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Author | Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Rubtsova, I.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G.; Voronov, B.; Smirnov, K.; Seleznev, V.; Gol'tsman, G.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Cross, A.; Alvarez, P.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. | ||||
Title | Superconducting single-photon ultrathin NbN film detector | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Quantum Electronics | Abbreviated Journal ![]() |
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Volume | 35 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 698-700 |
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | Superconducting single-photon ultrathin NbN film detectors are studied. The development of manufacturing technology of detectors and the reduction of their operating temperature down to 2 K resulted in a considerable increase in their quantum efficiency, which reached in the visible region (at 0.56 μm) 30%—40%, i.e., achieved the limit determined by the absorption coefficient of the film. The quantum efficiency exponentially decreases with increasing wavelength, being equal to ~20% at 1.55 μm and ~0.02% at 5 μm. For the dark count rate of ~10-4s-1, the experimental equivalent noise power was 1.5×10-20 W Hz-1/2; it can be decreased in the future down to the record low value of 5×10-21 W Hz-1/2. The time resolution of the detector is 30 ps. | ||||
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Notes | Сверхпроводящий однофотонный детектор на основе ультратонкой пленки NbN | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 383 | |||
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Author | Sobolewski, R.; Verevkin, A.; Gol'tsman, G.N.; Lipatov, A.; Wilsher, K. | ||||
Title | Ultrafast superconducting single-photon optical detectors and their applications | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal ![]() |
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Volume | 13 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 1151-1157 |
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | We present a new class of ultrafast single-photon detectors for counting both visible and infrared photons. The detection mechanism is based on photon-induced hotspot formation, which forces the supercurrent redistribution and leads to the appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin, submicrometer-width, superconducting stripe. The devices were fabricated from 3.5-nm- and 10-nm-thick NbN films, patterned into <200-nm-wide stripes in the 4 /spl times/ 4-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ or 10 /spl times/ 10-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ meander-type geometry, and operated at 4.2 K, well below the NbN critical temperature (T/sub c/=10-11 K). Continuous-wave and pulsed-laser optical sources in the 400-nm-to 3500-nm-wavelength range were used to determine the detector performance in the photon-counting mode. Experimental quantum efficiency was found to exponentially depend on the photon wavelength, and for our best, 3.5-nm-thick, 100-/spl mu/m/sup 2/-area devices varied from >10% for 405-nm radiation to 3.5% for 1550-nm photons. The detector response time and jitter were /spl sim/100 ps and 35 ps, respectively, and were acquisition system limited. The dark counts were below 0.01 per second at optimal biasing. In terms of the counting rate, jitter, and dark counts, the NbN single-photon detectors significantly outperform their semiconductor counterparts. Already-identified applications for our devices range from noncontact testing of semiconductor CMOS VLSI circuits to free-space quantum cryptography and communications. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 509 | |||
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Author | Verevkin, A.; Zhang, J.; Sobolewski, Roman; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. | ||||
Title | Detection efficiency of large-active-area NbN single-photon superconducting detectors in the ultraviolet to near-infrared range | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal ![]() |
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Volume | 80 | Issue | 25 | Pages | 4687-4689 |
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD, QE | ||||
Abstract | We report our studies on spectral sensitivity of meander-type, superconducting NbN thin-film single-photon detectors (SPDs), characterized by GHz counting rates of visible and near-infrared photons and negligible dark counts. Our SPDs exhibit experimentally determined quantum efficiencies ranging from ∼0.2% at the 1.55 μm wavelength to ∼70% at 0.4 μm. Spectral dependences of the detection efficiency (DE) at the 0.4 to 3.0-μm-wavelength range are presented. The exponential character of the DE dependence on wavelength, as well as its dependence versus bias current, is qualitatively explained in terms of superconducting fluctuations in our ultrathin, submicron-width superconducting stripes. The DE values of large-active-area NbN SPDs in the visible range are high enough for modern quantum communications. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 331 | |||
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Author | Bell, M.; Sergeev, A.; Mitin, V.; Bird, J.; Verevkin, A.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | One-dimensional resistive states in quasi-two-dimensional superconductors | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | arXiv:0709.0709v1 [cond-mat.supr-con] | Abbreviated Journal ![]() |
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Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-11 | ||
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Abstract | We investigate competition between one- and two-dimensional topological excitations – phase slips and vortices – in formation of resistive states in quasi-two-dimensional superconductors in a wide temperature range below the mean-field transition temperature T(C0). The widths w = 100 nm of our ultrathin NbN samples is substantially larger than the Ginzburg-Landau coherence length ξ = 4nm and the fluctuation resistivity above T(C0) has a two-dimensional character. However, our data shows that the resistivity below T(C0) is produced by one-dimensional excitations, – thermally activated phase slip strips (PSSs) overlapping the sample cross-section. We also determine the scaling phase diagram, which shows that even in wider samples the PSS contribution dominates over vortices in a substantial region of current/temperature variations. Measuring the resistivity within seven orders of magnitude, we find that the quantum phase slips can only be essential below this level. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ atomics90 @ | Serial | 948 | ||
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Author | Zhang, Jin; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Lipatov, A.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, R. | ||||
Title | Response time characterization of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal ![]() |
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Volume | 13 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 180-183 |
Keywords | SSPD jitter, SNSPD jitter | ||||
Abstract | We report our time-resolved measurements of NbN-based superconducting single-photon detectors. The structures are meander-type, 10-nm thick, and 200-nm wide stripes and were operated at 4.2 K. We have shown that the NbN devices can count single-photon pulses with below 100-ps time resolution. The response signal pulse width was about 150 ps, and the system jitter was measured to be 35 ps. | ||||
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Publisher | IEEE | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1058 | |||
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Author | Skalare, A.; McGrath, William R.; Echternach, P. M.; Leduc, H. G.; Siddiqi, I.; Verevkin, A.; Prober, D. E. | ||||
Title | Aluminum hot-electron bolometer mixers at submillimeter wavelengths | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal ![]() |
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Volume | 11 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 641-644 |
Keywords | Al HEB mixer, contacts, interface, in situ, in-situ, Aluminium HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | Diffusion-cooled aluminum hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers are of interest for low-noise high resolution THz-frequency spectroscopy within astrophysics. Al HEB mixers offer operation with an order of magnitude less local oscillator power, higher intermediate frequency bandwidth and potentially lower noise than competing devices made from other materials. We report on mixer experiments at 618 GHz with devices fabricated from films with sheet resistances in the range from about 55 Ω down to about 9 Ω per square. Intermediate frequency bandwidths of up to 3 GHz were measured (1 μm long device), with absorbed local oscillator power levels of 0.5 to 6 nW and mixer conversion up to -21.5 dB. High input coupling efficiency implies that the electrons in the device are able to thermalize before escaping from the device. It was found that the long coherence length complicates mixer operations due to the proximity of the contact pads. Also, saturation at the IF frequency may be a concern for this type of device, and warrants further studies. | ||||
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ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | ref919426b | Serial | 1061 | ||
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Author | Słysz, W.; Węgrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. | ||||
Title | NbN superconducting single-photon detector coupled with a communication fiber | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania | Abbreviated Journal ![]() |
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Volume | 46 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 51-52 |
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | We present novel superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs), based on ultrathin NbN films, designed for fiber-based quantum communications (lambda = 1.3 žm and 1.55 žm). For fiber-based operation, our SSPDs contain a special micromechanical construction integrated with the NbN structure, which enables efficient and mechanically very stabile fiber coupling. The detectors combine GHz counting rate, high quantum efficiency and very low level of dark counts. At 1.3 – 1.55 žm wavelength range our detector exhibits a quantum efficiency up to 10%. | ||||
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Language | Polish | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1481 | |||
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Author | Goltsman, G.; Korneev, A.; Izbenko, V.; Smirnov, K.; Kouminov, P.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Verevkin, A.; Zhang, J.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Sobolewski, R. | ||||
Title | Nano-structured superconducting single-photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment | Abbreviated Journal ![]() |
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Volume | 520 | Issue | 1-3 | Pages | 527-529 |
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | NbN detectors, formed into meander-type, 10×10-μm2 area structures, based on ultrathin (down to 3.5-nm thickness) and nanometer-width (down to below 100 nm) NbN films are capable of efficiently detecting and counting single photons from the ultraviolet to near-infrared optical wavelength range. Our best devices exhibit QE >15% in the visible range and ∼10% in the 1.3–1.5-μm infrared telecommunication window. The noise equivalent power (NEP) ranges from ∼10−17 W/Hz1/2 at 1.5 μm radiation to ∼10−19 W/Hz1/2 at 0.56 μm, and the dark counts are over two orders of magnitude lower than in any semiconducting competitors. The intrinsic response time is estimated to be <30 ps. Such ultrafast detector response enables a very high, GHz-rate real-time counting of single photons. Already established applications of NbN photon counters are non-invasive testing and debugging of VLSI Si CMOS circuits and quantum communications. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0168-9002 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1495 | |||
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Author | Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Lipatov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, Roman | ||||
Title | Ultrafast NBN hot-electron single-photon detectors for electronic applications | Type | Abstract | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Abstracts 8-th IUMRS-ICEM | Abbreviated Journal ![]() |
Abstracts 8-th IUMRS-ICEM |
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | We present a new, simple to manufacture, single-photon detector (SPD), which can work from ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths of optical radiation and combines high speed of operation, high quantum efficiency (QE), and very low dark counts. The devices are superconducting and operate at temperature below 5 K. The physics of operation of our SPD is based on formation of a photon-induced resistive hotspot and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-wide superconductor. | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | 8th IUMRS International Conference on Electronic Materials | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1532 | |||
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Author | Il’in, K. S.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Verevkin, A. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Sobolewski, R. | ||||
Title | Ultimate quantum efficiency of a superconducting hot-electron photodetector | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal ![]() |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 73 | Issue | 26 | Pages | 3938-3940 |
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | The quantum efficiency and current and voltage responsivities of fast hot-electron photodetectors, fabricated from superconducting NbN thin films and biased in the resistive state, have been shown to reach values of 340, 220 A/W, and 4×104 V/W, respectively, for infrared radiation with a wavelength of 0.79 μm. The characteristics of the photodetectors are presented within the general model, based on relaxation processes in the nonequilibrium electron heating of a superconducting thin film. The observed, very high efficiency and sensitivity of the superconductor absorbing the photon are explained by the high multiplication rate of quasiparticles during the avalanche breaking of Cooper pairs. |
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1579 | |||
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Author | Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Matvienko, V.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Currie, M.; Lo, W.; Wilsher, K.; Zhang, J.; Słysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, Roman | ||||
Title | Sensitivity and gigahertz counting performance of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal ![]() |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 84 | Issue | 26 | Pages | 5338-5340 |
Keywords | SSPD, NEP, QE | ||||
Abstract | We have measured the quantum efficiencysQEd, GHz counting rate, jitter, and noise-equivalentpowersNEPdof nanostructured NbN superconducting single-photon detectorssSSPDsdin thevisible to infrared radiation range. Our 3.5-nm-thick and 100- to 200-nm-wide meander-typedevices(total area 10310mm2), operating at 4.2 K, exhibit an experimental QE of up to 20% inthe visible range and,10% at 1.3 to 1.55mm wavelength and are potentially sensitive up tomidinfrareds,10mmdradiation. The SSPD counting rate was measured to be above 2 GHz withjitter,18 ps, independent of the wavelength. The devices’ NEP varies from,10−17W/Hz1/2for1.55mm photons to,10−20W/Hz1/2for visible radiation. Lowering the SSPD operatingtemperature to 2.3 K significantly enhanced its performance, by increasing the QE to,20% andlowering the NEP level to,3310−22W/Hz1/2, both measured at 1.26mm wavelength. | ||||
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Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 532 | |||
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Author | Słysz, W.; Węgrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Górska, M.; Zwiller, V.; Latta, C.; Bohi, P.; Milostnaya, I.; Minaeva, O.; Antipov, A.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Gol’tsman, G.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Komissarov, I.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. | ||||
Title | Fiber-coupled single-photon detectors based on NbN superconducting nanostructures for practical quantum cryptography and photon-correlation studies | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal ![]() |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 88 | Issue | 26 | Pages | 261113 (1 to 3) |
Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | We have fabricated and tested a two-channel single-photon detector system based on two fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). Our best device reached the system quantum efficiency of 0.3% in the 1540-nm telecommunication wavelength with a fiber-to-detector coupling factor of about 30%. The photoresponse consisted of 2.5-ns-wide voltage pulses with a rise time of 250ps and timing jitter below 40ps. The overall system response time, measured as a second-order, photon cross-correlation function, was below 400ps. Our SSPDs operate at 4.2K inside a liquid-helium Dewar, but their optical fiber inputs and electrical outputs are at room temperature. Our two-channel detector system should find applications in practical quantum cryptography and in antibunching-type quantum correlation measurements. The authors would like to thank Dr. Marc Currie for his assistance in early time-resolved photoresponse measurements and Professor Atac Imamoglu for his support. This work was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science under Project No. 3 T11B 052 26 (Warsaw), RFBR 03-02-17697 and INTAS 03-51-4145 grants (Moscow), CRDF Grant No. RE2-2531-MO-03 (Moscow), RE2-2529-MO-03 (Moscow and Rochester), and US AFOSR FA9550-04-1-0123 (Rochester). Additional funding was provided by the grants from the MIT Lincoln Laboratory and BBN Technologies Corp. |
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ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1449 | |||
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Author | Shangina, E. L.; Smirnov, K. V.; Morozov, D. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A. A.; Toropov, A. I. | ||||
Title | Concentration dependence of the intermediate frequency bandwidth of submillimeter heterodyne AlGaAs/GaAs nanostructures | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal ![]() |
Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci. Phys. |
Volume | 74 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 100-102 |
Keywords | 2DEG AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures, THz heterodyne detectors, IF bandwidth | ||||
Abstract | The concentration dependence of the intermediate frequency bandwidth of heterodyne AlGaAs/GaAs detectors with 2D electron gas is measured using submillimeter spectroscopy with high time resolution at T= 4.2 K. The intermediate frequency bandwidth f3dBfalls from 245 to 145 MHz with increasing concentration of 2D electrons n s = (1.6-6.6) × 10[su11] cm-2. The dependence f3dB ≈ n s – 0.04±is observed in the studied concentration range; this dependence is determined by electron scattering by the deformation potential of acoustic phonons and piezoelectric scattering. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 1062-8738 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1217 | |||
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Author | Xu, Y.; Zheng, X.; Williams, C.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Chulkova, G.; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Ultrafast superconducting hot-electron single-photon detector | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | CLEO | Abbreviated Journal ![]() |
CLEO |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 345 | ||
Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract | Summary form only given. The current most-pressing need is to develop a practical, GHz-range counting single-photon detector, operational at either 1.3-/spl mu/m or 1.55-/spl mu/m radiation wavelength, for novel quantum communication and quantum cryptography systems. The presented solution of the problem is to use an ultrafast hot-electron photodetector, based on superconducting thin-film microstructures. This type of device is very promising, due to the macroscopic quantum nature of superconductors. Very fast response time and the small, (meV range) value of the superconducting energy gap characterize the superconductor, leading to the efficient avalanche process even for infrared photons. | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | Technical Digest. Summaries of papers presented at the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Postconference Technical Digest (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37170) | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1545 | |||
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Author | Verevkin, A.; Slysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Zhang, J.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Currie, M. | ||||
Title | Real-time GHz-rate counting of infrared photons using nanostructured NbN superconducting detectors | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | CLEO/QELS | Abbreviated Journal ![]() |
CLEO/QELS |
Volume | Issue | Pages | CThM8 | ||
Keywords | NbN SSPD; SNSPD; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Detectors; Photon counting; Quantum communications; Quantum cryptography; Single photon detectors; Superconductors | ||||
Abstract | We demonstrate that our ultrathin, nanometer-width NbN superconducting single-photon detectors are capable of above 1-GHz-frequency, real-time counting of near-infrared photons. The measured system jitter of the detector is below 15 ps. | ||||
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Publisher | Optical Society of America | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1517 | |||
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