| Records |
| Author |
Jiang, L.; Li, J.; Zhang, W.; Yao, Q. J.; Lin, Z. L.; Shi, S. C.; Vachtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Goltsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Characterization of NbN HEB mixers cooled by a close-cycled 4 Kelvin refrigerator |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume |
15 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
511-513 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
It is quite beneficial to operate superconducting hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers with a close-cycled 4 Kelvin refrigerator for real applications such as astronomy and atmospheric research. In this paper, a phononcooled NbN HEB mixer (quasioptical type) is thoroughly characterized under such a cooling circumstance. The effects of mechanical vibration, electrical interference, and temperature fluctuation of a two-stage Gifford-McMahon 4 Kelvin refrigerator upon the characteristics of the phononcooled NbN HEB mixer are investigated in particular. Detailed measurement results are presented. |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1558-2515 |
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no |
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Serial  |
1469 |
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| Author |
Gol'tsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Rubtsova, I.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G.; Minaeva, O.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Słysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. |
| Title |
Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors for near-infrared-wavelength quantum communications |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Phys. Stat. Sol. (C) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. Stat. Sol. (C) |
| Volume |
2 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1480-1488 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
We present our progress on the research and development of NbN superconducting single‐photon detectors (SSPD's) for ultrafast counting of near‐infrared photons for secure quantum communications. Our SSPD's operate in the quantum detection mode based on the photon‐induced hotspot formation and subsequent development of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron‐width superconducting stripe. The devices are fabricated from 4‐nm‐thick NbN films and kept in the 4.2‐ to 2‐K temperature range. The detector experimental quantum efficiency in the photon‐counting mode reaches above 40% for the visible light and up to 30% in the 1.3‐ to 1.55‐µm wavelength range with dark counts below 0.01 per second. The experimental real‐time counting rate is above 2 GHz and is limited by our readout electronics. The SSPD's timing jitter is below 18 ps, and the best‐measured value of the noise‐equivalent power (NEP) is 5 × 10–21 W/Hz1/2 at 1.3 µm. In terms of quantum efficiency, timing jitter, and maximum counting rate, our NbN SSPD's significantly outperform semiconductor avalanche photodiodes and photomultipliers in the 1.3‐ to 1.55‐µm range. |
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| ISSN |
1610-1634 |
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no |
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Serial |
1479 |
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| Author |
Słysz, W.; Węgrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. |
| Title |
NbN superconducting single-photon detector coupled with a communication fiber |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
46 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
51-52 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
We present novel superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs), based on ultrathin NbN films, designed for fiber-based quantum communications (lambda = 1.3 žm and 1.55 žm). For fiber-based operation, our SSPDs contain a special micromechanical construction integrated with the NbN structure, which enables efficient and mechanically very stabile fiber coupling. The detectors combine GHz counting rate, high quantum efficiency and very low level of dark counts. At 1.3 – 1.55 žm wavelength range our detector exhibits a quantum efficiency up to 10%. |
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Polish |
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no |
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Serial |
1481 |
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| Author |
Meledin, D. V.; Marrone, D. P.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Gibson, H.; Blundell, R.; Paine, S. N.; Papa, D.C.; Smith, M.; Hunter, T. R.; Battat, J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. |
| Title |
A 1-THz superconducting hot-electron-bolometer receiver for astronomical observations |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn. |
| Volume |
52 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
2338-2343 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixer, applications |
| Abstract |
In this paper, we describe a superconducting hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver developed to operate in atmospheric windows between 800-1300 GHz. The receiver uses a waveguide mixer element made of 3-4-nm-thick NbN film deposited over crystalline quartz. This mixer yields double-sideband receiver noise temperatures of 1000 K at around 1.0 THz, and 1600 K at 1.26 THz, at an IF of 3.0 GHz. The receiver was successfully tested in the laboratory using a gas cell as a spectral line test source. It is now in use on the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory terahertz test telescope in northern Chile. |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0018-9480 |
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no |
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Serial |
1484 |
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Verevkin, A.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Zhang, J.; Currie, M.; Korneev, A.; Chulkova, G.; Okunev, O.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, R. |
| Title |
Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors for near-infrared-wavelength quantum communications |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
J. Modern Opt. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Modern Opt. |
| Volume |
51 |
Issue |
9-10 |
Pages |
1447-1458 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
The paper reports progress on the design and development of niobium-nitride, superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) for ultrafast counting of near-infrared photons for secure quantum communications. The SSPDs operate in the quantum detection mode, based on photon-induced hotspot formation and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-width superconducting stripe. The devices are fabricated from 3.5 nm thick NbN films and kept at cryogenic (liquid helium) temperatures inside a cryostat. The detector experimental quantum efficiency in the photon-counting mode reaches above 20% in the visible radiation range and up to 10% at the 1.3–1.55 μn infrared range. The dark counts are below 0.01 per second. The measured real-time counting rate is above 2 GHz and is limited by readout electronics (the intrinsic response time is below 30 ps). The SSPD jitter is below 18 ps, and the best-measured value of the noise-equivalent power (NEP) is 2 × 10−18 W/Hz1/2. at 1.3 μm. In terms of photon-counting efficiency and speed, these NbN SSPDs significantly outperform semiconductor avalanche photodiodes and photomultipliers. |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0950-0340 |
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no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1488 |
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| Author |
Goltsman, G.; Korneev, A.; Izbenko, V.; Smirnov, K.; Kouminov, P.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Verevkin, A.; Zhang, J.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Sobolewski, R. |
| Title |
Nano-structured superconducting single-photon detectors |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
520 |
Issue |
1-3 |
Pages |
527-529 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
NbN detectors, formed into meander-type, 10×10-μm2 area structures, based on ultrathin (down to 3.5-nm thickness) and nanometer-width (down to below 100 nm) NbN films are capable of efficiently detecting and counting single photons from the ultraviolet to near-infrared optical wavelength range. Our best devices exhibit QE >15% in the visible range and ∼10% in the 1.3–1.5-μm infrared telecommunication window. The noise equivalent power (NEP) ranges from ∼10−17 W/Hz1/2 at 1.5 μm radiation to ∼10−19 W/Hz1/2 at 0.56 μm, and the dark counts are over two orders of magnitude lower than in any semiconducting competitors. The intrinsic response time is estimated to be <30 ps. Such ultrafast detector response enables a very high, GHz-rate real-time counting of single photons. Already established applications of NbN photon counters are non-invasive testing and debugging of VLSI Si CMOS circuits and quantum communications. |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0168-9002 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1495 |
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| Author |
Meledin, D.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Goltsman, G. |
| Title |
Measurement of intermediate frequency bandwidth of hot electron bolometer mixers at terahertz frequency range |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett. |
| Volume |
13 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
493-495 |
| Keywords |
waveguide NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
We have developed a new experimental setup for measuring the IF bandwidth of superconducting hot electron bolometer mixers. In our measurement system we use a chopped hot filament as a broadband signal source, and can perform a high-speed IF scan with no loss of accuracy when compared to coherent methods. Using this technique we have measured the 3 dB IF bandwidth of hot electron bolometer mixers, designed for THz frequency operation, and made from 3-4 nm thick NbN film deposited on an MgO buffer layer over crystalline quartz. |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1531-1309 |
ISBN |
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no |
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Serial |
1509 |
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| Author |
Korneev, A.; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. |
| Title |
GHz counting rate NbN single-photon detector for IR diagnostics of VLSI CMOS circuits |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Microelectronic Engineering |
Abbreviated Journal |
Microelectronic Engineering |
| Volume |
69 |
Issue |
2-4 |
Pages |
274-278 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD, applications |
| Abstract |
We present a new, simple to manufacture superconducting single-photon detector operational in the range from ultraviolet to mid-infrared radiation wavelengths. The detector combines GHz counting rate, high quantum efficiency and very low level of dark (false) counts. At 1.3–1.5 μm wavelength range our detector exhibits a quantum efficiency of 5–10%. The detector photoresponse voltage pulse duration was measured to be about 150 ps with jitter of 35 ps and both of them were limited mostly by our measurement equipment. In terms of quantum efficiency, dark counts level, speed of operation the detector surpasses all semiconductor counterparts and was successfully applied for CMOS integrated circuits diagnostics. |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0167-9317 |
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no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1511 |
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| Author |
Zhang, J.; Boiadjieva, N.; Chulkova, G.; Deslandes, H.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Leibowitz, M.; Lo, W.; Malinsky, R.; Okunev, O.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Smirnov, K.; Tsao, C.; Verevkin, A.; Voronov, B.; Wilsher, K.; Sobolewski, R. |
| Title |
Noninvasive CMOS circuit testing with NbN superconducting single-photon detectors |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Electron. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Electron. Lett. |
| Volume |
39 |
Issue |
14 |
Pages |
1086-1088 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD, applications |
| Abstract |
The 3.5 nm thick-film, meander-structured NbN superconducting single-photon detectors have been implemented in the CMOS circuit-testing system based on the detection of near-infrared photon emission from switching transistors and have significantly improved the performance of the system. Photon emissions from both p- and n-MOS transistors have been observed. |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0013-5194 |
ISBN |
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no |
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Serial |
1512 |
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| Author |
Gol’tsman, G. N.; Smirnov, K.; Kouminov, P.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Drakinsky, V.; Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. |
| Title |
Fabrication of nanostructured superconducting single-photon detectors |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume |
13 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
192-195 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
Fabrication of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors, based on the hotspot effect is presented. The hotspot formation arises in an ultrathin and submicrometer-width superconductor stripe and, together with the supercurrent redistribution, leads to the resistive detector response upon absorption of a photon. The detector has a meander structure to maximally increase its active area and reach the highest detection efficiency. Main processing steps, leading to efficient devices, sensitive in 0.4-5 /spl mu/m wavelength range, are presented. The impact of various processing steps on the performance and operational parameters of our detectors is discussed. |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1558-2515 |
ISBN |
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no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1515 |
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| Author |
Zhang, J.; Słysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
| Title |
Time delay of resistive-state formation in superconducting stripes excited by single optical photons |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Phys. Rev. B |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. Rev. B |
| Volume |
67 |
Issue |
13 |
Pages |
132508 (1 to 4) |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
We have observed a 65(±5)-ps time delay in the onset of a resistive-state formation in 10-nm-thick, 130-nm-wide NbN superconducting stripes exposed to single photons. The delay in the photoresponse decreased to zero when the stripe was irradiated by multi-photon (classical) optical pulses. Our NbN structures were kept at 4.2 K, well below the material’s critical temperature, and were illuminated by 100-fs-wide optical pulses. The time-delay phenomenon has been explained within the framework of a model based on photon-induced generation of a hotspot in the superconducting stripe and subsequent, supercurrent-assisted, resistive-state formation across the entire stripe cross section. The measured time delays in both the single-photon and two-photon detection regimes agree well with theoretical predictions of the resistive-state dynamics in one-dimensional superconducting stripes. |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0163-1829 |
ISBN |
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no |
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Serial |
1519 |
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| Author |
Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Antipov, S. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Drakinskii, V. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
| Title |
The gain bandwidth of mixers based on the electron heating effect in an ultrathin NbN film on a Si substrate with a buffer MgO layer |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
J. of communications technol. & electronics |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. of communications technol. & electronics |
| Volume |
48 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
671-675 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers |
| Abstract |
Measurements of the intermediate frequency band 900 GHz of mixers based on the electron heating effect (EHE) in 2-nm- and 3.5-nm-thick superconducting NbN films sputtered on MgO and Si substrates with buffer MgO layers are presented. A 2-nm-thick superconducting NbN film with a critical temperature of 9.2 K has been obtained for the first time using a buffer MgO layer. |
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MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica, Birmingham, AL |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1064-2269 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=17302119 (Полоса преобразования смесителей на эффекте разогрева электронов в ультратонких пленках NbN на подложках из Si с подслоем MgO) |
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no |
| Call Number |
Vakhtomin2003 |
Serial |
1522 |
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| Author |
Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, H.-W.; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M. |
| Title |
2.5 THz heterodyne receiver with NbN hot-electron-bolometer mixer |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Phys. C: Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. C: Supercond. |
| Volume |
372-376 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
448-453 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, applications |
| Abstract |
We describe a 2.5 THz heterodyne receiver for applications in astronomy and atmospheric research. The receiver employs a superconducting NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron-bolometer mixer and an optically pumped far-infrared gas laser as local oscillator. 2200 K double sideband mixer noise temperature was measured at 2.5 THz across a 1 GHz intermediate frequency bandwidth centred at 1.5 GHz. The total conversion losses were 17 dB. The mixer response was linear at load temperatures smaller than 400 K. The receiver was tested in the laboratory environment by measuring the methanol line in emission. Observed pressure broadening confirms the true heterodyne detection regime of the mixer. |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0921-4534 |
ISBN |
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no |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1526 |
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| Author |
Cherednichenko, S.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Khosropanah, P.; Adam, A.; Kollberg, E.; Loudkov, D.; Gol'tsman, G.; Voronov, B.; Richter, H.; Huebers, H.-W. |
| Title |
1.6 THz heterodyne receiver for the far infrared space telescope |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Phys. C: Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. C: Supercond. |
| Volume |
372-376 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
427-431 |
| Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, applications |
| Abstract |
A low noise heterodyne receiver is being developed for the terahertz range using a phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer based on 3.5 nm thick superconducting NbN film. In the 1–2 GHz intermediate frequency band the double-sideband receiver noise temperature was 450 K at 0.6 THz, 700 K at 1.6 THz and 1100 K at 2.5 THz. In the 3–8 GHz IF band the lowest receiver noise temperature was 700 K at 0.6 THz, 1500 K at 1.6 THz and 3000 K at 2.5 THz while it increased by a factor of 3 towards 8 GHz. |
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0921-4534 |
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1527 |
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| Author |
Sobolewski, Roman; Xu, Ying; Zheng, Xuemei; Williams, Carlo; Zhang, Jin; Verevkin, Aleksandr; Chulkova, Galina; Korneev, Alexander; Lipatov, Andrey; Okunev, Oleg; Smirnov, Konstantin; Gol'tsman, Gregory N. |
| Title |
Spectral sensitivity of the NbN single-photon superconducting detector |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
IEICE Trans. Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEICE Trans. Electron. |
| Volume |
E85-C |
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3 |
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797-802 |
| Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
| Abstract |
We report our studies on the spectral sensitivity of superconducting NbN thin-film single-photon detectors (SPD's) capable of GHz counting rates of visible and near-infrared photons. In particular, it has been shown that a NbN SPD is sensitive to 1.55-µm wavelength radiation and can be used for quantum communication. Our SPD's exhibit experimentally measured intrinsic quantum efficiencies from 20% at 800 nm up to 1% at 1.55-µm wavelength. The devices demonstrate picosecond response time (<100 ps, limited by our readout system) and negligibly low dark counts. Spectral dependencies of photon counting of continuous-wave, 0.4-µm to 3.5-µm radiation, and 0.63-µm, 1.33-µm, and 1.55-µm laser-pulsed radiations are presented for the single-stripe-type and meander-type devices. |
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1531 |
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