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Sobolewski, R.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Kouminov, P.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Drakinsky, V.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Ultrafast superconducting single-photon optical detectors |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
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Volume |
5123 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1-11 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
We present a new class of single-photon devices for counting of both visible and infrared photons. Our superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) are characterized by the intrinsic quantum efficiency (QE) reaching up to 100%, above 10 GHz counting rate, and negligible dark counts. The detection mechanism is based on the photon-induced hotspot formation and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-wide superconducting stripe. The devices are fabricated from 3.5-nm-thick NbN films and operate at 4.2 K, well below the NbN superconducting transition temperature. Various continuous and pulsed laser sources in the wavelength range from 0.4 μm up to >3 μm were implemented in our experiments, enabling us to determine the detector QE in the photon-counting mode, response time, and jitter. For our best 3.5-nm-thick, 10×10 μm2-area devices, QE was found to reach almost 100% for any wavelength shorter than about 800 nm. For longer-wavelength (infrared) radiation, QE decreased exponentially with the photon wavelength increase. Time-resolved measurements of our SSPDs showed that the system-limited detector response pulse width was below 150 ps. The system jitter was measured to be 35 ps. In terms of the counting rate, jitter, and dark counts, the NbN SSPDs significantly outperform their semiconductor counterparts. Already identifeid and implemented applications of our devices range from noninvasive testing of semiconductor VLSI circuits to free-space quantum communications and quantum cryptography. |
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SPIE |
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Spigulis, J.; Teteris, J.; Ozolinsh, M.; Lusis, A. |
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Advanced Optical Devices, Technologies, and Medical Applications |
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Serial |
1513 |
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Author |
Verevkin, A. A.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Zhang, J.; Sobolewski, R.; Chulkova, G.; Okunev, O.; Kouminov, P.; Drakinskij, V.; Smirnov, K.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Currie, M. |
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Title |
Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors for infrared wavelength quantum communications |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
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Volume |
5105 |
Issue |
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Pages |
160-170 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD, applications, single-photon detector, quantum cryptography, quantum communications, superconducting devices |
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Abstract |
We have developed a new class of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) for ultrafast counting of infrared (IR) photons for secure quantum communications. The devices are operated on the quantum detection mechanism, based on the photon-induced hotspot formation and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-wide superconducting stripe. The detectors are fabricated from 3.5-nm-thick NbN films and they operate at 4.2 K inside a closed-cycle refrigerator or liquid helium cryostat. Various continuous and pulsed laser sources have been used in our experiments, enabling us to determine the detector experimental quantum efficiency (QE) in the photon-counting mode, response time, time jitter, and dark counts. Our 3.5-nm-thick SSPDs reached QE above 15% for visible light photons and 5% at 1.3 – 1.5 μm infrared range. The measured real-time counting rate was above 2 GHz and was limited by the read-out electronics (intrinsic response time is <30 ps). The measured jitter was <18 ps, and the dark counting rate was <0.01 per second. The measured noise equivalent power (NEP) is 2 x 10-18 W/Hz1/2 at λ = 1.3 μm. In near-infrared range, in terms of the counting rate, jitter, dark counts, and overall sensitivity, the NbN SSPDs significantly outperform their semiconductor counterparts. An ultrafast quantum cryptography communication technology based on SSPDs is proposed and discussed. |
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SPIE |
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Donkor, E.; Pirich, A.R.; Brandt, H.E. |
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Quantum Information and Computation |
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Serial |
1514 |
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Author |
Gol’tsman, G. N.; Smirnov, K.; Kouminov, P.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Drakinsky, V.; Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
Fabrication of nanostructured superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
13 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
192-195 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
Fabrication of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors, based on the hotspot effect is presented. The hotspot formation arises in an ultrathin and submicrometer-width superconductor stripe and, together with the supercurrent redistribution, leads to the resistive detector response upon absorption of a photon. The detector has a meander structure to maximally increase its active area and reach the highest detection efficiency. Main processing steps, leading to efficient devices, sensitive in 0.4-5 /spl mu/m wavelength range, are presented. The impact of various processing steps on the performance and operational parameters of our detectors is discussed. |
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ISSN |
1558-2515 |
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Serial |
1515 |
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Author |
Zhang, J.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Lo, W.; Wilsher, K. |
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Title |
Infrared picosecond superconducting single-photon detectors for CMOS circuit testing |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
CLEO/QELS |
Abbreviated Journal |
CLEO/QELS |
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Pages |
Cmv4 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD; SNSPD; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Electron beam lithography; Infrared detectors; Infrared radiation; Quantum efficiency; Single photon detectors; Superconductors |
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Abstract |
Novel, NbN superconducting single-photon detectors have been developed for ultrafast, high quantum efficiency detection of single quanta of infrared radiation. Our devices have been successfully implemented in a commercial VLSI CMOS circuit testing system. |
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Optical Society of America |
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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1518 |
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Author |
Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
An ultrafast NbN hot-electron single-photon detector for electronic applications |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Supercond. Sci. Technol. |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
1689-1692 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD, QE, jitter, dark counts |
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Abstract |
We present the latest generation of our superconducting single-photon detector (SPD), which can work from ultraviolet to mid-infrared optical radiation wavelengths. The detector combines a high speed of operation and low jitter with high quantum efficiency (QE) and very low dark count level. The technology enhancement allows us to produce ultrathin (3.5 nm thick) structures that demonstrate QE hundreds of times better, at 1.55 μm, than previous 10 nm thick SPDs. The best, 10 × 10 μm2, SPDs demonstrate QE up to 5% at 1.55 μm and up to 11% at 0.86 μm. The intrinsic detector QE, normalized to the film absorption coefficient, reaches 100% at bias currents above 0.9 Ic for photons with wavelengths shorter than 1.3 μm. |
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0953-2048 |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1533 |
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Author |
Gol'tsman, G.; Kouminov, P.; Goghidze, I.; Gershenzon, E. |
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Title |
Nonequilibrium kinetic inductive response of YBCO thin films to low power laser pulses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
5 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
2591-2594 |
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Keywords |
YBCO HTS KID |
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Abstract |
We have discovered a transient nonequilibrium kinetic inductive voltage response of YBCO thin films to 20 ps pulses of YAG:Nd laser radiation with 0.63 /spl mu/m and 1.54 /spl mu/m wavelength. By increasing the sensitivity of the read-out system with 100 ps resolution time and diminishing the light intensity (fluence 0.1-2 /spl mu/J/cm/sup 2/) and transport current (density /spl les/10/sup 5/ A/cm/sup 2/) we were able to observe a peculiar bipolar signal form with nearly equal amplitudes for each sign. The integration of the kinetic inductive response over time gives the result which is qualitatively, of the same form as the response in the resistive and normal states: the nonequilibrium picosecond scale component is followed by the bolometric nanosecond component. The nonequilibrium response is interpreted as suppression of the order parameter by excess quasiparticles followed by a change both in resistance (for the resistive state) and in kinetic inductance (for the superconducting state). |
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1051-8223 |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1621 |
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Author |
Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kouminov, P.; Goghidze, I.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
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Title |
Nonequilibrium kinetic inductive response of YBaCuO thin films to low-power laser pulses |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Phys. C: Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. C: Supercond. |
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Volume |
235-240 |
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Pages |
1979-1980 |
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Keywords |
YBCO HTS KID |
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Abstract |
Transient non-equilibrium kinetic inductive voltage response of YBaCuO thin films to 20 ps pulses of YAG:Nd laser radiation with 0.63 μm and 1.5 μm wavelength has been revealed. By increasing the sensitivity of 100 ps resolution time registration system and diminishing light intensity (fluence 0.1-1 μJ2/cm2) and transport current (density j≤105 A/cm2) we observed a perculiar bipolar signal form with nearly equal amplitudes of each sign. The integration of the kinetic inductive response over time gives the result which is qualitatively of the same form as the response in the resistive and normal states: nonequilibrium picosecond scale component followed by bolometric nanosecond. Nonequilibrium response is interpreted as suppression of order parameter by excess of quasiparticles followed by a change in resistance in the resistive state and kinetic inductance in superconductive state. |
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0921-4534 |
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Serial |
1634 |
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Author |
Gol'tsman, G. N.; Goghidze, I. G.; Kouminov, P. B.; Karasik, B. S.; Semenov, A. D.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
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Title |
Influence of grain boundary weak links on the nonequilibrium response of YBaCuO thin films to short laser pulses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
J. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Supercond. |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
751-755 |
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Keywords |
YBCO HTS detector, nonequilibrium response |
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Abstract |
The transient voltage response in both epitaxial and granular YBaCuO thin films to 80 ps pulses of YAG∶Nd laser radiation of wavelength 0.63 and 1.54 μm was studied. In the normal and resistive states both types of films demonstrate two components: a nonequilibrium picosecond component and a bolometric nanosecond one. The normalized amplitudes are almost the same for all films. In the superconducting state we observed a kinetic inductive response and two-component shape after integration. The normalized amplitude of the response in granular films is up to five orders of magnitude larger than in epitaxial films. We interpret the nonequilibrium response in terms of a suppression of the order parameter by the excess of quasiparticles followed by the change of resistance in the normal and resistive states or kinetic inductance in the superconducting state. The sharp rise of inductive response in granular films is explained both by a diminishing of the cross section for current percolation through the disordered network of Josephson weak links and by a decrease of condensate density in neighboring regions. |
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0896-1107 |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1636 |
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Author |
Gol’tsman, G. N.; Kouminov, P. B.; Goghidze, I. G.; Karasik, B. S.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
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Title |
Nonbolometric and fast bolometric responses of YBaCuO thin films in superconducting, resistive, and normal states |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
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Volume |
2159 |
Issue |
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Pages |
81-86 |
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Keywords |
YBCO HTS HEB, nonbolornetric |
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Abstract |
The transient voltage response in both epitaxial and granular YBaCuO thin films to 20 ps pulses of YAG:Nd laser radiation with 0.63 micrometers and 1.54 micrometers was studied. In normal and resistive states both types of films demonstrate two components: nonequilibrium picosecond component and following bolometric nanosecond. The normalized amplitudes are almost the same for all films. In superconducting state we observed a kinetic inductive response and two-component shape after integration. The normalized amplitude of the response in granular films is up to several orders of magnitude larger than in epitaxial films. We interpret the nonequilibrium response in terms of a suppression of order parameter by the excess of quasiparticles followed by the change of resistance in normal and resistive states or kinetic inductance in superconducting state. The sharp rise of inductive response in granular films is explained both by a diminishing of the crossection for current percolation through the disordered network os Josephson weak links and by a decrease of condensate density in neighboring regions. |
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SPIE |
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Nahum, M.; Villegier, J.-C. |
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High-Temperature Superconducting Detectors: Bolometric and Nonbolometric |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1641 |
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Author |
Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.; Kouminov, P.; Goghidze, I. G.; Heusinger, M. A.; Nebosis, R. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Renk, K. F. |
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Title |
Transparency of YBCO film/substrate interfaces for thermal phonons determined by photoresponse measurements |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Proc. 1st European Conf. on Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 1st European Conf. on Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
2 |
Issue |
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Pages |
1443-1446 |
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Keywords |
YBCO HTS detectors |
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Abstract |
Direct measurements of the thermal boundary resistance were performed by means of the stationary method. In this approach the temperature of an electrically heated film is controlled by its dc resistance while an additional film on the same substrate is used as a thermometer monitoring substrate temperature. The temperature field in the substrate is then calculated to deduce the Kapitza temperature step at the interface between the heated strip and the substrate. The main statement of all afore-said papers is that experimental values of the thermal boundary resistance are too large to be explained by the acoustic mismatch model. In this paper we investigate transparency of YBaCuO film/substrate interfaces for thermal phonons by means of photoresponse measurements. We show that our data are in reasonable agreement with the acoustic mismatch theory. |
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Freyhardt, H. C. |
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3-88355-197-X |
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1st European conference on applied superconductivity |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1661 |
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