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Author |
Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Voronov, B. |
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Title |
Phonon cooled far-infrared hot electron bolometer mixer |
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Abstract |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
NASA/ADS |
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NASA/ADS |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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Abstract |
Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum-limited sensitivity. At frequencies above 1.4 THz superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) can be used to achieve this goal. We present results of the development of a quasi-optical phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer for GREAT, the German heterodyne receiver for SOFIA. Different mixers with logarithmic spiral and double slot feed antennas have been investigated with respect to their noise temperature, conversion loss, linearity and beam pattern at several frequencies between 0.7 THz and 5.2 THz. At 2.5 THz a double sideband noise temperature of 2200 K was achieved. The conversion loss was 16 dB. The response of the mixer was linear up to 400 K load temperature. This performance was verified by measuring an emission line of methanol at 2.5 THz. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for FIR heterodyne receivers. |
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Monterey, CA |
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Far-IR, Sub-mm & MM Detector Technology Workshop, 1-3 April 2002 |
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id.37 |
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Serial |
1534 |
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Verevkin, A.; Slysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Zhang, J.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Currie, M. |
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Title |
Real-time GHz-rate counting of infrared photons using nanostructured NbN superconducting detectors |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
CLEO/QELS |
Abbreviated Journal |
CLEO/QELS |
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Pages |
CThM8 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD; SNSPD; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Detectors; Photon counting; Quantum communications; Quantum cryptography; Single photon detectors; Superconductors |
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Abstract |
We demonstrate that our ultrathin, nanometer-width NbN superconducting single-photon detectors are capable of above 1-GHz-frequency, real-time counting of near-infrared photons. The measured system jitter of the detector is below 15 ps. |
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Optical Society of America |
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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference |
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no |
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Serial |
1517 |
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Zhang, J.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Lo, W.; Wilsher, K. |
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Title |
Infrared picosecond superconducting single-photon detectors for CMOS circuit testing |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
CLEO/QELS |
Abbreviated Journal |
CLEO/QELS |
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Pages |
Cmv4 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD; SNSPD; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Electron beam lithography; Infrared detectors; Infrared radiation; Quantum efficiency; Single photon detectors; Superconductors |
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Abstract |
Novel, NbN superconducting single-photon detectors have been developed for ultrafast, high quantum efficiency detection of single quanta of infrared radiation. Our devices have been successfully implemented in a commercial VLSI CMOS circuit testing system. |
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Optical Society of America |
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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference |
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no |
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1518 |
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Huebers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Schubert, J.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Krabbe, A.; Roeser, H.-P. |
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Title |
NbN hot-electron bolometer as THz mixer for SOFIA |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
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Volume |
4014 |
Issue |
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Pages |
195-202 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, airborne, stratospheric observatory, SOFIA |
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Abstract |
Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum limited sensitivity. We have investigated phonon- cooled NbN hot electron bolometric mixers in the frequency range from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The devices were 3.5 nm thin films with an in-plane dimension of 1.7 X 0.2 micrometers 2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. The best measured DSB receiver noise temperatures are 1300 K (0.7 THz), 2000 K (1.4 THz), 2100 K (1.6 THz), 2600 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz), 5600 K (4.3 THz), and 8800 K (5.2 THz). The sensitivity fluctuation, the long term stability, and the antenna pattern were measured. The results demonstrate that this mixer is very well suited for GREAT, the German heterodyne receiver for SOFIA. |
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SPIE |
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Melugin, R.K.; Roeser, H.-P. |
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Airborne Telescope Systems |
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no |
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Serial |
1554 |
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Author |
Schwaab, G.W.; Auen, K.; Bruendermann, E.; Feinaeugle, R.; Gol’tsman, G.N.; Huebers, H.-W.; Krabbe, A.; Roeser, H.-P.; Sirmain, G. |
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Title |
2- to 6-THz heterodyne receiver array for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
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Volume |
3357 |
Issue |
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Pages |
85-96 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, applications, stratospheric observatory, airborne |
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Abstract |
The Institute of Space Sensor Technology of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) is developing a heterodyne array receiver for the frequency range 2 to 6 THz for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Key science issues in that frequency range are the observation of lines of atoms [e.g. (OI)], ions [e.g. (CII), (NII)], and molecules (e.g. OH, HD, CO) with high spectral resolution to study the dynamics and evolution of galactic and extragalactic objects. Long term goal is the development of an integrated array heterodyne receiver with superconducting hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers and p-type Ge or Si lasers as local oscillators. The first generation receiver will be composed of HEB mixers in a 2 pixel 2 polarization array which will be pumped by a gas laser local oscillator. Improved Schottky diode mixers are the backup solution for the HEBs. The state of the art of HEB mixer and p-type Ge laser technology are described as well as possible improvements in the ’conventional’ optically pumped far-infrared laser and Schottky diode mixer technology. Finally, the frequency coverage of the first generation heterodyne receiver for some important astronomical transitions is discussed. The expected sensitivity is compared to line fluxes measured by the ISO satellite. |
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SPIE |
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Phillips, T.G. |
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Conference |
Advanced Technology MMW, Radio, and Terahertz Telescopes |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1583 |
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Author |
Sobolewski, R.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Kouminov, P.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Drakinsky, V.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Ultrafast superconducting single-photon optical detectors |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
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Volume |
5123 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1-11 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
We present a new class of single-photon devices for counting of both visible and infrared photons. Our superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) are characterized by the intrinsic quantum efficiency (QE) reaching up to 100%, above 10 GHz counting rate, and negligible dark counts. The detection mechanism is based on the photon-induced hotspot formation and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-wide superconducting stripe. The devices are fabricated from 3.5-nm-thick NbN films and operate at 4.2 K, well below the NbN superconducting transition temperature. Various continuous and pulsed laser sources in the wavelength range from 0.4 μm up to >3 μm were implemented in our experiments, enabling us to determine the detector QE in the photon-counting mode, response time, and jitter. For our best 3.5-nm-thick, 10×10 μm2-area devices, QE was found to reach almost 100% for any wavelength shorter than about 800 nm. For longer-wavelength (infrared) radiation, QE decreased exponentially with the photon wavelength increase. Time-resolved measurements of our SSPDs showed that the system-limited detector response pulse width was below 150 ps. The system jitter was measured to be 35 ps. In terms of the counting rate, jitter, and dark counts, the NbN SSPDs significantly outperform their semiconductor counterparts. Already identifeid and implemented applications of our devices range from noninvasive testing of semiconductor VLSI circuits to free-space quantum communications and quantum cryptography. |
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SPIE |
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Spigulis, J.; Teteris, J.; Ozolinsh, M.; Lusis, A. |
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Conference |
Advanced Optical Devices, Technologies, and Medical Applications |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1513 |
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Author |
Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Yang, Z. Q.; Baryshev, A. M.; Barends, R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Callaos, N. |
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Title |
Twin-slot antenna coupled NbN hot electron bolometer mixers for space applications |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Proc. 9-th WMSCI |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 9-th WMSCI |
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Volume |
9 |
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Pages |
148-153 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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International Institute of Informatics and Systemics |
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9806560639, 9789806560635 |
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9th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1480 |
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Author |
Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Lipatov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, Roman |
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Title |
Ultrafast NBN hot-electron single-photon detectors for electronic applications |
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Abstract |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Abstracts 8-th IUMRS-ICEM |
Abbreviated Journal |
Abstracts 8-th IUMRS-ICEM |
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Volume |
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Pages |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
We present a new, simple to manufacture, single-photon detector (SPD), which can work from ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths of optical radiation and combines high speed of operation, high quantum efficiency (QE), and very low dark counts. The devices are superconducting and operate at temperature below 5 K. The physics of operation of our SPD is based on formation of a photon-induced resistive hotspot and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-wide superconductor. |
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8th IUMRS International Conference on Electronic Materials |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1532 |
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Author |
Casaburi, A.; Ejrnaes, M.; Quaranta, O.; Gaggero, A.; Mattioli, F.; Leoni, R.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Lisitskiy, M.; Esposito, E.; Nappi, C.; Cristiano, R.; Pagano, S. |
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Title |
Experimental characterization of NbN nanowire optical detectors with parallel stripline configuration |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
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Volume |
97 |
Issue |
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Pages |
012265 (1 to 6) |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
We have developed a novel geometrical configuration for NbN-based superconducting single photon optical detector (SSPD) that achieves two goals: a much lower intrinsic impedance, and a consequently greater bandwidth, and a much larger signal amplitude compared to the standard meandered configuration. This has been obtained by implementing a properly designed parallel stripline structure where a cascade switching mechanism occurs when one of the striplines is hit by an optical photon. The overall switching occurs synchronously and in a very short time, giving rise to a strong and fast voltage pulse. The SSPD have been realized using state of the art NbN deposition technology and e-beam lithography. The strips are 100 nm wide and 5 μm long and have been realized with 4 nm NbN film on sapphire and Si substrate. We report on experimental characterization of such novel devices. The performances of the proposed novel type of SSPD are compared with standard SSPD design and results in terms of signal amplitude, risetime and effective detection area. |
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IOP Publishing |
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ISSN |
1742-6596 |
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Conference |
8th European Conference on Applied Superconductivity (EUCAS 2007) |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1416 |
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Author |
Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, M.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
NbN superconducting single-photon detectors coupled with a communication fiber |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
INIS |
Abbreviated Journal |
INIS |
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Volume |
37 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
1-2 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Address |
Stare Jablonki, Poland |
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8-th Electron Technology Conference ELTE |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1486 |
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Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Papis, E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
A method of optimization of the NbN superconducting single-photon detector |
Type |
Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
INIS |
Abbreviated Journal |
INIS |
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Volume |
36 |
Issue |
27 |
Pages |
1-2 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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5-th International Symposium Ion Implantation and Other Applications of Ions and Electrons, ION |
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Notes |
Reference num. 36060124 |
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Call Number |
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1485 |
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Author |
Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Hübers, H.-W.; Gol'tsman, G.; Schwaab, G.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E. |
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Title |
Broad-band terahertz NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Inst. Phys. Conf. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Inst. Phys. Conf. |
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Volume |
167 |
Issue |
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Pages |
663-666 |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
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4th Europ. Conf. on Appl. Superconductivity, Barcelona, Spain, 14-17 September 1999 |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1578 |
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Author |
Lobanov, Y. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Pentin, I. V.; Khabibullin, R. A.; Shchavruk, N. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Silaev, A. A. |
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Title |
Characterization of the THz quantum cascade laser using fast superconducting hot electron bolometer |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
EPJ Web Conf. |
Abbreviated Journal |
EPJ Web Conf. |
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Volume |
195 |
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04004 (1 to 2) |
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NbN HEB, QCL |
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2100-014X |
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3rd International Conference “Terahertz and Microwave Radiation: Generation, Detection and Applications” (TERA-2018) |
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no |
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1808 |
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Author |
Kroug, M.; Yagoubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Kollberg, E. |
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Title |
NbN quasioptical phonon cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at THz frequencies |
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Conference Article |
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1997 |
Publication |
Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. |
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1 |
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405-408 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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Veldhoven |
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Bristol |
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0951-3248 |
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3rd Eur. Conf. on Applied Superconductivity |
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no |
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1600 |
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Merkel, H. F.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Kroug, M.; Khosropanah, P.; Kollberg, E. L.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
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Title |
Noise temperature and absorbed LO power measurement methods for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at terahertz frequencies |
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Conference Article |
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1998 |
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Proc. 28th European Microwave Conf. |
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Proc. 28th European Microwave Conf. |
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1 |
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294-299 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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In this paper the absorbed LO power requirements and the noise performance of NbN based phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric (HEB) quasioptical mixers are investigated for RF frequencies in the 0.55-1.1 range The minimal measured DSB noise temperatures are about 500 K at 640 GHz, 600 K at 750 GHz, 850 K at 910 GHz and 1250 K at 1.1 THz. The increase in noise temperature at 1.1THz is attributed to water absorption. The absorbed LO power is measured using a calorimetric approach. The results are subsequently corrected for lattice heating. These values are compared to results of a novel one dimensional hot spot mixer models and to a more traditional isotherm method which tends to underestimate the absorbed LO power for small bias powers. Typically a LO power between 50nW and 100nW is needed to pump the device to the optimal operating point. |
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28th European Microwave Conference |
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1580 |
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