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Shcherbatenko, M., Lobanov, Y., Kovalyuk, V., Korneev, A., & Gol'tsman, G. N. (2016). Photon counting detector as a mixer with picowatt local oscillator power requirement. In Proc. 27th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (110).
Abstract: At the current stage of the heterodyne receiver technology, great attention is paid to the development of detector arrays and matrices comprising many detectors on a single wafer. However, any traditional THz detector (such as SIS, HEB, or Schottky diode) requires quite a noticeable amount of Local Oscillator (LO) power which scales with the matrix size, and the total amount of the LO power needed is much greater than that available from compact and handy solid state sources. Substantial reduction of the LO power requirement may be obtained with a photon-counting detector used as a mixer. This approach, mentioned earlier in [1,2] provides a number of advantages. Thus, sensitivity of such a detector would be at the quantum limit (because of the photon-counting nature of the detector) and just a few LO photons for the mixing would be required leading to a possible breakthrough in the matrix receiver development. In addition, the receiver could be easily tuned from the heterodyne to the direct detection mode without any loss in its sensitivity with the latter limited only by the quantum efficiency of the detector used. We demonstrate such a technique with the use of the Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detector(SNSPD)[3] irradiated by both 1.5 μm LO with a tiny amount of power (from a few picowatts down to femtowatts) facing the detector, and the test signal with a power significantly less than that of the LO. The SNSPD was operated in the current mode and the bias current was slightly below its critical value. Irradiating the detector with either the LO or the signal source produced voltage pulses which are statistically evenly distributed and could be easily counted by a lab counter or oscilloscope. Irradiating the detector by the both lasers simultaneously produced pulses at the frequency f m which is the exact difference between the frequencies at which the two lasers operate. f m could be deduced form either counts statistics integrated over a sufficient time interval or with the help of an RF spectrum analyzer. In addition to the chip SNSPD with normal incidence coupling, we use the detectors with a travelling wave geometry design [4]. In this case a niobium nitride nanowire is placed on the top of a nanophotonic waveguide, thus increasing the efficient interaction length. Integrated device scheme allows us to measure the optical losses with high accuracy. Our approach is fully scalable and, along with a large number of devices integrated on a single chip can be adapted to the mid and far IR ranges. This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, contract no. 14.B25.31.0007 and by RFBR grant # 16-32-00465. 1. Leaf A. Jiang and Jane X. Luu, ―Heterodyne detection with a weak local oscillator, Applied Optics Vol. 47, Issue 10, pp. 1486-1503 (2008) 2. Matsuo H. ―Requirements on Photon Counting Detectors for Terahertz Interferometry J Low Temp Phys (2012) 167:840–845 3. A. Semenov, G. Gol'tsman, A. Korneev, “Quantum detection by current carrying superconducting film”, Physica C, 352, pp. 349-356 (2001) 4. O. Kahl, S. Ferrari, V. Kovalyuk, G. N. Goltsman, A. Korneev, and W. H. P. Pernice, ―Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detectors with high internal quantum efficiency at telecom wavelengths., Sci. Rep., vol. 5, p. 10941, (2015).
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Goltsman, G. N., Shcherbatenko, M. L., Lobanov, Y. V., Kovalyuk, V. V., Kahl, O., Ferrari, S., et al. (2016). Superconducting nanowire single photon detector for coherent detection of weak optical signals. In LPHYS'16 (pp. 1–2).
Abstract: Traditionally, photon detectors are operated in a direct detection mode counting incident photonswith a known quantum efficiency. This procedure allows one to detect weak sources of radiation but allthe information about its frequency is limited by the optical filtering/resonating structures used which arenot as precise as would be required for some practical applications. In this work we propose heterodynereceiver based on a photon counting mixer which would combine excellent sensitivity of a photon countingdetector and excellent spectral resolution given by the heterodyne technique. At present, Superconducting-Nanowire-Single-Photon-Detectors (SNSPDs) [1] are widely used in a variety of applications providing thebest possible combination of the sensitivity and speed. SNSPDs demonstrate lack of drawbacks like highdark count rate or autopulsing, which are common for traditional semiconductor-based photon detectors,such as avalanche photon diodes.In our study we have investigated SNSPD operated as a photon counting mixer. To fully understandits behavior in such a regime, we have utilized experimental setup based on a couple of distributedfeedback lasers irradiating at 1.5 micrometers, one of which is being the Local Oscillator (LO) and theother mimics the test signal [2]. The SNSPD was operated in the current mode and the bias currentwas slightly below of the critical current. Advantageously, we have found that LO power needed for anoptimal mixing is of the order of hundreds of femtowatts to a few picowatts, which is promising for manypractical applications, such as receiver matrices [3]. With use of the two lasers, one can observe thevoltage pulses produced by the detected photons, and the time distribution of the pulses reproduces thefrequency difference between the lasers, forming power response at the intermediate frequency which canbe captured by either an oscilloscope (an analysis of the pulse statistics is needed) or by an RF spectrumanalyzer. Photon-counting nature of the detector ensures quantum-limited sensitivity with respect to theoptical coupling achieved. In addition to the chip SNSPD with normal incidence coupling, we use thedetectors with a travelling wave geometry design [4]. In this case a NbN nanowire is placed on the topof a Si3N4 nanophotonic waveguide, thus increasing the efficient interaction length. For this reason it ispossible to achieve almost complete absorption of photons and reduce the detector footprint. This reducesthe noise of the device together with the expansion of the bandwidth. Integrated device scheme allowsus to measure the optical losses with high accuracy. Our approach is fully scalable and, along with alarge number of devices integrated on a single chip can be adapted to the mid and far IR ranges wherephoton-counting measurement may be beneficial as well [5].Acknowledgements: This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Education and Science of theRussian Federation, contract No. 14.B25.31.0007 and by RFBR grant No. 16-32-00465.
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Elmanova, A., Elmanov, I., Komrakova, S., Golikov, A., Javadzade, J., Vorobyev, V., et al. (2019). Integration of nanodiamonds with NV-centers on optical silicon nitride structures. In EPJ Web Conf. (Vol. 220, 03013).
Abstract: In this work we had developed optical structures from silicon nitride for further integration of the nanodiamonds containing NV-centers with them. We have introduced method of the nanodiamonds solution application on the substrates. The work has practical meaning in nanophotonics sphere and in development of optical devices with single-photon sources.
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Elmanov, I., Elmanova, A., Komrakova, S., Golikov, A., Kaurova, N., Kovalyuk, V., et al. (2019). Method for determination of resists parameters for photonic – integrated circuits e-beam lithography on silicon nitride platform. In EPJ Web Conf. (Vol. 220, 03012).
Abstract: In the work the thicknesses of the e-beam resists ZEP 520A and ma-N 2400 by using non-destructive method were measured, as well as recipe for the high ratio between the Si3N4 and the resists etching rate was determined. The work has a practical application for e-beam lithography of photonic-integrated circuits and nanophotonics devices based on silicon nitride platform.
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Prokhodtsov, A., Golikov, A., An, P., Kovalyuk, V., Goltsman, G., Arakelyan, S., et al. (2019). Effect of silicon oxide coating on a silicon nitride focusing grating coupler efficiency. In EPJ Web Conf. (Vol. 220, 02009).
Abstract: The dependence of the efficiency of the focusing grating couplers on the period and filling factor before and after deposition of the upper silicon oxide layer was experimentally studied. The obtained data are of practical importance for tunable integrated-optical devices based on silicon nitride platform.
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Korneev, A., Kovalyuk, V., An, P., Golikov, A., Zubkova, E., Ferrari, S., et al. (2018). Superconducting single-photon detector for integrated waveguide spectrometer. In EPJ Web Conf. (Vol. 190, 04009).
Abstract: We present our recent achievements in the development of an on-chip spectrometer consisting of arrayed waveguide grating made of Si3N4 waveguides and NbN superconducting single-photon detector.
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Kovalyuk, V., Ferrari, S., Kahl, O., Semenov, A., Lobanov, Y., Shcherbatenko, M., et al. (2017). Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detector for on-chip quantum and spectral photonic application.
Abstract: By adopting a travelling-wave geometry approach, integrated superconductor- nanophotonic devices were fabricated. The architecture consists of a superconducting NbN- nanowire atop of a silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) nanophotonic waveguide. NbN-nanowire was operated as a single-photon counting detector, with up to 92% on-chip detection efficiency (OCDE), in the coherent mode, serving as a highly sensitive IR heterodyne mixer with spectral resolution (f/df) greater than 10^6 in C-band at 1550 nm wavelength.
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Zubkova, E., An, P., Kovalyuk, V., Korneev, A., & Goltsman, G. (2017). Integrated Bragg waveguides as an efficient optical notch filter on silicon nitride platform. In Proc. SPBOPEN (pp. 449–450).
Abstract: We modeled and fabricated integrated optical Bragg waveguides on a silicon nitride (Si3N4) platform. Transmission spectra of the integrated notch filter has been measured and attenuation at the desired wavelength of 1550 nm down to -43 dB was observed.
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Komrakova, S., Kovalyuk, V., An, P., Golikov, A., Rybin, M., Obraztsova, E., et al. (2020). Effective absorption coefficient of a graphene atop of silicon nitride nanophotonic circuit. In J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. (Vol. 1695, 012135).
Abstract: In this paper, we demonstrate the results of a study of the optical absorption properties of graphene integrated with silicon nitride O-ring resonator. We fabricated an array of O-ring resonators with different graphene coverage area atop. By measuring the transmission spectra of nanophotonic devices with and without graphene, we calculated the effective absorption coefficient of the graphene on a rib silicon nitride waveguide.
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Elmanov, I., Sardi, F., Xia, K., Kornher, T., Kovalyuk, V., Prokhodtsov, A., et al. (2020). Development of focusing grating couplers for lithium niobate on insulator platform. In J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. (Vol. 1695, 012127).
Abstract: In this paper, we fabricate and experimentally study focusing grating couplers for lithium niobate on an insulator photonic platform. The transmittance of a waveguide equipped with in- and out-couplers with respect to the grating period is measured with and without silicon dioxide cladding applied. Our results show the influence of silicon dioxide cladding on the efficiency and the central wavelength of grating couplers and can be used to improve grating coupling efficiency. Our study is supported by numerical simulations.
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