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| Author | Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
| Title | Improved NbN phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue  |
Pages | 413-423 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers (HEBs) have been realized with negligible contact resistance to Au pads. By adding either a 5 nm Nb or a 10 nm NbTiN layer between the Au and NbN, to preserve superconductivity in the NbN under the Au contact pad, superior noise temperatures have been obtained. Using DC I,V curves and resistive transitions in combination with process parameters we analyze the nature of these improved devices and determine interface transparencies. | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Tucson, USA | Editor | ||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 337 | |||
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| Author | Tong, C.-Y. E.; Meledin, D.; Loudkov, D.; Blundell, R.; Erickson, N.; Kawamura, J.; Mehdi, I.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
| Title | A 1.5 THz Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer operated by a planar diode based local oscillator | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Digest | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Digest |
| Volume | 2 | Issue |
Pages | 751-754 | |
| Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | We have developed a 1.5 THz superconducting NbN Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer. It is operated by an all-solid-state Local Oscillator comprising of a cascade of 4 planar doublers following an MMIC based W-band power amplifier. The threshold available pump power is estimated to be 1 /spl mu/W. | ||||
| Address | Philadelphia, PA, USA | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1516 | |||
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| Author | Vachtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Smirnov, K. V.; Polyakov, S. L.; Kaurova, N. S.; Grishina, E. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Noise temperature measurements of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixer at 2.5 and 3.8 THz | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 236-241 | ||
| Keywords | HEB mixer, NbN, direct detection effect | ||||
| Abstract | We present the results of noise temperature measurements of NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers based on a 3.5 nm NbN film deposited on a high-resistivity Si substrate with a 200 nm – thick MgO buffer layer. The mixer element was integrated with a log-periodic spiral antenna. The noise temperature measurements were performed at 2.5 THz and at 3.8 THz local oscillator frequencies for the 3 µm x 0.2 µm active area devices. The best uncorrected receiver noise temperatures found for these frequencies are 1300 K and 3100 K, respectively. A water vapour discharge laser was used as the LO source. We also present the results of direct detection contribution to the measured Y-factor and of a possible error of noise temperature calculation. This error was more than 8% for the mixer with in-plane dimensions of 2.4 x 0.16 µm 2 at the optimal noise temperature point. The use of a mesh filter enabled us to avoid the effect of direct detection and decrease optical losses by 0.5 dB. The paper is concluded by the investigation results of the mixer polarization response. It was shown that the polarization can differ from the circular one at 3.8 THz by more than 2 dB. | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Northampton, Massachusetts, USA | Editor | ||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 344 | |||
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| Author | Antipov, S. V.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Grishina, E. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Noise performance of quasioptical ultrathin NbN hot electron bolometer mixer at 2.5 and 3.8 THz | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Proc. 5-th MSMW | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 5-th MSMW |
| Volume | 2 | Issue |
Pages | 592-594 | |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | To put space-based and airborne heterodyne instruments into operation at frequencies above 1 THz the superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) will be incorporated into heterodyne receiver as a mixer. At frequencies above 1.3 THz the sensitivity of the NbN HEB mixers outperform the one of the Schottky diodes and SIS-mixers, and the receiver noise temperature of the NbN HEB mixers increase with frequency. In this paper we present the results of the noise temperature measurements within one batch of NbN HEB mixers based on 3.5 mn thick superconducting NbN film grown on Si substrate with MgO buffer layer at the LO frequencies 2.5 THz and 3.8 THz. | ||||
| Address | Kharkov, Ukraine | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Kharkov, Ukraine | Editor | ||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | The Fifth International Kharkov Symposium on Physics and Engineering of Microwaves, Millimeter, and Submillimeter Waves (IEEE Cat. No.04EX828) | ||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 351 | |||
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| Author | Kaurova, N. S.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Vahtomin, Yu. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ilyin, K. S. | ||||
| Title | Submillimeter mixer based on YBa2Cu3O7-x thin film | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Proc. 1-st conf. Fundamental problems of high temperature superconductivity | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 291 | ||
| Keywords | HTS, HEB mixer | ||||
| Abstract | |||||
| Address | Moscow-Zvenigorod | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Moscow-Zvenigorod | Editor | ||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 355 | |||
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| Author | Bruderer, S.; Benz, A. O.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Melchior, M.; Doty, S. D.; van der Tak, F.; Stäuber, P.; Wampfler, S. F.; Dedes, C.; Yıldız, U. A.; Pagani, L.; Giannini, T.; de Graauw, Th.; Whyborn, N.; Teyssier, D.; Jellema, W.; Shipman, R.; Schieder, R.; Honingh, N.; Caux, E.; Bächtold, W.; Csillaghy, A.; Monstein, C.; Bachiller, R.; Baudry, A.; Benedettini, M.; Bergin, E.; Bjerkeli, P.; Blake, G. A.; Bontemps, S.; Braine, J.; Caselli, P.; Cernicharo, J.; Codella, C.; Daniel, F.; di Giorgio, A. M.; Dominik, C.; Encrenaz, P.; Fich, M.; Fuente, A.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Helmich, F.; Herczeg, G. J.; Herpin, F.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Jacq, T.; Johnstone, D.; Jørgensen, J. K.; Kristensen, L. E.; Larsson, B.; Lis, D.; Liseau, R.; Marseille, M.; McCoey, C.; Melnick, G.; Neufeld, D.; Nisini, B.; Olberg, M.; Parise, B.; Pearson, J. C.; Plume, R.; Risacher, C.; Santiago-García, J.; Saraceno, P.; Shipman, R.; Tafalla, M.; van Kempen, T. A.; Visser, R.; Wyrowski, F. | ||||
| Title | Herschel/HIFI detections of hydrides towards AFGL 2591. Envelope emission versus tenuous cloud absorption | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L44 (1 to 7) | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel | ||||
| Abstract | The Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) onboard the Herschel Space Observatory allows the first observations of light diatomic molecules at high spectral resolution and in multiple transitions. Here, we report deep integrations using HIFI in different lines of hydrides towards the high-mass star forming region AFGL 2591. Detected are CH, CH+, NH, OH+, H2O+, while NH+ and SH+ have not been detected. All molecules except for CH and CH+ are seen in absorption with low excitation temperatures and at velocities different from the systemic velocity of the protostellar envelope. Surprisingly, the CH(JF,P = 3/22,- – 1/21,+ ) and CH+(J = 1–0, J = 2–1) lines are detected in emission at the systemic velocity. We can assign the absorption features to a foreground cloud and an outflow lobe, while the CH and CH+ emission stems from the envelope. The observed abundance and excitation of CH and CH+ can be explained in the scenario of FUV irradiated outflow walls, where a cavity etched out by the outflow allows protostellar FUV photons to irradiate and heat the envelope at larger distances driving the chemical reactions that produce these molecules. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1083 | |||
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| Author | Gerecht, E.; Musante, C.F.; Zhuang, Y.; Ji, M.; Yngvesson, K.S.; Goyette, T.; Waldman, J. | ||||
| Title | NbN hot electron bolometric mixer with intrinsic receiver noise temperature of less than five times the quantum noise limit | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | Proc. IMS | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 2 | Issue |
Pages | 1007-1010 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer | ||||
| Abstract | In recent years, improvements in device development and quasi-optical coupling techniques utilizing planar antennas have led to a significant achievement in low noise receivers for the edges of the submillimeter frequency regime. Hot electron bolometric (HEB) receivers made of thin superconducting films such as NbN have produced a viable option for instruments designed to measure the molecular spectra for astronomical applications as well as in remote sensing of the atmosphere in the THz regime. This paper describes an NbN HEB mixer with intrinsic DSB receiver noise temperature of at most five times the quantum noise limit at frequencies as high as 2.24 THz | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 477 | |||
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| Author | Лудков, Денис Николаевич | ||||
| Title | Терагерцовые смесители на горячих электронах из тонких сверхпроводниковых пленок NbN и NbTiN | Type | Manuscript | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | М. МПГУ | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | |||
| Keywords | HEB, detector, mixer | ||||
| Abstract | |||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 479 | |||
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| Author | Масленников, Сергей Николаевич | ||||
| Title | Смесители на эффекте электронного разогрева для терагерцового и инфракрасного диапазонов | Type | Manuscript | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | М. МПГУ | Abbreviated Journal | |
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Pages | |||
| Keywords | HEB, detector, mixer, terahertz, THz, infrared, IR, direct detection effect, conversion loss | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
| Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 481 | |||
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| Author | Finkel, Matvey; Vachtomin, Yuriy; Antipov, Sereey; Drakinski, Vladimir; Kaurova, Natalia; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Greeory | ||||
| Title | Gain bandwidth and noise temperature of NbTiN HEB mixer | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 276-285 | ||
| Keywords | NbTiN HEB mixer | ||||
| Abstract | We have determined that the gain bandwidth of phonon-cooled HEB mixer employing NbTiN films deposited on MgO layer over Si substrate is limited b y the escape of phonons to the substrate. The cut-off frequencies of 1 um long devices operating at T 71, based on 3.5 nm. 4 nm and 10 nm thick films amount to 400 Mk. 300 MHz, and 100 MHz, respectivel y . The gain bandwidth of 0.13 . um long devices fabricated from 3.5 nm thick film is larger and amounts to 0.8 GIL; at the optimal operating point and to 1.5 GIL: at larger bias. The increase of the gain bandwidth from 400 MHz up to 1.5 GH: with the change of bridge length is attributed to diffusion cooling. A double sideband noise temperature of 4000 K was obtained for heterodyne receiver utilizing pilot NbTiN HEB mixer (not optimized for normal state resistance) operating at the local oscillator frequency of 2.5 THz. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1500 | |||
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| Author | Semenov, Alexei; Il'yin, Konstantin; Siegel, Michael; Smirnov, Andrey; Pavlov, Sergey; Richter, Heiko; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm | ||||
| Title | Intermediate frequency bandwidth of a hot-electron mixer: Comparision with bolometric models | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 73-76 | ||
| Keywords | HEB | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Paris, France | Editor | ||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 537 | |||
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| Author | Goltsman, Gregory N.; Vachtomin, Yuriy B.; Antipov, Sergey V.; Finkel, Matvey I.; Maslennikov, Sergey N.; Polyakov, Stanislav L.; Svechnikov, Sergey I.; Kaurova, Natalia S.; Grishina, Elisaveta V.; Voronov, Boris M. | ||||
| Title | Low-noise NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers for terahertz heterodyne receivers | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 9-th WMSCI | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 9-th WMSCI |
| Volume | 9 | Issue |
Pages | 154-159 | |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
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| Publisher | International Institute of Informatics and Systemics | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 547 | |||
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| Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Lecomte, B.; Dauplay, F.; Krieg, J. M.; Delorme, Y.; Feret, A.; Hübers, H. W.; Semenov, A. D.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | 2.5 THz multipixel heterodyne receiver based on NbN HEB mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
| Volume | 6275 | Issue |
Pages | 62750I (1 to 11) | |
| Keywords | HEB, mixer, membrane | ||||
| Abstract | A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz has been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5 µm thick Si3N4/SiO2 membranes. Spherical mirrors (one per pixel) and backshort distance from the antenna have been used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. The gain bandwidth of the HEB mixers on Si3N4/SiO2 membranes was found to be 0.7÷0.9 GHz, which is much smaller than for similar devices on silicon. Application of buffer layers and use of alternative types of membranes (e.g. silicon-on-insulator) is under investigation. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 561 | |||
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| Author | Kawamura, Jonathan; Blundell, Raymond; Tong, C.-Y. Edward; Papa, D. Cosmo; Hunter, Todd R.; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Cherednichenko, Sergei; Voronov, Boris; Gershenzon, Eugene | ||||
| Title | First light with an 800 GHz phonon-cooled HEB mixer receiver | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 35-43 | ||
| Keywords | HEB, mixer, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation effect, dynamic range | ||||
| Abstract | Phonon-cooled superconductive hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers are incorporated in a waveguide receiver designed to operate near 800 Gliz. The mixer elements are thin-film nio- bium nitride microbridges with dimensions of 4 nm thickness, 0.2 to 0.3 p.m in length and 2 jun in width. At 780 GHz the best receiver noise temperature is 840 K (DSB). The mixer IF bandwidth is 2.0 GHz, the absorbed LO power is —0.1 1.1W. A fixed-tuned version of the re- ceiver was installed at the Submillimeter Telescope Observatory on Mt. Graham, Arizona, to conduct astronomical observations. These observations represent the first time that a receiver incorporating any superconducting HEB mixer has been used to detect a spectral line of celes- tial origin. | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Pasadena, California, USA | Editor | ||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 572 | |||
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| Author | Cao, Aiqin; Jiang, L.; Chen, S.H.; Antipov, S.V.; Shi, S.C. | ||||
| Title | IF gain bandwidth of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB mixer | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Proc. International conference on microwave and millimeter wave technology | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. ICMMT |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 1-3 | ||
| Keywords | HEB, mixer, gain bandwidth | ||||
| Abstract | In this paper, the intermediate frequency (IF) gain bandwidth of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is investigated at 500 GHz with an IF system incorporating with a frequency down-converting scheme which is able to sweep the IF signal in a frequency range of 0.3-4 GHz. The IF gain bandwidth of the device is measured to be 1.5 GHz when it is biased at a voltage of the minimum noise temperature, and becomes larger when the bias voltage increases. | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Builin | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ | Serial | 575 | ||
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| Author | Ryabchun, S. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer with additional diffusion cooling | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Proc. 20th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 20th ISSTT |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 151-154 | ||
| Keywords | HEB, mixer, bandwidth, noise temperatue, in-situ contacts, in situ contacts | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Charlottesville, USA | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 590 | |||
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| Author | Tretyakov, I. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Finkel, M. I.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G.N. | ||||
| Title | NbN HEB mixer: fabrication, noise temperature reduction and characterization | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Proc. Basic problems of superconductivity | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | |||
| Keywords | HEB, mixer, noise temperature, conversion gain bandwidth | ||||
| Abstract | We demonstrate that in the terahertz region superconducting hot-electron mixers offer the lowest noise temperature, opening the possibility of using HTS's in the future to fabricate these devices. Specifically, a noise temperature of 950 K was measured for the receiver operating at 2.5 THz with a NbN HEB mixer, and a gain bandwidth of 6 GHz was measured at 300 GHz near Tc for the same mixer. | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Moscow-Zvenigorod | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 591 | |||
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| Author | Финкель, М. И. | ||||
| Title | Терагерцовые смесители на эффекте электронного разогрева в ультратонких плёнках NbN и NbTiN | Type | Manuscript | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | М. МПГУ | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | |||
| Keywords | HEB, detector, mixer, terahertz, THz, infrared, IR, direct detection effect, conversion bandwidth, conversion loss | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 597 | |||
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| Author | Рябчун, С. А. | ||||
| Title | Широкополосные высокостабильные терагерцовые смесители на горячих электронах из тонких сверхпроводниковых пленок NbN | Type | Manuscript | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | М. МПГУ | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 98 | ||
| Keywords | HEB, mixer, terahertz, THz, stability, Allan variance, conversion bandwidth, in-situ technique, Au contacts | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 598 | |||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Barends, R.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M. | ||||
| Title | Current-induced vortex unbinding in bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Applied Physics Letters | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 87 | Issue |
Pages | 263506 (1 to 3) | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer numerical model, HEB model, IV-curves, vortex-antivortex, Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless theory, diffusion cooling channel, diffusion channel, distributed HEB model, distributed model, self-heating effect, temperature profile | ||||
| Abstract | We present a description of the current-voltage characteristics of hot electron bolometers in terms of the current-dependent intrinsic resistive transition of NbN films. We find that, by including this current dependence, we can correctly predict the complete current-voltage characteristics, showing excellent agreement with measurements for both low and high bias and for small as well as large devices. It is assumed that the current dependence is due to vortex-antivortex unbinding as described in the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless theory. The presented approach will be useful in guiding device optimization for noise and bandwidth. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 604 | |||
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| Author | Nebosis, R. S.; Semenov, A. D.; Gousev, Yu. P.; Renk, K. F. | ||||
| Title | Rigorous analysis of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer: theory and comparision with experiment | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 601-613 | ||
| Keywords | HEB mixer, model, conversion gain, noise temperature, impedance, 2.5 THz | ||||
| Abstract | |||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Charlottesville, Virginia, USA | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 605 | |||
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| Author | Risacher, C.; Meledin, D.; Belitsky, V.; Bergman, P. | ||||
| Title | First 1.3 THz observations at the APEX telescope | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Proc. 20th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 54-61 | ||
| Keywords | balanced HEB mixer noise temperature APEX telescope stability Allan variance aperture efficiency | ||||
| Abstract | The Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) 12m telescope is operating on the Llano Chajnantor, Chile, since 2003 and a set of state of the art sub-millimeter receivers have been installed for frequencies spanning from 150 GHz to 1500 GHz. In 2008, a balanced 1.3 THz Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) receiver was installed for the atmospheric window 1250-1380 GHz. This instrument is part of a 4-channel receiver cryostat with the other channels being 211-275 GHz, 275-370 GHz and 380-500 GHz Sideband Separating (SSB) SIS receivers. This paper presents the first observations obtained so far with the 1.3 THz band during its first months of operation. The sky measurements were taken during opportunistic commissioning and science verification phases, when the weather conditions were sufficiently good with a Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) below 0.25 mm, which was the case only a few nights during these months. We present the first observations of the molecular transition CO J=(11-10) line on different sources such as Orion-FIR4, CW-Leo and SgrB2(M). We describe the many challenges and difficulties encountered for achieving successful THz observations from a large sub-millimeter ground-based telescope. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 619 | |||
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| Author | Karasik, Boris S.; Cantor, Robin | ||||
| Title | Optical NEP in hot-electron nanobolometers | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 1-7 | ||
| Keywords | HEB, Ti, NEP, femtowatt, SAFARI, SPICA, 650 GHz, 0.65 THz, 460 um, twin slot antenna, SQUID readout | ||||
| Abstract | For the first time, we have measured the optical noise equivalent power (NEP) in titanium (Ti) superconducting hot-electron nanobolometers (nano-HEBs). The bolometers were 2{\mu}mx1{\mu}mx20nm and 1{\mu}mx1{\mu}mx20nm planar antenna-coupled devices. The measurements were done at {\lambda} = 460 {\mu}m using a cryogenic black body radiation source delivering optical power from a fraction of a femtowatt to a few 100s of femtowatts. A record low NEP = 3x10^{-19} W/Hz^{1/2} at 50 mK has been achieved. This sensitivity meets the requirements for SAFARI instrument on the SPICA telescope. The ways for further improvement of the nano-HEB detector sensitivity are discussed. | ||||
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| Notes | To appear in Proc. 21st Int. Symp. on Spc. THz Technol., Oxford, UK, 23-25 March, 2010 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 623 | |||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Tretyakov, Ivan; Ryabchun, Sergey; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikova, Anna; Kaurova, Natalia; Lobastova, Anastasia; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory | ||||
| Title | Low noise and wide bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 98 | Issue |
Pages | 033507 (1 to 3) | |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
| Abstract | We report a record double sideband noise temperature of 600 K (5hν/kB) offered by a NbN hot-electron bolometer receiver at 2.5 THz. Allowing for standing wave effects, this value was found to be constant in the intermediate frequency range 1–7 GHz, which indicates that the mixer has an unprecedentedly large noise bandwidth in excess of 7 GHz. The insight into this is provided by gain bandwidth measurements performed at the superconducting transition. They show that the dependence of the bandwidth on the mixer length follows the model for an HEB mixer with diffusion and phonon cooling of the hot electrons. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 638 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | de Lange, Gert; Krieg, Jean-Michel; Honingh, Netty; Karpov, Alexandre; Cherednichenko, Sergey | ||||
| Title | Performance of the HIFI flight mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Proc. 19th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 98-105 | ||
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HEB applications | ||||
| Abstract | We summarize the technology and final results of the superconducting heterodyne SIS and HEB mixers that are developed for the HIFI instrument. Within HIFI 7 frequency bands cover the frequency range from 480 GHz to 1910 GHz. We describe the different device technologies and optical coupling schemes that are used to cover the frequency bands. The efforts of the different mixer teams that participate in HIFI have contributed to an instrument that will have unprecedented sensitivity and frequency coverage. | ||||
| Address | Groningen | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1074 | |||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Lobanov, Y.; Tong, C.; Blundell, R.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
| Title | A study of direct detection effect on the linearity of hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Proc. 20th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 20th ISSTT |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 282-287 | ||
| Keywords | HEB mixer, direct detection effect | ||||
| Abstract | We have performed a study of how direct detection affects the linearity and hence the calibration of an HEB mixer. Two types of waveguide HEB devices have been used: a 0.8 THz HEB mixer and a 1.0 THz HEB mixer which is ~5 times smaller than the former. Two independent experimental approaches were used. In the ΔG/G method, the conversion gain of the HEB mixer is first measured as a function of the bias current for a number of bias voltages. At each bias setting, we carefully measure the change in the operating current when the input loads are switched. From the measured data, we can derive the expected difference in gain between the hot and cold loads. In the second method (injection method [1]), the linearity of the HEB mixer is independently measured by injecting a modulated signal for different input load temperatures. The results of both approaches confirm that there is gain compression in the operation of HEB mixers. Based on the results of our measurements, we discuss the impact of direct detection effects on the operation of HEB mixers. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 724 | ||
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| Author | Lobanov, Y. V.; Tong, Cheuk-Yu E.; Hedden, A. S.; Blundell, R.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Microwave-assisted슠measurement슠of the슠frequency슠response슠of슠terahertz슠HEB슠mixers슠with a슠fourier슠transform슠spectrometer | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | 21st International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology | Abbreviated Journal | 21st ISSTT |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 420-423 | ||
| Keywords | HEB mixer | ||||
| Abstract | We describe a novel method of operation of the HEB direct detector for use with a Fourier Transform Spectrometer. Instead of elevating the bath temperature, we have measured the RF response of waveguide HEB mixers by applying microwave radiation to select appropriate bias conditions. In our experiment, a microwave signal is injected into the HEB mixer via its IF port. By choosing an appropriate injection level, the device can be operated close to the desired operating point. Furthermore, we have shown that both thermal biasing and microwave injection can reproduce the same spectral response of the HEB mixer. However, with the use of microwave injection, there is no need to wait for the mixer to reach thermal equilibrium, so characterisation can be done in less time. Also, the liquid helium consumption for our wet cryostat is also reduced. We have demonstrated that the signalto-noise ratio of the FTS measurements can be improved with microwave injection. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 725 | ||
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| Author | Ожегов, Роман Викторович | ||||
| Title | Флуктуационная чувствительность и стабильность приемников с СИС и HEB смесителями для терагерцового тепловидения | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Радиофизика | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 135 | ||
| Keywords | HEB | ||||
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| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 731 | ||
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| Author | Shurakov, Alexander; Tong, Edward; Blundell, Raymond; Gol'tsman, Gregory | ||||
| Title | Microwave stabilization of HEB mixer by a microchip controller | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | IEEE MTT-S international microwave symposium digest | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 1-3 | ||
| Keywords | HEB mixer stability, microwave injection, Allan variance, Allan time | ||||
| Abstract | The stability of a Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) mixer can be improved by the use of microwave injection. In this article we report a refinement of this approach. We introduce a microchip controller to facilitate the implementation of the stabilization scheme, and demonstrate that the feedback loop effectively suppresses drifts in the HEB bias current, leading to an improvement in the receiver stability. The measured Allan time of the mixer's IF output power is increased to > 10 s. | ||||
| Address | Montreal, QC, Canada | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 857 | |||
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| Author | Khosropanah, P.; Merkel, H.; Yngvesson, S.; Adam, A.; Cherednichenko, S.; Kollberg, E. | ||||
| Title | A distributed device model for phonon-cooled HEB mixers predicting IV characteristics, gain, noise and IF bandwidth | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 474-488 | ||
| Keywords | HEB mixer numerical model, diffusion cooling channel, diffusion channel, distributed HEB model, distributed model | ||||
| Abstract | A distributed model for phonon-cooled superconductor hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers is given, which is based on solving the one-dimensional heat balance equation for the electron temperature profile along the superconductor strip. In this model it is assumed that the LO power is absorbed uniformly along the bridge but the DC power absorption depends on the local resistivity and is thus not uniform. The electron temperature dependence of the resistivity is assumed to be continuous and has a Fermi form. These assumptions are used in setting up the non-linear heat balance equation, which is solved numerically for the electron temperature profile along the bolometer strip. Based on this profile the resistance of the device and the IV curves are calculated. The IV curves are in excellent agreement with measurement results. Using a small signal model the conversion gain of the mixer is obtained. The expressions for Johnson noise and thermal fluctuation noise are derived. The calculated results are in close agreement with measurements, provided that one of the parameters used is adjusted. | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 893 | |||
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| Author | Kooi, Jacob Willem | ||||
| Title | Advanced receivers for submillimeter and far infrared astronomy | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | University of Groningen | Abbreviated Journal | RUG |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | |||
| Keywords | HEB, SIS, TES, NEP, noise temperature, IF bandwidth, waveguide, impedance, conversion gain, FTS, integrated array, stability, Allan variance, multi-layer antireflection coating | ||||
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | Doctoral thesis | |||
| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | ISBN | 978-90-367-3653-4 | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 881 | |||
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| Author | Ynvesson, K. Sigfrid; Kollberg, Erik L. | ||||
| Title | Optimum receiver noise temperature for NbN HEB mixers according to standard model | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 566-582 | ||
| Keywords | HEB mixer model, standard model, electro-thermal feedback, self-heating parameter, heating efficiency | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 895 | |||
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| Author | Vercruyssen, N.; Verhagen, T. G. A.; Flokstra, M. G.; Pekola, J. P.; Klapwijk, T. M. | ||||
| Title | Evanescent states and nonequilibrium in driven superconducting nanowires | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Phys. Rev. B | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. Rev. B |
| Volume | 85 | Issue |
Pages | 224503(1-10) | |
| Keywords | Al HEB, Al superconducting nanowire, global state, bimodal state, quasiclassical kinetic equations, Usadel equation | ||||
| Abstract | We study the nonlinear response of current transport in a superconducting diffusive nanowire between normal reservoirs. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally the existence of two different superconducting states appearing when the wire is driven out of equilibrium by an applied bias, called the global and bimodal superconducting states. The different states are identified by using two-probe measurements of the wire, and measurements of the local density of states with tunneling probes. The analysis is performed within the framework of the quasiclassical kinetic equations for diffusive superconductors. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 898 | |||
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| Author | Gao, J. R.; Hovenier, J. N.; Yang, Z. Q.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Hajenius, M.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Adam, A. J. L.; Klaassen, T. O.; Williams, B. S.; Kumar, S.; Hu, Q.; Reno, J. L. | ||||
| Title | Terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a quantum cascade laser and a superconducting bolometer | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 86 | Issue |
Pages | 244104 (1 to 3) | |
| Keywords | HEB, QCL | ||||
| Abstract | We report the first demonstration of an all solid-stateheterodyne receiver that can be used for high-resolution spectroscopy above 2THz suitable for space-based observatories. The receiver uses a NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer as mixer and a quantum cascade laser operating at 2.8THz as local oscillator. We measure a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 1400K at 2.8THz and 4.2K, and find that the free-running QCL has sufficient power stability for a practical receiver, demonstrating an unprecedented combination of sensitivity and stability. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 905 | |||
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| Author | Pütz, P.; Honingh, C. E.; Jacobs, K.; Justen, M.; Schultz, M.; Stutzki, J. | ||||
| Title | Terahertz hot electron bolometer waveguide mixers for GREAT | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | A&A |
| Volume | 542 | Issue |
Pages | L2 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer, applications | ||||
| Abstract | Context. Supplementing the publications based on the first-light observations with the German REceiver for Astronomy at Terahertz frequencies (GREAT) on SOFIA, we present background information on the underlying heterodyne detector technology. This Letter complements the GREAT instrument Letter and focuses on the mixers itself. Aims. We describe the superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) detectors that are used as frequency mixers in the L1 (1400 GHz), L2 (1900 GHz), and M (2500 GHz) channels of GREAT. Measured performance of the detectors is presented and background information on their operation in GREAT is given. Methods. Our mixer units are waveguide-based and couple to free-space radiation via a feedhorn antenna. The HEB mixers are designed, fabricated, characterized, and flight-qualified in-house. We are able to use the full intermediate frequency bandwidth of the mixers using silicon-germanium multi-octave cryogenic low-noise amplifiers with very low input return loss. Results. Superconducting HEB mixers have proven to be practical and sensitive detectors for high-resolution THz frequency spectroscopy on SOFIA. We show that our niobium-titanium-nitride (NbTiN) material HEBs on silicon nitride (SiN) membrane substrates have an intermediate frequency (IF) noise roll-off frequency above 2.8 GHz, which does not limit the current receiver IF bandwidth. Our mixer technology development efforts culminate in the first successful operation of a waveguide-based HEB mixer at 2.5 THz and deployment for radioastronomy. A significant contribution to the success of GREAT is made by technological development, thorough characterization and performance optimization of the mixer and its IF interface for receiver operation on SOFIA. In particular, the development of an optimized mixer IF interface contributes to the low passband ripple and excellent stability, which GREAT demonstrated during its initial successful astronomical observation runs. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 907 | |||
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| Author | Cherednichenko, Sergey; Drakinskiy, Vladimir; Berg, Therese; Khosropanah, Pourya; Kollberg, Erik | ||||
| Title | Hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers for the Herschel Space Observatory | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Review of Scientific Instruments | Abbreviated Journal | Rev. Sci. Instrum. |
| Volume | 79 | Issue |
Pages | 034501 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer, HEB detector, HEB direct detector, applications | ||||
| Abstract | We report on low noise terahertz mixers(1.4–1.9THz) developed for the heterodyne spectrometer onboard the Herschel Space Observatory. The mixers employ double slot antenna integrated superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) made of thin NbN films. The mixer performance was characterized in terms of detection sensitivity across the entire rf band by using a Fourier transform spectrometer (from 0.5to2.5THz, with 30GHz resolution) and also by measuring the mixernoise temperature at a limited number of discrete frequencies. The lowest mixernoise temperature recorded was 750K [double sideband (DSB)] at 1.6THz and 950KDSB at 1.9THz local oscillator (LO) frequencies. Averaged across the intermediate frequency band of 2.4–4.8GHz, the mixernoise temperature was 1100KDSB at 1.6THz and 1450KDSB at 1.9THz LO frequencies. The HEB heterodyne receiver stability has been analyzed and compared to the HEB stability in the direct detection mode. The optimal local oscillator power was determined and found to be in a 200–500nW range. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 908 | |||
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| Author | Leisawitz, David T.; Danchi, William C.; Dipirro, Michael J.; Feinberg, Lee D.; Gezari, Daniel Y.; Hagopian, Mike; Langer, William D.; Mather, John C.; Moseley, Jr. Samuel H.; Shao, Michael; Silverberg, Robert F.; Staguhn, Johannes G.; Swain, Mark R.; Yorke, Harold W.; Zhang, Xiaolei | ||||
| Title | Scientific motivation and technology requirements for the SPIRIT and SPECS far-infrared/submillimeter space interferometers | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2000 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
| Volume | 4013 | Issue |
Pages | 36-46 | |
| Keywords | HEB applications | ||||
| Abstract | Far infrared interferometers in space would enable extraordinary measurements of the early universe, the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets, and would have great discovery potential. Since half the luminosity of the universe and 98% of the photons released since the Big Bang are now observable at far IR wavelengths (40 – 500 micrometers ), and the Earth's atmosphere prevents sensitive observations from the ground, this is one of the last unexplored frontiers of space astronomy. We present the engineering and technology requirements that stem from a set of compelling scientific goals and discuss possible configurations for two proposed NASA missions, the Space Infrared Interferometric Telescope and the Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 909 | |||
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| Author | Khosropanah, Pourya | ||||
| Title | NbN and NbTiN hot electron bolometer THz mixers | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | Chalmers University of Technology | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | |||
| Keywords | HEB mixer, hot electron bolometer mixer, NbN, NbTiN, superconducting detector, heterodyne receiver, THz mixer, submillimeter mixer, quasioptical receiver, double slot antenna, twin slot antenna, spiral antenna, receiver noise, FTS, Fourier Transform Spectrometer | ||||
| Abstract | The thesis reports the development of Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) mixers for radio astronomy heterodyne receivers in THz frequency range. Part of this work is the fabrication of HEB devices, which are based on NbN or NbTiN superconducting thin films (â‰<a4>5 nm). They are integrated with wideband spiral or double-slot planar antennas. The mixer chips are incorporated into a quasi-optical receiver. The experimental part of this work focuses on the characterization of the receiver as a whole, and the HEB mixers as a part. Double side band receiver noise temperature and the IF bandwidth are reported for frequencies from 0.7 THz up to 2.6 THz. The spectrum of the direct response of HEB integrated with dierent antennas are measured using Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). The effect of the bolometer size on total receiver performance and the LO power requirements is also discussed. A high-yield and reliable process for fabrication of NbN HEB mixers have been achieved. Over 100 devices with different bolometer geometry, film property and also different antennas have been fabricated and measured. The measured data enables us to discuss the impact of different parameters to the receiver overall performance. This work has provided NbN HEB mixers to the following receivers: TREND (Terahertz REceiver with NbN HEB Device) operating at 1.25-1.5 THz, installed in AST/RO Submillimeter Wave Telescope, Amundsen/Scott South Pole Station, in 2002-2003. Band 6-low (1.410-1.700 THz) and 6-high (1.700-1.920 THz) of the HIFI (Heterodyne Instrument for Far Infra-red) in the Herschel Space Observatory, due to launch in 2007 by ESA (European Space Agency). Besides, there has been continuous efforts to develop better models to explain the mixer performance more accurately. They are based on two temperature model for electrons and phonons and solving one-dimensional heat balance equations along the bolometer. The principles of these models are illustrated and the calculated results are compared with measured data. |
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| Address | |||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
| Publisher | Chalmers University of Technology | Place of Publication | Göteborg | Editor | |
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 910 | |||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Klapwijk, T. M.; Barends, R.; Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A. | ||||
| Title | Improved superconducting hot-electron bolometer devices for the THz range | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
| Volume | 5498 | Issue |
Pages | 129-139 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer distributed model, numerical model | ||||
| Abstract | Improved and reproducible heterodyne mixing (noise temperatures of 950 K at 2.5 THz) has been realized with NbN based hot-electron superconducting devices with low contact resistances. A distributed temperature numerical model of the NbN bridge, based on a local electron and a phonon temperature, has been used to understand the physical conditions during the mixing process. We find that the mixing is predominantly due to the exponential rise of the local resistivity as a function of electron temperature. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Invited talk, Recommended by Klapwijk | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 912 | |||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Pekker, David; Shah, Nayana; Sahu, Mitrabhanu; Bezryadin, Alexey; Goldbart, Paul M. | ||||
| Title | Stochastic dynamics of phase-slip trains and superconductive-resistive switching in current-biased nanowires | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Phys. Rev. B | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 80 | Issue |
Pages | 214525 (1 to 17) | |
| Keywords | superconducting nanowire, phase-slip, order parameter, HEB distributed model, HEB model | ||||
| Abstract | Superconducting nanowires fabricated via carbon-nanotube templating can be used to realize and study quasi-one-dimensional superconductors. However, measurement of the linear resistance of these nanowires have been inconclusive in determining the low-temperature behavior of phase-slip fluctuations, both quantal and thermal. Thus, we are motivated to study the nonlinear current-voltage characteristics in current-biased nanowires and the stochastic dynamics of superconductive-resistive switching, as a way of probing phase-slip events. In particular, we address the question: can a single phase-slip event occurring somewhere along the wire—during which the order-parameter fluctuates to zero—induce switching, via the local heating it causes? We explore this and related issues by constructing a stochastic model for the time evolution of the temperature in a nanowire whose ends are maintained at a fixed temperature. We derive the corresponding master equation as a tool for evaluating and analyzing the mean switching time at a given value of current (smaller than the depairing critical current). The model indicates that although, in general, several phase-slip events are necessary to induce switching via a thermal runaway, there is indeed a regime of temperatures and currents in which a single event is sufficient. We carry out a detailed comparison of the results of the model with experimental measurements of the distribution of switching currents, and provide an explanation for the rather counterintuitive broadening of the distribution width that is observed upon lowering the temperature. Moreover, we identify a regime in which the experiments are probing individual phase-slip events, and thus offer a way of unearthing and exploring the physics of nanoscale quantum tunneling of the one-dimensional collective quantum field associated with the superconducting order parameter. | ||||
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| ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Recommended by Klapwijk | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 923 | |||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Miao, W.; Zhang, W.; Zhong, J. Q.; Shi, S. C.; Delorme, Y.; Lefevre, R.; Feret, A; Vacelet, T | ||||
| Title | Non-uniform absorption of terahertz radiation on superconducting hot electron bolometer microbridges | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | <ef><bf><bc>Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 104 | Issue |
Pages | 052605(1-4) | |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, local oscillator power, RF nonuniform absorption | ||||
| Abstract | We interpret the experimental observation of a frequency-dependence of superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers by taking into account the non-uniform absorption of the terahertz radiation on the superconducting HEB microbridge. The radiation absorption is assumed to be proportional to the local surface resistance of the HEB microbridge, which is computed using the Mattis-Bardeen theory. With this assumption the dc and mixing characteristics of a superconducting niobium-nitride (NbN) HEB device have been modeled at frequencies below and above the equilibrium gap frequency of the NbN film. | ||||
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| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 935 | |||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Huard, B.; Pothier, H.; Esteve, D.; Nagaev, K. E. | ||||
| Title | Electron heating in metallic resistors at sub-Kelvin temperature | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Phys. Rev. B | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. Rev. B |
| Volume | 76 | Issue |
Pages | 165426(1-9) | |
| Keywords | electron heating in resistor, HEB distributed model, HEB model, hot electrons | ||||
| Abstract | In the presence of Joule heating, the electronic temperature in a metallic resistor placed at sub-Kelvin temperatures can significantly exceed the phonon temperature. Electron cooling proceeds mainly through two processes: electronic diffusion to and from the connecting wires and electron-phonon coupling. The goal of this paper is to present a general solution of the problem in a form that can easily be used in practical situations. As an application, we compute two quantities that depend on the electronic temperature profile: the second and the third cumulant of the current noise at zero frequency, as a function of the voltage across the resistor. We also consider time-dependent heating, an issue relevant for experiments in which current pulses are used, for instance, in time-resolved calorimetry experiments. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Recommended by Klapwijk as example for writing the article on the HEB model. | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 936 | |||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Golts'man, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov B. | ||||
| Title | Superconductive NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer performance at 250 GHz | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 1996 | Publication | Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 331-336 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | Thin film NbN (<40 A) strips are used as waveguide mixer elements. The electron cooling mechanism for the geometry is the electron-phonon interaction. We report a receiver noise temperature of 750 K at 244 GHz, with / IF = 1.5 GHz, Af= 500 MHz, and Tphysical = 4 K. The instantaneous bandwidth for this mixer is 1.6 GHz. The local oscillator (LO) power is 0.5 1.tW with 3 dB-uncertainty. The mixer is linear to 1 dB up to an input power level 6 dB below the LO power. We report the first detection of a molecular line emission using this class of mixer, and that the receiver noise temperature determined from Y-factor measurements reflects the true heterodyne sensitivity. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 945 | |||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Shurakov, A.; Tong, Cheuk-yu E.; Grimes, P.; Blundell, R.; Golt'sman, G. | ||||
| Title | A microwave reflection readout scheme for hot electron bolometric direct detector | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. |
| Volume | 5 | Issue |
Pages | 81-84 | |
| Keywords | HEB detectors | ||||
| Abstract | In this paper, we propose and present data from a fast THz detector based on the repurpose of hot electron bolometer mixers (HEB) fabricated from superconducting NbN thinfilm. This detector is essentially a traditional NbN bolometer element that operates under the influence of a microwave pump. The in-jected microwave power serves the dual purpose of enhancing the detector sensitivity and reading out the impedance changes of the device in response to incidentTHz radiation. We have measured an optical Noise Equivalent Power of 4 pW/ Hz for our detector at a bath temperature of 4.2 K. The measurement frequency was 0.83 THz and the modulation frequency was 1.48 kHz. The readout scheme is versatile and facilitates both high-speed operation as well as multi-pixel applications. |
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ atomics90 @ | Serial | 950 | ||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Maslennikov, S. | ||||
| Title | RF heating efficiency of the terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | arXiv | Abbreviated Journal | arXiv |
| Volume | 1404.5276 | Issue |
Pages | 1-4 | |
| Keywords | superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer, HEB, NbN, distributed model, HEB model, HEB mixer model, heat balance equa-tions, conversion gain, RF heating efficiency, noise temperature, simulation, Euler method | ||||
| Abstract | We report results of the numerical solution by the Euler method of the system of heat balance equations written in recurrent form for the superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) embedded in an electrical circuit. By taking into account the dependence of the HEB resistance on the transport current we have been able to calculate rigorously the RF heating efficiency, absorbed local oscillator (LO) power and conversion gain of the HEB mixer. We show that the calculated conversion gai nis in excellent agreement with the experimental results, and that the substitution of the calculated RF heating efficiency and absorbed LO power into the expressions for the conversion gain and noise temperature given by the analytical small-signal model of the HEB yields excellent agreement with the corresponding measured values | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ atomics90 @ | Serial | 954 | ||
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| Author | Zhang, W.; Miao, W.; Yao, Q. J.; Lin, Z. H.; Shi, S. C.; Gao, J. R.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Spectral response and noise temperature of a 2.5 THz spiral antenna coupled NbN HEB mixer | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2012 | Publication | Phys. Procedia | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. Procedia |
| Volume | 36 | Issue |
Pages | 334-337 | |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
| Abstract | We report on a 2.5 THz spiral antenna coupled NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers, fabricated with in-situ process. The receiver noise temperature with lowest value of 1180 K is in good agreement with calculated quantum efficiency factor as a function of bias voltage. In addition, the measured spectral response of the spiral antenna coupled NbN HEB mixer shows broad frequency coverage of 0.8-3 THz, and corrected response for optical losses, FTS, and coupling efficiency between antenna and bolometer falls with frequency due to diffraction-limited beam of lens/antenna combination. | ||||
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| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
| Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1875-3892 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1381 | |||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Palma, F.; Teppe, F.; Fatimy, A. E.; Green, R.; Xu, J.; Vachontin, Y.; Tredicucci, A.; Goltsman, G.; Knap, W. | ||||
| Title | THz communication system based on a THz quantum cascade laser and a hot electron bolometer | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | 35th Int. Conf. Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves | Abbreviated Journal | 35th Int. Conf. Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 11623798 (1 to 2) | ||
| Keywords | QCL, HEB detector | ||||
| Abstract | We present the experimental study of the direct emission – detection system based on the THz Quantum Cascade Laser as a source and Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) detector – in view of its application as an optical communication system. We show that the system can efficiently transmit the QCL Terahertz pulses. We estimate the maximal modulation speed of the system to be about several GHz and show that it is limited only by the QCL pulse power supply, detector amplifier and connection line/wires parameters. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1391 | |||
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| Author | Titova, N; Kardakova, A.; Tovpeko, N; Ryabchun, S.; Mandal, S.; Morozov, D.; Klemencic, G. M.; Giblin, S.R.; Williams, O. A.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Superconducting diamond films as perspective material for direct THz detectors | Type | Abstract | ||
| Year | 2017 | Publication | Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 82 | ||
| Keywords | KID, HEB, superconducting diamond films, boron-doped diamond films, Al, TiN, Si substrates, NEP | ||||
| Abstract | Superconducting films with a high resistivity in the normal state have established themselves as the best materials for direct THz radiation sensors, such as kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) [1] and hot electron bolometers (nano-HEBs) [2]. The primary characteristics of the future instrument such as the sensitivity and the response time are determined by the material parameters such as the electron-phonon (e-ph) interaction time, the electron density and the resistivity of the material. For direct detectors, such as KIDs and nano-HEBs, to provide a high sensitivity and low noise one prefer materials with long e-ph relaxation times and low values of the electron density. As a potential material for THz radiation detection we have studied superconducting diamond films. A significant interest to diamond for the development of electronic devices is due to the evolution of its properties with the boron dopant concentration. At a high boron doping concentration, n B ~5·10 20 cm -3 , diamond has been reported to become a superconducting with T c depending on the doping level. Our previous study of energy relaxation in single-crystalline boron-doped diamond films epitaxially grown on a diamond shows a remarkably slow energy-relaxation at low temperatures. The electron-phonon cooling time varies from 400 ns to 700 ns over the temperature range 2.2 K to 1.7 K [3]. In superconducting materials such as Al and TiN, traditionally used in KIDs, the e-ph cooling times at 1.7 K correspond to ~20 ns [4] and ~100 ns [5], correspondingly. Such a noticeable slow e-ph relaxation in boron-doped diamond, in combination with a low value of carrier density (~10 21 cm -3 ) in comparison with typical metals (~10 23 cm -3 ) and a high normal state resistivity (~1500 μΩ·cm) confirms a potential of superconducting diamond for superconducting bolometers and resonator detectors. However, the price and the small substrate growth are of single crystal diamond limit practical applications of homoepitaxial diamond films. As an alternative way with more convenient technology, one can employ heteroepitaxial diamond films grown on large-size Si substrates. Here we report about measurements of e-ph cooling times in superconducting diamond grown on silicon substrate and discuss our expectations about the applicability of boron-doped diamond films to superconducting detectors. Our estimation of limit value of noise-equivalent power (NEP) and the energy resolution of bolometer made from superconducting diamond is order 10 -17 W/Hz 1/2 at 2 K and the energy resolution is of 0.1 eV that corresponds to counting single-photon up to 15 um. The estimation was obtained by using the film thickness of 70 nm and ρ ~ 1500 μΩ·cm, and the planar dimensions that are chosen to couple bolometer with 75 Ω log-spiral antenna. Although the value of NEP is far yet from what might like to have for certain astronomical applications, we believe that it can be improved by a suitable fabrication process. Also the direct detectors, based on superconducting diamond, will offer low noise performance at about 2 K, a temperature provided by inexpensive close-cycle refrigerators, which provides another practical advantage of development and application of these devices. [1] P.K. Day, et. al, Nature, 425, 817, 2003. [2] J. Wei, et al, Nature Nanotech., 3, 496, 2008. [3] A. Kardakova, et al, Phys. Rev. B, 93, 064506, 2016. [4] P. Santhanam and D. Prober, Phys. Rev. B, 29, 3733, 1984 [5] A. Kardakova, et al, Appl. Phys. Lett, vol. 103, p. 252602, 2013. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1173 | |||
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| Author | Ozhegov, R. V.; Smirnov, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Divochiy, A. V.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Ultrafast superconducting bolometer receivers for terahertz applications | Type | Abstract | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Proc. PIERS | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. PIERS |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 867 | ||
| Keywords | HEB | ||||
| Abstract | The research by the group of Moscow State Pedagogical University into the hot-electron phenomena in thin superconducting films has led to the development of new types of detectors and their use both in fundamental and applied studies. In this paper, we present the results of testing the terahertz HEB receiver systems based on ultrathin (∼ 4 nm) NbN and MoRe detectors with a response time of 50 ps and 1 ns, respectively. We have developed three types of devices which differ in the way a terahertz signal is coupled to the detector and cover the following ranges: 0.3–3 THz, 0.1–30 THz and 25–70 THz. In the case of the receiving system optimized for 0.3–3 THz, the sensitive element (a strip of asuperconductor with planar dimensions of 0.2μm (length) by 1.7μm (width)) was integrated witha planar broadband log-spiral antenna. For additional focusing ofthe incident radiation a silicon hyperhemispherical lens was used. For the 0.1–30 THz receivingsystem, the sensitive element was patterned as parallel strips(2μm wide each) filling an area of 500×500μm2with a filling factor of 0.5. In the receivingsystem of this type we used direct coupling of the incident radiation to the sensitive element. Inthe 25–70 THz range (detector type 2/2a in Table 1) we used a square-shaped superconductingdetector with planar dimensions of 10×10μm2. Incident radiation was coupled to the detectorwith the use of a germanium hyperhemispherical lens.The response time of the above receiving systems is determined by the cooling rate of the hotelectrons in the film. That depends on the electron-phonon interaction time, which is less forultrathin NbN than in MoRe. | ||||
| Address | Moscow, Russia | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | The Electromagnetics Academy | Place of Publication | 777 Concord Avenue, Suite 207 Cambridge, MA 02138 | Editor | |
| Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1559-9450 | ISBN | 978-1-934142-09-7 | Medium | |
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ sasha @ ozhegovultrafast | Serial | 1022 | ||
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| Author | Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Divochiy, A. V.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Pentin, I. V.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Infrared and terahertz detectors on basis of superconducting nanostructures | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Microwave and Telecom. Technol. (CriMiCo), 20th Int. Crimean Conf. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 823-824 | ||
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD, HEB | ||||
| Abstract | Results of development of single-photon receiving systems of visible, infrared and terahertz range based on thin-film superconducting nanostructures are presented. The receiving systems are produced on the basis of superconducting nanostructures, which function by means of hot-electron phenomena. | ||||
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| Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | IEEE | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ sasha @ smirnov2010infrared | Serial | 1025 | ||
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| Author | Goltsman, G. N.; Korneev, A. A.; Finkel, M. I.; Divochiy, A. V.; Florya, I. N.; Korneeva, Y. P.; Tarkhov, M. A.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Kaurova, N. S.; Chulkova, G. M.; Voronov, B. M. | ||||
| Title | Superconducting hot-electron bolometer as THz mixer, direct detector and IR single-photon counter | Type | Abstract | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | 35th Int. Conf. Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 1-1 | ||
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD, HEB | ||||
| Abstract | We present a new generation of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) and hot-electron superconducting sensors with record characteristic for many terahertz and optical applications. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 2162-2027 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ sasha @ goltsman2010superconducting | Serial | 1028 | ||
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| Author | Zhang, W.; Miao, W.; Zhong, J. Q.; Shi, S. C.; Hayton, D. J.; Vercruyssen, N.; Gao, J. R.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Temperature dependence of superconducting hot electron bolometers | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Not published results: 24th international symposium on space terahertz technology | Abbreviated Journal | |
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Pages | |||
| Keywords | HEB | ||||
| Abstract | |||||
| Address | Groningen,The Netherlands | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1067 | |||
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| Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Yagoubov, P.; Il'in, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
| Title | Large bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Proc. 27th Eur. Microwave Conf. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 2 | Issue |
Pages | 972-977 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer, fabrication process | ||||
| Abstract | The bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers has been systematically investigated with respect to the film thickness and film quality variation. The films, 2.5 to 10 nm thick, were fabricated on sapphire substrates using DC reactive magnetron sputtering. All devices consisted of several parallel strips, each 1 um wide and 2 um long, placed between Ti-Au contact pads. To measure the gain bandwidth we used two identical BWOs operating in the 120-140 GHz frequency range, one functioning as a local oscillator and the other as a signal source. The majority of the measurements were made at an ambient temperature of 4.2 K with optimal LO and DC bias. The maximum 3 dB bandwidth (about 4 GHz) was achieved for the devices made of films which were 2.5-3.5 nm thick, had a high critical temperature, and high critical current density. A theoretical analysis of bandwidth for these mixers based on the two-temperature model gives a good description of the experimental results if one assumes that the electron temperature is equal to the critical temperature. | ||||
| Address | Jerusalem, Israel | ||||
| Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
| Publisher | IEEE | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | 27th Eur. Microwave Conf. | ||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1075 | |||
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| Author | Benz, A. O.; Bruderer, S.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Stäuber, P.; Wampfler, S. F.; Melchior, M.; Dedes, C.; Wyrowski, F.; Doty, S. D.; van der Tak, F.; Bächtold, W.; Csillaghy, A.; Megej, A.; Monstein, C.; Soldati, M.; Bachiller, R.; Baudry, A.; Benedettini, M.; Bergin, E.; Bjerkeli, P.; Blake, G. A.; Bontemps, S.; Braine, J.; Caselli, P.; Cernicharo, J.; Codella, C.; Daniel, F.; di Giorgio, A. M.; Dieleman, P.; Dominik, C.; Encrenaz, P.; Fich, M.; Fuente, A.; Giannini, T.; Goicoechea, J. R.; de Graauw, Th.; Helmich, F.; Herczeg, G. J.; Herpin, F.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Jacq, T.; Jellema, W.; Johnstone, D.; Jørgensen, J. K.; Kristensen, L. E.; Larsson, B.; Lis, D.; Liseau, R.; Marseille, M.; McCoey, C.; Melnick, G.; Neufeld, D.; Nisini, B.; Olberg, M.; Ossenkopf, V.; Parise, B.; Pearson, J. C.; Plume, R.; Risacher, C.; Santiago-García, J.; Saraceno, P.; Schieder, R.; Shipman, R.; Stutzki, J.; Tafalla, M.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; van Kempen, T. A.; Visser, R.; Yıldız, U. A. | ||||
| Title | Hydrides in young stellar objects: Radiation tracers in a protostar-disk-outflow system | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L35 (1 to 5) | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel | ||||
| Abstract | Context. Hydrides of the most abundant heavier elements are fundamental molecules in cosmic chemistry. Some of them trace gas irradiated by UV or X-rays. Aims. We explore the abundances of major hydrides in W3 IRS5, a prototypical region of high-mass star formation. Methods. W3 IRS5 was observed by HIFI on the Herschel Space Observatory with deep integration (2500 s) in 8 spectral regions. Results. The target lines including CH, NH, H3O+, and the new molecules SH+, H2O+, and OH+ are detected. The H2O+ and OH+ J = 1–0 lines are found mostly in absorption, but also appear to exhibit weak emission (P-Cyg-like). Emission requires high density, thus originates most likely near the protostar. This is corroborated by the absence of line shifts relative to the young stellar object (YSO). In addition, H2O+ and OH+ also contain strong absorption components at a velocity shifted relative to W3 IRS5, which are attributed to foreground clouds. Conclusions. The molecular column densities derived from observations correlate well with the predictions of a model that assumes the main emission region is in outflow walls, heated and irradiated by protostellar UV radiation. |
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1082 | |||
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| Author | Bujarrabal, V.; Alcolea, J.; Soria-Ruiz, R.; Planesas, P.; Teyssier, D.; Marston, A. P.; Cernicharo, J.; Decin, L.; Dominik, C.; Justtanont, K.; de Koter, A.; Melnick, G.; Menten, K. M.; Neufeld, D. A.; Olofsson, H.; Schmidt, M.; Schöier, F. L.; Szczerba, R.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Quintana-Lacaci, G.; Güsten, R.; Gallego, J. D.; Díez-González, M. C.; Barcia, A.; López-Fernández, I.; Wildeman, K.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Jacobs, K. | ||||
| Title | Herschel/HIFI observations of high-J CO transitions in the protoplanetary nebula CRL 618 | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L3 (1 to 5) | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel | ||||
| Abstract | Aims. We aim to study the physical conditions, particularly the excitation state, of the intermediate-temperature gas components in the protoplanetary nebula CRL 618. These components are particularly important for understanding the evolution of the nebula. Methods. We performed Herschel/HIFI observations of several CO lines in the far-infrared/sub-mm in the protoplanetary nebula CRL 618. The high spectral resolution provided by HIFI allows measurement of the line profiles. Since the dynamics and structure of the nebula is well known from mm-wave interferometric maps, it is possible to identify the contributions of the different nebular components (fast bipolar outflows, double shells, compact slow shell) to the line profiles. The observation of these relatively high-energy transitions allows an accurate study of the excitation conditions in these components, particularly in the warm ones, which cannot be properly studied from the low-energy lines. Results. The 12CO J = 16–15, 10–9, and 6–5 lines are easily detected in this source. Both 13CO J = 10–9 and 6–5 are also detected. Wide profiles showing spectacular line wings have been found, particularly in 12CO J = 16–15. Other lines observed simultaneously with CO are also shown. Our analysis of the CO high-J transitions, when compared with the existing models, confirms the very low expansion velocity of the central, dense component, which probably indicates that the shells ejected during the last AGB phases were driven by radiation pressure under a regime of maximum transfer of momentum. No contribution of the diffuse halo found from mm-wave data is identified in our spectra, because of its low temperature. We find that the fast bipolar outflow is quite hot, much hotter than previously estimated; for instance, gas flowing at 100 km s-1 must have a temperature higher than ~200 K. Probably, this very fast outflow, with a kinematic age <100 yr, has been accelerated by a shock and has not yet cooled down. The double empty shell found from mm-wave mapping must also be relatively hot, in agreement with the previous estimate. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1084 | |||
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| Author | Cavalié, T.; Feuchtgruber, H.; Lellouch, E.; de Val-Borro, M.; Jarchow, C.; Moreno, R.; Hartogh, P.; Orton, G.; Greathouse, T. K.; Billebaud, F.; Dobrijevic, M.; Lara, L. M.; González, A.; Sagawa, H. | ||||
| Title | Spatial distribution of water in the stratosphere of Jupiter from Herschel HIFI and PACS observations | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 553 | Issue |
Pages | A21 (1 to 16) | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel | ||||
| Abstract | Context. In the past 15 years, several studies suggested that water in the stratosphere of Jupiter originated from the Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9) comet impacts in July 1994, but a direct proof was missing. Only a very sensitive instrument observing with high spectral/spatial resolution can help to solve this problem. This is the case of the Herschel Space Observatory, which is the first telescope capable of mapping water in Jupiter's stratosphere. Aims. We observed the spatial distribution of the water emission in Jupiter's stratosphere with the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) and the Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) onboard Herschel to constrain its origin. In parallel, we monitored Jupiter's stratospheric temperature with the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) to separate temperature from water variability. Methods. We obtained a 25-point map of the 1669.9 GHz water line with HIFI in July 2010 and several maps with PACS in October 2009 and December 2010. The 2010 PACS map is a 400-point raster of the water 66.4 μm emission. Additionally, we mapped the methane ν4 band emission to constrain the stratospheric temperature in Jupiter in the same periods with the IRTF. Results. Water is found to be restricted to pressures lower than 2 mbar. Its column density decreases by a factor of 2–3 between southern and northern latitudes, consistently between the HIFI and the PACS 66.4 μm maps. We infer that an emission maximum seen around 15 °S is caused by a warm stratospheric belt detected in the IRTF data. Conclusions. Latitudinal temperature variability cannot explain the global north-south asymmetry in the water maps. From the latitudinal and vertical distributions of water in Jupiter's stratosphere, we rule out interplanetary dust particles as its main source. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Jupiter's stratospheric water was delivered by the SL9 comet and that more than 95% of the observed water comes from the comet according to our models. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1085 | |||
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| Author | Chavarr'ıa, L.; Herpin, F.; Jacq, T.; Braine, J.; Bontemps, S.; Baudry, A.; Marseille, M.; van der Tak, F.; Pietropaoli, B.; Wyrowski, F.; Shipman, R.; Frieswijk, W.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Cernicharo, J.; Bachiller, R.; Benedettini, M.; Benz, A. O.; Bergin, E.; Bjerkeli, P.; Blake, G. A.; Bruderer, S.; Caselli, P.; Codella, C.; Daniel, F.; di Giorgio, A. M.; Dominik, C.; Doty, S. D.; Encrenaz, P.; Fich, M.; Fuente, A.; Giannini, T.; Goicoechea, J. R.; de Graauw, T.; Hartogh, P.; Helmich, F.; Herczeg, G. J.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Johnstone, D.; Jørgensen, J. K.; Kristensen, L. E.; Larsson, B.; Lis, D.; Liseau, R.; McCoey, C.; Melnick, G.; Nisini, B.; Olberg, M.; Parise, B.; Pearson, J. C.; Plume, R.; Risacher, C.; Santiago-Garc'ıa, J.; Saraceno, P.; Stutzki, J.; Szczerba, R.; Tafalla, M.; Tielens, A.; van Kempen, T. A.; Visser, R.; Wampfler, S. F.; Willem, J.; Yıldız, U. A. | ||||
| Title | Water in massive star-forming regions: HIFI observations of W3 IRS5 | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L37 (1 to 5) | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, stars: formation, stars: massive, ISM: molecules, ISM: abundances, dust, extinction, radio lines: ISM | ||||
| Abstract | We present Herschel observations of the water molecule in the massive star-forming region W3 IRS5. The o-H217O 110-101, p-H218O 111-000, p-H2O 202-111, p-H2O 111-000, o-H2O 221-212, and o-H2O 212-101 lines, covering a frequency range from 552 up to 1669 GHz, have been detected at high spectral resolution with HIFI. The water lines in W3 IRS5 show well-defined high-velocity wings that indicate a clear contribution by outflows. Moreover, the systematically blue-shifted absorption in the H2O lines suggests expansion, presumably driven by the outflow. No infall signatures are detected. The p-H2O 111-000 and o-H2O 212-101 lines show absorption from the cold material (T ~ 10 K) in which the high-mass protostellar envelope is embedded. One-dimensional radiative transfer models are used to estimate water abundances and to further study the kinematics of the region. We show that the emission in the rare isotopologues comes directly from the inner parts of the envelope (T â‰<b3> 100 K) where water ices in the dust mantles evaporate and the gas-phase abundance increases. The resulting jump in the water abundance (with a constant inner abundance of 10-4) is needed to reproduce the o-H217O 110-101 and p-H218O 111-000 spectra in our models. We estimate water abundances of 10-8 to 10-9 in the outer parts of the envelope (T â‰<b2> 100 K). The possibility of two protostellar objects contributing to the emission is discussed. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Chav13HEBapplHIFIb | Serial | 1086 | ||
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| Author | Crockett, N. R.; Bergin, E. A.; Wang, S.; Lis, D. C.; Bell, T. A.; Blake, G. A.; Boogert, A.; Bumble, B.; Cabrit, S.; Caux, E.; Ceccarelli, C.; Cernicharo, J.; Comito, C.; Daniel, F.; Dubernet, M.-L.; Emprechtinger, M.; Encrenaz, P.; Falgarone, E.; Gerin, M.; Giesen, T. F.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Goldsmith, P. F.; Gupta, H.; Güsten, R.; Hartogh, P.; Helmich, F.; Herbst, E.; Honingh, N.; Joblin, C.; Johnstone, D.; Karpov, A.; Kawamura, J. H.; Kooi, J.; Krieg, J.-M.; Langer, W. D.; Latter, W. D.; Lord, S. D.; Maret, S.; Martin, P. G.; Melnick, G. J.; Menten, K. M.; Morris, P.; Müller, H. S. P.; Murphy, J. A.; Neufeld, D. A.; Ossenkopf, V.; Pearson, J. C.; Pérault, M.; Phillips, T. G.; Plume, R.; Qin, S.-L.; Roelfsema, P.; Schieder, R.; Schilke, P.; Schlemmer, S.; Stutzki, J.; van der Tak, F. F. S.; Tielens, A.; Trappe, N.; Vastel, C.; Yorke, H. W.; Yu, S.; Zmuidzinas, J. | ||||
| Title | Herschel observations of EXtra-Ordinary Sources (HEXOS): The Terahertz spectrum of Orion KL seen at high spectral resolution | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Annual Rev. Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L21 (1 to 5) | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel | ||||
| Abstract | We present the first high spectral resolution observations of Orion KL in the frequency ranges 1573.4–1702.8 GHz (band 6b) and 1788.4–1906.8 GHz (band 7b) obtained using the HIFI instrument on board the Herschel Space Observatory. We characterize the main emission lines found in the spectrum, which primarily arise from a range of components associated with Orion KL including the hot core, but also see widespread emission from components associated with molecular outflows traced by H2O, SO2, and OH. We find that the density of observed emission lines is significantly diminished in these bands compared to lower frequency Herschel/HIFI bands. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1087 | |||
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| Author | Hartogh, P.; Crovisier, J.; de Val-Borro, M.; Bockelée-Morvan, D.; Biver, N.; Lis, D. C.; Moreno, R.; Jarchow, C.; Rengel, M.; Emprechtinger, M.; Szutowicz, S.; Banaszkiewicz, M.; Bensch, F.; Blecka, M. I.; Cavalié, T.; Encrenaz, T.; Jehin, E.; Küppers, M.; Lara, L.-M.; Lellouch, E.; Swinyard, B. M.; Vandenbussche, B.; Bergin, E. A.; Blake, G. A.; Blommaert, J. A. D. L.; Cernicharo, J.; Decin, L.; Encrenaz, P.; de Graauw, T.; Hutsemekers, D.; Kidger, M.; Manfroid, J.; Medvedev, A. S.; Naylor, D. A.; Schieder, R.; Thomas, N.; Waelkens, C.; Roelfsema, P. R.; Dieleman, P.; Güsten, R.; Klein, T.; Kasemann, C.; Caris, M.; Olberg, M.; Benz, A. O. | ||||
| Title | HIFI observations of water in the atmosphere of comet C/2008 Q3 (Garradd) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 518 | Issue |
Pages | L150 (1 to 5) | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, comets: individual: C/2008 Q3 / radio lines: general / submillimeter: general / techniques: spectroscopic | ||||
| Abstract | High-resolution far-infrared and sub-millimetre spectroscopy of water lines is an important tool to understand the physical and chemical properties of cometary atmospheres. We present observations of several rotational ortho- and para-water transitions in comet C/2008 Q3 (Garradd) performed with HIFI on Herschel. These observations have provided the first detection of the 212–101 (1669 GHz) ortho and 111–000 (1113 GHz) para transitions of water in a cometary spectrum. In addition, the ground-state transition 110–101 at 557 GHz is detected and mapped. By detecting several water lines quasi-simultaneously and mapping their emission we can constrain the excitation parameters in the coma. Synthetic line profiles are computed using excitation models which include excitation by collisions, solar infrared radiation, and radiation trapping. We obtain the gas kinetic temperature, constrain the electron density profile, and estimate the coma expansion velocity by analyzing the map and line shapes. We derive water production rates of 1.7–2.8 × 1028 s-1 over the range rh = 1.83–1.85 AU. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1088 | |||
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| Author | Decin, L.; Justtanont, K.; De Beck, E.; Lombaert, R.; de Koter, A.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Marston, A. P.; Teyssier, D.; Schöier, F. L.; Bujarrabal, V.; Alcolea, J.; Cernicharo, J.; Dominik, C.; Melnick, G.; Menten, K.; Neufeld, D. A.; Olofsson, H.; Planesas, P.; Schmidt, M.; Szczerba, R.; de Graauw, T.; Helmich, F.; Roelfsema, P.; Dieleman, P.; Morris, P.; Gallego, J. D.; Díez-González, M. C.; Caux, E. | ||||
| Title | Water content and wind acceleration in the envelope around the oxygen-rich AGB star IK Tauri as seen by Herschel/HIFI | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L4 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, line: profiles / radiative transfer / instrumentation: spectrographs / stars: AGB and post-AGB / circumstellar matter / submillimeter: stars | ||||
| Abstract | During their asymptotic giant branch evolution, low-mass stars lose a significant fraction of their mass through an intense wind, enriching the interstellar medium with products of nucleosynthesis. We observed the nearby oxygen-rich asymptotic giant branch star IK Tau using the high-resolution HIFI spectrometer onboard Herschel. We report on the first detection of H216O and the rarer isotopologues H217O and H218O in both the ortho and para states. We deduce a total water content (relative to molecular hydrogen) of $6.6 \times 10^{-5}$, and an ortho-to-para ratio of 3:1. These results are consistent with the formation of H2O in thermodynamical chemical equilibrium at photospheric temperatures, and does not require pulsationally induced non-equilibrium chemistry, vaporization of icy bodies or grain surface reactions. High-excitation lines of 12CO, 13CO, 28SiO, 29SiO, 30SiO, HCN, and SO have also been detected. From the observed line widths, the acceleration region in the inner wind zone can be characterized, and we show that the wind acceleration is slower than hitherto anticipated. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1090 | |||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Dedes, C.; Röllig, M.; Mookerjea, B.; Okada, Y.; Ossenkopf, V.; Bruderer, S.; Benz, A. O.; Melchior, M.; Kramer, C.; Gerin, M.; Güsten, R.; Akyilmaz, M.; Berne, O.; Boulanger, F.; De Lange, G.; Dubbeldam, L.; France, K.; Fuente, A.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Harris, A.; Huisman, R.; Jellema, W.; Joblin, C.; Klein, T.; Le Petit, F.; Lord, S.; Martin, P.; Martin-Pintado, J.; Neufeld, D. A.; Philipp, S.; Phillips, T.; Pilleri, P.; Rizzo, J. R.; Salez, M.; Schieder, R.; Simon, R.; Siebertz, O.; Stutzki, J.; van der Tak, F.; Teyssier, D.; Yorke, H. | ||||
| Title | The origin of the [C II] emission in the S140 photon-dominated regions. New insights from HIFI | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L24 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, ISM: structure / ISM: kinematics and dynamics / ISM: molecules / photon-dominated region (PDR) / submillimeter: general | ||||
| Abstract | Using Herschel's HIFI instrument, we observe C ii along a cut through S140, as well as high-J transitions of CO and HCO+ at two positions on the cut, corresponding to the externally irradiated ionization front and the embedded massive star-forming core IRS1. The HIFI data were combined with available ground-based observations and modeled using the KOSMA-Ï„ model for photon-dominated regions (PDRs). We derive the physical conditions in S140 and in particular the origin of C ii emission around IRS1. We identify three distinct regions of C ii emission from the cut, one close to the embedded source IRS1, one associated with the ionization front, and one further into the cloud. The line emission can be understood in terms of a clumpy model of PDRs. At the position of IRS1, we identify at least two distinct components contributing to the [C ii] emission, one of them a small, hot component, which can possibly be identified with the irradiated outflow walls. This is consistent with the C ii peak at IRS1 coinciding with shocked H2 emission at the edges of the outflow cavity. We note that previously available observations of IRS1 can be reproduced well by a single-component KOSMA-Ï„ model. Thus, it is HIFI's unprecedented spatial and spectral resolution, as well as its sensitivity that has allowed us to uncover an additional hot gas component in the S140 region. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1091 | |||
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| Author | Hartogh, P.; Jarchow, C.; Lellouch, E.; de Val-Borro, M.; Rengel, M.; Moreno, R.; Medvedev, A. S.; Sagawa, H.; Swinyard, B. M.; Cavalié, T.; Lis, D. C.; BłÄ™cka, M. I.; Banaszkiewicz, M.; Bockelée-Morvan, D.; Crovisier, J.; Encrenaz, T.; Küppers, M.; Lara, L.-M.; Szutowicz, S.; Vandenbussche, B.; Bensch, F.; Bergin, E. A.; Billebaud, F.; Biver, N.; Blake, G. A.; Blommaert, J. A. D. L.; Cernicharo, J.; Decin, L.; Encrenaz, P.; Feuchtgruber, H.; Fulton, T.; de Graauw, T.; Jehin, E.; Kidger, M.; Lorente, R.; Naylor, D. A.; Portyankina, G.; Sánchez-Portal, M.; Schieder, R.; Sidher, S.; Thomas, N.; Verdugo, E.; Waelkens, C.; Whyborn, N.; Teyssier, D.; Helmich, F.; Roelfsema, P.; Stutzki, J.; LeDuc, H. G.; Stern, J. A. | ||||
| Title | Herschel/HIFI observations of Mars: First detection of O2 at submillimetre wavelengths and upper limits on HCl and H2O2 | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L49 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, planets and satellites: atmospheres / radiative transfer / submillimeter: general / molecular processes | ||||
| Abstract | We report on an initial analysis of Herschel/HIFI observations of hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and molecular oxygen (O2) in the Martian atmosphere performed on 13 and 16 April 2010 (Ls ~ 77°). We derived a constant volume mixing ratio of 1400 ± 120 ppm for O2 and determined upper limits of 200 ppt for HCl and 2 ppb for H2O2. Radiative transfer model calculations indicate that the vertical profile of O2 may not be constant. Photochemical models determine the lowest values of H2O2 to be around Ls ~ 75° but overestimate the volume mixing ratio compared to our measurements. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1093 | |||
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| Author | Maret, S.; Bacmann, A.; Bottinelli, S.; Parise, B.; Caux, E.; Faure, A.; Bergin, E. A.; Blake, G. A.; Castets, A.; Ceccarelli, C.; Cernicharo, J.; Coutens, A.; Crimier, N.; Demyk, K.; Dominik, C.; Gerin, M.; Hennebelle, P.; Henning, T.; Kahane, C.; Klotz, A.; Melnick, G.; Pagani, L.; Schilke, P.; Vastel, C.; Wakelam, V.; Walters, A.; Baudry, A.; Bell, T.; Benedettini, M.; Boogert, A.; Cabrit, S.; Caselli, P.; Codella, C.; Comito, C.; Encrenaz, P.; Falgarone, E.; Fuente, A.; Goldsmith, P. F.; Helmich, F.; Herbst, E.; Jacq, T.; Kama, M.; Langer, W.; Lefloch, B.; Lis, D.; Lord, S.; Lorenzani, A.; Neufeld, D.; Nisini, B.; Pacheco, S.; Phillips, T.; Salez, M.; Saraceno, P.; Schuster, K.; Tielens, X.; van der Tak, F.; van der Wiel, M. H. D.; Viti, S.; Wyrowski, F.; Yorke, H. | ||||
| Title | Nitrogen hydrides in the cold envelope of IRAS 16293-2422 | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L52 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, ISM: abundances / ISM: general / astrochemistry | ||||
| Abstract | Nitrogen is the fifth most abundant element in the Universe, yet the gas-phase chemistry of N-bearing species remains poorly understood. Nitrogen hydrides are key molecules of nitrogen chemistry. Their abundance ratios place strong constraints on the production pathways and reaction rates of nitrogen-bearing molecules. We observed the class 0 protostar IRAS 16293-2422 with the heterodyne instrument HIFI, covering most of the frequency range from 0.48 to 1.78 THz at high spectral resolution. The hyperfine structure of the amidogen radical o-NH2 is resolved and seen in absorption against the continuum of the protostar. Several transitions of ammonia from 1.2 to 1.8 THz are also seen in absorption. These lines trace the low-density envelope of the protostar. Column densities and abundances are estimated for each hydride. We find that NH:NH2:NH3 â‰<2c6> 5:1:300. Dark clouds chemical models predict steady-state abundances of NH2 and NH3 in reasonable agreement with the present observations, whilst that of NH is underpredicted by more than one order of magnitude, even using updated kinetic rates. Additional modelling of the nitrogen gas-phase chemistry in dark-cloud conditions is necessary before having recourse to heterogen processes. | ||||
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| Call Number | Serial | 1094 | |||
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| Author | Joblin, C.; Pilleri, P.; Montillaud, J.; Fuente, A.; Gerin, M.; Berné, O.; Ossenkopf, V.; Le Bourlot, J.; Teyssier, D.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Le Petit, F.; Röllig, M.; Akyilmaz, M.; Benz, A. O.; Boulanger, F.; Bruderer, S.; Dedes, C.; France, K.; Güsten, R.; Harris, A.; Klein, T.; Kramer, C.; Lord, S. D.; Martin, P. G.; Martin-Pintado, J.; Mookerjea, B.; Okada, Y.; Phillips, T. G.; Rizzo, J. R.; Simon, R.; Stutzki, J.; van der Tak, F.; Yorke, H. W.; Steinmetz, E.; Jarchow, C.; Hartogh, P.; Honingh, C. E.; Siebertz, O.; Caux, E.; Colin, B. | ||||
| Title | Gas morphology and energetics at the surface of PDRs: New insights with Herschel observations of NGC 7023 | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L25 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, ISM: structure / ISM: kinematics and dynamics / ISM: molecules / submillimeter: ISM | ||||
| Abstract | Context. We investigate the physics and chemistry of the gas and dust in dense photon-dominated regions (PDRs), along with their dependence on the illuminating UV field. Aims. Using Herschel/HIFI observations, we study the gas energetics in NGC 7023 in relation to the morphology of this nebula. NGC 7023 is the prototype of a PDR illuminated by a B2V star and is one of the key targets of Herschel. Methods. Our approach consists in determining the energetics of the region by combining the information carried by the mid-IR spectrum (extinction by classical grains, emission from very small dust particles) with that of the main gas coolant lines. In this letter, we discuss more specifically the intensity and line profile of the 158 μm (1901 GHz) [C ii] line measured by HIFI and provide information on the emitting gas. Results. We show that both the [C ii] emission and the mid-IR emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) arise from the regions located in the transition zone between atomic and molecular gas. Using the Meudon PDR code and a simple transfer model, we find good agreement between the calculated and observed [C ii] intensities. Conclusions. HIFI observations of NGC 7023 provide the opportunity to constrain the energetics at the surface of PDRs. Future work will include analysis of the main coolant line [O i] and use of a new PDR model that includes PAH-related species. |
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| Call Number | Serial | 1095 | |||
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| Author | Justtanont, K.; Decin, L.; Schöier, F. L.; Maercker, M.; Olofsson, H.; Bujarrabal, V.; Marston, A. P.; Teyssier, D.; Alcolea, J.; Cernicharo, J.; Dominik, C.; de Koter, A.; Melnick, G.; Menten, K.; Neufeld, D.; Planesas, P.; Schmidt, M.; Szczerba, R.; Waters, R.; de Graauw, Th.; Whyborn, N.; Finn, T.; Helmich, F.; Siebertz, O.; Schmülling, F.; Ossenkopf, V.; Lai, R. | ||||
| Title | A HIFI preview of warm molecular gas around χ Cygni: first detection of H2O emission toward an S-type AGB star | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L6 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, stars: AGB and post-AGB / circumstellar matter / stars: kinematics and dynamics / stars: individual: χ Cyg / stars: late-type / stars: mass-loss | ||||
| Abstract | Aims. A set of new, sensitive, and spectrally resolved, sub-millimeter line observations are used to probe the warm circumstellar gas around the S-type AGB star χ Cyg. The observed lines involve high rotational quantum numbers, which, combined with previously obtained lower-frequency data, make it possible to study in detail the chemical and physical properties of, essentially, the entire circumstellar envelope of χ Cyg. Methods. The data were obtained using the HIFI instrument aboard Herschel, whose high spectral resolution provides valuable information about the line profiles. Detailed, non-LTE, radiative transfer modelling, including dust radiative transfer coupled with a dynamical model, has been performed to derive the temperature, density, and velocity structure of the circumstellar envelope. Results. We report the first detection of circumstellar H2O rotational emission lines in an S-star. Using the high-J CO lines to derive the parameters for the circumstellar envelope, we modelled both the ortho- and para-H2O lines. Our modelling results are consistent with the velocity structure expected for a dust-driven wind. The derived total H2O abundance (relative to H2) is (1.1±0.2) × 10-5, much lower than that in O-rich stars. The derived ortho-to-para ratio of 2.1±0.6 is close to the high-temperature equilibrium limit, consistent with H2O being formed in the photosphere. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1096 | |||
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| Author | Loenen, A. F.; van der Werf, P. P.; Güsten, R.; Meijerink, R.; Israel, F. P.; Requena-Torres, M. A.; García-Burillo, S.; Harris, A. I.; Klein, T.; Kramer, C.; Lord, S.; Martín-Pintado, J.; Röllig, M.; Stutzki, J.; Szczerba, R.; Weiß, A.; Philipp-May, S.; Yorke, H.; Caux, E.; Delforge, B.; Helmich, F.; Lorenzani, A.; Morris, P.; Philips, T. G.; Risacher, C.; Tielens, A. G. G. M. | ||||
| Title | Excitation of the molecular gas in the nuclear region of M 82 | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L2 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, galaxies: individual: M 82 / submillimeter: ISM / ISM: molecules / galaxies: ISM / galaxies: starburst | ||||
| Abstract | We present high-resolution HIFI spectroscopy of the nucleus of the archetypical starburst galaxy M 82. Six 12CO lines, 2 13CO lines and 4 fine-structure lines have been detected. Besides showing the effects of the overall velocity structure of the nuclear region, the line profiles also indicate the presence of multiple components with different optical depths, temperatures, and densities in the observing beam. The data have been interpreted using a grid of PDR models. It is found that the majority of the molecular gas is in low density (n = 103.5 cm-3) clouds, with column densities of NH = 1021.5 cm-2 and a relatively low UV radiation field (G0 = 102). The remaining gas is predominantly found in clouds with higher densities (n = 105 cm-3) and radiation fields (G0 = 102.75), but somewhat lower column densities (NH = 1021.2 cm-2). The highest J CO lines are dominated by a small (1% relative surface filling) component, with an even higher density (n = 106 cm-3) and UV field (G0 = 103.25). These results show the strength of multi-component modelling for interpretating the integrated properties of galaxies. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1097 | |||
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| Author | Melnick, G. J.; Tolls, V.; Neufeld, D. A.; Bergin, E. A.; Phillips, T. G.; Wang, S.; Crockett, N. R.; Bell, T. A.; Blake, G. A.; Cabrit, S.; Caux, E.; Ceccarelli, C.; Cernicharo, J.; Comito, C.; Daniel, F.; Dubernet, M.-L.; Emprechtinger, M.; Encrenaz, P.; Falgarone, E.; Gerin, M.; Giesen, T. F.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Goldsmith, P. F.; Herbst, E.; Joblin, C.; Johnstone, D.; Langer, W. D.; Latter, W. D.; Lis, D. C.; Lord, S. D.; Maret, S.; Martin, P. G.; Menten, K. M.; Morris, P.; Müller, H. S. P.; Murphy, J. A.; Ossenkopf, V.; Pagani, L.; Pearson, J. C.; Pérault, M.; Plume, R.; Qin, S.-L.; Salez, M.; Schilke, P.; Schlemmer, S.; Stutzki, J.; Trappe, N.; van der Tak, F. F. S.; Vastel, C.; Yorke, H. W.; Yu, S.; Zmuidzinas, J. | ||||
| Title | Herschel observations of EXtra-Ordinary Sources (HEXOS): Observations of H2O and its isotopologues towards Orion KL | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L27 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, ISM: abundances / ISM: molecules | ||||
| Abstract | We report the detection of more than 48 velocity-resolved ground rotational state transitions of H216O, H218O, and H217O – most for the first time – in both emission and absorption toward Orion KL using Herschel/HIFI. We show that a simple fit, constrained to match the known emission and absorption components along the line of sight, is in excellent agreement with the spectral profiles of all the water lines. Using the measured H218O line fluxes, which are less affected by line opacity than their H216O counterparts, and an escape probability method, the column densities of H218O associated with each emission component are derived. We infer total water abundances of 7.4 × 10-5, 1.0 × 10-5, and 1.6 × 10-5 for the plateau, hot core, and extended warm gas, respectively. In the case of the plateau, this value is consistent with previous measures of the Orion-KL water abundance as well as those of other molecular outflows. In the case of the hot core and extended warm gas, these values are somewhat higher than water abundances derived for other quiescent clouds, suggesting that these regions are likely experiencing enhanced water-ice sublimation from (and reduced freeze-out onto) grain surfaces due to the warmer dust in these sources. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1098 | |||
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| Author | Mookerjea, B.; Giesen, T.; Stutzki, J.; Cernicharo, J.; Goicoechea, J. R.; De Luca, M.; Bell, T. A.; Gupta, H.; Gerin, M.; Persson, C. M.; Sonnentrucker, P.; Makai, Z.; Black, J.; Boulanger, F.; Coutens, A.; Dartois, E.; Encrenaz, P.; Falgarone, E.; Geballe, T.; Godard, B.; Goldsmith, P. F.; Gry, C.; Hennebelle, P.; Herbst, E.; Hily-Blant, P.; Joblin, C.; Ka<c5><ba>mierczak, M.; Kołos, R.; Krełowski, J.; Lis, D. C.; Martin-Pintado, J.; Menten, K. M.; Monje, R.; Pearson, J. C.; Perault, M.; Phillips, T. G.; Plume, R.; Salez, M.; Schlemmer, S.; Schmidt, M.; Teyssier, D.; Vastel, C.; Yu, S.; Dieleman, P.; Güsten, R.; Honingh, C. E.; Morris, P.; Roelfsema, P.; Schieder, R.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Zmuidzinas, J. | ||||
| Title | Excitation and abundance of C3 in star forming cores. Herschel/HIFI observations of the sight-lines to W31C and W49N | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L13 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, ISM: lines and bands / ISM: molecules / radiative transfer / ISM: individual objects: W49N / ISM: individual objects: W31C | ||||
| Abstract | We present spectrally resolved observations of triatomic carbon (C3) in several ro-vibrational transitions between the vibrational ground state and the low-energy ν2 bending mode at frequencies between 1654–1897 GHz along the sight-lines to the submillimeter continuum sources W31C and W49N, using Herschel's HIFI instrument. We detect C3 in absorption arising from the warm envelope surrounding the hot core, as indicated by the velocity peak position and shape of the line profile. The sensitivity does not allow to detect C3 absorption due to diffuse foreground clouds. From the column densities of the rotational levels in the vibrational ground state probed by the absorption we derive a rotation temperature (Trot) of ~50-70 K, which is a good measure of the kinetic temperature of the absorbing gas, as radiative transitions within the vibrational ground state are forbidden. It is also in good agreement with the dust temperatures for W31C and W49N. Applying the partition function correction based on the derived Trot, we get column densities N(C3) ~ 7–9 × 1014 cm-2 and abundance x(C3) ~ 10-8 with respect to H2. For W31C, using a radiative transfer model including far-infrared pumping by the dust continuum and a temperature gradient within the source along the line of sight we find that a model with x(C3) = 10-8, Tkin = 30–50 K, N(C3) = 1.5 × 1015 cm-2 fits the observations reasonably well and provides parameters in very good agreement with the simple excitation analysis. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1099 | |||
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| Author | Pineda, J. L.; Langer, W. D.; Velusamy, T.; Goldsmith, P. F. | ||||
| Title | A Herschel [C ii] Galactic plane survey. I. The global distribution of ISM gas components | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 554 | Issue |
Pages | A103 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, ISM: general / stars: formation / evolution / ISM: clouds / ISM: structure / submillimeter: ISM | ||||
| Abstract | Context. The [C ii] 158 μm line is an important tool for understanding the life cycle of interstellar matter. Ionized carbon is present in a variety of phases of the interstellar medium (ISM), including the diffuse ionized medium, warm and cold atomic clouds, clouds in transition from atomic to molecular, and dense and warm photon dominated regions. Aims. Velocity-resolved observations of [C ii] are the most powerful technique available to disentangle the emission produced by these components. These observations can also be used to trace CO-dark H2 gas and determine the total mass of the ISM. Methods. The Galactic Observations of Terahertz C+ (GOT C+) project surveys the [C ii] 158 μm line over the entire Galactic disk with velocity-resolved observations using the Herschel/HIFI instrument. We present the first longitude-velocity maps of the [C ii] emission for Galactic latitudes b = 0°, ±0.5°, and ±1.0°. We combine these maps with those of H i, 12CO, and 13CO to separate the different phases of the ISM and study their properties and distribution in the Galactic plane. Results. [C ii] emission is mostly associated with spiral arms, mainly emerging from Galactocentric distances between 4 and 10 kpc. It traces the envelopes of evolved clouds as well as clouds that are in the transition between atomic and molecular. We estimate that most of the observed [C ii] emission is produced by dense photon dominated regions (~47%), with smaller contributions from CO-dark H2 gas (~28%), cold atomic gas (~21%), and ionized gas (~4%). Atomic gas inside the Solar radius is mostly in the form of cold neutral medium (CNM), while the warm neutral medium gas dominates the outer galaxy. The average fraction of CNM relative to total atomic gas is ~43%. We find that the warm and diffuse CO-dark H2 is distributed over a larger range of Galactocentric distances (4–11 kpc) than the cold and dense H2 gas traced by 12CO and 13CO (4–8 kpc). The fraction of CO-dark H2 to total H2 increases with Galactocentric distance, ranging from ~20% at 4 kpc to ~80% at 10 kpc. On average, CO-dark H2 accounts for ~30% of the molecular mass of the Milky Way. When the CO-dark H2 component is included, the radial distribution of the CO-to-H2 conversion factor is steeper than that when only molecular gas traced by CO is considered. Most of the observed [C ii] emission emerging from dense photon dominated regions is associated with modest far-ultraviolet fields in the range χ0 â‰<192> 1 – 30. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1100 | |||
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| Author | Pineda, J. L.; Velusamy, T.; Langer, W. D.; Goldsmith, P. F.; Li, D.; Yorke, H. W. | ||||
| Title | A sample of [C II] clouds tracing dense clouds in weak FUV fields observed by Herschel | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L19 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, ISM: structure / photon-dominated region / ISM: supernova remnants / evolution | ||||
| Abstract | The [C ii] fine-structure line at 158 μm is an excellent tracer of the warm diffuse gas in the ISM and the interfaces between molecular clouds and their surrounding atomic and ionized envelopes. Here we present the initial results from Galactic observations of terahertz C+ (GOT C+), a Herschel key project devoted to studying the [C ii] emission in the Galactic plane using the HIFI instrument. We used the [C ii] emission, together with observations of CO, as a probe to understand the effects of newly formed stars on their interstellar environment and characterize the physical and chemical state of the star-forming gas. We collected data along 16 lines-of-sight passing near star-forming regions in the inner Galaxy near longitudes 330° and 20°. We identified fifty-eight [C ii] components that are associated with high-column density molecular clouds as traced by 13CO emission. We combined [C ii], 12CO, and 13CO observations to derive the physical conditions of the [C ii]-emitting regions in our sample of high-column density clouds based on comparing results from a grid of photon dominated region (PDR) models. From this unbiased sample, our results suggest that most of the [C ii] emission originates in clouds with H2 volume densities between 103.5 and 105.5 cm-3 and weak FUV strength (χ0 = 1–10). We find two regions where our analysis suggest high densities >105 cm-3 and strong FUV fields (χ0 = 104–106), likely associated with massive star formation. We suggest that [C ii] emission in conjunction with CO isotopes is a good tool for differentiating regions of massive star formation (high densities/strong FUV fields) and regions that are distant from massive stars (lower densities/weaker FUV fields) along the line-of-sight. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1101 | |||
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| Author | Velusamy, T.; Langer, W. D.; Pineda, J. L.; Goldsmith, P. F.; Li, D.; Yorke, H. W. | ||||
| Title | [CII] observations of H2 molecular layers in transition clouds | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L18 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, ISM: structure / ISM: molecules / ISM: atoms / submillimeter: ISM | ||||
| Abstract | We present the first results on the diffuse transition clouds observed in [CII] line emission at 158 μm (1.9 THz) towards Galactic longitudes near 340° (5 LOSs) & 20° (11 LOSs) as part of the HIFI tests and GOT C+ survey. Out of the total 146 [CII] velocity components detected by profile fitting we identify 53 as diffuse molecular clouds with associated 12CO emission but without 13CO emission and characterized by AV < 5 mag. We estimate the fraction of the [CII] emission in the diffuse HI layer in each cloud and then determine the [CII] emitted from the molecular layers in the cloud. We show that the excess [CII] intensities detected in a few clouds is indicative of a thick H2 layer around the CO core. The wide range of clouds in our sample with thin to thick H2 layers suggests that these are at various evolutionary states characterized by the formation of H2 and CO layers from HI and C+, respectively. In about 30% of the clouds the H2 column densities (“dark gasâ€) traced by the [CII] is 50% or more than that traced by 12CO emission. On the average ~25% of the total H2 in these clouds is in an H2 layer which is not traced by CO. We use the HI, [CII], and 12CO intensities in each cloud along with simple chemical models to obtain constraints on the FUV fields and cosmic ray ionization rates. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1102 | |||
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| Author | Wampfler, S. F.; Herczeg, G. J.; Bruderer, S.; Benz, A. O.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Kristensen, L. E.; Visser, R.; Doty, S. D.; Melchior, M.; van Kempen, T. A.; Yıldız, U. A.; Dedes, C.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Baudry, A.; Melnick, G.; Bachiller, R.; Benedettini, M.; Bergin, E.; Bjerkeli, P.; Blake, G. A.; Bontemps, S.; Braine, J.; Caselli, P.; Cernicharo, J.; Codella, C.; Daniel, F.; di Giorgio, A. M.; Dominik, C.; Encrenaz, P.; Fich, M.; Fuente, A.; Giannini, T.; de Graauw, Th.; Helmich, F.; Herpin, F.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Jacq, T.; Johnstone, D.; Jørgensen, J. K.; Larsson, B.; Lis, D.; Liseau, R.; Marseille, M.; Mc Coey, C.; Neufeld, D.; Nisini, B.; Olberg, M.; Parise, B.; Pearson, J. C.; Plume, R.; Risacher, C.; Santiago-García, J.; Saraceno, P.; Shipman, R.; Tafalla, M.; van der Tak, F. F. S.; Wyrowski, F.; Roelfsema, P.; Jellema, W.; Dieleman, P.; Caux, E.; Stutzki, J. | ||||
| Title | Herschel observations of the hydroxyl radical (OH) in young stellar objects | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Astron. Astrophys. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 521 | Issue |
Pages | L36 | |
| Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, astrochemistry / stars: formation / ISM: molecules / ISM: jets and outflows / ISM: individual objects: HH 46 | ||||
| Abstract | Aims. “Water In Star-forming regions with Herschel†(WISH) is a Herschel key program investigating the water chemistry in young stellar objects (YSOs) during protostellar evolution. Hydroxyl (OH) is one of the reactants in the chemical network most closely linked to the formation and destruction of H2O. High-temperature (T 250 K) chemistry connects OH and H2O through the OH + H2 H2O + H reactions. Formation of H2O from OH is efficient in the high-temperature regime found in shocks and the innermost part of protostellar envelopes. Moreover, in the presence of UV photons, OH can be produced from the photo-dissociation of H2O through H2O + γUV OH + H. Methods. High-resolution spectroscopy of the 163.12 μm triplet of OH towards HH 46 and NGC 1333 IRAS 2A was carried out with the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) on board the Herschel Space Observatory. The low- and intermediate-mass protostars HH 46, TMR 1, IRAS 15398-3359, DK Cha, NGC 7129 FIRS 2, and NGC 1333 IRAS 2A were observed with the Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on Herschel in four transitions of OH and two [O i] lines. Results. The OH transitions at 79, 84, 119, and 163 μm and [O i] emission at 63 and 145μm were detected with PACS towards the class I low-mass YSOs as well as the intermediate-mass and class I Herbig Ae sources. No OH emission was detected from the class 0 YSO NGC 1333 IRAS 2A, though the 119 μm was detected in absorption. With HIFI, the 163.12 μm was not detected from HH 46 and only tentatively detected from NGC 1333 IRAS 2A. The combination of the PACS and HIFI results for HH 46 constrains the line width (FWHM 11 km s-1) and indicates that the OH emission likely originates from shocked gas. This scenario is supported by trends of the OH flux increasing with the [O i] flux and the bolometric luminosity, as found in our sample. Similar OH line ratios for most sources suggest that OH has comparable excitation temperatures despite the different physical properties of the sources. |
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| Call Number | Serial | 1103 | |||
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| Author | Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Hübers, H.-W.; Petrenko, D.; Tretyakov, I.; Ryabchun, S.; Finkel, M.; Kaurova, N.; Gol’tsman, G.; Risacher, C.; Ricken, O.; Güsten, R. | ||||
| Title | Optimization of the intermediate frequency bandwidth in the THz HEB mixers | Type | Abstract | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 54 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
| Abstract | We report on the studies of the intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of quasi-optically coupled NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers which are aimed at the optimization of the mixer performance at terahertz frequencies. Extension of the IF bandwidth due to the contribution of electron diffusion to the heat removal from NbN microbolometers has been already demonstrated for NbN HEBs at subterahertz frequencies. However, reducing the size of the microbolometer causes degradation of the noise temperature. Using in-situ multilayer manufacturing process we succeeded to improve the transparency of the contacts for electrons which go away from microbolometer to the metallic antenna. The improved transparency and hence coupling efficiency counterbalances the noise temperature degradation. HEB mixers were tested in a laboratory heterodyne receiver with a narrow-band cold filter which allowed us to eliminate direct detection. We used a local oscillator with a quantum cascade laser (QCL) at a frequency of 4.745 THz [1] which was developed for the H-Channel of the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz frequencies (GREAT). Both the noise and gain bandwidth were measured in the IF range from 0.5 to 8 GHz using the hot-cold technique and preliminary calibrated IF analyzer with a tunable microwave filter. For optimized HEB geometry we found the noise bandwidth as large as 7 GHz. We compare our results with the conventional and the hot-spot mixer models and show that further extension of the IF bandwidth should be possible via improving the sharpness of the superconducting transition. The cross characterization of the HEB mixer was performed in the test bed of GREAT at the Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie with the same QCL LO and delivered results which were consistent with the laboratory studies. | ||||
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| Author | Shcherbatenko, Michael; Lobanov, Yury; Benderov, Oleg; Shurakov, Alexander; Ignatov, Anton; Titova, Nadezhda; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Kaurova, Natalya; Voronov, Boris M.; Rodin, Alexander; Klapwijk, Teunis M.; Gol'tsman, Gregory N. | ||||
| Title | Antenna-coupled 30 THz hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 27 | ||
| Keywords | HEB mixer, IR, mid-IR, 30 THz, antenna-coupled | ||||
| Abstract | We report on design and characterization of a superconducting Hot Electron Bolometer Mixer integrated with a logarithmic spiral antenna for mid-IR range observations. The antenna parameters have been adjusted to achieve the ultimate performance at 10 µm (30 THz) range where O3, NH3, CO2, CH4, N2O,…. lines in the Earth’s atmosphere, in planetary atmospheres and in the interstellar space can be observed. The HEB mixer is made of a thin NbN film deposited onto a GaAs substrate. To couple the radiation we rely on the quasioptical approach: the device is glued to a semi-spherical germanium lens with diameter~ 3 mm. A wet cryostat equipped with a germanium window and narrow band-pass filter is used to characterize the antenna and estimate the mixer performance. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1157 | |||
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| Author | Shurakov, Alexander; Maslennikov, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-yu E.; Gol’tsman, Gregory | ||||
| Title | Performance of an HEB direct detector utilizing a microwave reflection readout scheme | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 36 | ||
| Keywords | HEB detector | ||||
| Abstract | We report the results of our study on the performance of a hot electron bolometric (HEB) direct detector, operated by a microwave pump. The HEB devices used in this work were made from NbN thin film deposited on high resistivity silicon with an in-situ fabrication process. The experimental setup employed is similar to the one described in [1]. The detector chips were glued to a silicon lens clamped to a copper holder mounted on the cold plate of a liquid helium cryostat. Thermal link between the lens and the holder was maintained by a thin indium shim. The HEBs were operated at a bath temperature of about 4.4 K. Conventional phonon pump, commonly realized by raising the bath temperature of the detector, was substituted by a microwave one. In this case, a CW microwave signal is injected to the device through a directional coupler connected directly to the detector holder. The power incident on the HEB device was typically 1-2 μW, and the pump frequency was in the range of 0.5-1.5 GHz. The signal sources were 2 black bodies held at temperatures of 295 K and 77 K. A chopper wheel placed in front of the cryostat window switched the input to the detector between the 2 sources. A modulation frequency of several kilohertz was chosen in order to reduce the effects of the HEB’s flicker noise. A cold mesh filter was used to define the input bandwidth of the detector. The reflected microwave signal from the HEB device was fed into a low noise amplifier, the output of which is connected to a room temperature Schottky microwave power detector. This Schottky detector, in conjunction with a lock-in amplifier, demodulated the input signal modulation from the copper wheel. As the input load was switched, the impedance of the HEB device at the microwave pump frequency also changed in response to the incident signal power variation. Therefore the reflected microwave power follows the incident signal modulation. The derived responsivity from this detection system nicely correlates with the HEB impedance. In order to provide a quantitative description of the impedance variation of the HEB device and the impact of a microwave pump, we have numerically solved the heat balance equations written for the NbN bridge and its surrounding thermal heat sink [2]. Our model also accounts for the impact of the operating frequency of the detector because of non-uniform absorption of low-frequency photons across the NbN bridge [3]. In our measurements we varied the signal source wavelength from 2 mm down to near infrared range, and hence we indirectly performed the impedance measurements at frequencies below, around and far beyond the superconducting gap. Preliminary results show good agreement between the experiment and theoretical prediction. Further measurements are still in progress. [1] A. Shurakov et al., “A Microwave Reflection Readout Scheme for Hot Electron Bolometric Direct Detector”, to appear in IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Tech., 2015. [2] S. Maslennikov, “RF heating efficiency of the terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer”, http://arxiv.org/pdf/1404.5276v5.pdf, 2014. [3] W. Miao et al., “Non-uniform absorption of terahertz radiation on superconducting hot electron bolometer microbridges”, Appl. Phys. Let., 104, 052605, 2014. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1158 | |||
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| Author | Tretyakov, I.; Maslennikov, S.; Semenov, A.; Safir, O.; Finkel, M.; Ryabchun, S.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.; Klapwijk, T. M. | ||||
| Title | Impact of operating conditions on noise and gain bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 39 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | Hot-electron bolometer mixers (HEB’s) are the most promising devices as mixing element for terahertz spectroscopy and astronomy at frequencies beyond 1.4 THz. They have a low noise temperature and low demands on local oscillator (LO) power. 1,2 An important limitation is the IF bandwidth, of the order of a few GHz, and which in principle depends on energy relaxation due to electron- phonon processes and on diffusion-cooling. It has been proposed by Prober that a reduction in length of the HEB would lead to an increased bandwidth. 3 This appeared to be achieved by Tretyakov et al by measuring the gain bandwidth close to the critical temperature of the NbN. 2 Unfortunately, the noise bandwidth of similar devices operated at temperatures around 4.2 K appear not depend on the length. The fundamental problem to be addressed is the position-dependent superconducting state of the HEB- devices under operating conditions, which determines the conditions for the cooling of the hot quasiparticles. Some progress has been made by Barends et al in a semi-empirical model to describe the I,V curves under operating conditions at a bath temperature around 4.2 K. 4 In more recent work Vercruyssen et al have analyzed the I,V curve, without any LO-equivalent bias, of a model NSN system. 5 This work suggests that the most appropriate model for an HEB under operating conditions is that of a potential-well in the superconducting gap in the center of the NbN, analogous the bimodal superconducting state described by Vercruyssen et al. Hot quasiparticles in the well can not diffuse out and can only cool by electron-phonon processes, those with higher energies than the heights of the walls of the well can diffuse out. Using this working hypothesis we have carried out experiments on a sub-micrometer NbN bridge connected to a gold (Au) planar spiral antenna. An in situ process is used to deposit Au on NbN. The Au is removed in the center to define the uncovered NbN, which will act as the superconducting mixer itself. The antenna is deposited on the remaining Au layer on the NbN. The Au contacts suppress the energy gap of the NbN film located underneath the gold layer 7,8 . The measured resistive transition is shown in Fig.1. It clearly shows a T c of the bilayer at 6.2 K and the resistive transition of the NbN itself around 9 K. In addition we show the measured noise bandwidth (red squares) for different bath temperatures. Clearly the noise bandwidth increases strongly by increasing the bath temperature from 5 K to 8 K, up to 13 GHz. We interpret this pattern as evidence for improved out-diffusion of hot electrons due to normal banks and a shallow superconducting potential well compared to k B T. As expected the noise temperature in this regime is much bigger than when biased at 4.2 K. R EFERENCES 1 W. Zhang, P. Khosropanah, J. R. Gao, E. L. Kollberg, K. S. Yngvesson, T. Bansal, R. Barends, and T. M. Klapwijk Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111113, (2010). 2 Ivan Tretyakov, Sergey Ryabchun, Matvey Finkel, Anna Maslennikova, Natalia Kaurova, Anastasia Lobastova, Boris Voronov, and Gregory Gol’tsman Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 033507 (2011). 3 D. E. Prober, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 2119 (1992). 4 R. Barends, M. Hajenius, J. R. Gao, and T. M. Klapwijk, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 263506 (2005). 5 N. Vercruyssen, T. G. A. Verhagen, M. G. Flokstra, J. P. Pekola, and T. M. Klapwijk Physical Review B 85, 224503 (2012). | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1159 | |||
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| Author | Trifonov, Andrey; Tong, C. Edward; Lobanov, Yury; Kaurova, Natalia; Blundell, Raymond; Gol’tsman, Gregory | ||||
| Title | An investigation of the DC and IF performance of silicon-membrane HEB mixer elements | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 40 | ||
| Keywords | silicon-membrane HEB waveguide mixer | ||||
| Abstract | We report on our initial development towards a 2x2 multi-pixel HEB waveguide mixer for operation at 1.4 THz. We have successfully fabricated devices comprising an NbN bridge integrated with antenna test structure using a silicon membrane as the supporting substrate. DC measurements of the test chips demonstrate critical current from 0.1 – 1mA depending on the size of device, with T c of around 10 K and ΔTc ~ 0.8 K. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1160 | |||
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| Author | Seliverstov, Sergey V.; Rusova, Anastasia A.; Kaurova, Natalya S.; Voronov, Boris M.; Goltsman, Gregory N. | ||||
| Title | AC-biased superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer for frequency-domain multiplexing | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2017 | Publication | Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 120-122 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
| Abstract | We present the results of characterization of fast and sensitive superconducting antenna-coupled THz direct detector based on NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) with AC-bias. We discuss the possibility of implementation of the AC-bias for design the readout system from the multi-element arrays of HEBs using standard technique of frequency-domain multiplexing. We demonstrate experimentally that this approach does not lead to significant deterioration of the HEB sensitivity compared with the value obtained for the same detector with DC- bias. Results of a numerical calculations of the HEB responsivity at AC-bias are in a good agreement with the experiment. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1174 | |||
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| Author | Antipov, S.; Trifonov, A.; Krause, S.; Meledin, D.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
| Title | Gain bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers on GaN buffer layer operating at 2 THz local oscillator frequency | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2017 | Publication | Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 147-148 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, GaN buffer-layer, IF bandwidth | ||||
| Abstract | In this paper, we present IF bandwidth measurement results of NbN HEB mixers, which are employing NbN thin films grown on a GaN buffer-layer. The HEB mixers were operated in the heterodyne regime at a bath temperature of approximately 4.5 K and with a local oscillator operating at a frequency of 2 THz. A quantum cascade laser served as the local oscillator and a reference synthesizer based on a BWO generator (130-160 GHz) and a semiconductor superlattice (SSL) frequency multiplier was used as a signal source. By changing the LO frequency it was possible to record the IF response or gain bandwidth of the HEB with a spectrum analyzer at the operation point, which yielded lowest noise temperature. The gain bandwidth that was recorded in the heterodyne regime at 2 THz amounts to approximately 5 GHz and coincides well with a measurement that has been performed at elevated bath temperatures and lower LO frequency of 140 GHz. These findings strongly support that by using a GaN buffer-layer the phonon escape time of NbN HEBs can be significantly lower as compared to e.g. Si substrate, thus, providing higher gain bandwidth. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1175 | |||
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| Author | Krause, S.; Mityashkin, V.; Antipov, S.; Gol'tsman, G.; Meledin, D.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Rudzinski, M. | ||||
| Title | Study of IF bandwidth of NbN hot electron bolometers on GaN buffer layer using a direct measurement method | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | Proc. 27th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
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Pages | 30-32 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB, GaN buffer layer | ||||
| Abstract | In this paper, we present a reliable measurement method to study the influence of the GaN buffer layer on phonon-escape time in comparison with commonly used Si substrates and, in consequence, on the IF bandwidth of HEBs. One of the key aspects is to operate the HEB mixer at elevated bath temperatures close to the critical temperature of the NbN ultra-thin film, where contributions from electron-phonon processes and self-heating effects are relatively small, therefore IF roll-off will be governed by the phonon-escape.Two independent experiments were performed at GARD and MSPU on a similar experimental setup at frequencies of approximately 180 and 140 GHz, respectively, and have shown reproducible and consistent results. The entire IF chain was characterized by S-parameter measurements. We compared the measurement results of epitaxial NbN grown onto GaN buffer-layer with Tc of 12.5 K (4.5nm) with high quality polycrystalline NbN films on Si substrate with Tc of 10.5K (5nm) and observed a strong indication of an enhancement of phonon escape to the substrate by a factor of two for the NbN/GaN material combination. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1202 | |||
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| Author | Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Lobanov, Y.; Kaurova, N.; Blundell, R.; Goltsman, G. | ||||
| Title | Gap frequency and photon absorption in a hot electron bolometer | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | Proc. 27th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 27th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 121 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB; Si membrane | ||||
| Abstract | The superconducting energy gap is a crucial parameter of a superconductor when used in mixing applications. In the case of the SIS mixer, the mixing process is efficient for frequencies below the energy gap, whereas, in the case of the HEB mixer, the mixing process is most efficient at frequencies above the gap, where photon absorption takes place more readily. We have investigated the photon absorption phenomenon around the gap frequency of HEB mixers based on NbN films deposited on silicon membranes. Apart from studying the pumped I-V curves of HEB devices, we have also probed them with microwave radiation, as previously described [1]. At frequencies far below the gap frequency, the pumped I-V curves show abrupt switching between the superconducting and resistive states. For the NbN HEB mixers we tested, which have critical temperatures of ~9 K, this is true for frequencies below about 400 GHz. As the pump frequency is increased beyond 400 GHz, the resistive state extends towards zero bias and at some point a small region of negative differential resistance appears close to zero bias. In this region, the microwave probe reveals that the device impedance is changing randomly with time. As the pump frequency is further increased, this random impedance change develops into relaxation oscillations, which can be observed by the demodulation of the reflected microwave probe. Initially, these oscillations take the form of several frequencies grouped together under an envelope. As we approach the gap frequency, the multiple frequency relaxation oscillations coalesce into a single frequency of a few MHz. The resultant square-wave nature of the oscillation is a clear indication that the device is in a bi-stable state, switching between the superconducting and normal state. Above the gap frequency, it is possible to obtain a pumped I-V curve with no negative differential resistance above a threshold pumping level. Below this pumping level, the device demonstrates bi-stability, and regular relaxation oscillation at a few MHz is observed as a function of pump power. The threshold pumping level is clearly related to the amount of power absorbed by the device and its phonon cooling. From the above experiment, we can derive the gap frequency of the NbN film, which is 585 GHz for our 6 μm thin silicon membrane-based device. We also confirm that the HEB mixer is not an efficient photon absorber for radiation below the gap frequency. 1. A. Trifonov et al., “Probing the stability of HEB mixers with microwave injection”, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 25, no. 3, June 2015. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1204 | |||
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| Author | Huebers, H.-W.; Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Schwaab, G. W. | ||||
| Title | NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer as a mixer for THz heterodyne receivers | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 1999 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
| Volume | 3828 | Issue |
Pages | 410-416 | |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | We have investigated a phonon-cooled NbN hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixer in the frequency range from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The device was a 3.5 nm thin film with an in- plane dimension of 1.7 X 0.2 micrometers 2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. The measured DSB receiver noise temperatures are 1500 K, 2200 K, 2600 K, 2900 K, 4000 K, 5600 K and 8800 K. The sensitivity fluctuation, the long term stability, and the antenna pattern were measured and the suitability of the mixer for a practical heterodyne receiver is discussed. | ||||
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| Publisher | Spie | Place of Publication | Editor | Chamberlain, J.M. | |
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | Terahertz Spectroscopy and Applications II | ||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1477 | |||
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| Author | Svechnikov, S. I.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Vachtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Seleznev, V. A.; Korotetskaya, Y. P.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Superconducting hot electron bolometer mixer for middle IR range | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology |
| Volume | 2 | Issue |
Pages | 686-687 | |
| Keywords | IR NbN HEB mixer, detector, GaAs substrate | ||||
| Abstract | The developed directly lens coupled hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer was based on 5 nm superconducting NbN deposited on GaAs substrate. The layout of the structure, including 30x20 mcm^2 active area coupled with a 50 Ohm coplanar line, was patterned by photolithography. The responsivity of the mixer was measured in a direct detection mode in the 25-64 THz frequency range. The noise performance of the mixer and the directivity of the receiver were investigated in a heterodyne mode. A 10.6 mum wavelength CW CO2 laser was utilized as a local oscillator. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | 4023440 | Serial | 1297 | ||
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| Author | Tretyakov, Ivan; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B. M.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | About effect of the temperature operating conditions on the noise temperature and noise bandwidth of the terahertz range NbN hot-electron bolometers | Type | Abstract | ||
| Year | 2018 | Publication | Proc. 29th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 29th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 113 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
| Abstract | Results of an experimental study of the noise temperature (Tn) and noise bandwidth (NBW) of the superconductor NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer as a function of its temperature (Tb) and NbN bridge length are presented. It was determined that the NBW of the mixer is significantly wider at temperatures close to the critical ones (Tc) than are values measured at 4.2 K. The NBW of the mixer measured at the heterodyne frequency of 2.5 THz at temperature Tb close to Tc was ~13 GHz, as compared with 6 GHz at Tb = 4.2 K. This experiment clearly demonstrates the limitation of the thermal flow from the NbN bridge at Tb ≪ Tc for mixers manufactured by the in situ technique. This limitation is close in its nature to the Andreev reflection on the superconductor/metal boundary. In this case, the noise temperature of the studied mixer increased from 1100 to 3800 K. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1313 | |||
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| Author | Tretyakov, I.; Kaurova, N.; Raybchun, S.; Goltsman, G. N.; Silaev, A. A. | ||||
| Title | Technology for NbN HEB based multipixel matrix of THz range | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2018 | Publication | EPJ Web Conf. | Abbreviated Journal | EPJ Web Conf. |
| Volume | 195 | Issue |
Pages | 05011 | |
| Keywords | NbN HEB | ||||
| Abstract | The influence of homogeneity disorder degree of the thin superconducting NbN film across of Si wafer on characteristics of the Hot Electron Bolometers (HEB) has been investigated. Our experiments have been carried out near the superconducting transition and far below it. The high homogeneity disorder degree of the NbN film has been achieved by preparing the Si substrate surface. The fabricated HEBs all have almost identical R (T) characteristics with a dispersion of Tc and the normal resistance R300 of not more than 0.15K and 2 Ω, respectively. The quality of the devises allows us to demonstrate clearly the influence of non-equilibrium processes in the S’SS’ system on the device performance. Our fabrication technology also allows creating multiplex heterodyne and direct detector matrices based the HEB devices. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 2100-014X | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1318 | |||
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| Author | Anfertev, V.; Vaks, V.; Revin, L.; Pentin, I.; Tretyakov, I.; Goltsman, G.; Vinogradov, E. A.; Naumov, A. V.; Gladush, M. G.; Karimullin, K. R. | ||||
| Title | High resolution THz gas spectrometer based on semiconductor and superconductor devices | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2017 | Publication | EPJ Web Conf. | Abbreviated Journal | EPJ Web Conf. |
| Volume | 132 | Issue |
Pages | 02001 (1 to 2) | |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, detectors, THz spectroscopy | ||||
| Abstract | The high resolution THz gas spectrometer consists of a synthesizer based on Gunn generator with a semiconductor superlattice frequency multiplier as a radiation source, and an NbN hot electron bolometer in a direct detection mode as a THz radiation receiver was presented. The possibility of application of a quantum cascade laser as a local oscillator for a heterodyne receiver which is based on an NbN hot electron bolometer mixer is shown. The ways for further developing of the THz spectroscopy were outlined. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 2100-014X | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1328 | |||
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| Author | Seliverstov, S. V.; Rusova, A. A.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Attojoule energy resolution of direct detector based on hot electron bolometer | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2016 | Publication | J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
| Volume | 741 | Issue |
Pages | 012165 (1 to 5) | |
| Keywords | NbN HEB detector | ||||
| Abstract | We characterize superconducting antenna-coupled NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) for direct detection of THz radiation operating at a temperature of 9.0 K. At signal frequency of 2.5 THz, the measured value of the optical noise equivalent power is 2.0×10-13 W-Hz-0.5. The estimated value of the energy resolution is about 1.5 aJ. This value was confirmed in the experiment with pulsed 1.55-μm laser employed as a radiation source. The directly measured detector energy resolution is 2 aJ. The obtained risetime of pulses from the detector is 130 ps. This value was determined by the properties of the RF line. These characteristics make our detector a device-of-choice for a number of practical applications associated with detection of short THz pulses. | ||||
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| Publisher | IOP Publishing | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Seliverstov_2016 | Serial | 1337 | ||
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| Author | Tretyakov, Ivan; Seliverstov, Sergey; Zolotov, Philipp; Kaurova, Natalya; Voronov, Boris; Finkel, Matvey; Goltsman, Gregory | ||||
| Title | Noise temperature and noise bandwidth of hot-electron bolometer mixer at 3.8 THz | Type | Abstract | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 77 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
| Abstract | We report on our recent results of double sideband (DSB) noise temperature and bandwidth measurements of quasi-optical hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers at local oscillator frequency of 3.8 THz. The HEB mixers used in this work were made of a NbN thin film and had a superconducting transition temperature of about 10.3 K. To couple terahertz radiation, the NbN microbridge (0.2 μm long and 2 μm wide) was integrated with a planar logarithmic-spiral antenna. The mixer chip was glued to an elliptical Si lens clamped tightly to a mixer block mounted on the 4.2 K plate of a liquid helium cryostat. The terahertz radiation was fed into the HEB device through the cryostat window made of a 0.5 mm thick HDPE. A band-pass mesh filter was mounted on the 4.2 K plate to minimize the direct detection effect [1]. We used a gas discharge laser irradiating at 3.8 THz H 2 0 line as a local oscillator (LO). The LO power was combined with a black body broadband radiation via Mylar beam splitter. Our receiver allows heterodyne detection with an intermediate frequency (IF) of a several gigahertz which dictates usage of a wideband SiGe low noise amplifier [2]. The receiver IF output signal was further amplified at room temperature and fed into a square-law power detector through a band-pass filter. The DSB receiver noise temperature was measured using a conventional Y-factor technique at IF of 1.25 GHz and band of 40 MHz. Using wideband amplifiers at both cryogenic and room temperature stages we have estimated IF bandwidth of the HEB mixers used. The obtained results strengthen the position of the HEB mixer as one of the most important tools for submillimeter astronomy. This device operates well above the energy gap (at frequencies above 1 THz) where performance of state-of-the-art SIS mixers starts to degrade. So, HEB mixers are expected to be a device of choice in astrophysical observations (ground-, aircraft- and space-based) at THz frequencies due to its excellent noise performance and low LO power requirements. The HEB mixers will be in operation on Millimetron Space Observatory. References 1. J. J. A. Baselmans, A. Baryshev, S. F. Reker, M. Hajenius, J. R. Gao, T. M. Klapwijk, Yu. Vachtomin, S. Maslennikov, S. Antipov, B. Voronov, and G. Gol'tsman, Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 163503 (2005). 2. Sander Weinreb, Life Fellow, IEEE, Joseph C. Bardin, Student Member, IEEE, and Hamdi Mani, “Design of Cryogenic SiGe Low-Noise Amplifiers”, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 55, 11, 2007. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1362 | |||
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| Author | Kinev, N. V.; Filippenko, L. V.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Gorshkov, K. N.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Koshelets, V. P. | ||||
| Title | Superconducting integrated receiver with HEB-mixer | Type | Abstract | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 78 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixer, SIR, superconducting integrated receiver | ||||
| Abstract | Detectors in THz range with high sensitivity are very essential nowadays in different fields: space technology, atmospheric research, medicine and security. The most sensitive heterodyne detectors below 1 THz are the SIS- mixers due to its extremely high non-linearity and low noise level. Nevertheless, their effective range is strongly limited by superconducting gap Δ (about 1 THz for NbN circuits). Above 1 THz the detectors based on HEB (hot electron bolometers) are more effective [1]; their operation frequency is not limited from above and can be up to 70 THz [2]. HEBs can perform as both direct and heterodyne detectors (mixers). All HEB-mixers are used with external heterodyne, most useful are synthesizer with multipliers, quantum cascade lasers or far infrared lasers and backward-wave oscillators. Superconducting integrated receiver (SIR) is based on implementation of both SIS-miser and flux flow oscillator (FFO) acting as heterodyne at single chip [3]. Such receiver has been successfully applied at TELIS balloon-borne instrument for study of atmospheric constituents [4] and looks as very promising device for other THz missions including space research. Thus, there is a task to expand its operating range to higher frequencies. The frequency range of the SIR the operation is limited by both the SIS-mixer and the FFO maximum frequencies. The idea of present work is implementation of the HEB as a mixer in the SIR instead of the SIS traditionally used. We introduce the first results of integrating the HEB-mixer coupled to planar slot antenna with the FFO on one chip. For properly FFO operation the SIS harmonic mixer is used to phase lock the oscillator. The scheme of the SIR based on the HEB- mixer is presented in fig. 1. We have demonstrated the principal possibility of integration of both the HEB-mixer and the flux-flow oscillator on a single chip and succeed with sufficient power coupling for properly receiver operation. We measured the direct response of the HEB coupled to the antenna at THz frequencies by the FTS setup and noise temperature of the receiver with standard Y- factor measuring technique. The SIR operating range 450-620 GHz was achieved with the best uncorrected noise temperature of about 1000 К. One should note that it is still quite low frequencies for effective operation of the HEB-mixer; therefore we expect to obtain the better results for frequencies above 700 GHz (up to 1.2 THz). Another additional task is to increase the FFO frequencies by using NbTiN electrodes instead of NbN; currently we are working on this issue. This work was supported by the RFBR grant, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia and Russian Academy of Sciences. References 1. D. Semenov, H.-W. Hubers, J. Schubert, G. N. Gol’tsman, A. I. Elantiev, B. M. Voronov, E. M. Gershenzon, Design and performance of the lattice-cooled hot-electron terahertz mixer, J. Appl. Phys. 88, 6758, 2000. 2. Maslennikov S. N., Finkel M. I., Antipov S. V. et al. Spiral antenna coupled and directly coupled NbN HEB mixers in the frequency range from 1 to 70THz. Proc. 17 th international symposium on space terahertz technology. Paris, France: 2006.—may. Pp. 177 – 179. 3. V.P. Koshelets, S.V. Shitov. Integrated Superconducting Receivers. Supercond. Sci. Technol. Vol. 13. P. R53-R59. 2000. 4. Gert de Lange, Dick Boersma, Johannes Dercksen et.al. Development and Characterization of the Superconducting Integrated Receiver Channel of the TELIS Atmospheric Sounder. Supercond. Sci. Technol. vol. 23, No 4, 045016 (8pp). 2010. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1363 | |||
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| Author | Shcherbatenko, Michael; Lobanov, Yury; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Pentin, Ivan; Semenov, Alexander; Titova, Nadezhda; Kaurova, Natalya; Voronov, Boris M.; Rodin, Alexander; Klapwijk, Teunis M.; Gol’tsman, Gregory N. | ||||
| Title | Development of a 30 THz heterodyne receiver based on a hot-electron-bolometer mixer | Type | Abstract | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 122 | ||
| Keywords | mid-IR NbN HEB mixers, GaAs substrates | ||||
| Abstract | We present new Hot-Electron-Bolometer (HEB) mixers designed for mid-IR spectroscopy targeting astrophysical and geophysical observations where high sensitivity and spectral resolution are required. The mixers are made of an ultrathin NbN film deposited on GaAs substrates. Two entirely different types of the devices have been fabricated. The first type is based on a direct radiation coupling concept and the mixing devices are shaped as squares of 5×5 μm 2 (which corresponds to the diffraction limit at the chosen wavelength) and 10×10 μm 2 (which was used to establish a possible influence of the contact pads on the radiation absorption). The second type utilizes a spiral antenna designed with HFSS. The fabrication and layout of the devices as well as the performance comparison will be presented. During the experiments, the HEB mixer was installed on the cold plate of a LHe cryostat. A germanium window and an extended semi-spherical germanium lens are used to couple the radiation. The cryostat is equipped with a germanium optical filter of thickness 0.5 mm and with a center wavelength of 10.6 mμ. The incident power absorption is measured by using the isothermal method. As a Local Oscillator, a 10.6 micrometers line of a CO2 gas laser is used. We further characterize the frequency response of the spiral antenna with a FIR-spectrometer. The noise characteristics of the mixers are determined from a room temperature cold load and a heated black body at ~600 K as a hot load. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1364 | |||
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| Author | Shurakov, Alexander; Tong, Cheuk-yu E.; Blundell, Raymond; Gol’tsman, Gregory | ||||
| Title | A microwave pumped HEB direct detector using a homodyne readout scheme | Type | Abstract | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 129 | ||
| Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB detector, NEP | ||||
| Abstract | We report the results of our study on the noise performance of a fast THz detector based on the repurpose of hot electron bolometer mixer (HEB). Instead of operating with an elevated bath temperature, microwave power is injected into the HEB device, which enhances the sensitivity of the detector and at the same time provide a mechanism for reading out impedance changes of the device induced by the modulated incident THz radiation [1]. We have demonstrated an improvement of the detector’s optical noise equivalent power (NEP). Furthermore, by introducing a homodyne readout scheme based on a room temperature microwave mixer, the dynamic range of the detector is increased. The HEB devices used in this work were made of 4 nm thick NbN film. The detector chips were installed into a waveguide mixer block fitted with a corrugated horn, mounted on the cold plate of a liquid helium cryostat. The HEBs were operated at a bath temperature of 4.2 K. The signal beam was terminated on black bodies at ambient and liquid nitrogen temperatures. A chopper wheel placed in front of the cryostat window operating at a frequency of 1.48 kHz modulated the input load temperature of the detector. A cold mesh filter, centered at 830 GHz, was used to define the input signal power bandwidth. Microwave was injected through a broadband directional coupler inside the cryostat. Our experiments were mostly conducted at a pump frequency of 1.5 GHz. The reflected microwave power from the HEB device was fed into a cryogenic low noise amplifier (LNA). The output of the LNA was connected to the RF input port of a room temperature microwave mixer, which beat the reflected signal from the HEB using a copy of the original 1.5 GHz injection signal in a homodyne demodulation scheme. The amplitude of the detected power was measured by a lock-in amplifier, which was synchronized to the chopper frequency. Preliminary results yield an optical NEP of ~1 pW/ Hz 1/2 which corresponds to an improvement of a factor of 3 compared to [1], driven mainly by a lowering of the system noise floor. The dynamic range was also increased by similar amount. References 1. A. Shurakov et al. “A Microwave Pumped Hot Electron Bolometric Direct Detector,” submitted on Oct 18, 2013 to Appl. Phys. Let. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1365 | |||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Tong, C. Edward; Trifonov, Andrey; Blundell, Raymond; Shurakov, Alexander; Gol’tsman, Gregory | ||||
| Title | A digital terahertz power meter based on an NbN thin film | Type | Abstract | ||
| Year | 2014 | Publication | Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 25th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 170 | ||
| Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | We have further studied the effect of subjecting a superconducting Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) element made from an NbN thin film to microwave radiation. Since the photon energy is weak, the microwave radiation does not simply heat the film, but generates a bi-static state, switching between the superconducting and normal states, upon the application of a small voltage bias. Indeed, a relaxation oscillation of a few MHz has previously been reported in this regime [1]. Switching between the superconducting and normal states modulates the reflected microwave pump power from the device. A simple homodyne setup readily recovers the spontaneous switching waveform in the time domain. The switching frequency is a function of both the bias voltage (DC heating) and the applied microwave power. In this work, we use a 0.8 THz HEB waveguide mixer for the purpose of demonstration. The applied microwave pump, coupled through a directional coupler, is at 1 GHz. Since the pump power is of the order of a few μW, a room temperature amplifier is sufficient to amplify the reflected pump power from the HEB mixer, which beats with the microwave source in a homodyne set-up. After further amplification, the switching waveform is passed onto a frequency counter. The typical frequency of the switching pulses is 3-5 MHz. It is found that the digital frequency count increases with higher microwave pump power. When the HEB mixer is subjected to additional optical power at 0.8 THz, the frequency count also increases. When we vary the incident optical power by using a wire grid attenuator, a linear relationship is observed between the frequency count and the applied optical power, over at least an order of magnitude of power. This phenomenon can be exploited to develop a digital power meter, using a very simple electronics setup. Further experiments are under way to determine the range of linearity and the accuracy of calibration transfer from the microwave to the THz regime. References 1. Y. Zhuang, and S. Yngvesson, “Detection and interpretation of bistatic effects in NbN HEB devices,” Proc. 13 th Int. Symp. Space THz Tech., 2002, pp. 463–472. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1366 | |||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Pentin, I. V.; Smirnov, A. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Vaks, V. L.; Pripolzin, S. I.; Paveliev, D. G. | ||||
| Title | Heterodyne source of THz range based on semiconductor superlattice multiplier | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | IRMMW-THz | Abbreviated Journal | IRMMW-THz |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 1-2 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixer, superlattice | ||||
| Abstract | We present the results of our studies of the possibility of developing a heterodyne receiver incorporating a hot-electron bolometer mixer as the detector and a semiconductor superlattice multiplier driven by a reference synthesizer as the local oscillator. We observe that such a local oscillator offers enough power in the terahertz range to pump the HEB into the operating state. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | 6105209 | Serial | 1384 | ||
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| Author | Maslennikova, A.; Larionov, P.; Ryabchun, S.; Smirnov, A.; Pentin, I.; Vakhtomin, Yu.; Smirnov, K.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G. | ||||
| Title | Noise equivalent power and dynamic range of NBN hot-electron bolometers | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | Proc. MLPLIT | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. MLPLIT |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 146-148 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB | ||||
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| Address | Suzdal / Vladimir (Russia) | ||||
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| Publisher | Modern laser physics and laser-information technologies for science and manufacture | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | 1st international russian-chinese conference / youthschool-workshop | ||
| Notes | September 23-28, 2011 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1386 | |||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Goltsman, G. | ||||
| Title | Superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer, direct detector and single-photon counter: from devices to systems | Type | Report | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | 2-nd Int. Conf. EUROFLUX | Abbreviated Journal | 2-nd Int. Conf. EUROFLUX |
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Pages | |||
| Keywords | HEB, SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract | |||||
| Address | Avignon, France | ||||
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| Notes | Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1398 | |||
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| Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Lecomte, B.; Dauplay, F.; Krieg, J.-M.; Delorme, Y.; Feret, A.; Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.D.; Gol’tsman, G.N. | ||||
| Title | Terahertz heterodyne array based on NbN HEB mixers | Type | Abstract | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Proc. 19th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 43 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers array | ||||
| Abstract | A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz is been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5μm thick Si3N4 / SiO2 membranes. Miniature mirrors (one per pixel) and back short for the antenna were used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. The gain bandwidth of the HEB mixers on Si3N4 / SiO 2 membranes was found to be about 3 GHz, when an MgO buffer layers is applied on the membrane. We will also present the progress in the camera heterodyne tests. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1411 | |||
| Permanent link to this record | |||||
| Author | Zhang, W.; Li, N.; Jiang, L.; Ren, Y.; Yao, Q.-J.; Lin, Z.-H.; Shi, S.-C.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Dependence of noise temperature of quasi-optical superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers on bath temperature and optical-axis displacement | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
| Volume | 6840 | Issue |
Pages | 684007 (1 to 8) | |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature, LO power | ||||
| Abstract | It is known that the increase of bath temperature results in the decrease of critical current of superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers owing to the depression of superconductivity, thus leading to the degradation of the mixer’s sensitivity. Here we report our study on the effect of bath temperature on the heterodyne mixing performance of quasi-optical superconducting NbN HEB mixers incorporated with a two-arm log-spiral antenna. The correlation between the bath temperature, critical current, LO power requirement and noise temperature is investigated at 0.5 THz. Furthermore, the heterodyne mixing performance of quasi-optical superconducting NbN HEB mixers is examined while there is an optical-axis displacement between the center of the extended hemispherical silicon lens and the superconducting NbN HEB device, which is placed on the back of the lens. Detailed experimental results and analysis are presented. | ||||
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| Publisher | Spie | Place of Publication | Editor | Zhang, C.; Zhang, X.-C. | |
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| ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | Terahertz Photonics | ||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1415 | |||
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| Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Lecomte, B.; Dauplay, F.; Krieg, J.-M.; Delorme, Y.; Feret, A.; Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A. D.; Gol’tsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | 2.5 THz multipixel heterodyne receiver based on NbN HEB mixers | Type | Abstract | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Proc. 18th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 18th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 112 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract | A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz has been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5μm thick Si3N4 / SiO2 membranes. Spherical mirrors (one per pixel) and backshort distance from the antenna have been used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. Measurements of the mixers sensitivity and the input RF band are presented, and compared against calculations. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1419 | |||
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| Author | Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Smirnov, A.; Günther, B.; Hübers, H.-W.; Il’in, K.; Siegel, M.; Gol’tsman, G.; Drakinskiy, V.; Merkel, H.; Karamarkovic, J. | ||||
| Title | Development of HEB mixers for GREAT and for security screening | Type | Abstract | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Proc. 18th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 18th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 184 | ||
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, GREAT | ||||
| Abstract | We report the study on the quasioptical coupling efficiency and the gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers developed for the 4.7 THz channel of the German receiver for Astronomy at THz-frequencies (GREAT) and for security screening at subterahertz frequencies. Radiation coupling efficiency and directive properties of integrated lens antennas with log-spiral, log-periodic and double-slot planar feeds coupled to a hot-electron bolometer were experimentally studied at frequencies from 1 THz to 6 THz and compared with simulations based on the method of moments and the physical-optics ray tracing. For all studied antennas the modeled spectral dependence of the coupling efficiency fits to the experimental data obtained with both Fourier transform spectroscopy and noise temperature measurements only if the complex impedance of the bolometer is explicitly taken into account. Our experimental data did not indicate any noticeable contribution of the quantum noise to the system noise temperature. The experimentally observed deviation of the beam pattern from the model prediction increases with frequency and is most likely due to a non- ideality of the presently used lenses. Study of the intermediate frequency mixer gain at local oscillator (LO) frequencies between 2.5 THz and 0.3 THz showed an increase of the gain bandwidth at low LO frequencies that was understood as the contribution of the direct interaction of magnetic vortices with the radiation field. We have found that the non- homogeneous hot-spot model more adequately describes variation of the intermediate frequency bandwidth with the applied local oscillator power than any of uniform mixer models. The state-of-the-day performance of the GREAT 4.7-THz channel and the 0.8-THz security scanner will be presented. | ||||
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| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1420 | |||
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| Author | Ryabchun, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-yu Edward; Blundell, Raymond; Kimberk, Robert; Gol’tsman, Gregory | ||||
| Title | Stabilisation of a terahertz hot-electron bolometer mixer with microwave feedback control | Type | Conference Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Proc. 18th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 18th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
| Volume | Issue |
Pages | 193-198 | ||
| Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers, Allan variance, stability | ||||
| Abstract | We report on implementation of microwave feedback control loop to stabilise the performance of an HEB mixer receiver. It is shown that the receiver sensitivity increases by a factor of 4 over a 16-minute scan, and the corresponding Allan time increases up to 10 seconds, as opposed to an open loop value of 1 second. Our experiments also demonstrate that the receiver sensitivity is limited by the intermediate frequency chain. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1421 | |||
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