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Parrott, E. P. J., Zeitler, J. A., Fris<cc><152>c<cc><152>ic<cc><81>, T., Pepper, M., Jones, W., Day, G. M., et al. (2009). Testing the sensitivity of terahertz spectroscopy to changes in molecular and supramolecular structure: a study of structurally similar cocrystals. Crystal Growth & Design, 9(3), 1452–1460.
Abstract: Terahertz time-domain-spectroscopy (THz-TDS) has emerged as a versatile spectroscopic technique, and an alternative to powder X-ray diffraction in the characterization of molecular crystals. We tested the ability of terahertz spectroscopy to distinguish between chiral and racemic hydrogen-bonded cocrystals that are similar in molecular and supramolecular structure. Terahertz spectroscopy readily distinguished between the isostructural cocrystals of theophylline with chiral and racemic forms of malic acid which are almost identical in molecular structure and supramolecular architecture. Similarly, the cocrystals of theophylline with chiral and racemic forms of tartaric acid, which are similar at the molecular level but dissimilar in crystal packing, were distinguished unequivocally. The investigation of the same cocrystals using X-ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy suggested that THz-TDS is comparable in sensitivity to diffraction methods and more sensitive than Raman spectroscopy to changes in cocrystal architecture. The differences in spectra acquired by THz-TDS could be further enhanced by cooling the samples to 109 K.
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Lobanov, Y., Shcherbatenko, M., Shurakov, A., Rodin, A. V., Klimchuk, A., Nadezhdinsky, A. I., et al. (2014). Heterodyne detection at near-infrared wavelengths with a superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer. Opt. Lett., 39(6), 1429–1432.
Abstract: We report on the development of a highly sensitive optical receiver for heterodyne IR spectroscopy at the communication wavelength of 1.5 μm (200 THz) by use of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer. The results are important for the resolution of narrow spectral molecular lines in the near-IR range for the study of astronomical objects, as well as for quantum optical tomography and fiber-optic sensing. Receiver configuration as well as fiber-to-detector light coupling designs are discussed. Light absorption of the superconducting detectors was enhanced by nano-optical antennas, which were coupled to optical fibers. An intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of about 3 GHz was found in agreement with measurements at 300 GHz, and a noise figure of about 25 dB was obtained that was only 10 dB above the quantum limit.
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Kawakami, A., Saito, S., & Hyodo, M. (2011). Fabrication of nano-antennas for superconducting Infrared detectors. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 21(3), 632–635.
Abstract: To improve the response performance of superconducting infrared detectors, we have developed a fabrication process for nano-antennas. A nano-antenna consists of a dipole antenna, and a superconducting thin film strip placed in the antenna's center. By measuring the transition temperature of the superconducting strips, we confirmed that their superconductivity maintained a good condition after the nano-antenna fabrication process. We also evaluated nano-antenna characteristics using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The evaluated antenna length and width were respectively set at around 2400 nm and 400 nm, and the antennas were placed at intervals of several micrometers around the area of 1 mm2 . In an evaluation of spectral transmission characteristics, clear absorption caused by antenna effects was observed at around 1400 cm-1. High polarization dependencies were also observed.
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Krasnopolsky, V. A., Maillard, J. P., & C. Owen, T. (2004). Detection of methane in the martian atmosphere: evidence for life? Icarus, 172(2), 537–547.
Abstract: Using the Fourier Transform Spectrometer at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope, we observed a spectrum of Mars at the P-branch of the strongest CH4 band at 3.3 μm with resolving power of 180,000 for the apodized spectrum. Summing up the spectral intervals at the expected positions of the 15 strongest Doppler-shifted martian lines, we detected the absorption by martian methane at a 3.7 sigma level which is exactly centered in the summed spectrum. The observed CH4 mixing ratio is 10±3 ppb. Total photochemical loss of CH4 in the martian atmosphere is equal to View the MathML source, the CH4 lifetime is 340 years and methane should be uniformly mixed in the atmosphere. Heterogeneous loss of atmospheric methane is probably negligible, while the sink of CH4 during its diffusion through the regolith may be significant. There are no processes of CH4 formation in the atmosphere, so the photochemical loss must therefore be balanced by abiogenic and biogenic sources. Outgassing from Mars is weak, the latest volcanism is at least 10 million years old, and thermal emission imaging from the Mars Odyssey orbiter does not reveal any hot spots on Mars. Hydrothermal systems can hardly be warmer than the room temperature at which production of methane is very low in terrestrial waters. Therefore a significant production of hydrothermal and magmatic methane is not very likely on Mars. The calculated average production of CH4 by cometary impacts is 2% of the methane loss. Production of methane by meteorites and interplanetary dust does not exceed 4% of the methane loss. Methane cannot originate from an extinct biosphere, as in the case of “natural gas†on Earth, given the exceedingly low limits on organic matter set by the Viking landers and the dry recent history which has been extremely hostile to the macroscopic life needed to generate the gas. Therefore, methanogenesis by living subterranean organisms is a plausible explanation for this discovery. Our estimates of the biomass and its production using the measured CH4 abundance show that the martian biota may be extremely scarce and Mars may be generally sterile except for some oases.
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González, F. J., & Boreman, G. D. (2005). Comparison of dipole, bowtie, spiral and log-periodic IR antennas. Inf Phys & Technol, 46(5), 418–428.
Abstract: Antenna-coupled microbolometers use planar lithographic antennas to couple infrared radiation into a bolometer with sub-micron dimensions. In this paper four different types of infrared antennas were fabricated on thin grounded-substrates and coupled to microbolometers. Dipole, bowtie, spiral and log-periodic IR antenna-coupled detectors were measured at 10.6 μm and their performance compared. A new method to calculate the radiation efficiency based on the spatial and angular response of infrared antennas is presented and used to evaluate their performance. The calculated radiation efficiency for the dipole, bowtie, spiral and log-periodic IR antennas was 20%, 37%, 25% and 46% respectively. A dipole-length study was performed and shows that the quasistatic value of the effective permittivity accurately describes the incident wavelength in the substrate at infrared frequencies for antennas on a thin substrate.
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