Korneeva, Y., Florya, I., Vdovichev, S., Moshkova, M., Simonov, N., Kaurova, N., et al. (2017). Comparison of hot-spot formation in NbN and MoN thin superconducting films after photon absorption. In IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity (Vol. 27, 5).
Abstract: In superconducting single-photon detectors SSPD
the efficiency of local suppression of superconductivity and hotspot
formation is controlled by diffusivity and electron-phonon
interaction time. Here we selected a material, 3.6-nm-thick MoNx
film, which features diffusivity close to those of NbN traditionally
used for SSPD fabrication, but with electron-phonon interaction
time an order of magnitude larger. In MoNx detectors we study
the dependence of detection efficiency on bias current, photon
energy, and strip width and compare it with NbN SSPD. We
observe non-linear current-energy dependence in MoNx SSPD
and more pronounced plateaus in dependences of detection
efficiency on bias current which we attribute to longer electronphonon
interaction time.
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Lubzens, D., Rosenfeld, D., & Nemirovsky, Y. (1988). The noise equivalent temperature difference performance of HgCdTe photodiode array. Infrared Physics, 28(6), 417–423.
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González, F. J., & Boreman, G. D. (2005). Comparison of dipole, bowtie, spiral and log-periodic IR antennas. Inf Phys & Technol, 46(5), 418–428.
Abstract: Antenna-coupled microbolometers use planar lithographic antennas to couple infrared radiation into a bolometer with sub-micron dimensions. In this paper four different types of infrared antennas were fabricated on thin grounded-substrates and coupled to microbolometers. Dipole, bowtie, spiral and log-periodic IR antenna-coupled detectors were measured at 10.6 μm and their performance compared. A new method to calculate the radiation efficiency based on the spatial and angular response of infrared antennas is presented and used to evaluate their performance. The calculated radiation efficiency for the dipole, bowtie, spiral and log-periodic IR antennas was 20%, 37%, 25% and 46% respectively. A dipole-length study was performed and shows that the quasistatic value of the effective permittivity accurately describes the incident wavelength in the substrate at infrared frequencies for antennas on a thin substrate.
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Kostiuk, T., & Spears, D. (1987). 30 μm heterodyne receiver. Int. J. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 8(10), 1269–1279.
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Parvitte, B., Thomas, X., & Courtois, D. (1995). Wide band (2.5 GHz) infrared heterodyne spectrometer. Int. J. Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 16(9), 1533–1540.
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Rath, P., Vetter, A., Kovalyuk, V., Ferrari, S., Kahl, O., Nebel, C., et al. (2016). Travelling-wave single-photon detectors integrated with diamond photonic circuits: operation at visible and telecom wavelengths with a timing jitter down to 23 ps. In J. - E. Broquin, & G. N. Conti (Eds.), Integrated Optics: Devices, Mat. Technol. XX (Vol. 9750, pp. 135–142). Spie.
Abstract: We report on the design, fabrication and measurement of travelling-wave superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) integrated with polycrystalline diamond photonic circuits. We analyze their performance both in the near-infrared wavelength regime around 1600 nm and at 765 nm. Near-IR detection is important for compatibility with the telecommunication infrastructure, while operation in the visible wavelength range is relevant for compatibility with the emission line of silicon vacancy centers in diamond which can be used as efficient single-photon sources. Our detectors feature high critical currents (up to 31 μA) and high performance in terms of efficiency (up to 74% at 765 nm), noise-equivalent power (down to 4.4×10-19 W/Hz1/2 at 765 nm) and timing jitter (down to 23 ps).
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Gayduchenko, I., Kardakova, A., Fedorov, G., Voronov, B., Finkel, M., Jiménez, D., et al. (2015). Response of asymmetric carbon nanotube network devices to sub-terahertz and terahertz radiation. J. Appl. Phys., 118(19), 194303.
Abstract: Demand for efficient terahertz radiation detectors resulted in intensive study of the asymmetric carbon nanostructures as a possible solution for that problem. It was maintained that photothermoelectric effect under certain conditions results in strong response of such devices to terahertz radiation even at room temperature. In this work, we investigate different mechanisms underlying the response of asymmetric carbon nanotube (CNT) based devices to sub-terahertz and terahertz radiation. Our structures are formed with CNT networks instead of individual CNTs so that effects probed are more generic and not caused by peculiarities of an individual nanoscale object. We conclude that the DC voltage response observed in our structures is not only thermal in origin. So called diode-type response caused by asymmetry of the device IV characteristic turns out to be dominant at room temperature. Quantitative analysis provides further routes for the optimization of the device configuration, which may result in appearance of novel terahertz radiation detectors.
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Danerud, M., Winkler, D., Lindgren, M., Zorin, M., Trifonov, V., Karasik, B. S., et al. (1994). Nonequilibrium and bolometric photoresponse in patterned YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films. J. Appl. Phys., 76(3), 1902–1909.
Abstract: Epitaxial laser deposited YBa2Cu3O7−δ films of ∼50 nm thickness were patterned into detectors consisting of ten parallel 1 μm wide strips in order to study nonequilibrium and bolometric effects. Typically, the patterned samples had critical temperatures around 86 K, transition widths around 2 K and critical current densities above 1×106A/cm2 at 77 K. Pulsed laser measurements at 0.8 μm wavelength (17 ps full width at half maximum) showed a ∼30 ps response, attributed to electron heating, followed by a slower bolometric decay. Amplitude modulation in the band fmod=100 kHz–10 GHz of a laser with wavelength λ=0.8 μm showed two different thermal relaxations in the photoresponse. Phonon escape from the film (∼3 ns) is the limiting process, followed by heat diffusion in the substrate. Similar relaxations were also seen for λ=10.6 μm. The photoresponse measurements were made with the film in the resistive state and extended into the normal state. These states were created by supercritical bias currents. Measurements between 75 and 95 K (i.e., from below to above Tc) showed that the photoresponse was proportional to dR/dT for fmod=1 MHz and 4 GHz. The fast response is limited by the electron‐phonon scattering time, estimated to 1.8 ps from experimental data. The responsivity both at 0.8 and 10.6 μm wavelength was ∼1.2 V/W at fmod=1 GHz and the noise equivalent power was calculated to 1.5×10−9 WHz−1/2 for the fast response.
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Nebosis, R. S., Steinke, R., Lang, P. T., Schatz, W., Heusinger, M. A., Renk, K. F., et al. (1992). Picosecond YBa2Cu3O7−δdetector for far‐infrared radiation. J. Appl. Phys., 72(11), 5496–5499.
Abstract: We report on a picosecond YBa2Cu3O7−δ detector for far‐infrared radiation. The detector, consisting of a current carrying structure cooled to liquid‐nitrogen temperature, was studied by use of ultrashort laser pulses from an optically pumped far‐infrared laser in the frequency range from 25 to 215 cm−1. We found that the sensitivity (1 mV/W) was almost constant in this frequency range. We estimated a noise equivalent power of less than 5×10−7 W Hz−1/2. Taking into account the results of a mixing experiment (in the frequency range from 4 to 30 cm−1) we suggest that the response time of the detector was few picoseconds.
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Ryzhii, V., Otsuji, T., Ryzhii, M., Leiman, V. G., Fedorov, G., Goltzman, G. N., et al. (2016). Two-dimensional plasmons in lateral carbon nanotube network structures and their effect on the terahertz radiation detection. J. Appl. Phys., 120(4), 044501 (1 to 13).
Abstract: We consider the carrier transport and plasmonic phenomena in the lateral carbon nanotube (CNT) networks forming the device channel with asymmetric electrodes. One electrode is the Ohmic contact to the CNT network and the other contact is the Schottky contact. These structures can serve as detectors of the terahertz (THz) radiation. We develop the device model for collective response of the lateral CNT networks which comprise a mixture of randomly oriented semiconductor CNTs (s-CNTs) and quasi-metal CNTs (m-CNTs). The proposed model includes the concept of the collective two-dimensional (2D) plasmons in relatively dense networks of randomly oriented CNTs (CNT “felt”) and predicts the detector responsivity spectral characteristics exhibiting sharp resonant peaks at the signal frequencies corresponding to the 2D plasmonic resonances. The detection mechanism is the rectification of the ac current due the nonlinearity of the Schottky contact current-voltage characteristics under the conditions of a strong enhancement of the potential drop at this contact associated with the plasmon excitation. The detector responsivity depends on the fractions of the s- and m-CNTs. The burning of the near-contact regions of the m-CNTs or destruction of these CNTs leads to a marked increase in the responsivity in agreement with our experimental data. The resonant THz detectors with sufficiently dense lateral CNT networks can compete and surpass other THz detectors using plasmonic effects at room temperatures.
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