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Author Kawamura, Jonathan; Blundell, Raymond; Tong, C.-Y. Edward; Papa, D. Cosmo; Hunter, Todd R.; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Cherednichenko, Sergei; Voronov, Boris; Gershenzon, Eugene
Title First light with an 800 GHz phonon-cooled HEB mixer receiver Type Conference Article
Year 1998 Publication Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
Volume Issue Pages 35-43
Keywords HEB, mixer, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation effect, dynamic range
Abstract Phonon-cooled superconductive hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers are incorporated in a waveguide receiver designed to operate near 800 Gliz. The mixer elements are thin-film nio- bium nitride microbridges with dimensions of 4 nm thickness, 0.2 to 0.3 p.m in length and 2 jun in width. At 780 GHz the best receiver noise temperature is 840 K (DSB). The mixer IF bandwidth is 2.0 GHz, the absorbed LO power is —0.1 1.1W. A fixed-tuned version of the re- ceiver was installed at the Submillimeter Telescope Observatory on Mt. Graham, Arizona, to conduct astronomical observations. These observations represent the first time that a receiver incorporating any superconducting HEB mixer has been used to detect a spectral line of celes- tial origin.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher (up) Place of Publication Pasadena, California, USA Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
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Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 572
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Author Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Papa, D. C.; Hunter, T. R.; Paine, S. N.; Patt, F.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E.
Title Superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver for 800-GHz operation Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn.
Volume 48 Issue 4 Pages 683-689
Keywords NbN HEB mixers, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation, linearity, dynamic range
Abstract In this paper, we describe a superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver designed to operate in the partially transmissive 350-μm atmospheric window. The receiver employs an NbN thin-film microbridge as the mixer element, in which the main cooling mechanism of the hot electrons is through electron-phonon interaction. At a local-oscillator frequency of 808 GHz, the measured double-sideband receiver noise temperature is TRX=970 K, across a 1-GHz intermediate-frequency bandwidth centered at 1.8 GHz. We have measured the linearity of the receiver and the amount of local-oscillator power incident on the mixer for optimal operation, which is PLO&ap;1 μW. This receiver was used in making observations as a facility instrument at the Heinrich Hertz Telescope, Mt. Graham, AZ, during the 1998-1999 winter observing season.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher (up) Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0018-9480 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ Serial 573
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Author Tong, C.-Y.E.; Meledin, D.V.; Marrone, D.P.; Paine, S.N.; Gibson, H.; Blundell, R.
Title Near field vector beam measurements at 1 THz Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication IEEE Microw. Compon. Lett. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 13 Issue 6 Pages 235-237
Keywords HEB, mixer, waveguide, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation effect, dynamic range
Abstract We have performed near-field vector beam measurements at 1.03 THz to characterize and align the receiver optics of a superconducting receiver. The signal source is a harmonic generator mounted on an X-Y translation stage. We model the measured two-dimensional complex beam pattern by a fundamental Gaussian mode, from which we derive the position of the beam center, the beam radius and the direction of propagation. By performing scans in the planes separated by 400 mm, we have confirmed that our beam pattern measurements are highly reliable.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher (up) Place of Publication Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1531-1309 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ Serial 574
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Author Cao, Aiqin; Jiang, L.; Chen, S.H.; Antipov, S.V.; Shi, S.C.
Title IF gain bandwidth of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB mixer Type Conference Article
Year 2007 Publication Proc. International conference on microwave and millimeter wave technology Abbreviated Journal Proc. ICMMT
Volume Issue Pages 1-3
Keywords HEB, mixer, gain bandwidth
Abstract In this paper, the intermediate frequency (IF) gain bandwidth of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is investigated at 500 GHz with an IF system incorporating with a frequency down-converting scheme which is able to sweep the IF signal in a frequency range of 0.3-4 GHz. The IF gain bandwidth of the device is measured to be 1.5 GHz when it is biased at a voltage of the minimum noise temperature, and becomes larger when the bias voltage increases.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher (up) Place of Publication Builin Editor
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Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ Serial 575
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Author Ryabchun, S. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
Title NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer with additional diffusion cooling Type Conference Article
Year 2009 Publication Proc. 20th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 20th ISSTT
Volume Issue Pages 151-154
Keywords HEB, mixer, bandwidth, noise temperatue, in-situ contacts, in situ contacts
Abstract
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher (up) Place of Publication Charlottesville, USA Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 590
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Author Tretyakov, I. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Finkel, M. I.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G.N.
Title NbN HEB mixer: fabrication, noise temperature reduction and characterization Type Conference Article
Year 2008 Publication Proc. Basic problems of superconductivity Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords HEB, mixer, noise temperature, conversion gain bandwidth
Abstract We demonstrate that in the terahertz region superconducting hot-electron mixers offer the lowest noise temperature, opening the possibility of using HTS's in the future to fabricate these devices. Specifically, a noise temperature of 950 K was measured for the receiver operating at 2.5 THz with a NbN HEB mixer, and a gain bandwidth of 6 GHz was measured at 300 GHz near Tc for the same mixer.
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Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher (up) Place of Publication Moscow-Zvenigorod Editor
Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 591
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Author Финкель, М. И.
Title Терагерцовые смесители на эффекте электронного разогрева в ультратонких плёнках NbN и NbTiN Type Manuscript
Year 2006 Publication М. МПГУ Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords HEB, detector, mixer, terahertz, THz, infrared, IR, direct detection effect, conversion bandwidth, conversion loss
Abstract
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Corporate Author Thesis Ph.D. thesis
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 597
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Author Рябчун, С. А.
Title Широкополосные высокостабильные терагерцовые смесители на горячих электронах из тонких сверхпроводниковых пленок NbN Type Manuscript
Year 2009 Publication М. МПГУ Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 98
Keywords HEB, mixer, terahertz, THz, stability, Allan variance, conversion bandwidth, in-situ technique, Au contacts
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Corporate Author Thesis Ph.D. thesis
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 598
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Author Шангина, Е. Л.; Смирнов, К. В.; Морозов, Д. В.; Ковалюк, В. В.; Гольцман, Г. Н.; Веревкин, А. А.; Торопов, А. И.
Title Полоса и потери преобразования полупроводникового смесителя с фононным каналом охлаждения двумерных электронов Type Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication Физика и техника полупроводников Abbreviated Journal
Volume 44 Issue 11 Pages 1475-1478
Keywords 2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures mixers
Abstract Методом субмиллиметровой спектроскопии с высоким временным разрешением измерены температурная и концентрационная зависимости полосы преобразования смесителей терагерцового диапазона AlGaAs/GaAs на разогреве двумерных электронов с фононным каналом их охлаждения. Полоса преобразования на уровне 3 дБ (f3 dB) при 4.2 K при изменении концентрации ns варьируется в пределах 150-250 МГц в соответствии со степенным законом f3 dB propto ns-0.5, что соответствует доминирующему механизму рассеяния на пьезоэлектрических фононах. Минимальное значение коэффициента потерь преобразования полупроводникового смесителя достигается в структурах с высокой подвижностью носителей mu>3·105 см2/В·с при 4.2 K.
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Notes Duplicated as 1216 Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 702
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Author Ryabchun, S. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Pentin, I. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
Title Low-noise wide-band hot-electron bolometer mixer based on an NbN film Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication Radiophys. Quant. Electron. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 52 Issue 8 Pages 576-582
Keywords HEB mixer, in-situ contacts, noise temperature, conversion gain bandwidth, diffusion cooling channel
Abstract We develop and study a hot-electron bolometer mixer made of a two-layer NbN–Au film in situ deposited on a silicon substrate. The double-sideband noise temperature of the mixer is 750 K at a frequency of 2.5 THz. The conversion efficiency measurements show that at the superconducting transition temperature, the intermediate-frequency bandwidth amounts to about 6.5 GHz for a mixer 0.112 μm long. These record-breaking characteristics are attributed to the improved contacts between a sensitive element and a helical antenna and are reached due to using the in situ deposition of NbN and Au layers at certain stages of the process.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 599
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Author Рябчун, С. А.; Третьяков, И. В.; Пентин, И. В; Каурова, Н. С.; Селезнев, В. А; Воронов, Б. М.; Финкель, М. И.; Масленников, С. Н.; Гольцман, Г. Н.
Title Малошумящий широкополосный терагерцовый смеситель на эффекте электронного разогрева в плёнке NbN Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication Известия высших учебных заведений. Радиофизика Abbreviated Journal
Volume 52 Issue 8 Pages 641-648
Keywords HEB mixer, in-situ contacts, noise temperature, conversion gain bandwidth, diffusion cooling channel
Abstract Разработан и исследован смеситель на горячих электронах, изготовленный из двуслойной плёнки NbN-Au, осаждённой на кремневую подложку in situ. Двухполосная шумовая температура устройства составила 750 К на частоте 2.5 ТГц. Измерения эффективности преобразования для смесителя длиной 0.112 мкм вблизи температуры сверхпроводящего перехода показали полосу промежуточных частот около 6.5 ГГц. Эти результаты являются рекордными и были получены за счёт улучшения контактов между чувствительным элементом и спиральной антенной при замене технологического маршрута с нанесением слоёв NbN и Au в отдельных процессах на технологический процесс, в котором данные слои наносятся in situ без нарушения вакуума.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 600
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Author Goltsman, G.; Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Minaeva, O.; Tarkhov, M.; Kaurova, N.; Seleznev, V.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Antipov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Vachtomin, Yu.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G.
Title Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detector Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication J. Modern Opt. Abbreviated Journal J. Modern Opt.
Volume 56 Issue 15 Pages 1670-1680
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract The state-of-the-art of the NbN nanowire superconducting single-photon detector technology (SSPD) is presented. The SSPDs exhibit excellent performance at 2 K temperature: 30% quantum efficiency from visible to infrared, negligible dark count rate, single-photon sensitivity up to 5.6 µm. The recent achievements in the development of GHz counting rate devices with photon-number resolving capability is presented.
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0950-0340 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ akorneev @ Serial 607
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Author Korneeva, Y. P.; Manova, N. N.; Dryazgov, M. A.; Simonov, N. O.; Zolotov, P. I.; Korneev, A. A.
Title Influence of sheet resistance and strip width on the detection efficiency saturation in micron-wide superconducting strips and large-area meanders Type Journal Article
Year 2021 Publication Supercond. Sci. Technol. Abbreviated Journal Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume 34 Issue 8 Pages 084001
Keywords NbN SSPD, SMSPD
Abstract We report our study of detection efficiency (DE) saturation in wavelength range 400 – 1550 nm for the NbN Superconducting Microstrip Single-Photon Detectors (SMSPD) featuring the strip width up to 3 μm. We observe an expected decrease of the $DE$ saturation plateau with the increase of photon wavelength and decrease of film sheet resistance. At 1.7 K temperature DE saturation can be clearly observed at 1550 nm wavelength in strip with the width up to 2 μm when sheet resistance of the film is above 630Ω/sq. In such strips the length of the saturation plateau almost does not depend on the strip width. We used these films to make meander-shaped detectors with the light sensitive area from 20×20μm2 to a circle 50 μm in diameter. In the latter case, the detector with the strip width of 0.49 μm demonstrates saturation of DE up to 1064 nm wavelength. Although DE at 1310 and 1550 nm is not saturated, it is as high as 60%. The response time is limited by the kinetic inductance and equals to 20 ns(by 1/e decay), timing jitter is 44 ps. When coupled to multi-mode fibre large-area meanders demonstrate significantly higher dark count rate which we attribute to thermal background photons, thus advanced filtering technique would be required for practical applications.
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 0953-2048 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1793
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Author Морозов, Дмитрий Владимирович
Title Приемные устройства терагерцового диапазона на эффекте разогрева двумерного электронного газа в гетероструктурах AlGaAs/GaAs Type Manuscript
Year 2007 Publication М. МПГУ Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
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Abstract
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Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ s @ Serial 626
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Author Ryabchun, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-Yu Edward; Paine, Scott; Lobanov, Yury; Blundell, Raymond; Goltsman, Gregory
Title Temperature resolution of an HEB receiver at 810 GHz Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 19 Issue 3 Pages 293-296
Keywords HEB mixer
Abstract We present the results of direct measurements of the temperature resolution of an HEB receiver operating at 810 GHz, in both continuum and spectroscopic modes. In the continuum mode, the input of the receiver was switched between black bodies with different physical temperatures. With a system noise temperature of around 1100 K, the receiver was able to resolve loads which differed in temperature by about 1 K over an integration time of 5 seconds. This resolution is significantly worse than the value of 0.07 K given by the radiometer equation. In the spectroscopic mode, a gas cell filled with carbonyl sulphide (OCS) gas was used and the emission line at 813.3537060 GHz was measured using the receiver in conjunction with a digital spectrometer. From the observed spectra, we determined that the measurement uncertainty of the equivalent emission temperature was 2.8 K for an integration time of 0.25 seconds and a spectral resolution of 12 MHz, compared to a 1.4 K temperature resolution given by the radiometer equation. This relative improvement is due to the fact that at short integration times the contribution from 1/f noise and drift are less dominant. In both modes, the temperature resolution was improved by about 40% with the use of a feedback loop which adjusted the level of an injected microwave radiation to maintain a constant operating current of the HEB mixer. This stabilization scheme has proved to be very effective to keep the temperature resolution of the HEB receiver to close to the theoretical value given by the radiometer equation.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 636
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Author Манова, Н.Н.; Корнеева, Ю.П.; Корнеев, А.А.; Слыш, В.; Воронов, Б.М.; Гольцман, Г.Н.
Title Сверхпроводниковый NbN однофотонный детектор, интегрированный с четвертьволновым резонатором Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Письма в Журнал технической физики Abbreviated Journal ПЖТФ
Volume 37 Issue 10 Pages 7
Keywords SSPD
Abstract Исследована спектральная зависимость квантовой эффективности сверхпроводниковых NbN однофотонных детекторов, интегрированных с оптическими четвертьволновыми резонаторами с использованием диэлектриков Si3N4, SiO2, SiO.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 637
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Author Tretyakov, Ivan; Ryabchun, Sergey; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikova, Anna; Kaurova, Natalia; Lobastova, Anastasia; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory
Title Low noise and wide bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 98 Issue Pages 033507 (1 to 3)
Keywords NbN HEB mixer
Abstract We report a record double sideband noise temperature of 600 K (5hν/kB) offered by a NbN hot-electron bolometer receiver at 2.5 THz. Allowing for standing wave effects, this value was found to be constant in the intermediate frequency range 1–7 GHz, which indicates that the mixer has an unprecedentedly large noise bandwidth in excess of 7 GHz. The insight into this is provided by gain bandwidth measurements performed at the superconducting transition. They show that the dependence of the bandwidth on the mixer length follows the model for an HEB mixer with diffusion and phonon cooling of the hot electrons.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 638
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Author Tikhonov, V. V.; Boyarskii, D. A.; Polyakova, O. N.; Dzardanov, A. L.; Goltsman, G. N.
Title Radiophysical and dielectric properties of ore minerals in 12--145 GHz frequency range Type Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication PIER B Abbreviated Journal PIER B
Volume 25 Issue Pages 349-367
Keywords complex permittivity, ore minerals
Abstract The paper discusses a retrieval technique of complex permittivity of ore minerals in frequency ranges of 12--38 GHz and 77--145 GHz. The method is based on measuring frequency dependencies of transmissivity and reflectivity of plate-parallel mineral samples. In the 12--38 GHz range, the measurements were conducted using a panoramic standing wave ratio and attenuation meter. In the 77--145 GHz range, frequency dependencies of transmissivity and reflectivity were obtained using millimeter-band spectrometer with backward-wave oscillators. The real and imaginary parts of complex permittivity of a mineral were determined solving an equation system for frequency dependencies of transmissivity and reflectivity of an absorbing layer located between two dielectric media. In the course of the work, minerals that are primary ores in iron, zinc, copper and titanium mining were investigated: magnetite, hematite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and ilmenite.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 639
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Author Ozhegov, R. V.; Okunev, O. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Filippenko, L. V.; Koshelets, V. P.
Title Noise equivalent temperature difference of a superconducting integrated terahertz receiver Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication J. Commun. Technol. Electron. Abbreviated Journal J. Commun. Technol. Electron.
Volume 54 Issue 6 Pages 716-720
Keywords SIS mixer SIR NETD, FFO, harmonic mixer
Abstract The dependence of the noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) of a superconducting integrated receiver (SIR) on the receiver noise temperature and the inputsignal level has been investigated. An unprecedented NETD of 13±2 mK has been measured at a SIR noise temperature of 200 K, intermediate-frequency bandwidth of 4 GHz, and time constant of 1 s. With a decrease in the input signal, an improvement in the NETD is observed. This effect is explained by a reduction in the influence of the instabilities of the receiver power supply and the amplification circuit that occur when the input signal is decreased.
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Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1064-2269 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1400
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Author Beck, M.; Klammer, M.; Lang, S.; Leiderer, P.; Kabanov, V. V.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Demsar, J.
Title Energy-gap dynamics of superconducting NbN thin films studied by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Phys. Rev. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Phys. Rev. Lett.
Volume 107 Issue 17 Pages 4
Keywords NbN thin film, energy gap dynamics
Abstract Using time-domain terahertz spectroscopy we performed direct studies of the photoinduced suppression and recovery of the superconducting gap in a conventional BCS superconductor NbN. Both processes are found to be strongly temperature and excitation density dependent. The analysis of the data with the established phenomenological Rothwarf-Taylor model enabled us to determine the bare quasiparticle recombination rate, the Cooper pair-breaking rate and the electron-phonon coupling constant, λ=1.1±0.1, which is in excellent agreement with theoretical estimates.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 641
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Author Шангина, Е. Л.; Смирнов, К. В.; Морозов, Д. В.; Ковалюк, В. В.; Гольцман, Г. Н.; Веревкин, А. А.; Торопов, А. И.
Title Концентрационная зависимость полосы преобразования смесителей субмиллиметрового диапазона на основе наноструктур AlGaAs/GaAs Type Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication Изв. РАН Сер. Физ. Abbreviated Journal Изв. РАН Сер. Физ.
Volume 74 Issue 1 Pages 110-112
Keywords 2DEG AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures, THz heterodyne detectors, IF bandwidth
Abstract Методом субмиллиметровой спектроскопии с высоким временным разрешением при Т = 4.2 К измерена концентрационная зависимость полосы преобразования гетеродинного детектирования гетероструктур AlGaAs/GaAs с двумерным электронным газом. С увеличением концентрации двумерных электронов ns = (1.6–6.6) · 1011см-2 ширина полосы преобразования f3dB уменьшается от 245 до 145 МГц. В исследованной области концентраций наблюдается зависимость f3dB , обусловленная рассеянием электронов на деформационном потенциале акустических фононов и пьезоэлектрическим рассеянием.
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Language Russian Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Duplicated as 1217 Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 642
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Author Maslennikova, Anna; Tretyakov, Ivan; Ryabchun, Sergey; Finkel, Matvey; Kaurova, Natalia; Voronov, Boris; Gol’tsman, Gregory
Title Gain bandwidth and noise temperature of NbN HEB mixers with simultaneous phonon and diffusion cooling Type Abstract
Year 2010 Publication Proc. 21th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 21th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
Volume Issue Pages 218-219
Keywords
Abstract The space observatory Millimetron will be operating in the millimeter, sub-millimeter and infrared ranges using a 12-m cryogenic telescope in a single-dish mode, and as an interferometer with the space-earth and space-space baselines (the latter after the launch of the second identical space telescope). The observatory will allow performing astronomical observations with an unprecedented sensitivity (down to nJy level) in the single-dish mode, and observations with a high angular resolution in the interferometer mode. The total spectral range 20 μm – 2 cm is separated into 10 bands. HEB mixers with two cooling channels (diffusion and phonon) have been chosen to be the detectors of choice of the system covering the range from 1 THz to 6 THz as the best detectors in terahertz receivers. This type of HEB has already shown good work in the terahertz range. A gain bandwidth of 6 GHz at an LO frequency of 300 GHz and a noise temperature of 750 K at an LO frequency of 2.5 THz are the best values for HEB mixers with two cooling channels [1]. Theoretical estimations predict a bandwidth up to 12 GHz. Reaching such good result demands more systematic and thorough research. We present the results of the gain bandwidth and noise temperature measurements for superconducting hot- electron bolometer mixers with two cooling channels. These characteristics of the devices of lengths varying from 50 to 200 nm were measured for the purposes of Millimetron at frequencies of 600 GHz, 2.5 THz, and 3.8 THz. For gain bandwidth measurements we use two BWO’s operating at 600 GHz: one as the signal and the second as the LO. The noise temperature measurements were performed using a gas discharge laser as the LO and blackbodies at 77 K and 295 K as input signals. The devices studied consist of 3.5-nm-thick NbN bridges connected to thick (10 nm) high conductivity Au leads fabricated in situ. This method of fabricating devices has already proved promising by opening the diffusion cooling channel. [2] Fig. 1 shows a SEM photograph of a log-spiral antenna with an HEB at its apex. Fig. 1. Left: a SEM photograph of a log-spiral antenna with an HEB at its apex; right: a close-up of the HEB at the antenna apex. [1] S. A. Ryabchun, I. V. Tretyakov, M. I. Finkel, S. N. Maslennikov, N. S. Kaurova, V. A. Seleznev, B. M. Voronov, and G. N. Gol’tsman, NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer with additional diffusion cooling, Proc. of the 20 th Int. Symp. Space. Technol., Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, April 20 – 22, 2009. 218[2] S. A. Ryabchun * , I. V. Tretyakov, M. I. Finkel, S. N. Maslennikov, N. S. Kaurova, V. A. Seleznev, B. M. Voronov and G. N. Goltsman, Fabrication and characterisation of NbN HEB mixers with in situ gold contacts, Proc. of the 19 th Int. Symp. Space. Technol., Groningen, The Netherlands, April 28-30, 2008
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Author Korneeva, Y.; Florya, I.; Semenov, A.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.
Title New generation of nanowire NbN superconducting single-photon detector for mid-infrared Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 323-326
Keywords SSPD
Abstract We present a break-through approach to mid-infrared single-photon detection based on nanowire NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPD). Although SSPD became a mature technology for telecom wavelengths (1.3-1.55 μm) its further expansion to mid-infrared wavelength was hampered by low sensitivity above 2 μm. We managed to overcome this limit by reducing the nanowire width to 50 nm, while retaining high superconducting properties and connecting the wires in parallel to produce a voltage response of sufficient magnitude. The new device exhibits 10 times better quantum efficiency at 3.5 μm wavelength than the “standard” SSPD.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 644
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Author Ларионов, П.А.; Рябчун, С.А.; Финкель, М.И.; Гольцман, Г.Н.
Title Вывешенный сверхпроводящий детектор терагерцового диапазона Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Труды Московского физико-технического института Abbreviated Journal Труды МФТИ
Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 29-30
Keywords вывешенный болометр, терагерцовый диапазон, сверхпроводящие пленки
Abstract Рассматриваются технологические особенности создания чувствительного вывешен- ного детектора терагерцевого диапазона на основе плёнки MoRe. Предлагается воз- можный маршрут создания такого детектора и поясняется выбор материалов, ис- пользуемых для создания детектора.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 645
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Author Масленникова, А. В.; Рябчун, С. А.; Финкель, М. И.; Каурова, Н. С.; Исупова, А. А.; Воронов, Б. М.; Гольцман, Г. Н.
Title Широкополосные смесители на горячих электронах на основе NbN наноструктур Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Труды Московского физико-технического института Abbreviated Journal Труды МФТИ
Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 31-34
Keywords HEB mixer
Abstract Мы приводим данные исследования полосы преобразования смесителей на горячих электронах (hot-electron bolometer, НЕВ), изготовленных на основе тонких пленок NbN. Зависимость полосы преобразования от длины смесительного элемента находится в прекрасном согласии с результатами теоретической модели HEB-смесителя, в котором энергетическая релаксация электронов одновременно происходит по двум каналам: фононному и диффузионному.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 646
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Author Feautrier, P.; le Coarer, E.; Espiau de Lamaestre, R.; Cavalier, P.; Maingault, L.; Villégier, J-C.; Frey, L.; Claudon, J.; Bergeard, N.; Tarkhov, M.; Poizat, J-P.
Title High-speed superconducting single photon detectors for innovative astronomical applications Type Conference Article
Year 2008 Publication J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. Abbreviated Journal J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
Volume 97 Issue 1 Pages 10
Keywords SSPD
Abstract Superconducting Single Photon Detectors (SSPD) are now mature enough to provide extremely interesting detector performances in term of sensitivity, speed, and geometry in the visible and near infrared wavelengths. Taking advantage of recent results obtained in the Sinphonia project, the goal of our research is to demonstrate the feasibility of a new family of micro-spectrometers, called SWIFTS (Stationary Wave Integrated Fourier Transform Spectrometer), associated to an array of SSPD, the whole assembly being integrated on a monolithic sapphire substrate coupling the detectors array to a waveguide injecting the light. This unique association will create a major breakthrough in the domain of visible and infrared spectroscopy for all applications where the space and weight of the instrument is limited. SWIFTS is an innovative way to achieve very compact spectro-detectors using nano-detectors coupled to evanescent field of dielectric integrated optics. The system is sensitive to the interferogram inside the dielectric waveguide along the propagation path. Astronomical instruments will be the first application of such SSPD spectrometers. In this paper, we describes in details the fabrication process of our SSPD built at CEA/DRFMC using ultra-thin NbN epitaxial films deposited on different orientations of Sapphire substrates having state of the art superconducting characteristics. Electron beam lithography is routinely used for patterning the devices having line widths below 200 nm and down to 70 nm. An experimental set-up has been built and used to test these SSPD devices and evaluate their photon counting performances. Photon counting performances of our devices have been demonstrated with extremely low dark counts giving excellent signal to noise ratios. The extreme compactness of this concept is interesting for space spectroscopic applications. Some new astronomical applications of such concept are proposed in this paper.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 648
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Author Mohan, Nishant; Minaeva, Olga; Goltsman, Gregory N.; Saleh, Mohammed F.; Nasr, Magued B.; Sergienko, Alexander V.; Saleh, Bahaa E.; Teich, Malvin C.
Title Ultrabroadband coherence-domain imaging using parametric downconversion and superconducting single-photon detectors at 1064 nm Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication Appl. Opt. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Opt.
Volume 48 Issue 20 Pages 4009–4017
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, SPAD
Abstract Coherence-domain imaging systems can be operated in a single-photon-counting mode, offering low detector noise; this in turn leads to increased sensitivity for weak light sources and weakly reflecting samples. We have demonstrated that excellent axial resolution can be obtained in a photon-counting coherence-domain imaging (CDI) system that uses light generated via spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) in a chirped periodically poled stoichiometric lithium tantalate (chirped-PPSLT) structure, in conjunction with a niobium nitride superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD). The bandwidth of the light generated via SPDC, as well as the bandwidth over which the SSPD is sensitive, can extend over a wavelength region that stretches from 700 to 1500 nm. This ultrabroad wavelength band offers a near-ideal combination of deep penetration and ultrahigh axial resolution for the imaging of biological tissue. The generation of SPDC light of adjustable bandwidth in the vicinity of 1064 nm, via the use of chirped-PPSLT structures, had not been previously achieved. To demonstrate the usefulness of this technique, we construct images for a hierarchy of samples of increasing complexity: a mirror, a nitrocellulose membrane, and a biological sample comprising onion-skin cells.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 652
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Author Pernice, W.; Schuck, C.; Li, M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Sergienko, A. V.; Tang, H. X.
Title High speed travelling wave single-photon detectors with near-unity quantum efficiency Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication arXiv Abbreviated Journal arXiv
Volume Issue Pages 1-14
Keywords SPD
Abstract Ultrafast, high quantum efficiency single photon detectors are among the most sought-after elements in modern quantum optics and quantum communication. Close-to-unity photon detection efficiency is essential for scalable measurement-based quantum computation, quantum key distribution, and loophole-free Bell experiments. However, imperfect modal matching and finite photon absorption rates have usually limited the maximum attainable detection efficiency of single photon detectors. Here we demonstrate a superconducting nanowire detector atop nanophotonic waveguides and achieve single photon detection efficiency up to 94% at telecom wavelengths. Our detectors are fully embedded in a scalable, low loss silicon photonic circuit and provide ultrashort timing jitter of 18ps at multi-GHz detection rates. Exploiting this high temporal resolution we demonstrate ballistic photon transport in silicon ring resonators. The direct implementation of such a detector with high quantum efficiency, high detection speed and low jitter time on chip overcomes a major barrier in integrated quantum photonics.
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Publisher (up) Place of Publication arXiv:1108.5299 Editor
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 661
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Author Beck, M.; Klammer, M.; Lang, S.; Leiderer, P.; Kabanov, V. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Demsar, J.
Title Energy-gap dynamics of superconducting NbN thin films studied by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy Type Miscellaneous
Year 2011 Publication arXiv Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages
Keywords NbN thin film, energy gap dynamics
Abstract Using time-domain Terahertz spectroscopy we performed direct studies of the photoinduced suppression and recovery of the superconducting gap in a conventional BCS superconductor NbN. Both processes are found to be strongly temperature and excitation density dependent. The analysis of the data with the established phenomenological Rothwarf-Taylor model enabled us to determine the bare quasiparticle recombination rate, the Cooper pair-breaking rate and the electron-phonon coupling constant, \lambda = 1.1 +/- 0.1, which is in excellent agreement with theoretical estimates.
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Notes Duplicated as 641 Approved no
Call Number Serial 1388
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Author Tret’yakov, I. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Kaurova, N. S.; Larionov, P. A.; Lobastova, A. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Finkel, M. I.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
Title Optimum absorbed heterodyne power for superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer Type Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication Tech. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Tech. Phys. Lett.
Volume 36 Issue 12 Pages 1103-1105
Keywords NbN HEB mixer
Abstract Absorbed heterodyne power has been measured in a low-noise broadband hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer for the terahertz range, operating on the effect of electron heating in the resistive state of an ultrathin superconducting NbN film. It is established that the optimum absorbed heterodyne power for the HEB mixer operating at 2.5 THz is about 100 nW.
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ISSN 1063-7850 ISBN Medium
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Call Number Serial 1389
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Author Korneev, Alexander; Korneeva, Yulia; Florya, Irina; Elezov, Michael; Manova, Nadezhda; Tarkhov, Michael; An, Pavel; Kardakova, Anna; Isupova, Anastasiya; Chulkova, Galina; Voronov, Boris
Title Recent advances in superconducting NbN single-photon detector development Type Conference Article
Year 2011 Publication Proc. SPIE Abbreviated Journal Proc. SPIE
Volume 8072 Issue Pages 807202 (1 to 10)
Keywords SSPD
Abstract Superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) is a planar nanostructure patterned from 4-nm-thick NbN film deposited on sapphire substrate. The sensitive element of the SSPD is 100-nm-wide NbN strip. The device is operated at liquid helium temperature. Absorption of a photon leads to a local suppression of superconductivity producing subnanosecond-long voltage pulse. In infrared (at 1550 nm and longer wavelengths) SSPD outperforms avalanche photodiodes in terms of detection efficiency (DE), dark counts rate, maximum counting rate and timing jitter. Efficient single-mode fibre coupling of the SSPD enabled its usage in many applications ranging from single-photon sources research to quantum cryptography. Recently we managed to improve the SSPD performance and measured 25% detection efficiency at 1550 nm wavelength and dark counts rate of 10 s-1. We also improved photon-number resolving SSPD (PNR-SSPD) which realizes a spatial multiplexing of incident photons enabling resolving of up to 4 simultaneously absorbed photons. Another improvement is the increase of the photon absorption using a λ/4 microcavity integrated with the SSPD. And finally in our strive to increase the DE at longer wavelengths we fabricated SSPD with the strip almost twice narrower compared to the standard 100 nm and demonstrated that in middle infrared (about 3 μm wavelength) these devices have DE several times higher compared to the traditional SSPDs.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 663
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Author Manova, N. N.; Korneeva, Yu. P.; Korneev, A. A.; Slysz, W.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
Title Superconducting NbN single-photon detector integrated with quarter-wave resonator Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Tech. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Tech. Phys. Lett.
Volume 37 Issue 5 Pages 469-471
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract The spectral dependence of the quantum efficiency of superconducting NbN single-photon detectors integrated with quarter-wave resonators based on Si3N4, SiO2, and SiO layers has been studied.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 664
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Author Dauler, Eric; Kerman, Andrew; Robinson, Bryan; Yang, Joel; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Gregory; Hamilton, Scott; Berggren, Karl
Title Photon-number-resolution with sub-30-ps timing using multi-element superconducting nanowire single photon detectors Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication J. Modern Opt. Abbreviated Journal J. Modern Opt.
Volume 56 Issue 2 Pages 364-373
Keywords PNR SSPD; SNSPD; photon-number-resolution; superconducting nanowire single photon detector; timing jitter; system detection efficiency
Abstract A photon-number-resolving detector based on a four-element superconducting nanowire single photon detector is demonstrated to have sub-30-ps resolution in measuring the arrival time of individual photons. This detector can be used to characterize the photon statistics of non-pulsed light sources and to mitigate dead-time effects in high-speed photon counting applications. Furthermore, a 25% system detection efficiency at 1550 nm was demonstrated, making the detector useful for both low-flux source characterization and high-speed photon-counting and quantum communication applications. The design, fabrication and testing of this detector are described, and a comparison between the measured and theoretical performance is presented.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 700
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Author Marsili, F.; Bitauld, D.; Fiore, A.; Gaggero, A.; Leoni, R.; Mattioli, F.; Divochiy, A.; Korneev, A.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Minaeva, O.; Goltsman, G.
Title Superconducting parallel nanowire detector with photon number resolving functionality Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication J. Modern Opt. Abbreviated Journal J. Modern Opt.
Volume 56 Issue 2-3 Pages 334-344
Keywords PNR; SSPD; SNSPD; thin superconducting films; photon number resolving detector; multiplication noise; telecom wavelength; NbN
Abstract We present a new photon number resolving detector (PNR), the Parallel Nanowire Detector (PND), which uses spatial multiplexing on a subwavelength scale to provide a single electrical output proportional to the photon number. The basic structure of the PND is the parallel connection of several NbN superconducting nanowires (100 nm-wide, few nm-thick), folded in a meander pattern. Electrical and optical equivalents of the device were developed in order to gain insight on its working principle. PNDs were fabricated on 3-4 nm thick NbN films grown on sapphire (substrate temperature TS=900C) or MgO (TS=400C) substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering in an Ar/N2 gas mixture. The device performance was characterized in terms of speed and sensitivity. The photoresponse shows a full width at half maximum (FWHM) as low as 660ps. PNDs showed counting performance at 80 MHz repetition rate. Building the histograms of the photoresponse peak, no multiplication noise buildup is observable and a one photon quantum efficiency can be estimated to be QE=3% (at 700 nm wavelength and 4.2 K temperature). The PND significantly outperforms existing PNR detectors in terms of simplicity, sensitivity, speed, and multiplication noise.
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ISSN 0950-0340 ISBN Medium
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 701
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Author Третьяков, И.В.; Рябчун, С.А.; Каурова, Н.С.; Ларионов, П.А.; Лобастова, А.А.; Воронов, Б.М.; Финкель, М.И.; Гольцман, Г.Н.
Title Оптимальная поглощенная мощность гетеродина для терагерцового сверхпроводникового NbN смесителя на электронном разогреве Type Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication Письма в Журнал технической физики Abbreviated Journal Письма в ЖТФ
Volume 36 Issue 23 Pages 78-84
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Abstract Представлены результаты измерений поглощенной мощности гетеродина малошумящим широкополосным смесителем на эффекте электронного разогрева в резистивном состоянии сверхпроводниковой ультратонкой пленки NbN. Оптимальная поглощенная мощность гетеродина составила около 100 nW на частоте 2.5 THz.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 703
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Author Ожегов, Р.В.; Горшков, К.Н.; Окунев, О.В.; Гольцман, Г.Н.
Title Сверхпроводниковый смеситель на эффекте электронного разогрева как элемент матрицы системы построения тепловых изображений Type Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication Письма в Журнал технической физики Abbreviated Journal Письма в ЖТФ
Volume 36 Issue 21 Pages 70-78
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Abstract Исследована возможность использования матрицы чувствительных элементов на гиперполусферической линзе диаметром 12 mm в тепловизоре терагерцевого диапазона частот. Получены размеры области на линзе, приемлемой для расположения матрицы, в которой шумовая температура приемника меняется в пределах 16% от средней. Диаметр этой области составил 3.3% диаметра линзы.Получены отклонения основного лепестка диаграммы направленности, которые составили ±1.25â—<a6> от направления с оптимальным положением смесителя. Флуктуационная чувствительность приемника в эксперименте составила 0.5 K на частоте 300 GHz.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 704
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Author Ozhegov, R. V.; Gorshkov, K. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kinev, N. V.; Koshelets, V. P.
Title The stability of a terahertz receiver based on a superconducting integrated receiver Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Supercond. Sci. Technol. Abbreviated Journal Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume 24 Issue 3 Pages 035003
Keywords SIS mixer, SIR, stability
Abstract We present the results of stability testing of a terahertz radiometer based on a superconducting receiver with a SIS tunnel junction as the mixer and a flux-flow oscillator as the local oscillator. In the continuum mode, the receiver with a noise temperature of 95 K at 510 GHz measured over the intermediate frequency (IF) passband of 4-8 GHz offered a noise equivalent temperature difference of 10 ± 1 mK at an integration time of 1 s. We offer a method to significantly increase the integration time without the use of complex measurement equipment. The receiver observed a strong signal over a final detection bandwidth of 4 GHz and offered an Allan time of 5 s.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 705
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Author Флоря, И.Н.; Корнеева, Ю.П.; Корнеев, А.А.; Гольцман, Г.Н.
Title Сверхпроводниковый однофотонный детектор для среднего инфракрасного диапазона на основе узких параллельных полосок Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Труды Московского физико-технического института Abbreviated Journal Труды МФТИ
Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 14-17
Keywords SSPD
Abstract Мы рассматриваем ультрабыстрый сверхпроводниковый однофотонный детектор (SSPD). SSPD представляет собой тонкопленочную наноструктуру — очень узкую и длинную полоску сверхпроводника, изогнутую в виде меандра, изготовленную из пленки NbN толщиной 4 нм, нанесенной на сапфировую подложку. SSPD хорошо сопрягается с оптоволокном и легко может быть интегрирован в полностью готовую для работы приемную систему. В стремлении продвинуться в средний ИК диапозон нам удалось разработать SSPD в виде параллельно соединенных полосок с шириной полоски всего 50 нм и сохранить при этом сверхпроводящие свойства. Эти детекторы показывают более чем на порядок большую чувствительность на длине волны 3;5 мкм, чем SSPD в виде меандра. Полученные результаты открывают путь к эффективным детекторам среднего ИК-диапазона, обладающим скоростью счета свыше 1 ГГц.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 706
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Author Пентин, И. В.; Смирнов, К. В.; Вахтомин, Ю. Б.; Смирнов, А. В.; Ожегов, Р. В.; Дивочий, А. В.; Гольцман, Г. Н.
Title Быстродействующий терагерцевый приемник и инфракрасный счетчик одиночных фотонов на эффекте разогрева электронов в сверхпроводниковых тонкопленочных наноструктурах Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Труды МФТИ Abbreviated Journal Труды МФТИ
Volume 3 Issue 2 Pages 38-42
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, HEB
Abstract Представлены результаты создания приемных систем терагерцевого диапазона (0.3-70 ТГц), обладающих рекордным быстродействием (50 пс) и высокой чувствительностью (до 5x 10^(-14) Вт/Гц^(1/2)), а также однофотонных приемных систем ближнего инфракрасного диапазона с квантовой эффективностью 25 %, уровнем темнового счета 10-1c., максимальной скоростью счета ~ 100 МГц и временным разрешением до 50 пс.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 707
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Author Korneev, A.; Finkel, M.; Maslennikov, S.; Korneeva, Yu.; Florya, I.; Tarkhov, M.; Elezov, M.; Ryabchun, S.; Tretyakov, I.; Isupova, A.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.
Title Superconducting NbN terahertz detectors and infrared photon counters Type Journal Article
Year 2010 Publication Вестник НГУ. Серия: физ. Abbreviated Journal Вестник НГУ. Серия: физ.
Volume 5 Issue 4 Pages 68-72
Keywords HEB; HEB mixer
Abstract We present our recent achievements in the development of sensitive and ultrafast thin-film superconducting sensors: hot-electron bolometers (HEB), HEB-mixers for terahertz range and infrared single-photon counters. These sensors have already demonstrated a performance that makes them devices-of-choice for many terahertz and optical applications. Keywords: Hot electron bolometer mixers, infrared single-photon detectors, superconducting device fabrication, superconducting NbN films.
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ISSN 1818-7994 ISBN Medium
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Notes УДК 538.9 Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 708
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Author Shangina, E. L.; Smirnov, K. V.; Morozov, D. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A. A.; Toropov, A. I.; Mauskopf, P.
Title Concentration dependence of energy relaxation time in AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunctions: direct measurements Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Semicond. Sci. Technol. Abbreviated Journal Semicond. Sci. Technol.
Volume 26 Issue 2 Pages 025013
Keywords AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunctions
Abstract We present measurements of the energy relaxation time, τε, of electrons in a single heterojunction in a quasi-equilibrium state using microwave time-resolved spectroscopy at 4.2 K. We find the relaxation time has a power-law dependence on the carrier density of the two-dimensional electron gas, τε∝nγs with γ = 0.40 ± 0.02 for values of the carrier density, ns, from 1.6 × 1011 to 6.6 × 1011cm−2. The results are in good agreement with predictions taking into account the scattering of the carriers by both piezoelectric and deformation potential acoustic phonons. We compare these results with indirect measurements of the energy relaxation time from energy loss measurements involving Joule heating of the electron gas.
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ISSN 0268-1242 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1215
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Author Ожегов, Р. В.; Окунев, О. В.; Гольцман, Г. Н.; Филиппенко, Л. В.; Кошелец, В. П.
Title Флуктуационная чувствительность сверхпроводящего интегрального приемника терагерцового диапазона частот Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication Радиотехника и электроника Abbreviated Journal Радиотех. электроник.
Volume 54 Issue 6 Pages 750-755
Keywords
Abstract Исследована зависимость флуктуационной чувствительности сверхпроводящего интегрального приемника (СИП) от шумовой температуры приемника и величины входного сигнала. Измерена рекордная флуктуационная чувствительность приемника (13 ± 2 мК), полученная при шумовой температуре приемника 200 К, ширине полосы промежуточных частот 4 ГГц и постоянной времени 1 с. При уменьшении входного сигнала наблюдалось улучшение флуктуационной чувствительности; предложено обÑŠяснение полученного эффекта: причиной является уменьшение влияния нестабильностей источников питания приемника и усилительного тракта при снижении входного сигнала.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 710
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Author Расулова, Г.К.; Брунков, П.Н.; Пентин, И.В.; Ковалюк, В.В.; Горшков, К.Н.; Казаков, А.Ю.; Иванов, С.Ю.; Егоров, А.Ю.; Саксеев, Д.А.; Конников, С.Г.
Title Взаимная синхронизация двух связанных генераторов автоколебаний на основе сверхрешеток GaAs/AlGaAs Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Журнал технической физики Abbreviated Journal ЖТФ
Volume 81 Issue 6 Pages 80-86
Keywords
Abstract Проведено исследование взаимодействия генераторов автоколебаний на основе 30-периодной слабосвязанной сверхрешетки GaAs/AlGaAs. Воздействие одного генератора автоколебаний на другой осуществлялось при заданном постоянном смещении в отсутствие в одном из них генерации автономных колебаний. Показано, что вынужденные колебания в захватывающем генераторе возникают из-за возбуждения колебаний в системе связанных осцилляторов, образующих границу электрополевого домена на частоте одной из высших гармоник вынуждающего колебания.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 711
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Author Семенов, А. В.; Девятов, И. А.; Рябчун, С. А.; Масленников, С. Н.; Масленникова, А. С.; Ларионов, П. А.; Воронов, Б. М.; Чулкова, Г. М.
Title Поглощение терагерцового электромагнитного излучения в “грязной” сверхпроводниковой пленке при произвольном виде спектральных функций Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Ж. Радиоэлектрон. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 10 Issue Pages 7
Keywords terahertz electromagnetic radiation; superconductors; detectors of terahertz range
Abstract A problem of absorption of high-frequency electromagnetic field in dirty superconductor is treated within Keldysh technic. Expression for the source term in the kinetic equation for quasiparticle distribution function is derived. The result is significant for deriving a consistent microscopic theory of superconducting detectors for terahertz frequency range, perspective detectors on kinetic inductance of current-biased superconducting strip and on Josephson inductance of tunnel.

В технике Келдыша рассмотрена задача о поглощении мощности высокочастотного электромагнитного поля в сверхпроводнике, удовлетворяющем условию грязного предела. Получено выражение для члена источника в кинетическом уравнении для функции распределения квазичастиц, справедливое при произвольном виде спектральных функций. Этот результат имеет значение для развития последовательной микроскопической теории сверхпроводниковых детекторов излучения терагерцового диапазона, в частности, перспективных детекторов на кинетической индуктивности смещённой током сверхпроводниковой полоски и джозефсоновской индуктивности туннельного контакта.
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Notes Duplicated as 1117 Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 713
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Author Семенов, А. В.; Девятов, И. А.; Третьяков, И. В.; Лобанов, Ю. В.; Ожегов, Р. В.; Петренко, Д. В.; Селиверстов, С. В.; Финкель, М. И.
Title Вывод уравнения типа уравнения гинзбурга-ландау для нанопроволоки вблизи критического магнитного поля Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Журнал радиоэлектроники Abbreviated Journal Ж. радиоэлектроники
Volume 11 Issue Pages 4
Keywords superconductivity; nanowire; Ginzburg-Landau equation
Abstract Nonlinear Ginzburg-Landau equation for dirty supercondicting 1D wire is derived in the limit of high magnetic field.

В пределе больших магнитных полей выведено нелинейное уравнение Гинзбурга-Ландау, описывающее состояние одномерной «грязной» нанопроволоки.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 714
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Author Reiger, E.; Pan, D.; Slysz, W.; Jukna, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Dorenbos, S.; Zwiller, V.; Korneev, A.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Minaeva, O.; Gol'tsman, G.; Kitaygorsky, J.
Title Spectroscopy with nanostructured superconducting single photon detectors Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. Abbreviated Journal IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.
Volume 13 Issue 4 Pages 934-943
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract Superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) are nanostructured devices made from ultrathin superconducting films. They are typically operated at liquid helium temperature and exhibit high detection efficiency, in combination with very low dark counts, fast response time, and extremely low timing jitter, within a broad wavelength range from ultraviolet to mid-infrared (up to 6 mu m). SSPDs are very attractive for applications such as fiber-based telecommunication, where single-photon sensitivity and high photon-counting rates are required. We review the current state-of-the-art in the SSPD research and development, and compare the SSPD performance to the best semiconducting avalanche photodiodes and other superconducting photon detectors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SSPDs can also be successfully implemented in photon-energy-resolving experiments. Our approach is based on the fact that the size of the hotspot, a nonsuperconducting region generated upon photon absorption, is linearly dependent on the photon energy. We introduce a statistical method, where, by measuring the SSPD system detection efficiency at different bias currents, we are able to resolve the wavelength of the incident photons with a resolution of 50 nm.
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ISSN 1077-260X ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1424
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Author Tretyakov, Ivan; Ryabchun, Sergey; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Maslennikova, Anna; Kaurova, Natalia; Lobastova, Anastasia; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory
Title Ultrawide noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers with in situ gold contacts Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 620-623
Keywords NbN HEB mixer bandwidth
Abstract We report a noise bandwidth of 7 GHz in the new generation of NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers that are being developed for the space observatory Millimetron. The HEB receiver driven by a 2.5-THz local oscillator offered a noise temperature of 600 K in a 50-MHz final detection bandwidth. As the filter center frequency was swept this value remained nearly constant up to the cutoff frequency of the cryogenic amplifier at 7 GHz. We believe that such a low value of the noise temperature is due to reduced radio frequency (RF) loss at the interface between the superconducting film and the gold contacts. We have also performed gain bandwidth measurements at the superconducting transition on HEB mixers with various lengths and found them to be in excellent agreement with the results of the analytical and numerical models developed for the HEB mixer with both diffusion and phonon cooling of hot electrons.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 716
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Author Гольцман, Г. Н.; Разумовская, И. В.; Окунев, О. В; Чулкова, Г. М.; Корнеев, А. А.; Финкель, М. И.; Масленников, С. Н.; Семенов, А. В.; Александров, В. Н.
Title Сборник программ учебных дисциплин профессионального цикла подготовки магистров и бакалавров по направлению «Физика» Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Прометей Abbreviated Journal Прометей
Volume Issue Pages 67
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 717
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Author Смирнов, Андрей Владимирович
Title Исследование полосы преобразования терагерцовых смесителей на эффекте электронного разогрева в NbZr, NbN и в одиночном гетеропереходе AlGaAs/GaAs Type Manuscript
Year 2009 Publication Радиофизика Abbreviated Journal Радиофиз.
Volume Issue Pages 139
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 718
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Author Lobanov, Y.; Tong, E.; Blundell, R.; Hedden, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
Title Large-signal frequency response of an HEB mixer: from 300 MHz to terahertz Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 628-631
Keywords waveguide NbN HEB mixers
Abstract We present a study of the large signal frequency response of an HEB mixer over a wide frequency range. In our experiments, we have subjected the HEB mixer to incident electromagnetic radiation from 0.3 GHz to 1 THz. The mixer element is an NbN film deposited on crystalline quartz. The mixer chip is mounted in a waveguide cavity, coupled to free space with a diagonal horn. At microwave frequencies, electromagnetic radiation is applied through the coaxial bias port of the mixer block. At higher frequencies the input signal passes via the diagonal horn feed. At each frequency, the incident power is varied and a family of I-V curves is recorded. From the curves we identify 3 distinct regimes of operation of the mixer separated by the phonon relaxation frequency and the superconducting energy gap frequency observed at about 3 GHz and 660 GHz respectively. In this paper, we will present observed curves and discuss the results of our experiment.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 719
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Author Lobanov, Y.V.; Tong, C.-Y.E.; Hedden, A.S.; Blundell, R.; Voronov, B.M.; Gol'tsman, G.N.
Title Direct measurement of the gain and noise bandwidths of HEB mixers Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 21 Issue 3 Pages 645-648
Keywords waveguide NbN HEB mixers
Abstract The intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of a hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is an important parameter of the mixer, in that it helps to determine its suitability for a given application. With the availability of wideband low noise amplifiers, it is simple to measure the performance of an HEB mixer over a wide range of IF at a fixed LO frequency using the standard Y-factor method. This in-situ method allows us to measure both the gain and noise bandwidths simultaneously. We have also measured mixer output impedance with a vector network analyser. Intrinsic time constant has been extracted from the impedance data and compared to the mixer's bandwidths determined from receiver Y-factor measurement.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 720
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Author Васильева, И. А.; Компанеец, В. В.; Красная, Ж. А.; Чижикова, З. А.
Title Проявление внутримолекулярных вибронных взаимодействий в тонкоструктурных спектрах флуоресценции и возбуждения флуоресценции полиеновых δ-диметиламинокетонов Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Оптический журнал Abbreviated Journal Опт. ж.
Volume 78 Issue 5 Pages 3-8
Keywords спектры флуоресценции; вибрационный анализ; адиабатическое гармоническое приближение; бесфононная линия; фононное крыло
Abstract Проведен вибрационный анализ спектров флуоресценции и возбуждения флуоресценции, полученных методом Шпольского при 4,2 K. Рассчитаны параметры внутримолекулярных взаимодействий двух δ-диметиламинокетонов. Для определения интегральных интенсивностей вибронных полос в спектрах с тонкой структурой на интенсивном сплошном фоне выполнено моделирование спектров путем представления полосы каждого из вибронных переходов бесфононной линией и фононным крылом с определенными параметрами (полуширинами, фактором Дебая–Валлера). Показано, что нарушение зеркальной симметрии в сопряженных спектрах флуоресценции и возбуждения флуоресценции этих двух соединений может быть обÑŠяснено интерференцией франк-кондоновского и герцберг-теллеровского взаимодействий.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 721
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Author Seleznev, V. A.; Tarkhov, M. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Lyakhno, V. Yu; Garbuz, A. S.; Mikhailov, M. Yu; Zhigalina, O. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
Title Deposition and characterization of few-nanometers-thick superconducting Mo-Re films Type Journal Article
Year 2008 Publication Supercond. Sci. Technol. Abbreviated Journal Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume 21 Issue 11 Pages 115006 (1 to 6)
Keywords
Abstract We report on the fabrication and investigation of few-nanometers-thick superconducting molybdenum-rhenium (Mo-Re) films intended for use in nanowire single-photon superconducting detectors (SSPDs). Mo-Re films were deposited on sapphire substrates by DC magnetron sputtering of an Mo(60)-Re(40) alloy target in an atmosphere of argon. The films 2-10 nm thick had critical temperatures (Tc) from 5.6 to 9.7 K. HRTEM (high-resolution transmission electron microscopy) analysis showed that the films had a homogeneous structure. XPS (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analysis showed the Mo to Re atom ratio to be 0.575/0.425, oxygen concentration to be 10%, and concentration of other elements to be 1%.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 723
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Author Lobanov, Y.; Tong, C.; Blundell, R.; Gol'tsman, G.
Title A study of direct detection effect on the linearity of hot electron bolometer mixers Type Conference Article
Year 2009 Publication Proc. 20th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 20th ISSTT
Volume Issue Pages 282-287
Keywords HEB mixer, direct detection effect
Abstract We have performed a study of how direct detection affects the linearity and hence the calibration of an HEB mixer. Two types of waveguide HEB devices have been used: a 0.8 THz HEB mixer and a 1.0 THz HEB mixer which is ~5 times smaller than the former. Two independent experimental approaches were used. In the ΔG/G method, the conversion gain of the HEB mixer is first measured as a function of the bias current for a number of bias voltages. At each bias setting, we carefully measure the change in the operating current when the input loads are switched. From the measured data, we can derive the expected difference in gain between the hot and cold loads. In the second method (injection method [1]), the linearity of the HEB mixer is independently measured by injecting a modulated signal for different input load temperatures. The results of both approaches confirm that there is gain compression in the operation of HEB mixers. Based on the results of our measurements, we discuss the impact of direct detection effects on the operation of HEB mixers.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 724
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Author Lobanov, Y. V.; Tong, Cheuk-Yu E.; Hedden, A. S.; Blundell, R.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
Title Microwave-assisted슠measurement슠of the슠frequency슠response슠of슠terahertz슠HEB슠mixers슠with a슠fourier슠transform슠spectrometer Type Conference Article
Year 2010 Publication 21st International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology Abbreviated Journal 21st ISSTT
Volume Issue Pages 420-423
Keywords HEB mixer
Abstract We describe a novel method of operation of the HEB direct detector for use with a Fourier Transform Spectrometer. Instead of elevating the bath temperature, we have measured the RF response of waveguide HEB mixers by applying microwave radiation to select appropriate bias conditions. In our experiment, a microwave signal is injected into the HEB mixer via its IF port. By choosing an appropriate injection level, the device can be operated close to the desired operating point. Furthermore, we have shown that both thermal biasing and microwave injection can reproduce the same spectral response of the HEB mixer. However, with the use of microwave injection, there is no need to wait for the mixer to reach thermal equilibrium, so characterisation can be done in less time. Also, the liquid helium consumption for our wet cryostat is also reduced. We have demonstrated that the signalto-noise ratio of the FTS measurements can be improved with microwave injection.
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Call Number RPLAB @ gujma @ Serial 725
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Author Ожегов, Р.В.; Окунев, О.В.; Гольцман, Г.Н.
Title Флуктуационная чувствительность сверхпроводящего болометрического смесителя на эффекте разогрева электронного газа Type Journal Article
Year 2009 Publication Радиотехника Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue 3 Pages 120-124
Keywords смеситель на горячих электронах; флуктуационная чувствительность; тепловизор терагерцевого диапазона частот; hot-electron bolometer mixer; Imaging system; Noise equivalent temperature difference; Heterodyne receiver; Terahertz range
Abstract Interest in research in the terahertz range is driven by a great number of various applications, where terahertz instruments may play a leading role. To name just a few, such applications include study of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the distribution of the dark matter, medicine, navigation, fire alarm, security systems and environmental monitoring. The paper discusses the possibility of using a receiver based on the hot-electron effect in superconducting films as an imaging system. We present the results of the noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) measurements performed with a hot-electron bolometer mixer made from a thin superconducting film. The receiver with a noise temperature of ~ 3800 K at a local oscillator frequency of 300 GHz a bandwidth of 500 MHz and an integration time of 1 s has offered an NETD of 0.5 K. We have also developed a technique that enabled us to reduce the contribution of the mixer gain fluctuations to the overall system instability. As of this writing, the above value of the NETD is the lowest value offered for this type of receiver, which indicates the possibility to use such receivers in real-time imaging systems. The technique offered in the paper for achieving the limiting value of the NETD offers an alternative to the phase-locking scheme.

Представены результаты измерения флуктуационной чувствительности (NETD – noise equivalent temperature difference) болометрического смесителя на эффекте разогрева электронного газа в тонких сверхпроводящих пленках. Получено предельное значение NETD, равное 0,5 К, при шумовой температуре приемника 3800 К, ширине полосы преобразования 500 МГц, постоянной времени 1 с и частоте гетеродина 300 ГГц. Разработана методика достижения предельной флуктуационной чувствительности, позволяющая избежать влияния нестабильности коэффициента преобразования смесителя.
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Author Ожегов, Роман Викторович
Title Флуктуационная чувствительность и стабильность приемников с СИС и HEB смесителями для терагерцового тепловидения Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Радиофизика Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 135
Keywords HEB
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Author Чулкова, Г. М.; Семенов, А. В.; Корнеев, А. А.; Кардакова, А. И.; Аверьев, Н. В.; Ан, П. П.; Казаков, А. Ю.; Трифонов, А. В.
Title Спектральная чувствительность сверхпроводникового однофотонного детектора Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Журнал радиоэлектроники Abbreviated Journal Ж. радиоэлектрон.
Volume 11 Issue Pages 5
Keywords SSPD; quantum efficiency; spectral sensitivity
Abstract We consider quantum efficiency dependence on photons' energy from hot spot model. Direction of quasiparticles diffusion drive across superconductive film. The maximal quantum efficiency is proportional to a probability of photon absorption. The spectral sensitivity of superconductive single photon detector does not have clearly expressed red limit. Changing regimes of work depends on a wavelength we can get high values of quantum efficiency in visible and infrared range which will be specified by the quality of fabrication of detectors and their consistency with the radiation.

Key words: superconducting single-photon detector, SSPD, quantum efficiency, spectral sensitivity.

В статье представлена зависимость квантовой эффективности от энергии фотона в рамках модели горячего пятна. Диффузия квазичастиц происходит в основном перпендикулярно направлению тока в областях с максимальной плотностью тока. Максимальная квантовая эффективность детектора пропорциональна вероятности поглощения фотона. Несмотря на квантовый характер работы сверхпроводникового однофотонного детектора, он не имеет четко выраженной красной границы. Изменяя режим работы в зависимости от длины волны можно в видимом и инфракрасном диапазонах получать высокие значения квантовой эффективности, которые будут определяться лишь качеством изготовления детекторов и степенью их согласования с излучением.
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Author Pernice, W.; Schuck, C.; Minaeva, O.; Li, M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Sergienko, A. V.; Tang, H. X.
Title High speed and high efficiency travelling wave single-photon detectors embedded in nanophotonic circuits Type Miscellaneous
Year 2012 Publication arXiv Abbreviated Journal arXiv
Volume 1108.5299 Issue Pages 1-23
Keywords optical waveguides, waveguide SSPD, guantum photonics, jitter, detection efficiency
Abstract Ultrafast, high quantum efficiency single photon detectors are among the most sought-after elements in modern quantum optics and quantum communication. High photon detection efficiency is essential for scalable measurement-based quantum computation, quantum key distribution, and loophole-free Bell experiments. However, imperfect modal matching and finite photon absorption rates have usually limited the maximum attainable detection efficiency of single photon detectors. Here we demonstrate a superconducting nanowire detector atop nanophotonic waveguides which allows us to drastically increase the absorption length for incoming photons. When operating the detectors close to the critical current we achieve high on-chip single photon detection efficiency up to 91% at telecom wavelengths, with uncertainty dictated by the variation of the waveguide photon flux. We also observe remarkably low dark count rates without significant compromise of detection efficiency. Furthermore, our detectors are fully embedded in a scalable silicon photonic circuit and provide ultrashort timing jitter of 18ps. Exploiting this high temporal resolution we demonstrate ballistic photon transport in silicon ring resonators. The direct implementation of such a detector with high quantum efficiency, high detection speed and low jitter time on chip overcomes a major barrier in integrated quantum photonics.
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Author Il'in, K. S.; Lindgren, M.; Currie, M. A.; Semenov, D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, Roman; Cherednichenko, S. I.; Gershenzon, E. M.
Title Picosecond hot-electron energy relaxation in NbN superconducting photodetectors Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 76 Issue 19 Pages 2752-2754
Keywords NbN HEB detectors, two-temperature model, IF bandwidth
Abstract We report time-resolved characterization of superconducting NbN hot-electron photodetectors using an electro-optic sampling method. Our samples were patterned into micron-size microbridges from 3.5-nm-thick NbN films deposited on sapphire substrates. The devices were illuminated with 100 fs optical pulses, and the photoresponse was measured in the ambient temperature range between 2.15 and 10.6 K (superconducting temperature transition TC). The experimental data agreed very well with the nonequilibrium hot-electron, two-temperature model. The quasiparticle thermalization time was ambient temperature independent and was measured to be 6.5 ps. The inelastic electron–phonon scattering time Ï„e–ph tended to decrease with the temperature increase, although its change remained within the experimental error, while the phonon escape time Ï„es decreased almost by a factor of two when the sample was put in direct contact with superfluid helium. Specifically, Ï„e–ph and Ï„es, fitted by the two-temperature model, were equal to 11.6 and 21 ps at 2.15 K, and 10(±2) and 38 ps at 10.5 K, respectively. The obtained value of Ï„e–ph shows that the maximum intermediate frequency bandwidth of NbN hot-electron phonon-cooled mixers operating at TC can reach 16(+4/–3) GHz if one eliminates the bolometric phonon-heating effect.
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Call Number Serial 856
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Author Shurakov, Alexander; Tong, Edward; Blundell, Raymond; Gol'tsman, Gregory
Title Microwave stabilization of HEB mixer by a microchip controller Type Conference Article
Year 2012 Publication IEEE MTT-S international microwave symposium digest Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-3
Keywords HEB mixer stability, microwave injection, Allan variance, Allan time
Abstract The stability of a Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) mixer can be improved by the use of microwave injection. In this article we report a refinement of this approach. We introduce a microchip controller to facilitate the implementation of the stabilization scheme, and demonstrate that the feedback loop effectively suppresses drifts in the HEB bias current, leading to an improvement in the receiver stability. The measured Allan time of the mixer's IF output power is increased to > 10 s.
Address Montreal, QC, Canada
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Author Elant'ev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.
Title Effect of high-frequency current on Nb superconductive film in resistive state Type Journal Article
Year 1989 Publication Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys. Abbreviated Journal Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys.
Volume 15 Issue 7 Pages 379-383
Keywords Nb HEB
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Call Number Serial 882
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Author Гершензон, Е. М.; Гольцман, Г. Н.; Елантьев, А. И.; Карасик, Б. С.; Потоскуев, С. Э.
Title Разогрев электронов в резистивном состоянии сверхпроводника электромагнитным излучением значительной интенсивности Type Journal Article
Year 1988 Publication Физика низких температур Abbreviated Journal Физика низких температур
Volume 14 Issue 7 Pages 753-763
Keywords HEB
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Call Number Serial 883
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Author Lobanov, Yury; Shcherbatenko, Michael; Shurakov, Alexander; Rodin, Alexander V.; Klimchuk, Artem; Nadezhdinsky, Alexander I.; Maslennikov, Sergey; Larionov, Pavel; Finkel, Matvey; Semenov, Alexander; Verevkin, Aleksandr A.; Voronov, Boris M.; Ponurovsky, Yakov; Klapwijk, Teunis M.; Gol'tsman, Gregory N.
Title Heterodyne detection at near-infrared wavelengths with a superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer Type Journal Article
Year 2014 Publication Opt. Lett. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 39 Issue 6 Pages 1429-1432
Keywords HEB, zebra, IR, infrared
Abstract We report on the development of a highly sensitive optical receiver for heterodyne IR spectroscopy at the communication wavelength of 1.5 μm (200 THz) by use of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer. The results are important for the resolution of narrow spectral molecular lines in the near-IR range for the study of astronomical objects, as well as for quantum optical tomography and fiber-optic sensing. Receiver configuration as well as fiber-to-detector light coupling designs are discussed. Light absorption of the superconducting detectors was enhanced by nano-optical antennas, which were coupled to optical fibers. An intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of about 3 GHz was found in agreement with measurements at 300 GHz, and a noise figure of about 25 dB was obtained that was only 10 dB above the quantum limit.
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Call Number Serial 906
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Author Yagoubov, P.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Svechnikov, S.; Gershenzon, E.
Title Noise temperature and local oscillator power requirement of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at terahertz frequencies Type Journal Article
Year 1998 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 73 Issue 19 Pages 2814-2816
Keywords NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature, local oscillator power
Abstract In this letter, the noise performance of NbN-based phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric quasioptical mixers is investigated in the 0.55–1.1 THz frequency range. The best results of the double-sideband <cd><2018>DSB<cd><2019> noise temperature are: 500 K at 640 GHz, 600 K at 750 GHz, 850 K at 910 GHz, and 1250 K at 1.1 THz. The water vapor in the signal path causes significant contribution to the measured receiver noise temperature around 1.1 THz. The devices are made from 3-nm-thick NbN film on high-resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The in-plane dimensions of the bolometer strip are typically 0.2Ï«2 um. The amount of local oscillator power absorbed in the bolometer is less than 100 nW.
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Call Number Serial 911
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Author Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Kovalyuk, V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W. H. P.
Title Waveguide-integrated single- and multi-photon detection at telecom wavelengths using superconducting nanowires Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 106 Issue 15 Pages 151101 (1 to 5)
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract We investigate single- and multi-photon detection regimes of superconducting nanowire detectors embedded in silicon nitride nanophotonic circuits. At near-infrared wavelengths, simultaneous detection of up to three photons is observed for 120 nm wide nanowires biased far from the critical current, while narrow nanowires below 100 nm provide efficient single photon detection. A theoretical model is proposed to determine the different detection regimes and to calculate the corresponding internal quantum efficiency. The predicted saturation of the internal quantum efficiency in the single photon regime agrees well with plateau behavior observed at high bias currents.

W. H. P. Pernice acknowledges support by the DFG Grant Nos. PE 1832/1-1 and PE 1832/1-2 and the Helmholtz society through Grant No. HIRG-0005. The Ph.D. education of O. Kahl is embedded in the Karlsruhe School of Optics and Photonics (KSOP). G. N. Goltsman acknowledges support by Russian Federation President Grant HШ-1918.2014.2 and Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Contract No.: RFMEFI58614X0007. A. Korneev acknowledges support by Statement Task No. 3.1846.2014/k. V. Kovalyuk acknowledges support by Statement Task No. 2327. We also acknowledge support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the State of Baden-Württemberg through the DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN) within subproject A6.4. We thank S. Kühn and S. Diewald for the help with device fabrication as well as B. Voronov and A. Shishkin for help with NbN thin film deposition and A. Semenov for helpful discussion about the detection mechanism of nanowire SSPD's.

The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Author Glejm, A. V.; Anisimov, A. A.; Asnis, L. N.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Divochiy, A. V.; Egorov, V. I.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Kynev, S. M.; Nazarov, Yu. V.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Rupasov, A. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Smirnov, M. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Kozlov, S. A.
Title Quantum key distribution in an optical fiber at distances of up to 200 km and a bit rate of 180 bit/s Type Journal Article
Year 2014 Publication Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Physics Abbreviated Journal
Volume 78 Issue 3 Pages 171-175
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, applications
Abstract An experimental demonstration of a subcarrier-wave quantum cryptography system with superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) that distributes a secure key in a single-mode fiber at distance of 25 km with a bit rate of 800 kbit/s, a distance of 100 km with a bit rate of 19 kbit/s, and a distance of 200 km with a bit rate of 0.18 kbit/s is described.
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ISSN 1062-8738 ISBN Medium
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Call Number RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ Serial 940
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Author Kardakova, A.; Finkel, M.; Morozov, D.; Kovalyuk, V.; An, P.; Dunscombe, C.; Tarkhov, M.; Mauskopf, P.; Klapwijk, T.M.; Goltsman, G.
Title The electron-phonon relaxation time in thin superconducting titanium nitride films Type Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication Appl. Phys. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Appl. Phys. Lett.
Volume 103 Issue 25 Pages 252602 (1 to 4)
Keywords disordered TiN films, electron-phonon relaxation time
Abstract We report on the direct measurement of the electron-phonon relaxation time, τeph, in disordered TiN films. Measured values of τeph are from 5.5 ns to 88 ns in the 4.2 to 1.7 K temperature range and consistent with a T−3 temperature dependence. The electronic density of states at the Fermi level N0 is estimated from measured material parameters. The presented results confirm that thin TiN films are promising candidate-materials for ultrasensitive superconducting detectors.

The work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Contract No. 14.B25.31.0007 and by the RFBR Grant No. 13-02-91159.
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Call Number RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ Serial 941
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Author Kovalyuk, V.; Hartmann, W.; Kahl, O.; Kaurova, N.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.; Pernice, W. H. P.
Title Absorption engineering of NbN nanowires deposited on silicon nitride nanophotonic circuits Type Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication Opt. Express Abbreviated Journal Opt. Express
Volume 21 Issue 19 Pages 22683-22692
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD, NbN nanoeires, Si3N4 waveguides
Abstract We investigate the absorption properties of U-shaped niobium nitride (NbN) nanowires atop nanophotonic circuits. Nanowires as narrow as 20nm are realized in direct contact with Si3N4 waveguides and their absorption properties are extracted through balanced measurements. We perform a full characterization of the absorption coefficient in dependence of length, width and separation of the fabricated nanowires, as well as for waveguides with different cross-section and etch depth. Our results show excellent agreement with finite-element analysis simulations for all considered parameters. The experimental data thus allows for optimizing absorption properties of emerging single-photon detectors co-integrated with telecom wavelength optical circuits.
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ISSN 1094-4087 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:24104155 Approved no
Call Number Serial 1213
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Author Rasulova, G. K.; Brunkov, P. N.; Pentin, I. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Gorshkov, K. N.; Kazakov, A. Y.; Ivanov, S. Y.; Egorov, A. Y.; Sakseev, D. A.; Konnikov, S. G.
Title Mutual synchronization of two coupled self-oscillators based on GaAs/AlGaAs superlattices Type Journal Article
Year 2011 Publication Tech. Phys. Abbreviated Journal Tech. Phys.
Volume 56 Issue 6 Pages 826-830
Keywords GaAs/AlGaAs superlattices
Abstract The interaction of self-oscillators based on 30-period weakly coupled GaAs/AlGaAs superlattices is studied. The action of one self-oscillator on the other was observed for a constant bias voltage in the absence of generation of self-sustained oscillations in one of the oscillators. It is shown that induced oscillations in a forced oscillator appear due to excitation of oscillations in the system of coupled oscillators forming the electric-field domain wall at the frequency of one of the higher harmonics of a forcing oscillation.
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ISSN 1063-7842 ISBN Medium
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Call Number Serial 1214
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Author Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Golts'man, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov B.
Title Superconductive NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer performance at 250 GHz Type Conference Article
Year 1996 Publication Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
Volume Issue Pages 331-336
Keywords NbN HEB mixers
Abstract Thin film NbN (<40 A) strips are used as waveguide mixer elements. The electron cooling mechanism for the geometry is the electron-phonon interaction. We report a receiver noise temperature of 750 K at 244 GHz, with / IF = 1.5 GHz, Af= 500 MHz, and Tphysical = 4 K. The instantaneous bandwidth for this mixer is 1.6 GHz. The local oscillator (LO) power is 0.5 1.tW with 3 dB-uncertainty. The mixer is linear to 1 dB up to an input power level 6 dB below the LO power. We report the first detection of a molecular line emission using this class of mixer, and that the receiver noise temperature determined from Y-factor measurements reflects the true heterodyne sensitivity.
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Call Number Serial 945
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Author Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W. H. P.
Title Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detectors with high internal quantum efficiency at telecom wavelengths Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication Sci. Rep. Abbreviated Journal Sci. Rep.
Volume 5 Issue Pages 10941 (1 to 11)
Keywords optical waveguides; waveguide integrated SSPD; waveguide SSPD; nanophotonics
Abstract Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) provide high efficiency for detecting individual photons while keeping dark counts and timing jitter minimal. Besides superior detection performance over a broad optical bandwidth, compatibility with an integrated optical platform is a crucial requirement for applications in emerging quantum photonic technologies. Here we present efficiencies close to unity at 1550nm wavelength. This allows for the SNSPDs to be operated at bias currents far below the critical current where unwanted dark count events reach milli-Hz levels while on-chip detection efficiencies above 70% are maintained. The measured dark count rates correspond to noiseequivalent powers in the 10–19W/Hz–1/2 range and the timing jitter is as low as 35ps. Our detectors are fully scalable and interface directly with waveguide-based optical platforms.
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Notes PMID:26061283; PMCID:PMC4462017 Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ Serial 946
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Author Bell, M.; Sergeev, A.; Mitin, V.; Bird, J.; Verevkin, A.; Gol'tsman, G.
Title One-dimensional resistive states in quasi-two-dimensional superconductors Type Journal Article
Year 2007 Publication arXiv:0709.0709v1 [cond-mat.supr-con] Abbreviated Journal
Volume Issue Pages 1-11
Keywords
Abstract We investigate competition between one- and two-dimensional topological excitations – phase slips and vortices – in formation of resistive states in quasi-two-dimensional superconductors in a wide temperature range below the mean-field transition temperature T(C0). The widths w = 100 nm of our ultrathin NbN samples is substantially larger than the Ginzburg-Landau coherence length ξ = 4nm and the fluctuation resistivity above T(C0) has a two-dimensional character. However, our data shows that the resistivity below T(C0) is produced by one-dimensional excitations, – thermally activated phase slip strips (PSSs) overlapping the sample cross-section. We also determine the scaling phase diagram, which shows that even in wider samples the PSS contribution dominates over vortices in a substantial region of current/temperature variations. Measuring the resistivity within seven orders of magnitude, we find that the quantum phase slips can only be essential below this level.
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Call Number RPLAB @ atomics90 @ Serial 948
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Author Schuck, C.; Pernice, W. H. P.; Minaeva, O.; Li, Mo; Gol'tsman, G.; Sergienko, A. V.; Tang, H. X.
Title Matrix of integrated superconducting single-photon detectors with high timing resolution Type Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages 2201007-2201007
Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD, array, matrix
Abstract We demonstrate a large grid of individually addressable superconducting single photon detectors on a single chip. Each detector element is fully integrated into an independent waveguide circuit with custom functionality at telecom wavelengths. High device density is achieved by fabricating the nanowire detectors in traveling wave geometry directly on top of silicon-on-insulator waveguides. Our superconducting single photon detector matrix includes detector designs optimized for high detection efficiency, low dark count rate, and high timing accuracy. As an example, we exploit the high timing resolution of a particularly short nanowire design to resolve individual photon round-trips in a cavity ring-down measurement of a silicon ring resonator.
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ISSN 1051-8223 ISBN Medium
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Call Number Serial 1373
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Author Lusche, Robert; Semenov, Alexey; Huebers, Heinz-Willhelm; Ilin, Konstantin; Siegel, Michael; Korneeva, Yuliya; Trifonov, Andrey; Korneev, Alexander; Goltsman, Gregory
Title Effect of the wire geometry and an externally applied magnetic field on the detection efficiency of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors Type Abstract
Year 2013 Publication INIS Abbreviated Journal INIS
Volume 46 Issue 8 Pages 1-3
Keywords TaN, NbN SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract The interest in single-photon detectors in the near-infrared wavelength regime for applications, e.g. in quantum cryptography has immensely increased in the last years. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPD) already show quite reasonable detection efficiencies in the NIR which can even be further improved. Novel theoretical approaches including vortex-assisted photon counting state that the detection efficiency in the long wavelength region can be enhanced by the detector geometry and an applied magnetic field. We present spectral measurements in the wavelength range from 350-2500 nm of the detection efficiency of meander-type TaN and NbN SNSPD with varying nanowire line width from 80 to 250 nm. Due to the used experimental setup we can accurately normalize the measured spectra and are able to extract the intrinsic detection efficiency (IDE) of our detectors. The results clearly indicate an improvement of the IDE depending on the wire width according to the theoretic models. Furthermore we experimentally found that the smallest detectable photon-flux can be increased by applying a small magnetic field to the detectors.
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Call Number Serial 1374
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Author Shurakov, A.; Tong, Cheuk-yu E.; Grimes, P.; Blundell, R.; Golt'sman, G.
Title A microwave reflection readout scheme for hot electron bolometric direct detector Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol.
Volume 5 Issue Pages 81-84
Keywords HEB detectors
Abstract In this paper, we propose and present data from a fast THz detector based on the repurpose of hot electron bolometer mixers (HEB) fabricated from superconducting NbN thinfilm. This detector is essentially a traditional NbN bolometer element that operates under the influence of a microwave pump. The in-jected microwave power serves the dual purpose of enhancing the detector sensitivity and reading out the impedance changes of the device in response to incidentTHz radiation. We have measured an optical Noise Equivalent Power of 4 pW/ Hz for our detector at a bath temperature of 4.2 K. The measurement frequency was 0.83 THz and the modulation frequency was 1.48 kHz. The readout

scheme is versatile and facilitates both high-speed operation as well as multi-pixel applications.
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Call Number RPLAB @ atomics90 @ Serial 950
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Author Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Ryabchun, S.; Gol'tsman, G.
Title Probing the stability of HEB mixers with microwave injection Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 25 Issue 3 Pages 2300404 (1 to 4)
Keywords NbN HEB mixer, stability, Allan-variance
Abstract Using a microwave probe as a tool, we have performed experiments aimed at understanding the origin of the output-power fluctuations in hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers. We use a probe frequency of 1.5 GHz. The microwave probe picks up impedance changes of the HEB, which are examined upon demodulation of the reflected wave outside the cryostat. This study shows that the HEB mixer operates in two different regimes under a terahertz pump. At a low pumping level, strong pulse modulation is observed, as the device switches between the superconducting state and the normal state at a rate of a few megahertz. When pumped much harder, to approximate the low-noise mixer operating point, residual modulation can still be observed, showing that the HEB mixer is intrinsically unstable even in the resistive state. Based on these observations, we introduced a low-frequency termination to the HEB mixer. By terminating the device in a 50-Ω resistor in the megahertz frequency range, we have been able to improve the output-power Allan time of our HEB receiver by a factor of four to about 10 s for a detection bandwidth of 15 MHz, with a corresponding gain fluctuation of about 0.035%.
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1051-8223 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1355
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Author Lobanov, Y.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Finkel, M.; Maslennikov, S.; Semenov, A.; Voronov, B. M.; Rodin, A. V.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
Title NbN hot-electron-bolometer mixer for operation in the near-IR frequency range Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 25 Issue 3 Pages 2300704 (1 to 4)
Keywords HEB mixer, IR, optical antenna
Abstract Traditionally, hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers are employed for THz and “super-THz” heterodyne detection. To explore the near-IR spectral range, we propose a fiber-coupled NbN film based HEB mixer. To enhance the incident-light absorption, a quasi-antenna consisting of a set of parallel stripes of gold is used. To study the antenna effect on the mixer performance, we have experimentally studied a set of devices with different size of the Au stripe and spacing between the neighboring stripes. With use of the well-known isotherm technique we have estimated the absorption efficiency of the mixer, and the maximum efficiency has been observed for devices with the smallest pitch of the alternating NbN and NbN-Au stripes. Also, a proper alignment of the incident Eâƒ<2014>-field with respect to the stripes allows us to improve the coupling further. Studying IV-characteristics of the mixer under differently-aligned Eâƒ<2014>-field of the incident radiation, we have noticed a difference in their shape. This observation suggests that a difference exists in the way the two waves with orthogonal polarizations parallel and perpendicular Eâƒ<2014>-field to the stripes heat the electrons in the HEB mixer. The latter results in a variation in the electron temperature distribution over the HEB device irradiated by the two waves.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 952
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Author Seliverstov, S.; Maslennikov, S.; Ryabchun, S.; Finkel, M.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Kaurova, N.; Vachtomin, Yu.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.
Title Fast and sensitive terahertz direct detector based on superconducting antenna-coupled hot electron bolometer Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 25 Issue 3 Pages 2300304
Keywords HEB detector responsivity, HEB model, numerical calculations, numerical model
Abstract We characterize superconducting antenna-coupled hot-electron bolometers for direct detection of terahertz radiation operating at a temperature of 9.0 K. The estimated value of responsivity obtained from lumped-element theory is strongly different from the measured one. A numerical calculation of the detector responsivity is developed, using the Euler method, applied to the system of heat balance equations written in recurrent form. This distributed element model takes into account the effect of nonuniform heating of the detector along its length and provides results that are in better agreement with the experiment. At a signal frequency of 2.5 THz, the measured value of the optical detector noise equivalent power is 2.0 × 10-13 W · Hz-0.5. The value of the bolometer time constant is 35 ps. The corresponding energy resolution is about 3 aJ. This detector has a sensitivity similar to that of the state-of-the-art sub-millimeter detectors operating at accessible cryogenic temperatures, but with a response time several orders of magnitude shorter.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 953
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Author Maslennikov, S.
Title RF heating efficiency of the terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer Type Journal Article
Year 2014 Publication arXiv Abbreviated Journal arXiv
Volume 1404.5276 Issue Pages 1-4
Keywords superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer, HEB, NbN, distributed model, HEB model, HEB mixer model, heat balance equa-tions, conversion gain, RF heating efficiency, noise temperature, simulation, Euler method
Abstract We report results of the numerical solution by the Euler method of the system of heat balance equations written in recurrent form for the superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) embedded in an electrical circuit. By taking into account the dependence of the HEB resistance on the transport current we have been able to calculate rigorously the RF heating efficiency, absorbed local oscillator (LO) power and conversion gain of the HEB mixer. We show that the calculated conversion gai nis in excellent agreement with the experimental results, and that the substitution of the calculated RF heating efficiency and absorbed LO power into the expressions for the conversion gain and noise temperature given by the analytical small-signal model of the HEB yields excellent agreement with the corresponding measured values
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Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ atomics90 @ Serial 954
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Author Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gousev, Y. P.; Elant’ev, A. I.; Semenov, A. D.
Title Electromagnetic radiation mixer based on electron heating in resistive state of superconductive Nb and YBaCuO films Type Journal Article
Year 1991 Publication IEEE Trans. Magn. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Magn.
Volume 27 Issue 2 Pages 1317-1320
Keywords YBCO, HTS, Nb HEB mixers
Abstract A theory of an electron-heating mixer which makes it possible to calculate all the characteristics of the device is developed. It is shown that positive conversion gain is possible for such a mixer in the millimeter to near-infrared wavelength range. The dynamic range and the optimum heterodyne power can be selected from a very wide interval by varying the mixing element volume. Measurements made for Nb within the frequency range of 120-750 GHz confirm the theory. The conversion loss obtained at T=1.6 K and normalized to the element reaches 0.3 dB in the intermediate frequency band of 40 MHz; the possible noise temperature is 50 K. The estimation of noise temperature and output band for YBaCuO at T=77 yields 200 K and more than 10 GHz, respectively.
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 1941-0069 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1681
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Author Gol’tsman, G.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Lipatov, A.; Dzardanov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Semenov, A.; Voronov, B.; Williams, C.; Sobolewski, R.
Title Fabrication and properties of an ultrafast NbN hot-electron single-photon detector Type Journal Article
Year 2001 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 11 Issue 1 Pages 574-577
Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract A new type of ultra-high-speed single-photon counter for visible and near-infrared wavebands based on an ultrathin NbN hot-electron photodetector (HEP) has been developed. The detector consists of a very narrow superconducting stripe, biased close to its critical current. An incoming photon absorbed by the stripe produces a resistive hotspot and causes an increase in the film’s supercurrent density above the critical value, leading to temporary formation of a resistive barrier across the device and an easily measurable voltage pulse. Our NbN HEP is an ultrafast (estimated response time is 30 ps; registered time, due to apparatus limitations, is 150 ps), frequency unselective device with very large intrinsic gain and negligible dark counts. We have observed sequences of output pulses, interpreted as single-photon events for very weak laser beams with wavelengths ranging from 0.5 /spl mu/m to 2.1 /spl mu/m and the signal-to-noise ratio of about 30 dB.
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1558-2515 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1547
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Author Корнеева, Ю. П.; Флоря, И. Н.; Корнеев, А. А.; Гольцман, Г. Н.
Title Cверхпроводящий однофотонный детектор для дальнего ИК диапазона длин волн Type Conference Article
Year 2010 Publication Науч. сессия НИЯУ МИФИ Abbreviated Journal Науч. сессия НИЯУ МИФИ
Volume Issue Pages 46-47
Keywords SSPD
Abstract Мы представляем быстродействующий сверхпроводниковый однофотонный детектор (SSPD) для дальнего инфракрасного диапазона на основе ультратонкой монокристаллической пленки NbN толщиной 3 нм, состоящий из параллельных полосок. QE на длине волны 1,5.μм и 1,3 μм для предложенного SSPD практически одинаковы. SSPD показывает отклик длительностью 200 пс, что открывает путь к детекторам, обладающим скоростью счета свыше 1 ГГц.
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN ISBN 978-5-7262-1227-2 Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes УДК 533.14(06)+004.056(06) Фотоника и информационная оптика Approved no
Call Number Serial 1144
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Author Verevkin, A.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Sobolewski, Roman; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Smimov, K.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
Title Spectral sensitivity and temporal resolution of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors Type Conference Article
Year 2002 Publication Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. Abbreviated Journal Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
Volume Issue Pages 105-111
Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract We report our studies on spectral sensitivity and time resolution of superconducting NbN thin film single-photon detectors (SPDs). Our SPDs exhibit an everimentally measured detection efficiencies (DE) from — 0.2% at 2=1550 nm up to —3% at lambda=405 nm wavelength for 10-nm film thickness devices and up to 3.5% at lambda=1550 nm for 3.5-nm film thickness devices. Spectral dependences of detection efficiency (DE) at 2=0.4 —3.0 pm range are presented. With variable optical delay setup, it is shown that NbN SPD potentially can resolve optical pulses with the repetition rate up to 10 GHz at least. The observed full width at the half maximum (FWHM) of the signal pulse is about 150-180 ps, limited by read-out electronics. The jitter of NbN SPD is measured to be —35 ps at optimum biasing.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1528
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Author Hajenius, M.; Barends, R.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
Title Local resistivity and the current-voltage characteristics of hot electron bolometer mixers Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 15 Issue 2 Pages 495-498
Keywords HEB mixer distributed model, HEB distributed model, distributed HEB model
Abstract Hot-electron bolometer devices, used successfully in low noise heterodyne mixing at frequencies up to 2.5 THz, have been analyzed. A distributed temperature numerical model of the NbN bridge, based on a local electron and a phonon temperature, is used to model pumped IV curves and understand the physical conditions during the mixing process. We argue that the mixing is predominantly due to the strongly temperature dependent local resistivity of the NbN. Experimentally we identify the origins of different transition temperatures in a real HEB device, suggesting the importance of the intrinsic resistive transition of the superconducting bridge in the modeling.
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 1051-8223 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 980
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Author Dzardanov, A.; Ekstrom, H.; Gershenzon, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Jacobsson, S.; Karasik, B.; Kollberg, E.; Okunev, O.; Voronov, B.; Yngvesson, S.
Title Hot-electron superconducting mixers for 20-500 GHz operation Type Conference Article
Year 1994 Publication Proc. Int. Conf. on Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves and Appl. Abbreviated Journal
Volume 2250 Issue 4D Pages 276-278
Keywords
Abstract Bolometdcmucers based on Nb and NbN superconducting thin films in the resistive state have been prepared for 20, 100 GHz and 350-500 GHz operation. The mixing mechanism is presumably of electron heating origin. Our measurements indicate that a conversion loss of about 6-8 dB can rather easily be achieved, and that the noise is reasonably low. The requirements on the operation mode and on the film parameters in order to obtain small conversion losses or even gain are discussed. For NbN films the availability of nearly 1 GHz IF bandwidth is experimentally demonstrated. NbN hot-electron mucers combined with slot-line tapered antenna on Si membrane or with double-dipole antenna on SiO^ substrate have been fabricated. The devices we study are considered to be very promising for use in heterodyne receivers from microwaves to terahertz frequencies.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ phisix @ Serial 981
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Author Гольцман, Г. Н.; Птицина, Н. Г.; Ригер, Е. Р.
Title Оже-рекомбинация свободных носителей на мелких донорах в германии Type Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication Физика и техника полупроводников Abbreviated Journal Физика и техника полупроводников
Volume 18 Issue 9 Pages 1684-1686
Keywords Ge, free carrier recombination
Abstract
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Publisher (up) Place of Publication Editor
Language Russian Summary Language Original Title
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1710
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Author Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Multanovskii, V. V.; Ptitsina, N. G.
Title Kinetics of electron and hole binding into excitons in germanium Type Journal Article
Year 1983 Publication Sov. Phys. JETP Abbreviated Journal Sov. Phys. JETP
Volume 57 Issue 2 Pages 369-376
Keywords Ge, electron and hole binding
Abstract The kinetics of binding of free carriers'into excitons under stationary and nonstationary conditions is studied by investigating the submillimeter photoconductivity of Ge in a wide range of temperatures and of excitation levels. It is shown that the absolute values and the temperature dependence of the binding cross section (o- T-'.' ) can be satisfactorily described by the cascade recombination theory. The value of o and its temperature dependence differ significantly from the cross sections, measured in the same manner, for capture by attracting small impurities. Under nonstationary conditions, just as in the case of recombination with shallow impurities, a signifi- cant role is played by the sticking of the carriers in highly excited states.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1711
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Author Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
Title Heating of electrons in a superconductor in the resistive state by electromagnetic radiation Type Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication Sov. Phys. JETP Abbreviated Journal Sov. Phys. JETP
Volume 59 Issue 2 Pages 442-450
Keywords Nb HEB
Abstract The effect of heating of electrons relative to phonons is observed and investigated in a superconducting film that is made resistive by current and by an external magnetic field. The effect is manifested by an increase of the film resistance under the influence of the electromagnetic radiation, and is not selective in the frequency band 10^10-10^15 Hz. The independence of the effect of frequency under conditions of strong scattering by static defects is attributed to the decisive role of electron-electron collisions in the distribution function. The experimentally obtained characteristic time of resistance variation near the superconducting transition corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter, while at lower temperatures and fields it corresponds to the time of the inelastic electron-phonon interaction.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ phisix @ Serial 983
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Author Goltsman, G. N.; Maliavkin, A. V.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Selevko, A. G.
Title Magnetic exciton spectroscopy in uniaxially compressed Ge at submillimeter waves Type Conference Article
Year 1986 Publication Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya Abbreviated Journal Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya
Volume 50 Issue Pages 280-281
Keywords Ge, axial compression loads, excitons, germanium, magnetic spectroscopy, submillimeter waves, Zeeman effect
Abstract
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Publisher (up) Place of Publication Editor
Language Russian Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 0367-6755 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference 3rd Vsesoiuznyi Seminar po Opticheskomu Detektirovaniiu Magnitnykh Rezonansov v Tverdykh Telakh, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR, May 1985
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1708
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Author Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semyonov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
Title Heating of electrons in superconductor in the resistive state due to electromagnetic radiation Type Journal Article
Year 1984 Publication Solid State Communications Abbreviated Journal Solid State Communications
Volume 50 Issue 3 Pages 207-212
Keywords Nb HEB
Abstract The effect of heating electrons with respect to phonons in a thin superconducting film driven into the resistive state by the current and the external magnetic field has been observed and investigated. This effect caused by the electromagnetic radiation is manifested in the increased resistance of the film and is not selective over the frequency range from 1010 to 1015 Hz. That the effect is frequency independent under the conditions of strong electron scattering caused by static defects is explained by the decisive role of electron -electron collisions in forming the distribution function. The characteristic time of resistance change, obtained experimentally, corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter near the superconducting transition and to the relaxation time of the nonelastic electron-phonon interaction at lower temperatures and in lower magnetic fields.
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Language Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0038-1098 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1709
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Author Gershenzon, E. M.; Il'in, V. A.; Litvak-Gorskaya, L. B.; Filonovich, S. R.
Title Character of submillimeter photoconductivity in n-lnSb Type Journal Article
Year 1979 Publication Sov. Phys. JETP Abbreviated Journal Sov. Phys. JETP
Volume 49 Issue 1 Pages 121-128
Keywords
Abstract A comprehensive investigation was made of the submillimeter photoconductivity of n -1nSb in the range of wavelengths L = 0.6-8 mm, magnetic fields H = 0-30 kOe, electric fields E = 0.01-0.5 V/cm, and temperatures T = 1.3-30 K. The kinetics of the photoconductivity processes as a function of T, E; and H is investigated. It is shown that impurity photoconductivity does exist for any degree of compensation of extremely purified n-InSb. Particular attention is paid to the hopping photoconductivity realized in strongly compensated n-1nSb (K > 0.8).
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Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ phisix @ Serial 985
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Author Ptitsina N. G.; Chulkova G. M.; Il'in K. S.; Sergeev A. V.; Pochinkov F. S.; Gershenzon E. M.
Title Superconductivity has been found in a number of new compounds between the non-superconducting transition elements and nonmetals such as Si, Ge, and Te. These findings have suggested possible criteria for superconductivity in both elements and compounds. Type Journal Article
Year 1997 Publication Phys. Rev. B Abbreviated Journal Phys. Rev. B
Volume 56 Issue 16 Pages
Keywords
Abstract The temperature dependence of the resistance of films of Al, Be, and NbC with small values of the electron mean free path L=1.5– 10 nm has been measured at 4.2–300 K. The resistance of all the films contains a T^2 contribution that is proportional to the residual resistance; this contribution has been attributed to the interference between the elastic electron scattering and the electron-phonon scattering. Fitting the data to the theory of the electron-phonon-impurity interference „M. Yu. Reiser and A. V. Sergeev, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 92, 224 ~1987! @Sov. Phys. JETP 65, 1291 ~1987!#…, we obtain constants of nteraction of the electrons with transverse phonons, and estimate the contribution of this interaction to the electron dephasing rate in thin films of Au, Al, Be, Nb, and NbC. Our estimates are in a good agreement with the experimental data on the inelastic electronphonon scattering in these films. This indicates that the interaction of electrons with transverse phonons controls the electron-phonon relaxation rate in thin-metal films over a broad temperature range.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ phisix @ Serial 988
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Author Ptitsina, N. G.; Chulkova, G. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
Title Influence of the interference of electron-phonon and electron-impurity scattering on the conductivity of unordered Nb films Type Journal Article
Year 1995 Publication JETP Abbreviated Journal JETP
Volume 80 Issue 5 Pages 960-964
Keywords
Abstract The temperature dependence of the resistivity of Nb thin films has been studied at T=4.2-300 K. It has been shown that quantum interference between electron-phonon and electron-impurity scattering determines the temperature dependence of the resistivity of the films investigated over a broad temperature range. The magnitude of the contribution of the electron-phonon-impurity,interference is described satisfactorily by the theory developed by Reizer and Sergeev {Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 92,2291 (1987) [Sov. Phys. JETP 65, 1291 (1987)l). The interaction constants of electrons with longitudinal and transverse phonons in Nb films have been determined for the first time by comparing the experimental data with the theory. The values of the constants obtained are consistent with the data on the inelastic electron-phonon scattering times in the films investigated. The contribution of the transverse phonons is dominant both in the interference correction to the resistivity and in the electron energy relaxation.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ phisix @ Serial 989
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Author Murphy, A.; Semenov, A.; Korneev, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Gol'tsman, G.; Bezryadin, A.
Title Three temperature regimes in superconducting photon detectors: quantum, thermal and multiple phase-slips as generators of dark counts Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication Sci. Rep. Abbreviated Journal Sci. Rep.
Volume 5 Issue Pages 10174 (1 to 10)
Keywords SPD, SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract We perform measurements of the switching current distributions of three w approximately 120 nm wide, 4 nm thick NbN superconducting strips which are used for single-photon detectors. These strips are much wider than the diameter of the vortex cores, so they are classified as quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D). We discover evidence of macroscopic quantum tunneling by observing the saturation of the standard deviation of the switching distributions at temperatures around 2 K. We analyze our results using the Kurkijarvi-Garg model and find that the escape temperature also saturates at low temperatures, confirming that at sufficiently low temperatures, macroscopic quantum tunneling is possible in quasi-2D strips and can contribute to dark counts observed in single photon detectors. At the highest temperatures the system enters a multiple phase-slip regime. In this range single phase-slips are unable to produce dark counts and the fluctuations in the switching current are reduced.
Address Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 2045-2322 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:25988591; PMCID:PMC4437302 Approved no
Call Number Serial 1344
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Author Korneev, A. A.; Korneeva, Y. P.; Mikhailov, M. Yu.; Pershin, Y. P.; Semenov, A. V.; Vodolazov, D. Yu.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Sivakov, A. G.; Devizenko, A. Yu.; Goltsman, G. N.
Title Characterization of MoSi superconducting single-photon detectors in the magnetic field Type Journal Article
Year 2015 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 25 Issue 3 Pages 2200504 (1 to 4)
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract We investigate the response mechanism of nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) made of amorphous MoxSi1-x. We study the dependence of photon count and dark count rates on bias current in magnetic fields up to 113 mT at 1.7 K temperature. The observed behavior of photon counts is similar to the one recently observed in NbN SSPDs. Our results show that the detecting mechanism of relatively high-energy photons does not involve the vortex penetration from the edges of the film, and on the contrary, the detecting mechanism of low-energy photons probably involves the vortex penetration from the film edges.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number RPLAB @ akorneev @ KorneevIEEE2015 Serial 991
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Author Zhang, W.; Miao, W.; Zhong, J. Q.; Shi, S. C.; Hayton, D. J.; Vercruyssen, N.; Gao, J. R.; Goltsman, G. N.
Title Temperature dependence of the receiver noise temperature and IF bandwidth of superconducting hot electron bolometer mixers Type Journal Article
Year 2014 Publication Supercond. Sci. Technol. Abbreviated Journal Supercond. Sci. Technol.
Volume 27 Issue 8 Pages 085013 (1 to 5)
Keywords NbN HEB mixers
Abstract In this paper we study the temperature dependence of the receiver noise temperature and IF noise bandwidth of superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. Three superconducting NbN HEB devices of different transition temperatures (Tc) are measured at 0.85 THz and 1.4 THz at different bath temperatures (Tbath) between 4 K and 9 K. Measurement results demonstrate that the receiver noise temperature of superconducting NbN HEB devices is nearly constant for Tbath/Tc, less than 0.8, which is consistent with the simulation based on a distributed hot-spot model. In addition, the IF noise bandwidth appears independent of Tbath/Tc, indicating the dominance of phonon cooling in the investigated HEB devices.
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Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 0953-2048 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1358
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Author Zhang, W.; Miao, W.; Yao, Q. J.; Lin, Z. H.; Shi, S. C.; Gao, J. R.; Goltsman, G. N.
Title Spectral response and noise temperature of a 2.5 THz spiral antenna coupled NbN HEB mixer Type Journal Article
Year 2012 Publication Phys. Procedia Abbreviated Journal Phys. Procedia
Volume 36 Issue Pages 334-337
Keywords NbN HEB mixer
Abstract We report on a 2.5 THz spiral antenna coupled NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers, fabricated with in-situ process. The receiver noise temperature with lowest value of 1180 K is in good agreement with calculated quantum efficiency factor as a function of bias voltage. In addition, the measured spectral response of the spiral antenna coupled NbN HEB mixer shows broad frequency coverage of 0.8-3 THz, and corrected response for optical losses, FTS, and coupling efficiency between antenna and bolometer falls with frequency due to diffraction-limited beam of lens/antenna combination.
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ISSN 1875-3892 ISBN Medium
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Serial 1381
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Author Beck, M.; Rousseau, I.; Klammer, M.; Leiderer, P.; Mittendorff, M.; Winnerl, S.; Helm, M.; Gol'tsman, G.N.; Demsar, J.
Title Transient increase of the energy gap of superconducting NbN thin films excited by resonant narrow-band terahertz pulses Type Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication Phys. Rev. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Phys. Rev. Lett.
Volume 110 Issue 26 Pages 267003 (1 to 5)
Keywords NbN thin films, energy gap
Abstract Observations of radiation-enhanced superconductivity have thus far been limited to a few type-I superconductors (Al, Sn) excited at frequencies between the inelastic scattering rate and the superconducting gap frequency 2Delta/h. Utilizing intense, narrow-band, picosecond, terahertz pulses, tuned to just below and above 2Delta/h of a BCS superconductor NbN, we demonstrate that the superconducting gap can be transiently increased also in a type-II dirty-limit superconductor. The effect is particularly pronounced at higher temperatures and is attributed to radiation induced nonthermal electron distribution persisting on a 100 ps time scale.
Address Department of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Germany
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ISSN 0031-9007 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:23848912 Approved no
Call Number Serial 1370
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Author Korneev, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Manova, N.; Larionov, P.; Divochiy, A.; Semenov, A.; Chulkova, G.; Vachtomin, Y.; Smirnov, K.; Goltsman, G.
Title Recent nanowire superconducting single-photon detector optimization for practical applications Type Journal Article
Year 2013 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
Volume 23 Issue 3 Pages 2201204 (1 to 4)
Keywords SSPD, SNSPD
Abstract In this paper, we present our approaches to the development of fiber-coupled superconducting single photon detectors with enhanced photon absorption. For such devices we have measured detection efficiency in wavelength range from 500 to 2000 nm. The best fiber coupled devices exhibit detection efficiency of 44.5% at 1310 nm wavelength and 35.5% at 1550 nm at 10 dark counts per second.
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Call Number RPLAB @ akorneev @ KorneevIEEE2013 Serial 996
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