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Lobanov, Y.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Finkel, M.; Maslennikov, S.; Semenov, A.; Voronov, B. M.; Rodin, A. V.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
NbN hot-electron-bolometer mixer for operation in the near-IR frequency range |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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25 |
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3 |
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2300704 (1 to 4) |
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HEB mixer, IR, optical antenna |
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Traditionally, hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers are employed for THz and “super-THz” heterodyne detection. To explore the near-IR spectral range, we propose a fiber-coupled NbN film based HEB mixer. To enhance the incident-light absorption, a quasi-antenna consisting of a set of parallel stripes of gold is used. To study the antenna effect on the mixer performance, we have experimentally studied a set of devices with different size of the Au stripe and spacing between the neighboring stripes. With use of the well-known isotherm technique we have estimated the absorption efficiency of the mixer, and the maximum efficiency has been observed for devices with the smallest pitch of the alternating NbN and NbN-Au stripes. Also, a proper alignment of the incident Eâƒ<2014>-field with respect to the stripes allows us to improve the coupling further. Studying IV-characteristics of the mixer under differently-aligned Eâƒ<2014>-field of the incident radiation, we have noticed a difference in their shape. This observation suggests that a difference exists in the way the two waves with orthogonal polarizations parallel and perpendicular Eâƒ<2014>-field to the stripes heat the electrons in the HEB mixer. The latter results in a variation in the electron temperature distribution over the HEB device irradiated by the two waves. |
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952 |
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Gousev, Yu. P.; Semenov, A. D.; Pechen, E. V.; Varlashkin, A. V.; Nebosis, R. S.; Renk K. F |
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Title |
Coupling of terahertz radiation to a high-Т(с) superconducting hot electron bolometer mixer |
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1996 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett., |
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69 |
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691-693 |
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We report on efficient coupling of THz radiation to a high-T(c) superconducting hot electron bolometer that is suitable for heterodyne detection. Our quasioptical system consisted of a planar self-complementary spiral antenna on a dielectric substrate clamped to an extended hyperhemispherical lens. The antenna was integrated into a co-planar line for broadband intermediate frequency matching. Measurements in the homodyne regime at a frequency of 2.5 THz showed a radiation pattern with a beam width of 1° and a coupling efficiency of 0.1. We measured, at an intermediate frequency of 1.5 GHz, an output noise temperature of'160 K and estimated for the device, operated in the heterodyne regime, a system noise temperature of 30 000 K. We also discuss possibilities of significant improvement of the sensitivity. |
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RPLAB @ atomics90 @ |
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958 |
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Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gousev, Y. P.; Elant’ev, A. I.; Semenov, A. D. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Electromagnetic radiation mixer based on electron heating in resistive state of superconductive Nb and YBaCuO films |
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Journal Article |
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1991 |
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IEEE Trans. Magn. |
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IEEE Trans. Magn. |
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27 |
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2 |
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1317-1320 |
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YBCO, HTS, Nb HEB mixers |
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A theory of an electron-heating mixer which makes it possible to calculate all the characteristics of the device is developed. It is shown that positive conversion gain is possible for such a mixer in the millimeter to near-infrared wavelength range. The dynamic range and the optimum heterodyne power can be selected from a very wide interval by varying the mixing element volume. Measurements made for Nb within the frequency range of 120-750 GHz confirm the theory. The conversion loss obtained at T=1.6 K and normalized to the element reaches 0.3 dB in the intermediate frequency band of 40 MHz; the possible noise temperature is 50 K. The estimation of noise temperature and output band for YBaCuO at T=77 yields 200 K and more than 10 GHz, respectively. |
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1941-0069 |
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1681 |
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Gol’tsman, G.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Lipatov, A.; Dzardanov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Semenov, A.; Voronov, B.; Williams, C.; Sobolewski, R. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Fabrication and properties of an ultrafast NbN hot-electron single-photon detector |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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11 |
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1 |
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574-577 |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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A new type of ultra-high-speed single-photon counter for visible and near-infrared wavebands based on an ultrathin NbN hot-electron photodetector (HEP) has been developed. The detector consists of a very narrow superconducting stripe, biased close to its critical current. An incoming photon absorbed by the stripe produces a resistive hotspot and causes an increase in the film’s supercurrent density above the critical value, leading to temporary formation of a resistive barrier across the device and an easily measurable voltage pulse. Our NbN HEP is an ultrafast (estimated response time is 30 ps; registered time, due to apparatus limitations, is 150 ps), frequency unselective device with very large intrinsic gain and negligible dark counts. We have observed sequences of output pulses, interpreted as single-photon events for very weak laser beams with wavelengths ranging from 0.5 /spl mu/m to 2.1 /spl mu/m and the signal-to-noise ratio of about 30 dB. |
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1558-2515 |
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1547 |
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Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V. |
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Title |
Heating of electrons in a superconductor in the resistive state by electromagnetic radiation |
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Journal Article |
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1984 |
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Sov. Phys. JETP |
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Sov. Phys. JETP |
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59 |
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2 |
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442-450 |
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Nb HEB |
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The effect of heating of electrons relative to phonons is observed and investigated in a superconducting film that is made resistive by current and by an external magnetic field. The effect is manifested by an increase of the film resistance under the influence of the electromagnetic radiation, and is not selective in the frequency band 10^10-10^15 Hz. The independence of the effect of frequency under conditions of strong scattering by static defects is attributed to the decisive role of electron-electron collisions in the distribution function. The experimentally obtained characteristic time of resistance variation near the superconducting transition corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter, while at lower temperatures and fields it corresponds to the time of the inelastic electron-phonon interaction. |
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RPLAB @ phisix @ |
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983 |
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Murphy, A.; Semenov, A.; Korneev, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Gol'tsman, G.; Bezryadin, A. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Three temperature regimes in superconducting photon detectors: quantum, thermal and multiple phase-slips as generators of dark counts |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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Sci. Rep. |
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Sci. Rep. |
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5 |
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10174 (1 to 10) |
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SPD, SSPD, SNSPD |
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We perform measurements of the switching current distributions of three w approximately 120 nm wide, 4 nm thick NbN superconducting strips which are used for single-photon detectors. These strips are much wider than the diameter of the vortex cores, so they are classified as quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D). We discover evidence of macroscopic quantum tunneling by observing the saturation of the standard deviation of the switching distributions at temperatures around 2 K. We analyze our results using the Kurkijarvi-Garg model and find that the escape temperature also saturates at low temperatures, confirming that at sufficiently low temperatures, macroscopic quantum tunneling is possible in quasi-2D strips and can contribute to dark counts observed in single photon detectors. At the highest temperatures the system enters a multiple phase-slip regime. In this range single phase-slips are unable to produce dark counts and the fluctuations in the switching current are reduced. |
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Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA |
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2045-2322 |
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PMID:25988591; PMCID:PMC4437302 |
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1344 |
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Korneev, A. A.; Korneeva, Y. P.; Mikhailov, M. Yu.; Pershin, Y. P.; Semenov, A. V.; Vodolazov, D. Yu.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Sivakov, A. G.; Devizenko, A. Yu.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Characterization of MoSi superconducting single-photon detectors in the magnetic field |
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Journal Article |
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2015 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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25 |
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3 |
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2200504 (1 to 4) |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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We investigate the response mechanism of nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) made of amorphous MoxSi1-x. We study the dependence of photon count and dark count rates on bias current in magnetic fields up to 113 mT at 1.7 K temperature. The observed behavior of photon counts is similar to the one recently observed in NbN SSPDs. Our results show that the detecting mechanism of relatively high-energy photons does not involve the vortex penetration from the edges of the film, and on the contrary, the detecting mechanism of low-energy photons probably involves the vortex penetration from the film edges. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ KorneevIEEE2015 |
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991 |
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Korneev, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Manova, N.; Larionov, P.; Divochiy, A.; Semenov, A.; Chulkova, G.; Vachtomin, Y.; Smirnov, K.; Goltsman, G. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Recent nanowire superconducting single-photon detector optimization for practical applications |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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23 |
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3 |
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2201204 (1 to 4) |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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In this paper, we present our approaches to the development of fiber-coupled superconducting single photon detectors with enhanced photon absorption. For such devices we have measured detection efficiency in wavelength range from 500 to 2000 nm. The best fiber coupled devices exhibit detection efficiency of 44.5% at 1310 nm wavelength and 35.5% at 1550 nm at 10 dark counts per second. |
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RPLAB @ akorneev @ KorneevIEEE2013 |
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996 |
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Marksteiner, M.; Divochiy, A.; Sclafani, M.; Haslinger, P.; Ulbricht, H.; Korneev, A.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Arndt, M. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
A superconducting NbN detector for neutral nanoparticles |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Nanotechnol. |
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Nanotechnol. |
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20 |
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45 |
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455501 |
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SSPD; SNSPD; *Electric Conductivity; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Nanoparticles/*chemistry/ultrastructure; Nanotechnology/*methods; *Photons |
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We present a proof-of-principle study of superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD) for the detection of individual neutral molecules/nanoparticles at low energies. The new detector is applied to characterize a laser desorption source for biomolecules and allows retrieval of the arrival time distribution of a pulsed molecular beam containing the amino acid tryptophan, the polypeptide gramicidin as well as insulin, myoglobin and hemoglobin. We discuss the experimental evidence that the detector is actually sensitive to isolated neutral particles. |
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University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. markus.arndt@univie.ac.at |
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0957-4484 |
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PMID:19822928 |
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1239 |
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Korneev, A. A.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Korneeva, Yu. P.; Larionov, P. A.; Manova, N. N.; Florya, I. N.; Trifonov, A. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Smirnov, K. V.; Semenov, A. V.; Chulkova, G. M.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Title |
IR single-photon receiver based on ultrathin NbN superconducting film |
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Journal Article |
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2013 |
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Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
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Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
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5 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present our recent results in research and development of superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD). We achieved the following performance improvement: first, we developed and characterized SSPD integrated in optical cavity and enabling its illumination from the face side, not through the substrate, second, we improved the quantum efficiency of the SSPD at around 3 μm wavelength by reduction of the strip width to 40 nm, and, finally, we improved the detection efficiency of the SSPD-based single-photon receiver system up to 20% at 1550 nm and extended its wavelength range beyond 1800 nm by the usage of the fluoride ZBLAN fibres. |
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8 pages |
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RPLAB @ sasha @ korneevir |
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1043 |
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Lobanov, Y.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Semenov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Korneev, A.; Ozhegov, R.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B. M.; Pernice, W. H. P.; Gol'tsman, G. N. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Superconducting nanowire single photon detector for coherent detection of weak signals |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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27 |
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4 |
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1-5 |
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NbN SSPD mixer, SNSPD, nanophotonic waveguide |
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Traditional photon detectors are operated in the direct detection mode, counting incident photons with a known quantum efficiency. Here, we have investigated a superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) operated as a photon counting mixer at telecommunication wavelength around 1.5 μm. This regime of operation combines excellent sensitivity of a photon counting detector with excellent spectral resolution given by the heterodyne technique. Advantageously, we have found that low local oscillator (LO) power of the order of hundreds of femtowatts to a few picowatts is sufficient for clear observation of the incident test signal with the sensitivity approaching the quantum limit. With further optimization, the required LO power could be significantly reduced, which is promising for many practical applications, such as the development of receiver matrices or recording ultralow signals at a level of less-than-one-photon per second. In addition to a traditional NbN-based SNSPD operated with normal incidence coupling, we also use detectors with a travelling wave geometry, where a NbN nanowire is placed on the top of a Si 3 N 4 nanophotonic waveguide. This approach is fully scalable and a large number of devices could be integrated on a single chip. |
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1051-8223 |
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1206 |
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Klapwijk, T. M.; Semenov, A. V. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Engineering physics of superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers |
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Journal Article |
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2017 |
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IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
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IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
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7 |
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6 |
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627-648 |
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HEB mixers |
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Superconducting hot-electron bolometers are presently the best performing mixing devices for the frequency range beyond 1.2 THz, where good-quality superconductor-insulator-superconductor devices do not exist. Their physical appearance is very simple: an antenna consisting of a normal metal, sometimes a normal-metal-superconductor bilayer, connected to a thin film of a narrow short superconductor with a high resistivity in the normal state. The device is brought into an optimal operating regime by applying a dc current and a certain amount of local-oscillator power. Despite this technological simplicity, its operation has found to be controlled by many different aspects of superconductivity, all occurring simultaneously. A core ingredient is the understanding that there are two sources of resistance in a superconductor: a charge-conversion resistance occurring at a normal-metal-superconductor interface and a resistance due to time-dependent changes of the superconducting phase. The latter is responsible for the actual mixing process in a nonuniform superconducting environment set up by the bias conditions and the geometry. The present understanding indicates that further improvement needs to be found in the use of other materials with a faster energy relaxation rate. Meanwhile, several empirical parameters have become physically meaningful indicators of the devices, which will facilitate the technological developments. |
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2156-342X |
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Lobanov, Y. V.; Shcherbatenko, M. L.; Semenov, A. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Vinogradov, E. A.; Naumov, A. V.; Gladush, M. G.; Karimullin, K. R. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Heterodyne spectroscopy with superconducting single-photon detector |
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Conference Article |
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2017 |
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EPJ Web Conf. |
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EPJ Web Conf. |
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132 |
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01005 |
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SSPD mixer, SNSPD |
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We demonstrate successful operation of a Superconducting Single Photon Detector (SSPD) as the core element in a heterodyne receiver. Irradiating the SSPD by both a local oscillator power and signal power simultaneously, we observed beat signal at the intermediate frequency of a few MHz. Gain bandwidth was found to coincide with the detector single pulse width, where the latter depends on the detector kinetic inductance, determined by the superconducting nanowire length. |
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2100-014X |
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Semenov, A. V.; Devyatov, I. A.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Maslennikova, A. S.; Larionov, P. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Chulkova, G. M. |
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Absorption of terahertz electromagnetic radiation in dirty superconducting film at arbitrary type of the spectral functions |
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2011 |
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Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
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Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
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terahertz electromagnetic radiation; superconductors; detectors of terahertz range |
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A problem of absorption of high-frequency electromagnetic field in dirty superconductor is treated within Keldysh technic. Expression for the source term in the kinetic equation for quasiparticle distribution function is derived. The result is significant for deriving a consistent microscopic theory of superconducting detectors for terahertz frequency range, perspective detectors on kinetic inductance of current-biased superconducting strip and on Josephson inductance of tunnel. |
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7 pages |
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1117 |
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Shcherbatenko, M.; Lobanov, Y.; Semenov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Ozhegov, R.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Coherent detection of weak signals with superconducting nanowire single photon detector at the telecommunication wavelength |
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Conference Article |
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2017 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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Proc. SPIE |
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10229 |
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0G (1 to 12) |
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SSPD mixer, SNSPD, coherent detection, weak signal detection, superconducting nanostructures |
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Achievement of the ultimate sensitivity along with a high spectral resolution is one of the frequently addressed problems, as the complication of the applied and fundamental scientific tasks being explored is growing up gradually. In our work, we have investigated performance of a superconducting nanowire photon-counting detector operating in the coherent mode for detection of weak signals at the telecommunication wavelength. Quantum-noise limited sensitivity of the detector was ensured by the nature of the photon-counting detection and restricted by the quantum efficiency of the detector only. Spectral resolution given by the heterodyne technique and was defined by the linewidth and stability of the Local Oscillator (LO). Response bandwidth was found to coincide with the detector’s pulse width, which, in turn, could be controlled by the nanowire length. In addition, the system noise bandwidth was shown to be governed by the electronics/lab equipment, and the detector noise bandwidth is predicted to depend on its jitter. As have been demonstrated, a very small amount of the LO power (of the order of a few picowatts down to hundreds of femtowatts) was required for sufficient detection of the test signal, and eventual optimization could lead to further reduction of the LO power required, which would perfectly suit for the foreseen development of receiver matrices and the need for detection of ultra-low signals at a level of less-than-one-photon per second. |
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Spie |
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Prochazka, I.; Sobolewski, R.; James, R.B. |
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Photon counting applications |
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10.1117/12.2267724 |
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1201 |
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