TY - JOUR AU - Semenov, Alexei D. AU - Gol'tsman, Gregory N. AU - Sobolewski, Roman PY - 2002 DA - 2002// TI - Hot-electron effect in superconductors and its applications for radiation sensors T2 - Supercond. Sci. Technol. JO - Superconductor Science and Technology SP - R1-R16 VL - 15 IS - 4 KW - HEB KW - SSPD AB - The paper reviews the main aspects of nonequilibrium hot-electron phenomena in superconductors and various theoretical models developed to describe the hot-electron effect. We discuss implementation of the hot-electron avalanche mechanism in superconducting radiation sensors and present the most successful practical devices, such as terahertz mixers and direct intensity detectors, for far-infrared radiation. Our presentation also includes the novel approach to hot-electron quantum detection implemented in superconducting x-ray to optical photon counters. SN - 0953-2048 UR - http://stacks.iop.org/0953-2048/15/i=4/a=201?key=crossref.3f6862b00ab39140bddfdc0258f69a10 UR - https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/15/4/201 DO - 10.1088/0953-2048/15/4/201 N1 - exported from refbase (https://db.rplab.ru/refbase/show.php?record=416), last updated on Fri, 21 May 2021 12:52:11 -0500 ID - Semenov_etal2002 ER -