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Author Prober, D. E.
Title Superconducting terahertz mixer using a transition-edge microbolometer Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 62 Issue 17 Pages 2119-2121
Keywords HEB mixer, NbN, TES
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Notes (down) Recommended by Klapwijk Approved no
Call Number Serial 244
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Author Bennett, Douglas A.; Schmidt, Daniel R.; Swetz, Daniel S.; Ullom, Joel N.
Title Phase-slip lines as a resistance mechanism in transition-edge sensors Type Journal Article
Year 2014 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 104 Issue Pages 042602
Keywords microbolometers, TES, phase-slip lines, PSL
Abstract The fundamental mechanism of resistance in voltage-biased superconducting films is poorly understood despite its importance as the basis of transition-edge sensors (TESs). TESs are utilized in state-of-the-art microbolometers and microcalorimeters covering a wide range of energies and applications. We present a model for the resistance of a TES based on phase-slip lines (PSLs) and compare the model to data. One of the model's predictions, discrete changes in the number of PSLs, is a possible explanation for the observed switching between discrete current states in localized regions of bias.
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Notes (down) Recommended by Klapwijk Approved no
Call Number Serial 929
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Author Swetz, D. S.; Bennett, D. A.; Irwin, K. D.; Schmidt, D. R.; Ullom, J. N.
Title Current distribution and transition width in superconducting transition-edge sensors Type Journal Article
Year 2012 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 101 Issue Pages 242603
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Abstract Present models of the superconducting-to-normal transition in transition-edge sensors (TESs) do not describe the current distribution within a biased TES. This distribution is complicated by normal-metal features that are integral to TES design. We present a model with one free parameter that describes the evolution of the current distribution with bias. To probe the current distribution experimentally, we fabricated TES devices with different current return geometries. Devices where the current return geometry mirrors current flow within the device have sharper transitions, thus allowing for a direct test of the current-flow model.Measurements from these devices show that current meanders through a TES low in the resistivetransition but flows across the normal-metal features by 40% of the normal-state resistance. Comparison of transition sharpness between device designs reveals that self-induced magnetic fields play an important role in determining the width of the superconducting transition.
Address TES, current distribution
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Notes (down) Recommended by Klapwijk Approved no
Call Number Serial 930
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Author Zinoni, C.; Alloing, B.; Li, L. H.; Marsili, F.; Fiore, A.; Lunghi, L.; Gerardino, A.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
Title Single-photon experiments at telecommunication wavelengths using nanowire superconducting detectors Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 91 Issue 3 Pages 031106 (1 to 3)
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, APD
Abstract The authors report fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors with specifications that exceed those of avalanche photodiodes, operating at telecommunication wavelength, in sensitivity, temporal resolution, and repetition frequency. The improved performance is demonstrated by measuring the intensity correlation function g(2)(τ) of single-photon states at 1300nm produced by single semiconductor quantum dots.

This work was supported by Swiss National Foundation through the “Professeur borsier” and NCCR Quantum Photonics program, FP6 STREP “SINPHONIA” (Contract No. NMP4-CT-2005-16433), IP “QAP” (Contract No. 15848), NOE “ePIXnet,” and the Italian MIUR-FIRB program.
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ISSN 0003-6951 ISBN Medium
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Notes (down) Erratum: 1395 Approved no
Call Number Serial 1396
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Author Gao, J. R.; Hovenier, J. N.; Yang, Z. Q.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Hajenius, M.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Adam, A. J. L.; Klaassen, T. O.; Williams, B. S.; Kumar, S.; Hu, Q.; Reno, J. L.
Title Terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a quantum cascade laser and a superconducting bolometer Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 86 Pages
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Notes (down) art.num. 244104 Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ s @ qc_lasers_gao Serial 368
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Author Tarkhov, M.; Claudon, J.; Poizat, J. Ph.; Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Minaeva, O.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Semenov, A. V.; Gol'tsman, G.
Title Ultrafast reset time of superconducting single photon detectors Type Journal Article
Year 2008 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 92 Issue 24 Pages 241112 (1 to 3)
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD
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Notes (down) Approved no
Call Number Serial 429
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Author Fetterman, H. R.; Tannenwald, P. E.; Clifton, B. J.; Parker, C. D.; Fitzgerald, W. D.; Erickson, N. R.
Title Far-ir heterodyne radiometric measurements with quasioptical Schottky diode mixers Type Journal Article
Year 1978 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 33 Issue 2 Pages 151-154
Keywords Schottky
Abstract Frequency countings close to a phase locked zone in an electronic receiver show a 1/f power spectral density. The noise scaling versus the frequency deviation and the open loop gain are found from Adler's model of the phase locked loop. This fully agrees with experiments performed at 5 MHz on a receiver with a Schottky diode mixer and a low pass filter. The 1/f amplitude and frequency noise due to the whole set of (sub)harmonics is explained from a nonlinear mapping, with a coupling coefficient related to the structure of prime numbers.
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Notes (down) Approved no
Call Number Serial 587
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Author Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Reker, S. F.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Vahtomin, Yu.; Maslennikov, S.; Antipov, S.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
Title Direct detection effect in small volume hot electron bolometer mixers Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 86 Issue 16 Pages 163503 (1 to 3)
Keywords HEB, mixer, direct detection effect
Abstract We measure the direct detection effect in a small volume (0.15μm×1μm×3.5nm)(0.15μm×1μm×3.5nm) quasioptical NbN phonon cooled hot electronbolometermixer at 1.6THz1.6THz. We find that the small signal sensitivity of the receiver is underestimated by 35% due to the direct detection effect and that the optimal operating point is shifted to higher bias voltages when using calibration loads of 300K300K and 77K77K. Using a 200GHz200GHzbandpass filter at 4.2K4.2K the direct detection effect virtually disappears. This has important implications for the calibration procedure of these receivers in real telescope systems.
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Notes (down) Approved no
Call Number Serial 377
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Author Delacour, C.; Claudon, J.; Poizat, J.-Ph.; Pannetier, B.; Bouchiat, V.; de Lamaestre, R. Espiau; Villegier, J.-C.; Tarkhov, M.; Korneev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
Title Superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation with an atomic force microscope Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 90 Issue 19 Pages 191116 (1 t0 3)
Keywords SSPD
Abstract The authors present a fabrication technique of superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation of niobium nitride ultrathin films. Narrow superconducting meander lines are obtained by direct writing of insulating niobium oxynitride lines through the films using voltage-biased tip of an atomic force microscope. Due to the 30nm resolution of the lithographic technique, the filling factor of the meander line can be made substantially higher than detector of similar geometry made by electron beam lithography, thus leading to increased quantum efficiency. Single photon detection regime of these devices is demonstrated at 4.2K.

The authors thank J.-P. Maneval for stimulating discussions. This work has been partly supported by ACI Nanoscience from French Ministry of Research, D.G.A., by Grant No. 02.445.11.7434 of Russian Ministry of Education and Science, and by the European Commission under project “SINPHONIA,” Contract No. NMP4-CT-2005-16433.
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Notes (down) Approved no
Call Number Serial 423
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Author Richards, P. L.; Shen, T. M.; Harris, R. E.; Lloyd, F. L.
Title Quasiparticle heterodyne mixing in SIS tunnel junctions Type Journal Article
Year 1979 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 34 Issue 5 Pages 345-347
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Call Number MSPU @ s @ SIS_mixing_qua_part_Richards_1979 Serial 222
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Author Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M. A.; Trifonov, V.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
Title Optical mixing in a patterned YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film Type Journal Article
Year 1994 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 65 Issue 26 Pages 3398-3400
Keywords YBCO HTS HEB mixer, bandwidth
Abstract Mixing of 1.56 µm infrared radiation from two lasers in a high quality YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin film, patterned to parallel strips, was demonstrated. A mixer bandwidth of 18 GHz, limited by the measurement system, was obtained. A model based on nonequilibrium electron heating gives a good fit to the data and predicts an intrinsic mixer bandwidth in excess of 100 GHz, operating in the whole infrared spectrum. Reduction of bolometric effects and ways to decrease the conversion loss of the mixer is discussed. The minimum conversion loss is expected to be ~10 dB.
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Notes (down) Approved no
Call Number Serial 251
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Author Ekstörm, H.; Kollberg, E.; Yagoubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Yngvesson, S.
Title Gain and noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometric mixers Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 70 Issue 24 Pages 3296-3298
Keywords NbN HEB mixers, conversion loss, conversion gain, U-factor technique
Abstract We have measured the noise performance and gain bandwidth of 35 Å thin NbN hot-electron mixers integrated with spiral antennas on silicon substrate lenses at 620 GHz. The best double-sideband receiver noise temperature is less than 1300 K with a 3 dB bandwidth of ≈5 GHz. The gain bandwidth is 3.2 GHz. The mixer output noise dominated by thermal fluctuations is 50 K, and the intrinsic conversion gain is about −12 dB. Without mismatch losses and excluding the loss from the beamsplitter, we expect to achieve a receiver noise temperature of less than 700 K.
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Call Number Serial 279
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Author Il’in, K. S.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Verevkin, A. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Sobolewski, R.
Title Ultimate quantum efficiency of a superconducting hot-electron photodetector Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 73 Issue 26 Pages 3938-3940
Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract The quantum efficiency and current and voltage responsivities of fast hot-electron photodetectors, fabricated from superconducting NbN thin films and biased in the resistive state, have been shown to reach values of 340, 220 A/W, and 4×104 V/W,

respectively, for infrared radiation with a wavelength of 0.79 μm. The characteristics of the photodetectors are presented within the general model, based on relaxation processes in the nonequilibrium electron heating of a superconducting thin film. The observed, very high efficiency and sensitivity of the superconductor absorbing the photon are explained by the high multiplication rate of quasiparticles during the avalanche breaking of Cooper pairs.
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Notes (down) Approved no
Call Number Serial 1579
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Author Khosropanah, P.; Gao, J. R.; Laauwen, W. M.; Hajenius, M; Klapwijk, T. M.
Title Low noise NbN hot electron bolometer mixer at 4.3 THz Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 91 Issue Pages 221111 (1 to 3)
Keywords NbN HEB mixers, NbN, contacts cleaning
Abstract We have studied the sensitivity of a superconducting NbN hot electron bolometer mixer integrated with a spiral antenna at 4.3 THz. Using hot/cold blackbody loads and a beam splitter all in vacuum, we measured a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 1300 K at the optimum local oscillator (LO) power of 330 nW, which is about 12 times the quantum noise (hnu/2kB). Our result indicates that there is no sign of degradation of the mixing process at the superterahertz frequencies. Moreover, a measurement method is introduced which allows us for an accurate determination of the sensitivity despite LO power fluctuations.
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Notes (down) Approved no
Call Number Serial 584
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Author Gershenson, M. E.; Gong, D.; Sato, T.; Karasik, B. S.; Sergeev, A. V.
Title Millisecond electron-phonon relaxation in ultrathin disordered metal films at millikelvin temperatures Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 79 Issue Pages 2049-2051
Keywords HEB detector, FIR, far infrared
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Notes (down) Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ s @ heb_eph_interaction_Gershenzon Serial 315
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