Chandrasekar, R., Lapin, Z. J., Nichols, A. S., Braun, R. M., & Fountain, A. W. (2019). Photonic integrated circuits for Department of Defense-relevant chemical and biological sensing applications: state-of-the-art and future outlooks. In Opt. Eng. (Vol. 58, 1).
Abstract: Photonic integrated circuits (PICs), the optical counterpart of traditional electronic integrated circuits, are paving the way toward truly portable and highly accurate biochemical sensors for Department of Defense (DoD)-relevant applications. We introduce the fundamentals of PIC-based biochemical sensing and describe common PIC sensor architectures developed to-date for single-identification and spectroscopic sensor classes. We discuss DoD investments in PIC research and summarize current challenges. We also provide future research directions likely required to realize widespread application of PIC-based biochemical sensors. These research directions include materials research to optimize sensor components for multiplexed sensing; engineering improvements to enhance the practicality of PIC-based devices for field use; and the use of synthetic biology techniques to design new selective receptors for chemical and biological agents.
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Sprengers, J. P., Gaggero, A., Sahin, D., Jahanmirinejad, S., Frucci, G., Mattioli, F., et al. (2011). Waveguide superconducting single-photon detectors for integrated quantum photonic circuits. Appl. Phys. Lett., 99(18), 181110(1–3).
Abstract: The monolithic integration of single-photon sources, passive optical circuits, and single-photon detectors enables complex and scalable quantum photonic integrated circuits, for application in linear-optics quantum computing and quantum communications. Here, we demonstrate a key component of such a circuit, a waveguide single-photon detector. Our detectors, based on superconducting nanowires on GaAs ridge waveguides, provide high efficiency (~0%) at telecom wavelengths, high timing accuracy (~0 ps), and response time in the ns range and are fully compatible with the integration of single-photon sources, passive networks, and modulators.
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Lee, B. G., Assefa, S., Green, W. M. J., Min Yang, Schow, C. L., Jahnes, C. V., et al. (2011). Multichannel high-bandwidth coupling of ultradense silicon photonic waveguide array to standard-pitch fiber array. J. Lightwave Technol., 29(4), 475–482.
Abstract: A multichannel tapered coupler interfacing standard 250-μm-pitch low-numerical-aperture (NA) polarization-maintaining fiber arrays with ultradense 20- μm-pitch high-NA silicon waveguides is designed and fabricated. The coupler is based on an array of 12 dual-core glass waveguides on 250-μ m pitch that are tapered to a 20- μm pitch, simultaneously providing both pitch and spot-size conversion. At the wide end, the inner core matches the NA and mode profile of standard single-mode fiber. When drawn and tapered, the inner core “vanishes†and the outer core, surrounded by the clad, matches the NA and mode profile of the on-chip photonic waveguide. Ultradense high-efficiency coupling to an array of Si photonic waveguides is demonstrated using a 12-channel polarization-maintaining-fiber pigtailed tapered coupler. Coupling to Si waveguides is facilitated using SiON spot-size converters integrated into the Si photonic IC to provide 2-3-μm mode field diameters compatible with the tapered coupler. The tapered coupler achieves <; 1 dB coupling losses to photonic waveguides. Furthermore, eight-channel coupling is shown with less than -35 dB crosstalk between channels. Finally, a 640-Gb/s wavelength-division-multiplexing signal is coupled into four waveguides occupying 80 μm of chip edge, providing 160-Gb/s per-channel bandwidths.
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