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Gao, G. R., Hovenier, J. N., Yang, Z. Q., Baselmans, J. J. A., Baryshev, A., Hajenius, M., et al. (2005). A novel terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a quantum cascade laser and a superconducting bolometer. In Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 19–23). Göteborg, Sweden.
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Gao, J. R., Hovenier, J. N., Yang, Z. Q., Baselmans, J. J. A., Baryshev, A., Hajenius, M., et al. (2005). Terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a quantum cascade laser and a superconducting bolometer. Appl. Phys. Lett., (86).
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Merkel, H. F., Khosropanah, P., Sigfrid Yngvesson, K., Cherednichenko, S., Kroug, M., Adam, A., et al. (2001). An active zone small signal model for hot-electron bolometric mixers. In Proc. 12th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (55). San Diego, CA, USA.
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Khosropanah, P., Merkel, H., Yngvesson, S., Adam, A., Cherednichenko, S., & Kollberg, E. (2000). A distributed device model for phonon-cooled HEB mixers predicting IV characteristics, gain, noise and IF bandwidth. In Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (pp. 474–488). University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA.
Abstract: A distributed model for phonon-cooled superconductor hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers is given, which is based on solving the one-dimensional heat balance equation for the electron temperature profile along the superconductor strip. In this model it is assumed that the LO power is absorbed uniformly along the bridge but the DC power absorption depends on the local resistivity and is thus not uniform. The electron temperature dependence of the resistivity is assumed to be continuous and has a Fermi form. These assumptions are used in setting up the non-linear heat balance equation, which is solved numerically for the electron temperature profile along the bolometer strip. Based on this profile the resistance of the device and the IV curves are calculated. The IV curves are in excellent agreement with measurement results. Using a small signal model the conversion gain of the mixer is obtained. The expressions for Johnson noise and thermal fluctuation noise are derived. The calculated results are in close agreement with measurements, provided that one of the parameters used is adjusted.
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Gao, J. R., Hovenier, J. N., Yang, Z. Q., Baselmans, J. J. A., Baryshev, A., Hajenius, M., et al. (2005). Terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a quantum cascade laser and a superconducting bolometer. Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 244104 (1 to 3).
Abstract: We report the first demonstration of an all solid-stateheterodyne receiver that can be used for high-resolution spectroscopy above 2THz suitable for space-based observatories. The receiver uses a NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer as mixer and a quantum cascade laser operating at 2.8THz as local oscillator. We measure a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 1400K at 2.8THz and 4.2K, and find that the free-running QCL has sufficient power stability for a practical receiver, demonstrating an unprecedented combination of sensitivity and stability.
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