer based on Gunn generator with a semiconductor superlattice frequency multiplier as a radiation source, and an NbN hot electron bolometer in a direct detection mode as a THz radiation receiver was presented. The possibility of application of a quantum cascade laser as a local oscillator for a heterodyne receiver which is based on an NbN hot electron bolometer mixer is shown. The ways for further developing of the THz spectroscopy were outlined.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2100-014X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1328
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	Author	Pernice, W.; Schuck, C.; Minaeva, O.; Li, M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Sergienko, A. V.; Tang, H. X.
	Title	High speed and high efficiency travelling wave single-photon detectors embedded in nanophotonic circuits			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2012	Publication	arXiv	Abbreviated Journal	arXiv
	Volume	1108.5299	Issue		Pages	1-23
	Keywords	optical waveguides, waveguide SSPD, guantum photonics, jitter, detection efficiency
	Abstract	Ultrafast, high quantum efficiency single photon detectors are among the most sought-after elements in modern quantum optics and quantum communication. High photon detection efficiency is essential for scalable measurement-based quantum computation, quantum key distribution, and loophole-free Bell experiments. However, imperfect modal matching and finite photon absorption rates have usually limited the maximum attainable detection efficiency of single photon detectors. Here we demonstrate a superconducting nanowire detector atop nanophotonic waveguides which allows us to drastically increase the absorption length for incoming photons. When operating the detectors close to the critical current we achieve high on-chip single photon detection efficiency up to 91% at telecom wavelengths, with uncertainty dictated by the variation of the waveguide photon flux. We also observe remarkably low dark count rates without significant compromise of detection efficiency. Furthermore, our detectors are fully embedded in a scalable silicon photonic circuit and provide ultrashort timing jitter of 18ps. Exploiting this high temporal resolution we demonstrate ballistic photon transport in silicon ring resonators. The direct implementation of such a detector with high quantum efficiency, high detection speed and low jitter time on chip overcomes a major barrier in integrated quantum photonics.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	845
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	Author	Karasik, B. S.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Zorin, M. A.; Elantev, A. I.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	High speed current switching of homogeneous YBaCuO film between superconducting and resistive states			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	5	Issue	2	Pages	3042-3045
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB switches
	Abstract	Transitions of thin structured YBaCuO films from superconducting (S) to normal (N) state and back induced by a supercritical current pulse has been studied. A subnanosecond stage in the film resistance dynamic has been observed. A more gradual (nanosecond) ramp in the time dependence of the resistance follows the fast stage. The fraction of the film resistance which is attained during the fast S-N stage rises with the current amplitude. Subnanosecond N-S switching is more pronounced for smaller amplitudes of driving current and for shorter pulses. The phenomena observed are viewed within the framework of an electron heating model. The expected switching time and repetition rate of an optimized current controlling device are estimated to be 1-2 ps and 80 GHz respectively.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1620
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	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	High speed hot-electron superconducting bolometer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2104	Issue		Pages	181-182
	Keywords	NbN HEb, Nb, Al
	Abstract	Physical limitation of response time of a superconducting bolometer as well as the nature of non-equilibrium detection of radiation have been investigated for Al, Nb and NbN thin films in spectral range from submillimeter to near-infraredwavelengths [1,2]. In the case of ideal heat removal from the film with the f_‘. 100A thickness the detection mechanism is an electron heating effect that is not selective to radiation wavelength in a very broad range. The response time ofan electron heating bolometer is determined by an electron-phonon interaction time. This time is of about 10 ns, 0.5 ns and 20 ps for Al, Nb, and NbN correspondingly near the critical temperature of the superconducting film. Thesensitive area of the bolometer consists of a number of narrow strips (with awidth of 1Ã‚Âµm) connected in parallel to contact pads; these pads together witha sapphire substrate and a ground plate represent the microstrip transmissionline with an impedance of 50 Q.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1652
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	Author	Minaeva, O.; Divochiy, A.; Korneev, A.; Sergienko, A. V.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	High speed infrared photon counting with photon number resolving superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs)			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	CLEO/Europe – EQEC	Abbreviated Journal	CLEO/Europe – EQEC
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	A review of development and characterization of the nanostructures consisting of several meander sections, all connected in parallel was presented. Such geometry leads to a significant decrease of the kinetic inductance, without a decrease of the SSPD active area. A new type of SSPDs possess the QE of large-active- area devices, but, simultaneously, allows achieving short response times and the GHz-counting rate. This new generation of superconducting detectors has another significant advantage for quantum key distribution, they have a photon number resolving capability and can distinguish more photons.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1399
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	Author	Pernice, W.; Schuck, C.; Li, M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Sergienko, A. V.; Tang, H. X.
	Title	High speed travelling wave single-photon detectors with near-unity quantum efficiency			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	arXiv	Abbreviated Journal	arXiv
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-14
	Keywords	SPD
	Abstract	Ultrafast, high quantum efficiency single photon detectors are among the most sought-after elements in modern quantum optics and quantum communication. Close-to-unity photon detection efficiency is essential for scalable measurement-based quantum computation, quantum key distribution, and loophole-free Bell experiments. However, imperfect modal matching and finite photon absorption rates have usually limited the maximum attainable detection efficiency of single photon detectors. Here we demonstrate a superconducting nanowire detector atop nanophotonic waveguides and achieve single photon detection efficiency up to 94% at telecom wavelengths. Our detectors are fully embedded in a scalable, low loss silicon photonic circuit and provide ultrashort timing jitter of 18ps at multi-GHz detection rates. Exploiting this high temporal resolution we demonstrate ballistic photon transport in silicon ring resonators. The direct implementation of such a detector with high quantum efficiency, high detection speed and low jitter time on chip overcomes a major barrier in integrated quantum photonics.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	arXiv:1108.5299	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	661
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	Author	Moshkova, M. A.; Morozov, P. V.; Antipov, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.
	Title	High-efficiency multi-element superconducting single-photon detector			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	11771	Issue		Pages	2-8
	Keywords	PNR SSPD, large active area, detection efficiency
	Abstract	We present the result of the creation and investigation of the multi-element superconducting single photon detectors, which can recognize the number of photons (up to six) in a short pulse of the radiation at telecommunication wavelengths range. The best receivers coupled with single-mode fiber have the system quantum efficiency of ⁓85%. The receivers have a 100 ps time resolution and a few nanoseconds dead time that allows them to operate at megahertz counting rate. Implementation of the multi-element architecture for creation of the superconducting single photon detectors with increased sensitive area allows to create the high efficiency receivers coupled with multi-mode fibers and with preserving of the all advantages of superconducting photon counters.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Prochazka, I.; Štefaňák, M.; Sobolewski, R.; Gábris, A.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Quantum Optics and Photon Counting
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1795
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	Author	Zolotov, P.; Vakhtomin, Yu.; Divochiy, A.; Seleznev, V.; Morozov, P.; Smirnov, K.
	Title	High-efficiency single-photon detectors based on NbN films			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2013	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We present our resent results in development and testing of Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors (SSPD) with detection efficiencies greater than 85%. High values of obtained results are assigned to proposed design of the detector with integrated resonator structure, including two-layer optical cavity and anti-reflective coating (ARC).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Poster			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1254
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	Author	Moshkova, M.; Divochiy, A.; Morozov, P.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Antipov, A.; Zolotov, P.; Seleznev, V.; Ahmetov, M.; Smirnov, K.
	Title	High-performance superconducting photon-number-resolving detectors with 86% system efficiency at telecom range			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	J. Opt. Soc. Am. B	Abbreviated Journal	J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
	Volume	36	Issue	3	Pages	B20
	Keywords	NbN PNR SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	The use of improved fabrication technology, highly disordered NbN thin films, and intertwined section topology makes it possible to create high-performance photon-number-resolving superconducting single-photon detectors (PNR SSPDs) that are comparable to conventional single-element SSPDs at the telecom range. The developed four-section PNR SSPD has simultaneously an 86±3% system detection efficiency, 35 cps dark count rate, ∼2 ns dead time, and maximum 90 ps jitter. An investigation of the PNR SSPD’s detection efficiency for multiphoton events shows good uniformity across sections. As a result, such a PNR SSPD is a good candidate for retrieving the photon statistics for light sources and quantum key distribution systems.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0740-3224	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1225
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	Author	Pernice, W. H. P.; Schuck, C.; Minaeva, O.; Li, M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Sergienko, A. V.; Tang, H. X.
	Title	High-speed and high-efficiency travelling wave single-photon detectors embedded in nanophotonic circuits			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Nat. Commun.	Abbreviated Journal	Nat. Commun.
	Volume	3	Issue		Pages	1325 (1 to 10)
	Keywords	waveguide SSPD
	Abstract	Ultrafast, high-efficiency single-photon detectors are among the most sought-after elements in modern quantum optics and quantum communication. However, imperfect modal matching and finite photon absorption rates have usually limited their maximum attainable detection efficiency. Here we demonstrate superconducting nanowire detectors atop nanophotonic waveguides, which enable a drastic increase of the absorption length for incoming photons. This allows us to achieve high on-chip single-photon detection efficiency up to 91% at telecom wavelengths, repeatable across several fabricated chips. We also observe remarkably low dark count rates without significant compromise of the on-chip detection efficiency. The detectors are fully embedded in scalable silicon photonic circuits and provide ultrashort timing jitter of 18 ps. Exploiting this high temporal resolution, we demonstrate ballistic photon transport in silicon ring resonators. Our direct implementation of a high-performance single-photon detector on chip overcomes a major barrier in integrated quantum photonics.
	Address	Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2041-1723	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:23271658; PMCID:PMC3535416			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1375
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	Author	Feautrier, P.; le Coarer, E.; Espiau de Lamaestre, R.; Cavalier, P.; Maingault, L.; Villégier, J-C.; Frey, L.; Claudon, J.; Bergeard, N.; Tarkhov, M.; Poizat, J-P.
	Title	High-speed superconducting single photon detectors for innovative astronomical applications			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
	Volume	97	Issue	1	Pages	10
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract	Superconducting Single Photon Detectors (SSPD) are now mature enough to provide extremely interesting detector performances in term of sensitivity, speed, and geometry in the visible and near infrared wavelengths. Taking advantage of recent results obtained in the Sinphonia project, the goal of our research is to demonstrate the feasibility of a new family of micro-spectrometers, called SWIFTS (Stationary Wave Integrated Fourier Transform Spectrometer), associated to an array of SSPD, the whole assembly being integrated on a monolithic sapphire substrate coupling the detectors array to a waveguide injecting the light. This unique association will create a major breakthrough in the domain of visible and infrared spectroscopy for all applications where the space and weight of the instrument is limited. SWIFTS is an innovative way to achieve very compact spectro-detectors using nano-detectors coupled to evanescent field of dielectric integrated optics. The system is sensitive to the interferogram inside the dielectric waveguide along the propagation path. Astronomical instruments will be the first application of such SSPD spectrometers. In this paper, we describes in details the fabrication process of our SSPD built at CEA/DRFMC using ultra-thin NbN epitaxial films deposited on different orientations of Sapphire substrates having state of the art superconducting characteristics. Electron beam lithography is routinely used for patterning the devices having line widths below 200 nm and down to 70 nm. An experimental set-up has been built and used to test these SSPD devices and evaluate their photon counting performances. Photon counting performances of our devices have been demonstrated with extremely low dark counts giving excellent signal to noise ratios. The extreme compactness of this concept is interesting for space spectroscopic applications. Some new astronomical applications of such concept are proposed in this paper.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	648
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	Author	Verevkin, A. A.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Yngvesson, K. S.
	Title	Hot electron bolometer detectors and mixers based on a superconducting-two-dimensional electron gas-superconductor structure			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Proc. 4-th Int. Semicond. Device Research Symp.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 4-th Int. Semicond. Device Research Symp.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	163-166
	Keywords	S-2DEG-S HEB mixers, detectors, AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures, NbN
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1603
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	Author	Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Smirnov, K. V.; Seleznev, V. A.; Korotetskaya, Yu. P.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Hot electron bolometer mixer for 20 – 40 THz frequency range			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proc. 16^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 16^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	393-397
	Keywords	IR NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	The developed HEB mixer was based on a 5 nm thick NbN film deposited on a GaAs substrate. The active area of the film was patterned as a 30×20 μm 2 strip and coupled with a 50 Ohm coplanar line deposited in situ. An extended hemispherical germanium lens was used to focus the LO radiation on the mixer. The responsivity of the mixer was measured in a direct detection mode in the 25÷64 THz frequency range. The noise performance of the mixer and the directivity of the receiver were investigated in a heterodyne mode. A 10.6 μm wavelength CW CO 2 laser was utilized as a local oscillator.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Göteborg, Sweden	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	369
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	Author	Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Baryshev, A.; Kooi, J.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Hot electron bolometer mixers with improved interfaces: sensitivity, LO power and stability			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Proc. 15^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 15^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	17-24
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We study twin slot antenna coupled NbN hot electron bolometer mixers with an improved contact structure and a small volume, ranging from 1 µm × 0.1 µm to 2 × 0.3 µm. We obtain a DSB receiver noise temperature of 900 K at 1.6 THz and 940 K at 1.9 THz. To explore the practical usability of such small HEB mixers we evaluate the LO power requirement, the sensitivity and the stability. We find that the LO power requirement of the smallest mixers is reduced to about 240 nW at the Si lens of the mixer. This value is larger than expected from the isothermal technique and the known losses in the lens by a factor of 3-3.5. The stability of these receivers is characterized using a measurement of the Allan Variance. We find an Allan time of 0.5 sec. in an 80 MHz bandwidth. A small increase in stability can be reached by using a higher bias at the expense of a significant amount of sensitivity. The stability is sufficient for spectroscopic applications in a 1 MHz bandwidth at a 1 Hz chopping frequency.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1491
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	Author	Yagoubov, P.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Schubert, J.; Hubers, H. W.; Svechnikov, S.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Wang, Z.
	Title	Hot electron bolometric mixers based on NbN films deposited on MgO substrates			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser.	Abbreviated Journal	Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser.
	Volume	167	Issue		Pages	687-690
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Barcelona, Spain	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	4th Europ. Conf. on Appl. Superconductivity, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser.
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	297
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	Author	Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Hot electron bolometric mixers: new terahertz technology			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Infrared Physics & Technology	Abbreviated Journal	Infrared Physics & Technology
	Volume	40	Issue	3	Pages	199-206
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	This paper presents an overview of recent results for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers. The noise temperature of the receivers based on both quasioptical and waveguide versions of HEB mixers has crossed the level of 1 K GHz−1 at 430 GHz (410 K), 600–650 GHz (480 K), 750 GHz (600 K), 810 GHz (780 K) and is close to that level at 1.1 THz (1250 K) and 2.5 THz (4500 K). The gain bandwidth measured for quasioptical HEB mixer at 620 GHz reached 4 GHz and the noise temperature bandwidth was almost 8 GHz. Local oscillator power requirements are about 1 μW for mixers made by photolithography and about 100 nW for mixers made by e-beam lithography. A waveguide version of 800 GHz receiver was installed at the Submillimeter Telescope Observatory on Mt. Graham, AZ, to conduct astronomical observations of known submillimeter lines (CO, J=7→6, CI, J=2→1). It was proved that the receiver works as a practical instrument.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1350-4495	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1570
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	Author	Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Schuch, R.; Lutz, C. R.; Jr.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Mueller, E. R.; Waldivian, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Hot electron detection and mixing experiments in NbN at 119 micrometer wavelength			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Proc. 6^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 6^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	284-293
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, detectors
	Abstract	We have performed preliminary experiments with the goal of demonstrating a Hot Electron Bolometric (HEB) mixer for a 119 micrometer wavelength (2.5 THz). We have chosen a NbN device of size 700 x 350 micrometers. This device can easily be coupled to a laser LO source, which is advantageous for performing a prototype experiment. The relatively large size of the device means that the LO power required is in the mW range; this power can be easily obtained from a THz laser source. We have measured the amount of laser power actually absorbed in the device, and from this have estimated the best optical coupling loss to be about 10 di . We are developing methods for improving the optical coupling further. Preliminary measurements of the response of the device to a chopped black-body have not yet resulted in a measured receiver noise temperature. We expect to be able to complete this measurement in the near future.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1629
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	Author	Pentin, I.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Seleznev, V.; Smirnov, K.
	Title	Hot electron energy relaxation time in vanadium nitride superconducting film structures under THz and IR radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Sci. Rep.	Abbreviated Journal	Sci. Rep.
	Volume	10	Issue	1	Pages	16819
	Keywords	VN HEB
	Abstract	The paper presents the experimental results of studying the dynamics of electron energy relaxation in structures made of thin (d approximately 6 nm) disordered superconducting vanadium nitride (VN) films converted to a resistive state by high-frequency radiation and transport current. Under conditions of quasi-equilibrium superconductivity and temperature range close to critical (~ Tc), a direct measurement of the energy relaxation time of electrons by the beats method arising from two monochromatic sources with close frequencies radiation in sub-THz region (omega approximately 0.140 THz) and sources in the IR region (omega approximately 193 THz) was conducted. The measured time of energy relaxation of electrons in the studied VN structures upon heating of THz and IR radiation completely coincided and amounted to (2.6-2.7) ns. The studied response of VN structures to IR (omega approximately 193 THz) picosecond laser pulses also allowed us to estimate the energy relaxation time in VN structures, which was ~ 2.8 ns and is in good agreement with the result obtained by the mixing method. Also, we present the experimentally measured volt-watt responsivity (S~) within the frequency range omega approximately (0.3-6) THz VN HEB detector. The estimated values of noise equivalent power (NEP) for VN HEB and its minimum energy level (deltaE) reached NEP@1MHz approximately 6.3 x 10(-14) W/ radicalHz and deltaE approximately 8.1 x 10(-18) J, respectively.
	Address	National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Str., Moscow, 101000, Russia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2045-2322	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:33033360; PMCID:PMC7546726			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1797
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	Author	Ekström, H.; Kroug, M.; Belitsky, V.; Kollberg, E.; Olsson, H.; Goltsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Yagoubov, P.; Voronov, B.; Yngvesson, S.
	Title	Hot electron mixers for THz applications			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Proc. 30th ESLAB	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 30th ESLAB
	Volume		Issue		Pages	207-210
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We have measured the noise performance of 35 A thin NbN HEB devices integrated with spiral antennas on antireflection coated silicon substrate lenses at 620 GHz. From the noise measurements we have determined a total conversion gain of the receiver of—16 dB, and an intrinsic conversion of about-10 dB. The IF bandwidth of the 35 A thick NbN devices is at least 3 GHz. The DSB receiver noise temperature is less than 1450 K. Without mismatch losses, which is possible to obtain with a shorter device, and with reduced loss from the beamsplitter, we expect to achieve a DSB receiver noise temperature of less ‘than 700 K.
	Address	Noordwijk, Netherlands
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor	Rolfe, E. J.; Pilbratt, G.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Submillimetre and Far-Infrared Space Instrumentation
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1606
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	Author	Kollberg, Erik L.; Gershenzon, E.; Goltsman, G.; Yngvesson, K. S.
	Title	Hot electron mixers, the potential competition			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Proc. ESA Symp. on Photon Detectors for Space Instrumentation	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. ESA Symp. on Photon Detectors for Space Instrumentation
	Volume		Issue		Pages	201-206
	Keywords	HEB mixers
	Abstract	There is an urgent need in radio astronomy for low noise heterodyne receivers for frequencies above about 500 GHz. It is not certain that mixers based on superconducting quasiparticle tunnelling (SIS mixers) may turn out to be the answer to this need. In order to try to find an alternative way for realizing low noise heterodyne receivers for submillimeter waves, so called hot electron bolometric effects for mixing are now being investigated. Two basically different approaches are tried, one based on semiconductors and one on superconductors. Both methods are briefly discussed in this overview paper.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	ESA Symposium on Photon Detectors for Space Instrumentation
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1667
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	Author	Karasik, B. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Ekstrom, H.; Jacobsson, S.; Kollberg, E.; Yngvesson, K. S.
	Title	Hot electron quasioptical NbN superconducting mixer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	5	Issue	2	Pages	2232-2235
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	Hot electron superconductor mixer devices made of thin NbN films on SiO/sub 2/-Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/-Si membrane have been fabricated for 300-350 GHz operation. The device consists of 5-10 parallel strips each 5 /spl mu/m long by 1 /spl mu/m wide which are coupled to a tapered slot-line antenna. The I-V characteristics and position of optimum bias point were studied in the temperature range 4.5-8 K. The performance of the mixer at higher temperatures is closer to that predicted by theory for uniform electron heating. The intermediate frequency bandwidth versus bias has also been investigated. At the operating temperature 4.2 K a bandwidth as wide as 0.8 GHz has been measured for a mixer made of 6 nm thick film. The bandwidth tends to increase with operating temperature. The performance of the NbN mixer is expected to be better for higher frequencies where the absorption of radiation should be more uniform.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1622
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Hot electron superconductive mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Proc. 4^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 4^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	618-622
	Keywords	HEB mixers
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1656
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	Author	Yagoubov, P.; Hübers, H.-W.; Gol’tsman, G.; Semenov, A.; Gao, J.; Hoogeveen, R.; de Graauw, T.; Birk, M.; Selig, A.; de Korte, P.
	Title	Hot-electron bolometer mixers – technology for far-infrared heterodyne instruments in future atmospheric chemistry missions			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Submillimeter Wave Earth Observation From Space	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Submillimeter Wave Earth Observation From Space
	Volume		Issue		Pages	57-69
	Keywords	HEB mixers
	Abstract
	Address	Delmenhorst
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Logos-Verlag	Place of Publication		Editor	Buehler, S.; Berlin
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	3-89722-700-2	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	International Symposium on Submillimeter Wave Earth Observation from Space, ISSMWEOS01
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1549
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	Author	Tretyakov, I. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Kardakova, A. I.; Seliverstov, S. V.; Petrenko, D. V.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Hot-electron bolometer mixers with in situ contacts			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
	Volume	56	Issue	8-9	Pages	591-598
	Keywords	HEB mixers
	Abstract	We report on the latest achievements in the development of superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers for terahertz superheterodyne receivers. We consider application ranges of such receivers and requirements for the basic characteristics of the mixers. Main features of the mixers, such as noise temperature, gain bandwidth, noise bandwidth, and required local-oscillator power, have been improved significantly over the past few years due to intense research work, both in terms of the element fabrication quality and in terms of understanding of the physics of the processes occurring in the HEB mixers. Contacts between the superconducting bridge and the planar antenna play a key role in the mixer operation. Improvement of the quality of the contacts leads simultaneously to a decrease in the noise temperature and an increase in the gain bandwidth of a mixer.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0033-8443	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1170
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	Author	Semenov, Alexei D; Gol'tsman, Gregory N; Sobolewski, Roman
	Title	Hot-electron effect in superconductors and its applications for radiation sensors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Superconductor Science and Technology	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
	Volume	15	Issue	4	Pages	R1-R16
	Keywords	HEB, SSPD
	Abstract	The paper reviews the main aspects of nonequilibrium hot-electron phenomena in superconductors and various theoretical models developed to describe the hot-electron effect. We discuss implementation of the hot-electron avalanche mechanism in superconducting radiation sensors and present the most successful practical devices, such as terahertz mixers and direct intensity detectors, for far-infrared radiation. Our presentation also includes the novel approach to hot-electron quantum detection implemented in superconducting x-ray to optical photon counters.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	416
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Hot-electron superconducting mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2104	Issue		Pages	329-330
	Keywords
	Abstract	The creation of low noise heterodyne receivers for frequencies above 1 THz is in the urgentneed for radio astronomy, laser spectroscopy, plasma diagnostic, etc. In this paper we discussthe nonlinear effect related to hot electrons in superconductors, and their potential use in lownoise submilimeter wave mixer. We also discuss results achieved so far as well as possible futuredevelopments.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1654
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	Author	Dzardanov, A.; Ekstrom, H.; Gershenzon, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Jacobsson, S.; Karasik, B.; Kollberg, E.; Okunev, O.; Voronov, B.; Yngvesson, S.
	Title	Hot-electron superconducting mixers for 20-500 GHz operation			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Proc. Int. Conf. on Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves and Appl.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	2250	Issue	4D	Pages	276-278
	Keywords
	Abstract	Bolometdcmucers based on Nb and NbN superconducting thin films in the resistive state have been prepared for 20, 100 GHz and 350-500 GHz operation. The mixing mechanism is presumably of electron heating origin. Our measurements indicate that a conversion loss of about 6-8 dB can rather easily be achieved, and that the noise is reasonably low. The requirements on the operation mode and on the film parameters in order to obtain small conversion losses or even gain are discussed. For NbN films the availability of nearly 1 GHz IF bandwidth is experimentally demonstrated. NbN hot-electron mucers combined with slot-line tapered antenna on Si membrane or with double-dipole antenna on SiO^ substrate have been fabricated. The devices we study are considered to be very promising for use in heterodyne receivers from microwaves to terahertz frequencies.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ phisix @			Serial	981
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	Author	Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Hartmann, W.; Vetter, A.; Kahl, O.; Lee, C.; Korneev, A.; Rockstuhl, C.; Gol'tsman, G.; Pernice, W.
	Title	Hot-spot relaxation time current dependence in niobium nitride waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Opt. Express	Abbreviated Journal	Opt. Express
	Volume	25	Issue	8	Pages	8739-8750
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, photon counting; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Integrated optics; Multiphoton processes; Photon statistics
	Abstract	We investigate how the bias current affects the hot-spot relaxation dynamics in niobium nitride. We use for this purpose a near-infrared pump-probe technique on a waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detector driven in the two-photon regime. We observe a strong increase in the picosecond relaxation time for higher bias currents. A minimum relaxation time of (22 +/- 1)ps is obtained when applying a bias current of 50% of the switching current at 1.7 K bath temperature. We also propose a practical approach to accurately estimate the photon detection regimes based on the reconstruction of the measured detector tomography at different bias currents and for different illumination conditions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ kovalyuk @			Serial	1118
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	Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Kroug, M.; Yagoubov, P.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	IF bandwidth of phonon cooled HEB mixers made from NbN films on MgO substrates			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Proc. 11^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 11^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	219-227
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, cinversion gain bandwidth, IF bandwidth
	Abstract	An investigation of gain and noise bandwidth of phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers is presented. The radiation coupling to the mixers is quasioptical through either a spiral or twin-slot antenna. A maximum gain bandwidth of 4.8 GHz is obtained for mixers based on a 3.5 nm thin NbN film with Tc= 10 K. The noise bandwidth is 5.6 GHz, at the moment limited by parasitic elements in the, device mount fixture. At 0.65 THz the DSB receiver noise temperature is 700-800 К in the IF band 1-2 GHz, and 1150-2700 К in the band 3.5-7 GHz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1557
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	Author	Cao, Aiqin; Jiang, L.; Chen, S.H.; Antipov, S.V.; Shi, S.C.
	Title	IF gain bandwidth of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB mixer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Proc. International conference on microwave and millimeter wave technology	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. ICMMT
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-3
	Keywords	HEB, mixer, gain bandwidth
	Abstract	In this paper, the intermediate frequency (IF) gain bandwidth of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is investigated at 500 GHz with an IF system incorporating with a frequency down-converting scheme which is able to sweep the IF signal in a frequency range of 0.3-4 GHz. The IF gain bandwidth of the device is measured to be 1.5 GHz when it is biased at a voltage of the minimum noise temperature, and becomes larger when the bias voltage increases.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Builin	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ lobanovyury @			Serial	575
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	Author	Baubert, J.; Salez, M.; Merkel, H.; Pons, P.; Cherednichenko, S.; Lecomte, B.; Drakinsky, V.; Goltsman, G.; Leone, B.
	Title	IF gain bandwidth of membrane-based NbN hot electron bolometers for SHAHIRA			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	15	Issue	2	Pages	507-510
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, applications
	Abstract	SHAHIRA (Submm Heterodyne Array for HIgh-speed Radio Astronomy) is a project supported by the European Space Agency (ESA) and is designed to fly on the SOFIA observatory. A quasi-optic design has been chosen for 2.5/2.7 THz and 4.7 THz, for hydroxyde radical OH, deuterated hydrogen HD and neutral atomic oxygen OI lines observations. Hot electron bolometers (HEBs) have been processed on 1 /spl mu/m thick SiO/sub 2//Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ stress-less membranes. In this paper we analyse the intermediate frequency (IF) gain bandwidth from the theoretical point of view, and compare it to measurements.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1558-2515	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1468
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	Author	Ozhegov, R.; Maslennikov, S.; Morozov, D.; Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	Imaging system for submillimeter wave range			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Proc. Tenth All-Russian sceintific conference of student-physicists and young sceintists (VNKSF-10)	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Moscow	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ s @ thzimaging_vnksf10_2004			Serial	347
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	Author	Maslennikov, S. N.; Morozov, D. V.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Okunev, O. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Imaging system for submillimeter wave range based on AlGaAs/GaAs hot electron bolometer mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Proc. 5-th MSMW	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 5-th MSMW
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	558-560
	Keywords	AlGaAs/GaAs HEB mixers
	Abstract	Electromagnetic radiation of the submillimeter (SMM) range is dispersed and absorbed significantly less than infrared (IR) radiation when passing through different objects. That is the reason for the development of an SMM imaging system. In this paper, we discuss the design of an SMM heterodyne imager, based on a matrix of AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure hot electron bolometer mixers (HEB) with relatively high (about 77 K) operating temperature. The predicted double side band (DSB) noise temperature is about 1000 K and optimal local oscillator (LO) power is about 1 /spl mu/W for such mixers, which seems to be quite prospective for an SMM heterodyne imager.
	Address	Kharkov, Ukraine
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	The Fifth International Kharkov Symposium on Physics and Engineering of Microwaves, Millimeter, and Submillimeter Waves (IEEE Cat. No.04EX828)
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1487
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	Author	Tretyakov, I.; Maslennikov, S.; Semenov, A.; Safir, O.; Finkel, M.; Ryabchun, S.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.; Klapwijk, T. M.
	Title	Impact of operating conditions on noise and gain bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Proc. 26^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 26^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	39
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	Hot-electron bolometer mixers (HEB’s) are the most promising devices as mixing element for terahertz spectroscopy and astronomy at frequencies beyond 1.4 THz. They have a low noise temperature and low demands on local oscillator (LO) power. 1,2 An important limitation is the IF bandwidth, of the order of a few GHz, and which in principle depends on energy relaxation due to electron- phonon processes and on diffusion-cooling. It has been proposed by Prober that a reduction in length of the HEB would lead to an increased bandwidth. 3 This appeared to be achieved by Tretyakov et al by measuring the gain bandwidth close to the critical temperature of the NbN. 2 Unfortunately, the noise bandwidth of similar devices operated at temperatures around 4.2 K appear not depend on the length. The fundamental problem to be addressed is the position-dependent superconducting state of the HEB- devices under operating conditions, which determines the conditions for the cooling of the hot quasiparticles. Some progress has been made by Barends et al in a semi-empirical model to describe the I,V curves under operating conditions at a bath temperature around 4.2 K. 4 In more recent work Vercruyssen et al have analyzed the I,V curve, without any LO-equivalent bias, of a model NSN system. 5 This work suggests that the most appropriate model for an HEB under operating conditions is that of a potential-well in the superconducting gap in the center of the NbN, analogous the bimodal superconducting state described by Vercruyssen et al. Hot quasiparticles in the well can not diffuse out and can only cool by electron-phonon processes, those with higher energies than the heights of the walls of the well can diffuse out. Using this working hypothesis we have carried out experiments on a sub-micrometer NbN bridge connected to a gold (Au) planar spiral antenna. An in situ process is used to deposit Au on NbN. The Au is removed in the center to define the uncovered NbN, which will act as the superconducting mixer itself. The antenna is deposited on the remaining Au layer on the NbN. The Au contacts suppress the energy gap of the NbN film located underneath the gold layer 7,8 . The measured resistive transition is shown in Fig.1. It clearly shows a T c of the bilayer at 6.2 K and the resistive transition of the NbN itself around 9 K. In addition we show the measured noise bandwidth (red squares) for different bath temperatures. Clearly the noise bandwidth increases strongly by increasing the bath temperature from 5 K to 8 K, up to 13 GHz. We interpret this pattern as evidence for improved out-diffusion of hot electrons due to normal banks and a shallow superconducting potential well compared to k B T. As expected the noise temperature in this regime is much bigger than when biased at 4.2 K. R EFERENCES 1 W. Zhang, P. Khosropanah, J. R. Gao, E. L. Kollberg, K. S. Yngvesson, T. Bansal, R. Barends, and T. M. Klapwijk Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111113, (2010). 2 Ivan Tretyakov, Sergey Ryabchun, Matvey Finkel, Anna Maslennikova, Natalia Kaurova, Anastasia Lobastova, Boris Voronov, and Gregory Gol’tsman Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 033507 (2011). 3 D. E. Prober, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 2119 (1992). 4 R. Barends, M. Hajenius, J. R. Gao, and T. M. Klapwijk, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 263506 (2005). 5 N. Vercruyssen, T. G. A. Verhagen, M. G. Flokstra, J. P. Pekola, and T. M. Klapwijk Physical Review B 85, 224503 (2012).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1159
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	Author	Antipov, S.; Trifonov, A.; Krause, S.; Meledin, D.; Kaurova, N.; Rudzinski, M.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Improved bandwidth of a 2 THz hot-electron bolometer heterodyne mixer fabricated on sapphire with a GaN buffer layer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
	Volume	32	Issue	7	Pages	075003
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixer, GaN buffer layer, sapphire substrate
	Abstract	We report on the signal-to-noise and gain bandwidth of a niobium nitride (NbN) hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer at 2 THz fabricated on a sapphire substrate with a GaN buffer layer. Two mixers with different DC properties and geometrical dimensions were studied and they demonstrated very close bandwidth performance. The signal-to-noise bandwidth is increased to 8 GHz in comparison to the previous results, obtained without a buffer-layer. The data were taken in a quasi-optical system with the use of the signal-to-noise method, which is close to the signal levels used in actual astrophysical observations. We find an increase of the gain bandwidth to 5 GHz. The results indicate that prior results obtained on a substrate of crystalline GaN can also be obtained on a conventional sapphire substrate with a few micron MOCVD-deposited GaN buffer-layer.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	IOP Publishing	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Antipov_2019			Serial	1277
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	Author	Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Jian, H.; Zhuang, Y.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Dickinson, J.; Goyette, T.; Waldman, J.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Improved characteristics of NbN HEB mixers integrated with log-periodic antennas			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Proc. 10^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 10^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	200-207
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1574
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	Author	Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Improved NbN phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proc. 14^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 14^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	413-423
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers (HEBs) have been realized with negligible contact resistance to Au pads. By adding either a 5 nm Nb or a 10 nm NbTiN layer between the Au and NbN, to preserve superconductivity in the NbN under the Au contact pad, superior noise temperatures have been obtained. Using DC I,V curves and resistive transitions in combination with process parameters we analyze the nature of these improved devices and determine interface transparencies.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Tucson, USA	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	337
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	Author	Yang, Z. Q.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Gao, J.R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Improved sensitivity of NbN hot electron bolometer mixers by vacuum baking			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proc. 16^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 16^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	222-225
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixer
	Abstract	We find that the sensitivity of heterodyne receivers based on superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) in- creases by 25 − 30% after baking at 85 o C and in a high vacuum. The devices studied are twin-slot antenna coupled HEB mixers with a small NbN bridge of 1×0.15 μm 2 . The mixer noise temperature, gain, and resistance versus temperature curve of a HEB before and after baking are compared and analyzed. We show that baking reduces the intrinsic noise of the mixer by 37 % and makes the superconducting transition of the bridge and the contacts sharper. We argue that the reduction of the noise is due to the improvement of the transparency of the contact/film interface. The lowest receiver noise temperature of 700 K is measured at a local oscillator frequency of 1.63 THz and a bath temperature of 4.3 K.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1471
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	Author	Budyanskij, M. Ya.; Sejdman, L. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gubkina, T. O.
	Title	Increase of reproducibility in production of superconducting thin films of niobium nitride			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika	Abbreviated Journal	Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika
	Volume	5	Issue	10	Pages	1950-1954
	Keywords	NbN films
	Abstract	Technique to control the composition of gas medium in the reactive magnetron discharge and the composition of the deposited films of niobium nitride using electrical parameters of discharge only, in particular, by δU = Up – Uar value at contant stabilized discharge current is described. Technique to select optimal condition for deposition of niobium nitride films when the films have composition meeting chemical formula, is suggested. Thin films of niobium nitride with up to 7 nm thickness and with rather high temperature of transition into superconducting state Tk > 10 K) and with low width of transition (δ < 0.6 K), are obtained. It is determined, that substrate material and dielectric sublayer do not affect. Tk value, while difference in coefficients of thermal expansion of substrate and of film affects δTk value.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0131-5366	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1675
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	Author	Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte 2, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Increased bandwidth of NbN phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Proc. 15^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 15^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	381-386
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, IF bandwidth
	Abstract	We study experimentally the IF gain bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers for a set of devices with different contact structures but an identical NbN film. We observe that the IF bandwidth depends strongly on the exact contact structure and find an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz for a device with an additional superconducting layer (NbTiN) in between the active NbN film and the gold contact to the antenna. These results contradict the common opinion that the IF bandwidth is determined by the phonon-escape time between the NbN film and the substrate. Hence we calculate the IF gain bandwidth of a superconducting film using a two-temperature model. We find that the bandwidth increases strongly with operating temperature and is not limited by the phonon escape time. This is because of strong temperature dependence of the phonon specific heat in the NbN film.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1494
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	Author	Rosfjord, K. M.; Yang, J. K. W.; Dauler, E. A.; Anant, V.; Berggren, K. K.; Kerman, A. J.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Increased detection efficiencies of nanowire single-photon detectors by integration of an optical cavity and anti-reflection coating			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	CLEO/QELS	Abbreviated Journal	CLEO/QELS
	Volume		Issue		Pages	JTuF2 (1 to 2)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We fabricate and test superconducting NbN-nanowire single-photon detectors with an integrated optical cavity and anti-reflection coating. We design the cavity and coating such as to maximize absorption in the NbN film of the detector.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	2006 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and 2006 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1452
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