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Zolotov, P., Divochiy, A., Vakhtomin, Y., Moshkova, M., Morozov, P., Seleznev, V., et al. (2018). Photon-number-resolving SSPDs with system detection efficiency over 50% at telecom range. In Proc. AIP Conf. (Vol. 1936, 020019).
Abstract: We used technology of making high-efficiency superconducting single-photon detectors as a basis for improvement of photon-number-resolving devices. By adding optical cavity and using an improved NbN superconducting film, we enhanced previously reported system detection efficiency at telecom range for such detectors. Our results show that implementation of optical cavity helps to develop four-section device with quantum efficiency over 50% at 1.55 µm. Performed experimental studies of detecting multi-photon optical pulses showed irregularities over defining multi-photon through single-photon quantum efficiency.
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Lobanov, Y. V., Vakhtomin, Y. B., Pentin, I. V., Khabibullin, R. A., Shchavruk, N. V., Smirnov, K. V., et al. (2018). Characterization of the THz quantum cascade laser using fast superconducting hot electron bolometer. EPJ Web Conf., 195, 04004 (1 to 2).
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Tretyakov, I. V., Anfertyev, V. A., Revin, L. S., Kaurova, N. S., Voronov, B. M., Vaks, V. L., et al. (2018). Sensitivity and resolution of a heterodyne receiver based on the NbN HEB mixer with a quantum-cascade laser as a local oscillator. Radiophys. Quant. Electron., 60(12), 988–992.
Abstract: We present the results of experimental studies of the basic characteristics and operation features of a terahertz heterodyne detector based on the superconducting NbN HEB mixer and a quantum cascade laser as a local oscillator operating at a frequency of 2.02 THz. The measured noise temperature of such a mixer amounted to 1500 K. The spectral resolution of the detector is determined by the width of the local-oscillator spectral line whose measured value does not exceed 1 MHz. The quantum-cascade laser could be linearly tuned with respect to frequency with the coefficient 7.2 MHz/mA within the limits of the current oscillation bandwidth.
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Tretyakov, I., Kaurova, N., Voronov, B. M., & Goltsman, G. N. (2018). About effect of the temperature operating conditions on the noise temperature and noise bandwidth of the terahertz range NbN hot-electron bolometers. In Proc. 29th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. (113).
Abstract: Results of an experimental study of the noise temperature (Tn) and noise bandwidth (NBW) of the superconductor NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer as a function of its temperature (Tb) and NbN bridge length are presented. It was determined that the NBW of the mixer is significantly wider at temperatures close to the critical ones (Tc) than are values measured at 4.2 K. The NBW of the mixer measured at the heterodyne frequency of 2.5 THz at temperature Tb close to Tc was ~13 GHz, as compared with 6 GHz at Tb = 4.2 K. This experiment clearly demonstrates the limitation of the thermal flow from the NbN bridge at Tb ≪ Tc for mixers manufactured by the in situ technique. This limitation is close in its nature to the Andreev reflection on the superconductor/metal boundary. In this case, the noise temperature of the studied mixer increased from 1100 to 3800 K.
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Kuznetsov, K. A., Kornienko, V. V., Vakhtomin, Y. B., Pentin, I. V., Smirnov, K. V., & Kitaeva, G. K. (2018). Generation and detection of optical-terahertz biphotons via spontaneous parametric downconversion. In Proc. ICLO (303).
Abstract: We study spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) in the strongly non-degenerate regime when the idler wave hits the terahertz range. By using the hot-electron bolometer, for the first time the SPDC-generated idler-wave photons were directly detected in the terahertz frequency range. Spectrum of corresponding signal photons was measured using standard technique by the CCD camera. Possible applications of correlated optical-terahertz biphotons are discussed.
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Tretyakov, I., Kaurova, N., Raybchun, S., Goltsman, G. N., & Silaev, A. A. (2018). Technology for NbN HEB based multipixel matrix of THz range. In EPJ Web Conf. (Vol. 195, 05011).
Abstract: The influence of homogeneity disorder degree of the thin superconducting NbN film across of Si wafer on characteristics of the Hot Electron Bolometers (HEB) has been investigated. Our experiments have been carried out near the superconducting transition and far below it. The high homogeneity disorder degree of the NbN film has been achieved by preparing the Si substrate surface. The fabricated HEBs all have almost identical R (T) characteristics with a dispersion of Tc and the normal resistance R300 of not more than 0.15K and 2 Ω, respectively. The quality of the devises allows us to demonstrate clearly the influence of non-equilibrium processes in the S’SS’ system on the device performance. Our fabrication technology also allows creating multiplex heterodyne and direct detector matrices based the HEB devices.
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Komrakova, S., Javadzade, J., Vorobyov, V., Bolshedvorskii, S., Soshenko, V., Akimov, A., et al. (2018). On-chip controlled placement of nanodiamonds with a nitrogen-vacancy color centers (NV). In J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. (Vol. 1124, 051046 (1 to 4)).
Abstract: Here we studied the fabrication technique of a kilopixel array of nanodiamonds with a nitrogen-vacancy color centers (NV) on top of the chip and measured the second-order correlation function deep, clearly demonstrated the presence of single-photon sources. The controlled position of nanodiamonds, determined from the measurement of second-order correlation fiction, was realize, as well as the yield of optimized technique equals 12.5% is shown.
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Elezov, M. S., Scherbatenko, M. L., Sych, D. V., & Goltsman, G. N. (2018). Active and passive phase stabilization for the all-fiber Michelson interferometer. In J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. (Vol. 1124, 051014 (1 to 5)).
Abstract: We put forward two methods for phase stabilization in the all-fiber Michelson interferometer. To perform passive phase stabilization, we use a heat bath for all fibers and electro-optical components, and put the interferometer in a hermetic case. To perform active phase stabilization, we monitor output power of the interferometer and develop an electronic feedback control. The phase stabilization methods enable stable interference pattern for several minutes, and can be helpful for the development of the optimal quantum receiver for coherent signals.
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Fedorov, G., Gayduchenko, I., Titova, N., Moskotin, M., Obraztsova, E., Rybin, M., et al. (2018). Graphene-based lateral Schottky diodes for detecting terahertz radiation. In F. Berghmans, & A. G. Mignani (Eds.), Proc. Optical Sensing and Detection V (Vol. 10680, pp. 30–39). Spie.
Abstract: Demand for efficient terahertz radiation detectors resulted in intensive study of the carbon nanostructures as possible solution for that problem. In this work we investigate the response to sub-terahertz radiation of graphene field effect transistors of two configurations. The devices of the first type are based on single layer CVD graphene with asymmetric source and drain (vanadium and gold) contacts and operate as lateral Schottky diodes (LSD). The devices of the second type are made in so-called Dyakonov-Shur configuration in which the radiation is coupled through a spiral antenna to source and top electrodes. We show that at 300 K the LSD detector exhibit the room-temperature responsivity from R = 15 V/W at f= 129 GHz to R = 3 V/W at f = 450 GHz. The DS detector responsivity is markedly lower (2 V/W) and practically frequency independent in the investigated range. We find that at low temperatures (77K) the graphene lateral Schottky diodes responsivity rises with the increasing frequency of the incident sub-THz radiation. We interpret this result as a manifestation of a plasmonic effect in the devices with the relatively long plasmonic wavelengths. The obtained data allows for determination of the most promising directions of development of the technology of nanocarbon structures for the detection of THz radiation.
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Gayduchenko, I. A., Moskotin, M. V., Matyushkin, Y. E., Rybin, M. G., Obraztsova, E. D., Ryzhii, V. I., et al. (2018). The detection of sub-terahertz radiation using graphene-layer and graphene-nanoribbon FETs with asymmetric contacts. In Materials Today: Proc. (Vol. 5, pp. 27301–27306).
Abstract: We report on the detection of sub-terahertz radiation using single layer graphene and graphene-nanoribbon FETs with asymmetric contacts (one is the Schottky contact and one – the Ohmic contact). We found that cutting graphene into ribbons a hundred nanometers wide leads to a decrease of the response to sub-THz radiation. We show that suppression of the response in the graphene nanoribbons devices can be explained by unusual properties of the Schottky barrier on graphene-vanadium interface.
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Bandurin, D. A., Gayduchenko, I., Cao, Y., Moskotin, M., Principi, A., Grigorieva, I. V., et al. (2018). Dual origin of room temperature sub-terahertz photoresponse in graphene field effect transistors. Appl. Phys. Lett., 112(14), 141101 (1 to 5).
Abstract: Graphene is considered as a promising platform for detectors of high-frequency radiation up to the terahertz (THz) range due to its superior electron mobility. Previously, it has been shown that graphene field effect transistors (FETs) exhibit room temperature broadband photoresponse to incoming THz radiation, thanks to the thermoelectric and/or plasma wave rectification. Both effects exhibit similar functional dependences on the gate voltage, and therefore, it was difficult to disentangle these contributions in previous studies. In this letter, we report on combined experimental and theoretical studies of sub-THz response in graphene field-effect transistors analyzed at different temperatures. This temperature-dependent study allowed us to reveal the role of the photo-thermoelectric effect, p-n junction rectification, and plasmonic rectification in the sub-THz photoresponse of graphene FETs.
D.A.B. acknowledges the Leverhulme Trust for financial support. The work of D.S. was supported by Grant No. 16-19-10557 of the Russian Scientific Foundation (theoretical model). G.F., I.G., M.M., and G.G. acknowledge the Russian Science Foundation [Grant No. 14-19-01308 (MIET, cryostat upgrade) and Grant No. 17-72-30036, (MSPU, photoresponse measurements), the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Contract No. 14.B25.31.0007 (device fabrication) and Task No. 3.7328.2017/LS (NEP analyses)] and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research [Grant No. 15-02-07841 (device design)]. The authors are grateful to Professor M. S. Shur for helpful discussions.
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Matyushkin, Y. E., Gayduchenko, I. A., Moskotin, M. V., Goltsman, G. N., Fedorov, G. E., Rybin, M. G., et al. (2018). Graphene-layer and graphene-nanoribbon FETs as THz detectors. In J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. (Vol. 1124, 051054).
Abstract: We report on detection of sub-THz radiation (129-430 GHz) using graphene based asymmetric field-effect transistor (FET) structures with different channel geometry: monolayer graphene, graphene nanoribbons. In all devices types we observed the similar trends of response on sub-THz radiation. The response fell with increasing frequency at room temperature, but increased with increasing frequency at 77 K. Our calculations show that the change in the trend of the frequency dependence at 77 K is associated with the appearance of plasma waves in the graphene channel. Unusual properties of p-n junctions in graphene are highlighted using devices of special geometry.
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Moskotin, M. V., Gayduchenko, I. A., Goltsman, G. N., Titova, N., Voronov, B. M., Fedorov, G. F., et al. (2018). Bolometric effect for detection of sub-THz radiation with devices based on carbon nanotubes. In J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. (Vol. 1124, 051050 (1 to 5)).
Abstract: In this work we investigate the response on THz radiation of a FET device based on an individual carbon nanotube conductance channel. It was already shown, that the response of such devices can be either of diode rectification origin or of thermoelectric effect origin or of their combination. In this work we demonstrate that at 77K and 8K temperatures strong bolometric effect also makes a significant contribution to the response.
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Belosevich, V. V., Gayduchenko, I. A., Titova, N. A., Zhukova, E. S., Goltsman, G. N., Fedorov, G. E., et al. (2018). Response of carbon nanotube film transistor to the THz radiation. In EPJ Web Conf. (Vol. 195, 05012 (1 to 2)).
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Gayduchenko, I., Fedorov, G., Titova, N., Moskotin, M., Obraztsova, E., Rybin, M., et al. (2018). Towards to the development of THz detectors based on carbon nanostructures. In J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. (Vol. 1092, 012039 (1 to 4)).
Abstract: Demand for efficient terahertz radiation detectors resulted in intensive study of the carbon nanostructures as possible solution for that problem. In this work we investigate the response to sub-terahertz radiation of detectors with sensor elements based on CVD graphene as well as its derivatives – carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The devices are made in configuration of field effect transistors (FET) with asymmetric source and drain (vanadium and gold) contacts and operate as lateral Schottky diodes. We show that at 300K semiconducting CNTs show better performance up to 300GHz with responsivity up to 100V/W, while quasi-metallic CNTs are shown to operate up to 2.5THz. At 300 K graphene detector exhibit the room-temperature responsivity from R = 15 V/W at f = 129 GHz to R = 3 V/W at f = 450 GHz. We find that at low temperatures (77K) the graphene lateral Schottky diodes responsivity rises with the increasing frequency of the incident sub-THz radiation. We interpret this result as a manifestation of a plasmonic effect in the devices with the relatively long plasmonic wavelengths. The obtained data allows for determination of the most promising directions of development of the technology of nanocarbon structures for the detection of THz radiation.
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