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Schroeder, E., Mauskopf, P., Pilyavsky, G., Sinclair, A., Smith, N., Bryan, S., et al. (2016). On the measurement of intensity correlations from laboratory and astronomical sources with SPADs and SNSPDs. In F. Malbet, M. J. Creech-Eakman, & P. G. Tuthill (Eds.), Proc. SPIE (Vol. 9907, 99070P (1 to 13)). SPIE.
Abstract: We describe the performance of detector modules containing silicon single photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs) and superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) to be used for intensity interferometry. The SPADs are mounted in fiber-coupled and free-space coupled packages. The SNSPDs are mounted in a small liquid helium cryostat coupled to single mode fiber optic cables which pass through a hermetic feed-through. The detectors are read out with microwave amplifiers and FPGA-based coincidence electronics. We present progress on measurements of intensity correlations from incoherent sources including gas-discharge lamps and stars with these detectors. From the measured laboratory performance of the correlation system, we estimate the sensitivity to intensity correlations from stars using commercial telescopes and larger existing research telescopes.
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Ozhegov, R., Maslennikov, S., Morozov, D., Okunev, O., Smirnov, K., & Gol'tsman, G. (2004). Imaging system for submillimeter wave range. In Proc. Tenth All-Russian sceintific conference of student-physicists and young sceintists (VNKSF-10). Moscow.
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Shangina, E. L., Smirnov, K. V., Morozov, D. V., Kovalyuk, V. V., Gol’tsman, G. N., Verevkin, A. A., et al. (2010). Frequency bandwidth and conversion loss of a semiconductor heterodyne receiver with phonon cooling of two-dimensional electrons. Semicond., 44(11), 1427–1429.
Abstract: The temperature and concentration dependences of the frequency bandwidth of terahertz heterodyne AlGaAs/GaAs detectors based on hot electron phenomena with phonon cooling of two-dimensional electrons have been measured by submillimeter spectroscopy with a high time resolution. At a temperature of 4.2 K, the frequency bandwidth at a level of 3 dB (f 3 dB) is varied from 150 to 250 MHz with a change in the concentration n s according to the power law f 3dB ∝ n −0.5 s due to the dominant contribution of piezoelectric phonon scattering. The minimum conversion loss of the semiconductor heterodyne detector is obtained in structures with a high carrier mobility (μ > 3 × 105 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 4.2 K).
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Morozov, D. V., Smirnov, K. V., Smirnov, A. V., Lyakhov, V. A., & Goltsman, G. N. (2005). A millimeter-submillimeter phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer based on two-dimensional electron gas in an AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure. Semicond., 39(9), 1082–1086.
Abstract: Experimental results obtained by studying the main characteristics of a millimeter-submillimeter wave mixer based on the hot-electron effect in a two-dimensional electron gas in a AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure with a phonon-scattering cooling mechanism for charge carriers are reported. The gain bandwidth of the mixer is 4 GHz, the internal conversion losses are 13 dB, and the optimum local-oscillator power is 0.5 μW (for a mixer area of 1 μm2). It is shown that a millimeter-submillimeter-wave receiver with a noise temperature of 1900 K can be developed on the basis of a AlGaAs/GaAs mixer. This mixer also appears to be promising for use in array receiver elements.
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Shangina, E. L., Smirnov, K. V., Morozov, D. V., Kovalyuk, V. V., Goltsman, G. N., Verevkin, A. A., et al. (2011). Concentration dependence of energy relaxation time in AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunctions: direct measurements. Semicond. Sci. Technol., 26(2), 025013.
Abstract: We present measurements of the energy relaxation time, τε, of electrons in a single heterojunction in a quasi-equilibrium state using microwave time-resolved spectroscopy at 4.2 K. We find the relaxation time has a power-law dependence on the carrier density of the two-dimensional electron gas, τε∝nγs with γ = 0.40 ± 0.02 for values of the carrier density, ns, from 1.6 × 1011 to 6.6 × 1011cm−2. The results are in good agreement with predictions taking into account the scattering of the carriers by both piezoelectric and deformation potential acoustic phonons. We compare these results with indirect measurements of the energy relaxation time from energy loss measurements involving Joule heating of the electron gas.
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