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Zolotov, P. I., Vakhtomin, Y. B., Divochiy, A. V., Seleznev, V. A., & Smirnov, K. V. (2016). Technology development of resonator-based structures for efficiency increasing of NBN detectors of IR single photons. Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Photonics and Information Optics, , 115–116.
Abstract: This paper presents a technology of fabrication of NbN superconductive single- photon detectors, using resonator structures. The main results are related to optimization of the process of NbN sputtering over substrate with metallic mirrors and SiO 2 /Si 3 N 4 layers /4 thick. Investigation of the quantum efficiency of fabricated devices at 1.6 K on 1.55 μm showed triple-magnified value compared to standard Si/NbN structures.
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Broglie, L. de, & Silva, J. A. e. (1968). Interpretation of a recent experiment on interference of photon beams. Phys. Rev., 172(5), 1284–1285.
Abstract: The interpretation of an important recent experiment by Pfleegor and Mandel according to the causal formulation of the wave-particle dualism is developed. This interpretation is simpler and seems more satisfactory than that provided by the current ideas on the nature of light.
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Mandel, L. (1966). Heterodyne detection of a weak light beam. J. Opt. Society of America, 56(9), 1200–1206.
Abstract: An analysis is made of the problem of detecting a weak light beam from a distant source in the presence of a background of much greater intensity, by the photoelectric heterodyne technique. In this method the incident light is superposed on the light beam from a local laser, whose frequency can be adjusted by a feedback arrangement so as to maximize a certain “beat note” in the output of the detector. With the aid of plausible assumptions it is shown that the effectiveness of the method is largely independent of the intensity of the background light, and of the fluctuation properties of the incident light. The key parameter is the number of photoelectrons released by the signal beam in a time comparable with its coherence time.
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Pfleegor, R. L., & Mandel, L. (1967). Interference of independent photon beams. Phys. Rev., 159(5), 1084–1088.
Abstract: Interference effects produced by the superposition of the light beams from two independent single-mode lasers have been investigated experimentally. It is found that interference takes place even under conditions in which the light intensities are so low that, with high probability, one photon is absorbed before the next one is emitted by one or the other source. Since the average number of registered photons per trial was only about 10, photon correlation techniques were required to demonstrate the interference. The interpretation of the experiment, and the question whether it demonstrates interference between two photons, are discussed.
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Yagoubov, P., van de Stadt, H., Hoogeveen, R., Koshelets, V., Birk, M., & Murk, A. (2005). OPTICAL DESIGN OF SUB-MILLIMETER SPECTROMETER FOR LIMB SOUNDER. International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology, .
Abstract: TELIS (Terahertz and submm Limb Sounder) is a cooperation between DLR (Institute for Remote Sensing Technology, Germany), RAL (Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, UK) and SRON (National Institute for Space Research, the Netherlands), to build a three-channel balloon-borne heterodyne spectrometer for atmospheric research. The three receivers will operate simultaneously at 500 GHz (channel developed by RAL), at 550-650 GHz (SRON in collaboration with IREE), and at 1.8 THz (DLR). The balloon platform on which TELIS will fly also contains a Fourier transform spectrometer: MIPAS-B developed by the IMK (Institute of Meteorology and Climate research of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany). MIPAS-B will simultaneously measure within the range 680 to 2400 cm-1. The combination of the TELIS and MIPAS instruments will provide an unprecedented wealth of scientific data and will also be used to validate other instruments and atmospheric chemistry models. In this paper we present the optical design of TELIS with an emphasis on the 550-650 GHz channel. The main design goal was to generate a high efficiency antenna beam over the full frequency range, with low side lobes and close to diffraction limited angular resolution in the vertical direction at the sky. All these requirements had to be achieved within a small volume and low mass. Design and validation of the optics, as well as estimation of optical components tolerances, was done using commercial software packages ZEMAX and GRASP.
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