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Author Loudkov, D.; Tong, C. Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Grishina, E.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
Title An investigation of the performance of the superconducting HEB슠mixer as a function of its RF슠embedding impedance Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages 472-475
Keywords HEB mixer
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Publisher IEEE Place of Publication Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 371
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Author Torgashin, M. Yu.; Koshelets, V. P.; Dmitriev, P. N.; Ermakov, A. B.; Filippenko, L. V.; Yagoubov, P. A.
Title Superconducting integrated receivers based on Nb-AlN-NbN circuits Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages 379-382
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Call Number RPLAB @ s @ mix_SIR_ieee_trans_2007 Serial 406
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Author Hans Ekstrom; Karasik, Boris S.; Kollberg, Erik L.; Sigfrid Yngvesson
Title Conversion gain and noise of niobium superconducting hot–electron–mixers Type Journal Article
Year 1995 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 938-947
Keywords Nb HEB mixers
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Call Number Serial 254
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Author Karpov, A.; Blondel, J.; Voss, M.; Gundlach, K. H.
Title A three photon noise SIS heterodyne receiver at submillimeter wavelength Type Journal Article
Year 1999 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 9 Issue 2 Pages 4456-4459
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Call Number RPLAB @ s @ sis_Karpov_1999 Serial 300
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Author Kroug, M.; Cherednichenko, S.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Hübers, H. W.; Richter, H.
Title NbN hot electron bolometric mixers for terahertz receivers Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 11 Issue 1 Pages 962-965
Keywords NbN HEB mixers
Abstract Sensitivity and gain bandwidth measurements of phonon-cooled NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers are presented. The best receiver noise temperatures are: 700 K at 1.6 THz and 1100 K at 2.5 THz. Parylene as an antireflection coating on silicon has been investigated and used in the optics of the receiver. The dependence of the mixer gain bandwidth (GBW) on the bias voltage has been measured. Starting from low bias voltages, close to operating conditions yielding the lowest noise temperature, the GBW increases towards higher bias voltages, up to three times the initial value. The highest measured GBW is 9 GHz within the same bias range the noise temperature increases by a factor of two.
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Call Number Serial 312
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Author Shitov, S. V.; Levitchev, M.; Veretennikov, A. V.; Koshelets, V. P.; Prokopenko, G. V.; Filippenko, L. V.; Ermakov, A. B.; Shtanyuk, A. M.; Kohlstedt, H.; Ustinov, A. V.
Title Superconducting integrated receiver as 400-600 GHz tester for coolable devices Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 11 Issue 1 Pages 832-835
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Call Number RPLAB @ s @ sis_Shitov_2001 Serial 313
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Author Meledin, D.; Tong, C. Y.-E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
Title Study of the IF bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers based on crystalline quartz substrate with an MgO buffer layer Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 13 Issue 2 Pages 164-167
Keywords NbN HEB mixer
Abstract In this paper, we present the results of IF bandwidth measurements on 3-4 nm thick NbN hot electron bolometer waveguide mixers, which have been fabricated on a 200-nm thick MgO buffer layer deposited on a crystalline quartz substrate. The 3-dB IF bandwidth, measured at an LO frequency of 0.81 THz, is 3.7 GHz at the optimal bias point for low noise receiver operation. We have also made measurements of the IF dynamic impedance, which allow us to evaluate the intrinsic electron temperature relaxation time and self-heating parameters at different bias conditions.
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Call Number Serial 341
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Author Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Drakinski, V. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
Title Superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 13 Issue 2 Pages 168-171
Keywords NbN HEB mixers
Abstract We present recent results showing the development of superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for German receiver for astronomy at terahertz frequencies and terahertz limb sounder. The mixer is incorporated into a planar feed antenna, which has either logarithmic spiral or double-slot configuration, and backed on a silicon lens. The hybrid antenna had almost frequency independent and symmetric radiation pattern slightly broader than expected for a diffraction limited antenna. At 2.5 THz the best 2200 K double side-band receiver noise temperature was achieved across a 1 GHz intermediate frequency bandwidth centred at 1.5 GHz. For this operation regime, a receiver conversion efficiency of -17 dB was directly measured and the loss budget was evaluated. The mixer response was linear at load temperatures smaller than 400 K. Implementation of the MgO buffer layer on Si resulted in an increased 5.2 GHz gain bandwidth. The receiver was tested in the laboratory environment by measuring a methanol emission line at 2.5 THz.
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Call Number Serial 343
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Author Yang, J. K. W.; Kerman, A. J.; Dauler, E. A.; Anant, V.; Rosfjord, K. M.; Berggren, K. K.
Title Modeling the electrical and thermal response of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages 581 - 585
Keywords SSPD, modeling
Abstract We modeled the response of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors during a photodetection event, taking into consideration only the thermal and electrical properties of a superconducting NbN nanowire on a sapphire substrate. Our calculations suggest that heating which occurs after the formation of a photo-induced resistive barrier is responsible for the generation of a measurable voltage pulse. We compared this numerical result with experimental data of a voltage pulse from a slow device, i.e. large kinetic inductance, and obtained a good fit. Using this electro-thermal model, we estimated the temperature rise and the resistance buildup in the nanowire, and the return current at which the nanowire becomes superconducting again. We also show that the reset time of these photodetectors can be decreased by the addition of a series resistance and provide supporting experimental data. Finally we present preliminary results on a detector latching behavior that can also be explained using the electro-thermal model.
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Call Number Serial 625
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Author Ryabchun, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-Yu Edward; Paine, Scott; Lobanov, Yury; Blundell, Raymond; Goltsman, Gregory
Title Temperature resolution of an HEB receiver at 810 GHz Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 19 Issue 3 Pages 293-296
Keywords HEB mixer
Abstract We present the results of direct measurements of the temperature resolution of an HEB receiver operating at 810 GHz, in both continuum and spectroscopic modes. In the continuum mode, the input of the receiver was switched between black bodies with different physical temperatures. With a system noise temperature of around 1100 K, the receiver was able to resolve loads which differed in temperature by about 1 K over an integration time of 5 seconds. This resolution is significantly worse than the value of 0.07 K given by the radiometer equation. In the spectroscopic mode, a gas cell filled with carbonyl sulphide (OCS) gas was used and the emission line at 813.3537060 GHz was measured using the receiver in conjunction with a digital spectrometer. From the observed spectra, we determined that the measurement uncertainty of the equivalent emission temperature was 2.8 K for an integration time of 0.25 seconds and a spectral resolution of 12 MHz, compared to a 1.4 K temperature resolution given by the radiometer equation. This relative improvement is due to the fact that at short integration times the contribution from 1/f noise and drift are less dominant. In both modes, the temperature resolution was improved by about 40% with the use of a feedback loop which adjusted the level of an injected microwave radiation to maintain a constant operating current of the HEB mixer. This stabilization scheme has proved to be very effective to keep the temperature resolution of the HEB receiver to close to the theoretical value given by the radiometer equation.
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Call Number Serial 636
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Author Korneeva, Y.; Florya, I.; Semenov, A.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.
Title New generation of nanowire NbN superconducting single-photon detector for mid-infrared Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 323-326
Keywords SSPD
Abstract We present a break-through approach to mid-infrared single-photon detection based on nanowire NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPD). Although SSPD became a mature technology for telecom wavelengths (1.3-1.55 μm) its further expansion to mid-infrared wavelength was hampered by low sensitivity above 2 μm. We managed to overcome this limit by reducing the nanowire width to 50 nm, while retaining high superconducting properties and connecting the wires in parallel to produce a voltage response of sufficient magnitude. The new device exhibits 10 times better quantum efficiency at 3.5 μm wavelength than the “standard” SSPD.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 644
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Author Xiaolong Hu; Holzwarth, C.W.; Masciarelli, D.; Dauler, E.A.; Berggren, K.K.
Title Efficiently coupling light to superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 19 Issue 3 Pages 336-340
Keywords optical antennas; SNSPD
Abstract We designed superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) integrated with silver optical antennae for free-space coupling and a dielectric waveguide for fiber coupling. According to our finite-element simulation, (1) for the free-space coupling, the absorptance of the NbN nanowire for TM-polarized photons at the wavelength of 1550 nm can be as high as 96% by adding silver optical antennae; (2) for the fiber coupling, the absorptance of the NbN nanowire for TE-like-polarized photons can reach 76% including coupling efficiency at the wavelength of 1550 nm by adding a silicon nitride waveguide and an inverse-taper coupler.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 647
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Author Yamashita, Taro; Miki, Shigehito; Qiu, Wei; Fujiwara, Mikio; Sasaki, Masahide; Wang, Zhen
Title Temperature dependent performances of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors in an ultralow-temperature region Type Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 336 - 339
Keywords SNSPD
Abstract We report on the performance of a fiber-coupled superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) from 4 K down to the ultralow temperature of 16 mK for a 1550 nm wave length. The system detection efficiency (DE) increased with de creasing the temperature and reached the considerably high value of 15% with a dark count rate less than 100 cps below 1.5 K, even without an optical cavity structure. We also observed saturation of the system DE in its bias current dependency at 16 mK, which indicates that the device DE of our SNSPD nearly reached intrinsic DE despite the device having a large active area of 20 μm × 20 μm. The dark count was finite even at 16 mK and the black body radiation becomes its dominant origin in the low temperatures for fiber-coupled devices.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 656
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Author Yang, J.K.W.; Kerman, A.J.; Dauler, E.A.; Cord, B.; Anant, V.; Molnar, R.J.; Berggren, K.K.
Title Suppressed critical current in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors with high fill-factors Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 19 Issue 3 Pages 318-322
Keywords SNSPD
Abstract In this work we present a new fabrication process that enabled the fabrication of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors SNSPD with fill-factors as high as 88% with gaps between nanowires as small as 12 nm. This fabrication process combined high-resolution electron-beam lithography with photolithography. Although this work was motivated by the potential of increased detection efficiency with higher fill-factor devices, test results showed an unexpected systematic suppression in device critical currents with increasing fill-factor.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 677
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Author Tretyakov, Ivan; Ryabchun, Sergey; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Maslennikova, Anna; Kaurova, Natalia; Lobastova, Anastasia; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory
Title Ultrawide noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers with in situ gold contacts Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 620-623
Keywords NbN HEB mixer bandwidth
Abstract We report a noise bandwidth of 7 GHz in the new generation of NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers that are being developed for the space observatory Millimetron. The HEB receiver driven by a 2.5-THz local oscillator offered a noise temperature of 600 K in a 50-MHz final detection bandwidth. As the filter center frequency was swept this value remained nearly constant up to the cutoff frequency of the cryogenic amplifier at 7 GHz. We believe that such a low value of the noise temperature is due to reduced radio frequency (RF) loss at the interface between the superconducting film and the gold contacts. We have also performed gain bandwidth measurements at the superconducting transition on HEB mixers with various lengths and found them to be in excellent agreement with the results of the analytical and numerical models developed for the HEB mixer with both diffusion and phonon cooling of hot electrons.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 716
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