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	Author	Thijs de Graauw; Nick Whyborn; Frank Helmich; Pieter Dieleman; Peter Roelfsema; Emmanuel Caux; Tom Phillips; Jürgen Stutzki; Douwe Beintema; Arnold Benz; Nicolas Biver; Adwin Boogert; Francois Boulanger; Sergey Cherednichenko; Odile Coeur-Joly; Claudia Comito; Emmanuel Dartois; Albrecht de Jonge; Gert de Lange; Ian Delorme; Anna DiGiorgio; Luc Dubbeldam; Kevin Edwards; Michael Fich; Rolf Güsten; Fabrice Herpin; Netty Honingh; Robert Huisman; Herman Jacobs; Willem Jellema; Jon Kawamura; Do Kester; Teun Klapwijk; Thomas Klein; Jacob Kooi; Jean-Michel Krieg; Carsten Kramer; Bob Kruizenga; Wouter Laauwen; Bengt Larsson; Christian Leinz; Rene Liseau; Steve Lord; Willem Luinge; Anthony Marston; Harald Merkel; Rafael Moreno; Patrick Morris; Anthony Murphy; Albert Naber; Pere Planesas; Jesus Martin-Pintado; Micheal Olberg; Piotr Orleanski; Volker Ossenkopf; John Pearson; Michel Perault; Sabine Phillip; Mirek Rataj; Laurent Ravera; Paolo Saraceno; Rudolf Schieder; Frank Schmuelling; Ryszard Szczerba; Russell Shipman; David Teyssier; Charlotte Vastel; Huib Visser; Klaas Wildeman; Kees Wafelbakker; John Ward; Roonan Higgins; Henri Aarts; Xander Tielens; Peer Zaal
	Title	The Herschel-heterodyne instrument for the far-infrared (HIFI): instrument and pre-launch testing			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	7010	Issue		Pages	701004
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	422
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	Author	Kawamura, Jonathan; Blundell, Raymond; Tong, C.-Y. Edward; Papa, D. Cosmo; Hunter, Todd R.; Paine, Scot.t. N.; Patt, Ferdinand; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Cherednichenko, Sergei; Voronov, Boris; Gershenzon, Eugene
	Title	Superconductive hot-electron bolometer mixer receiver for 800 GHz operation			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2000	Publication	IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques
	Volume	48	Issue	4	Pages	683-689
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ s @ Kawamura_superconductivehot-electron			Serial	424
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	Author	Li, Mo; Pernice, W. H. P.; Xiong, C.; Baehr-Jones, T.; Hochberg, M.; Tang, H. X.
	Title	Harnessing optical forces in integrated photonic circuits			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	456	Issue	7221	Pages	480-484
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ s @			Serial	425
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	Author	Mair, U.; Suttywong, N.; Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A. D.; Richter, H.; Wagner, G.; Birk, M.
	Title	Development of 1.8 THz receiver for the TELIS instrument			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proc. 16^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Göteborg, Sweden	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ s @ qo_TELIS_1p8_THz			Serial	364
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	Author	Delacour, C.; Claudon, J.; Poizat, J.-Ph.; Pannetier, B.; Bouchiat, V.; de Lamaestre, R. Espiau; Villegier, J.-C.; Tarkhov, M.; Korneev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	Superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation with an atomic force microscope			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	90	Issue	19	Pages	191116 (1 t0 3)
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract	The authors present a fabrication technique of superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation of niobium nitride ultrathin films. Narrow superconducting meander lines are obtained by direct writing of insulating niobium oxynitride lines through the films using voltage-biased tip of an atomic force microscope. Due to the 30nm resolution of the lithographic technique, the filling factor of the meander line can be made substantially higher than detector of similar geometry made by electron beam lithography, thus leading to increased quantum efficiency. Single photon detection regime of these devices is demonstrated at 4.2K. The authors thank J.-P. Maneval for stimulating discussions. This work has been partly supported by ACI Nanoscience from French Ministry of Research, D.G.A., by Grant No. 02.445.11.7434 of Russian Ministry of Education and Science, and by the European Commission under project “SINPHONIA,” Contract No. NMP4-CT-2005-16433.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	423
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	Author	Hong, Kyushik; Marsh, P. F.; Geok-Ing Ng; Pavlidis, D.; Hong, Chang-Hee
	Title	Optimization of MOVPE grown In_xAl_1-xAs/In_0.53Ga_0.47As planar heteroepitaxial Schottky diodes for terahertz applications			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	IEEE Trans. Electron Devices	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	41	Issue	9	Pages	1489-1497
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	253
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	Author	Semenov, Alexei; Richter, Heiko; Smirnov, Konstantin; Voronov, Boris; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm
	Title	The development of terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
	Volume	17	Issue	5	Pages	436-439
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We present recent advances in the development of NbN hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers for flying terahertz heterodyne receivers. Three important issues have been addressed: the quality of the source NbN films, the effect of the bolometer size on the spectral properties of different planar feed antennas, and the local oscillator (LO) power required for optimal operation of the mixer. Studies of the NbN films with an atomic force microscope indicated a surface structure that may affect the performance of the smallest mixers. Measured spectral gain and noise temperature suggest that at frequencies above 2.5 THz the spiral feed provides better overall performance than the double-slot feed. Direct measurements of the optimal LO power support earlier estimates made in the framework of the uniform mixer model.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	357
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	Author	Hesler, J. L.; Hall, W. R.; Crowe, T. W.; Weikle, R. M.; Bradley, R. F.; Pan, Shing-Kuo
	Title	Submm wavelenght waveguide mixers using planar Schottky barier diods			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Proc. 7^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	462
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	270
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	Author	Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C-Y. E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov, B.; Cherednichenko, S.
	Title	Phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixers for submillimeter wavelengths			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Proc. 8^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 8^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	23-28
	Keywords	waveguide NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	The noise performance of receivers incorporating NbN phonon-cooled superconducting hot electron bolometric mixers is measured from 200 GHz to 900 GHz. The mixer elements are thin-film (thickness — 4 nm) NbN with —5 to 40 pm area fabricated on crystalline quartz sub- strates. The receiver noise temperature from 200 GHz to 900 GHz demonstrates no unexpected degradation with increasing frequency, being roughly TRx ,; 1-2 K The best receiver noise temperatures are 410 K (DSB) at 430 GHz, 483 K at 636 GHz, and 1150 K at 800 GHz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	275
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	Author	Kerr, A. R.; Feldman, M. J.; Pan, S.-K.
	Title	Receiver noise temperature, the quantum noise limit, and zero–point fluctuations			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Proc. 8^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	101-111
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	277
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	Author	Kawamura, J. H.; Tong, C.-Y.E.; Blundell, R.; Cosmo Papa, D.; Hunter, T. R.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E.
	Title	An 800 GHz NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer receiver			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	9	Issue	2	Pages	3753-3756
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We describe a heterodyne receiver developed for astronomical applications to operate in the 350 /spl mu/m atmospheric window. The waveguide receiver employs a superconductive NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer. The double sideband receiver noise temperature closely follows 1 kGHz/sup -1/ across 780-870 GHz, with the intermediate frequency centered at 1.4 GHz. The conversion loss is about 15 dB. The receiver was installed for operation at the University of Arizona/Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy Submillimeter Telescope facility. The instrument was successfully used to conduct test observations of a number of celestial sources in a number of astronomically important spectral lines.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	288
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	Author	Yagoubov, Pavel; Kroug, Matthias; Merkel, Harald; Kollberg, Erik; Schubert, Josef; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm
	Title	NbN hot electron bolometric mixers at frequencies between 0.7 and 3.1 THz			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
	Volume	12	Issue	11	Pages	989-991
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	The performance of NbN-based phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric (HEB) quasioptical mixers is investigated in the 0.7-3.1 THz frequency range. The devices are made from a 3.5-4 nm thick NbN film on high resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The length of the bolometer microbridge is 0.1-0.2 µm; the width is 1-2 µm. The best results of the DSB receiver noise temperature measured at 1.5 GHz intermediate frequency are: 800 K at 0.7 THz, 1100 K at 1.6 THz, 2000 K at 2.5 THz and 4200 K at 3.1 THz. The measurements were performed with a far infrared laser as the local oscillator (LO) source. The estimated LO power requirement is less than 500 nW at the receiver input. First results on spiral antenna polarization measurements are reported.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	295
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	Author	Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Hübers, H.-W.; Schwaab, G.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E.
	Title	Noise temperature of an NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer at frequencies from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	12	Issue	11	Pages	748-750
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We report on noise temperature measurements of an NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer in the terahertz frequency range. The devices were 3 nm thick films with in-plane dimensions 1.7 × 0.2 µm2 and 0.9 × 0.2 µm2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic-spiral antenna. Measurements were performed at seven frequencies ranging from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The measured DSB noise temperatures are 1500 K (0.7 THz), 2200 K (1.4 THz), 2600 K (1.6 THz), 2900 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz), 5600 K (4.3 THz) and 8800 K (5.2 THz).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	298
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	Author	Tong, C.-Y. Edward; Kawamura, Jonathan; Todd, R. Hunter; Papa, D. Cosmo; Blundell, Raymond.; Smith, Michael; Patt, Ferdinand; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Gershenzon, Eugene
	Title	Successful operation of a 1 THz NbN hot-electron bolometer receiver			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Proc. 11^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 11^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	49-59
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, applications
	Abstract	A phonon-cooled NbN superconductive hot-electron bolometer receiver covering the frequency range 0.8-1.04 THz has successfully been used for astronomical observation at the Sub-Millimeter Telescope Observatory on Mount Graham, Arizona. This waveguide heterodyne receiver is a modified version of our fixed-tuned 800 GHz HEB receiver to allow for operation beyond 1 THz. The measured noise temperature of this receiver is about 1250 K at 0.81 THz, 560 K at 0.84 THz, and 1600 K at 1.035 THz. It has a 1 GHz wide IF bandwidth, centered at 1.8 GHz. This receiver has recently been used to detect the CO (9-8) molecular line emission at 1.037 THz in the Orion nebula. This is the first time a ground-based heterodyne receiver has been used to detect a celestial source above 1 THz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	303
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	Author	Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, H.-W.; Schubert, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elantiev, A. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Design and performance of the lattice-cooled hot-electron terahertz mixer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	J. Appl. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Appl. Phys.
	Volume	88	Issue	11	Pages	6758-6767
	Keywords	HEB mixer, charge imbalance, HF current distribution
	Abstract	We present the measurements and the theoreticalmodel of the frequency-dependent noise temperature of a superconductor lattice-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer in the terahertz frequency range. The increase of the noise temperature with frequency is a cumulative effect of the nonuniform distribution of the high-frequency current in the bolometer and the charge imbalance, which occurs at the edges of the normal domain and at the contacts with normal metal. We show that under optimal operation the fluctuation sensitivity of the mixer is determined by thermodynamic fluctuations of the noise power, whereas at small biases there appears additional noise, which is probably due to the flux flow. We propose the prescription of how to minimize the influence of the current distribution on the mixer performance.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	306
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	Author	Kroug, M.; Cherednichenko, S.; Choumas, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Hübers, H.-W.; Richter, H.; Loudkov, D.; Voronov, B.; Gol'Tsman, G.
	Title	HEB quasi-optical heterodyne receiver for THz frequencies			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Proc. 12^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	244-252
	Keywords	HEB mixer, NbN, MgO, conversion gain bandwidth, noise temperature
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	San Diego, CA, USA	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	319
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	Author	Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A. D.; Richter, H.; Schubert, J.; Hadjiloucas, S.; Bowen, J. W.; Gol'tsman, G.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Antenna pattern of the quasi-optical hot-electron bolometric mixer at terahertz frequencies			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Proc. 12^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 12^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	286-296
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	San Diego, CA, USA	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	323
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	Author	Meledin, D.; Tong, C. Y.-E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	The sensitivity and IF bandwidth of waveguide NbN hot electron bolometer mixers on MgO buffer layers over crystalline quartz			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Proc. 13^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 13^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	65-72
	Keywords	waveguide NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We have developed and characterized waveguide phonon-cooled NbN Hot Electron Bolometer (FMB) mixers fabricated from a 3-4 nm thick NbN film deposited on a 200nm thick MgO buffer layer over crystalline quartz. Double side band receiver noise temperatures of 900-1050 K at 1.035 THz, and 1300-1400 K at 1.26 THz have been measured at an intermediate frequency of 1.5 GHz. The intermediate frequency bandwidth, measured at 0.8 THz LO frequency, is 3.2 GHz at the optimal bias point for low noise receiver operation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Cambridge, MA, USA	Editor	Harvard university
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	326
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	Author	Tong, C.-Y. E.; Meledin, D.; Loudkov, D.; Blundell, R.; Erickson, N.; Kawamura, J.; Mehdi, I.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	A 1.5 THz Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer operated by a planar diode based local oscillator			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2003	Publication	IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Digest	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Digest
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	751-754
	Keywords	waveguide NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We have developed a 1.5 THz superconducting NbN Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer. It is operated by an all-solid-state Local Oscillator comprising of a cascade of 4 planar doublers following an MMIC based W-band power amplifier. The threshold available pump power is estimated to be 1 /spl mu/W.
	Address	Philadelphia, PA, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1516
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	Author	Meledin, D.; Tong, C. Y.-E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	Study of the IF bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers based on crystalline quartz substrate with an MgO buffer layer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	13	Issue	2	Pages	164-167
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixer
	Abstract	In this paper, we present the results of IF bandwidth measurements on 3-4 nm thick NbN hot electron bolometer waveguide mixers, which have been fabricated on a 200-nm thick MgO buffer layer deposited on a crystalline quartz substrate. The 3-dB IF bandwidth, measured at an LO frequency of 0.81 THz, is 3.7 GHz at the optimal bias point for low noise receiver operation. We have also made measurements of the IF dynamic impedance, which allow us to evaluate the intrinsic electron temperature relaxation time and self-heating parameters at different bias conditions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	341
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	Author	Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Drakinski, V. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	13	Issue	2	Pages	168-171
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We present recent results showing the development of superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for German receiver for astronomy at terahertz frequencies and terahertz limb sounder. The mixer is incorporated into a planar feed antenna, which has either logarithmic spiral or double-slot configuration, and backed on a silicon lens. The hybrid antenna had almost frequency independent and symmetric radiation pattern slightly broader than expected for a diffraction limited antenna. At 2.5 THz the best 2200 K double side-band receiver noise temperature was achieved across a 1 GHz intermediate frequency bandwidth centred at 1.5 GHz. For this operation regime, a receiver conversion efficiency of -17 dB was directly measured and the loss budget was evaluated. The mixer response was linear at load temperatures smaller than 400 K. Implementation of the MgO buffer layer on Si resulted in an increased 5.2 GHz gain bandwidth. The receiver was tested in the laboratory environment by measuring a methanol emission line at 2.5 THz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	343
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	Author	Delsim-Yashemi, H.; Fröhlich, L.; Grimm, O.
	Title	Detector response and beam line transmission measurements with far-infrared radiation			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proc. 27th International free electron laser conference	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	106-109
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Stanford, California	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	448
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	Author	Hansen, Lene; Jørgensen, H.E.; Nørgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik; Pedersen, Kenneth; Goudfrooij, P.; Linden-Vornle, M.J.D.
	Title	ISO far-infrared observations of rich galaxy clusters III. Abell 2029, Abell 2052, Abell 2142			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal	A&A
	Volume	362	Issue	1	Pages	133-137
	Keywords
	Abstract	A sample of five rich galaxy clusters has been mapped by ISO at 60 μm, 100 μm, 135 μm, and 200 μm using the PHT-C camera. In previous papers Abell 2670 and Sersic 159-03 were discussed. Here we present the results for Abell 2029, Abell 2052, and Abell 2142. The conclusion of the survey is that the relatively small fields (approximate to 60 square are minutes) are structured with filaments or superpositions of point sources. In some cases point sources (approximate to 0.1 Jy) can be identified with cluster galaxies. An attempt to demonstrate infrared emission from dust in the cooling flows (due to star formation) was inconclusive.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ s @			Serial	456
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	Author	Bruderer, S.; Benz, A. O.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Melchior, M.; Doty, S. D.; van der Tak, F.; Stäuber, P.; Wampfler, S. F.; Dedes, C.; Yıldız, U. A.; Pagani, L.; Giannini, T.; de Graauw, Th.; Whyborn, N.; Teyssier, D.; Jellema, W.; Shipman, R.; Schieder, R.; Honingh, N.; Caux, E.; Bächtold, W.; Csillaghy, A.; Monstein, C.; Bachiller, R.; Baudry, A.; Benedettini, M.; Bergin, E.; Bjerkeli, P.; Blake, G. A.; Bontemps, S.; Braine, J.; Caselli, P.; Cernicharo, J.; Codella, C.; Daniel, F.; di Giorgio, A. M.; Dominik, C.; Encrenaz, P.; Fich, M.; Fuente, A.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Helmich, F.; Herczeg, G. J.; Herpin, F.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Jacq, T.; Johnstone, D.; Jørgensen, J. K.; Kristensen, L. E.; Larsson, B.; Lis, D.; Liseau, R.; Marseille, M.; McCoey, C.; Melnick, G.; Neufeld, D.; Nisini, B.; Olberg, M.; Parise, B.; Pearson, J. C.; Plume, R.; Risacher, C.; Santiago-García, J.; Saraceno, P.; Shipman, R.; Tafalla, M.; van Kempen, T. A.; Visser, R.; Wyrowski, F.
	Title	Herschel/HIFI detections of hydrides towards AFGL 2591. Envelope emission versus tenuous cloud absorption			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	521	Issue		Pages	L44 (1 to 7)
	Keywords	HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel
	Abstract	The Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) onboard the Herschel Space Observatory allows the first observations of light diatomic molecules at high spectral resolution and in multiple transitions. Here, we report deep integrations using HIFI in different lines of hydrides towards the high-mass star forming region AFGL 2591. Detected are CH, CH+, NH, OH+, H2O+, while NH+ and SH+ have not been detected. All molecules except for CH and CH+ are seen in absorption with low excitation temperatures and at velocities different from the systemic velocity of the protostellar envelope. Surprisingly, the CH(JF,P = 3/22,- – 1/21,+ ) and CH+(J = 1–0, J = 2–1) lines are detected in emission at the systemic velocity. We can assign the absorption features to a foreground cloud and an outflow lobe, while the CH and CH+ emission stems from the envelope. The observed abundance and excitation of CH and CH+ can be explained in the scenario of FUV irradiated outflow walls, where a cavity etched out by the outflow allows protostellar FUV photons to irradiate and heat the envelope at larger distances driving the chemical reactions that produce these molecules.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1083
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	Author	Palermo, C.; Varani, L.; Vaissière, J.-C.; Millithaler, J.-F.; Starikov, E.; Shiktorov, P.; Gruzinskis, V.; AzaÃ¯s, B.
	Title	Monte Carlo calculation of diffusion coefficient, noise spectral density and noise temperature in HgCdTe			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proc. AIP Conf.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	780	Issue		Pages	151-154
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	460
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	Author	Kinch, M. A.; Wan, C.-F., Beck, J. D.
	Title	1/f noise in HgCdTe photodiodes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	J. Electron. Mater.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	34	Issue	6	Pages	928-932
	Keywords	HgCdTe
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	468
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	Author	Shelkovnikov, A.; Grain, C.; Nguyen, C. T.; Butcher, R. J.; Amy-Klein, A.; Chardonnet, C.
	Title	500-Hz two-photon Ramsey fringes with a SF₆ beam: towards a new frequency standard in the 30-THz spectral region			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. B: Lasers and Optics
	Volume	73	Issue		Pages	93-98
	Keywords	THz applications
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	485
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	Author	Zwiller, Vale<cc><81>ry; Blom, Hans; Jonsson, Per; Panev, Nikolay; Jeppesen, Sören; Tsegaye, Tedros; Goobar, Edgard; Pistol, Mats-Erik; Samuelson, Lars; Björk, Gunnar
	Title	Single quantum dots emit single photons at a time: Antibunching experiments			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Applied Physics Letters	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	78	Issue	17	Pages	2476
	Keywords	antibunching, quantum dot
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	502
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	Author	Semenov, A.; Engel, A.; Il'in, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Siegel, M.; Hübers, H.-W.
	Title	Ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys.
	Volume	21	Issue	3	Pages	171-178
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We analyze the ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector in order to meet requirements for applications in near-infrared astronomy and X-ray spectroscopy. The detector exploits a combined detection mechanism, in which avalanche quasiparticle multiplication and the supercurrent jointly produce a voltage response to a single absorbed photon via successive formation of a photon-induced and a current-induced normal hotspot in a narrow superconducting strip. The response time of the detector should increase with the photon energy providing energy resolution. Depending on the superconducting material and operation conditions, the cut-off wavelength for the single-photon detection regime varies from infrared waves to visible light. We simulated the performance of the background-limited infrared direct detector and X-ray photon counter utilizing the above mechanism. Low dark count rate and intrinsic low-frequency cut-off allow for realizing a background limited noise equivalent power of 10−20 W Hz−1/2 for a far-infrared direct detector exposed to 4-K background radiation. At low temperatures, the intrinsic response time of the counter is rather determined by diffusion of nonequilibrium electrons than by the rate of energy transfer to phonons. Therefore, thermal fluctuations do not hamper energy resolution of the X-ray photon counter that should be better than 10−3 for 6-keV photons. Comparison of new data obtained with a Nb based detector and previously reported results on NbN quantum detectors support our estimates of ultimate detector performance.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1286-0042	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	534
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	Author	Semenov, A. D.; Il'in, K.; Siegel, M.; Smirnov, A.; Pavlov, S.; Richter, H.; Hübers, H.-W.
	Title	Evidence of non-bolometric mixing in the bandwidth of a hot-electron bolometer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Superconductor Science and Technology	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
	Volume	19	Issue	10	Pages	1051-1056
	Keywords	HEB
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	536
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	Author	Semenov, Alexei; Il'yin, Konstantin; Siegel, Michael; Smirnov, Andrey; Pavlov, Sergey; Richter, Heiko; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm
	Title	Intermediate frequency bandwidth of a hot-electron mixer: Comparision with bolometric models			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proc. 17^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	73-76
	Keywords	HEB
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Paris, France	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	537
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	Author	Semenov, Alexei D.; Richter, Heiko; Hubers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Gunther, Burghardt.; Smirnov, Andrey; Il'in, Konstantin S.; Siegel, Michael; Karamarkovic, Jugoslav P.
	Title	Terahertz performance of integrated lens antennas with a hot-electron bolometer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	55	Issue	2	Pages	239-247
	Keywords	HEB, lens antenna
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0018-9480	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	538
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	Author	Lee, Ju-Hyun; Kim, Dong-Woo; Wu, Yung-Hsun; Yu, Chang-Jae; Lee, Sin-Doo; Wu, Shin-Tson
	Title	High-speed infrared phase modulators using short helical pitch ferroelectric liquid crystals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Optics Express	Abbreviated Journal	Opt. Express
	Volume	13	Issue	20	Pages	7732
	Keywords	IR modulator
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1094-4087	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	541
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	Author	Schwaab, G.W.; Sirmain, G.; Schubert, J.; Hubers, H.-W.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Verevkin, A.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E.
	Title	Investigation of NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers at 2.5 THz			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	9	Issue	2	Pages	4233-4236
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	The development of superconducting hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers has been a big step forward in the direction of quantum noise limited mixer performance at THz frequencies. Such mixers are crucial for the upcoming generation of airborne and spaceborne THz heterodyne receivers. In this paper we report on new results on a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer using e-beam lithography. The superconducting film is 3 nm thick. The mixer is 0.2 μm long and 1.5 μm wide and it is integrated in a spiral antenna on a Si substrate. The device is quasi-optically coupled through a Si lens and a dielectric beam combiner to the radiation of an optically pumped FIR ring gas laser cavity. The performance of the mixer at different THz frequencies from 0.69 to 2.55 THz with an emphasis on 2.52 THz is demonstrated. At 2.52 THz minimum DSB noise temperatures of 4200 K have been achieved at an IF of 1.5 GHz and a bandwidth of 40 MHz with the mixer mounted in a cryostat and a 0.8 m long signal path in air.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	550
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	Author	Ryabchun, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-Yu Edward; Blundell, Raymond; Gol'tsman, Gregory
	Title	Stabilization scheme for hot-electron bolometer receivers using microwave radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	19	Issue	1	Pages	14-19
	Keywords	HEB, mixer, Allan variance, stabilization, radiometer equation
	Abstract	We present the results of a stabilization scheme for terahertz receivers based on NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers that uses microwave radiation with a frequency much lower than the gap frequency of NbN to compensate for mixer current fluctuations. A feedback control loop, which actively controls the power level of the injected microwave radiation, has successfully been implemented to stabilize the operating point of the HEB mixer. This allows us to increase the receiver Allan time to 10 s and also improve the temperature resolution of the receiver by about 30% in the total power mode of operation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ lobanovyury @			Serial	559
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	Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Krieg, J.-M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Desmaris, V.
	Title	Gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on 1.5 μm Si₃N₄ / SiO₂ membranes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	J. Appl. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Appl. Phys.
	Volume	101	Issue	12	Pages	124508 (1 to 6)
	Keywords	HEB, mixer, membrane
	Abstract	The gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on electrically thin Si3N4/SiO2 membranes was experimentally investigated and compared with that of HEB mixers on bulk substrates. A gain bandwidth of 3.5 GHz is achieved on bulk silicon, whereas the gain bandwidth is reduced down to 0.6–0.9 GHz for mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4/SiO2 membranes. We show that application of a MgO buffer layer on the membrane extends the gain bandwidth to 3 GHz. The experimental data were analyzed using the film-substrate acoustic mismatch approach.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	560
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	Author	Rodriguez-Morales, F.; Zannoni, R.; Nicholson, J.; Fischetti, M.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Appenzeller, J.
	Title	Direct and heterodyne detection of microwaves in a metallic single wall carbon nanotube			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Applied Physics Letters	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	89	Issue	8	Pages	083502
	Keywords	carbon nanotube, GHz heterodyne detector, direct detector
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	565
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	Author	Kawamura, Jonathan; Blundell, Raymond; Tong, C.-Y. Edward; Papa, D. Cosmo; Hunter, Todd R.; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Cherednichenko, Sergei; Voronov, Boris; Gershenzon, Eugene
	Title	First light with an 800 GHz phonon-cooled HEB mixer receiver			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 9^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	35-43
	Keywords	HEB, mixer, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation effect, dynamic range
	Abstract	Phonon-cooled superconductive hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers are incorporated in a waveguide receiver designed to operate near 800 Gliz. The mixer elements are thin-film nio- bium nitride microbridges with dimensions of 4 nm thickness, 0.2 to 0.3 p.m in length and 2 jun in width. At 780 GHz the best receiver noise temperature is 840 K (DSB). The mixer IF bandwidth is 2.0 GHz, the absorbed LO power is —0.1 1.1W. A fixed-tuned version of the re- ceiver was installed at the Submillimeter Telescope Observatory on Mt. Graham, Arizona, to conduct astronomical observations. These observations represent the first time that a receiver incorporating any superconducting HEB mixer has been used to detect a spectral line of celes- tial origin.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Pasadena, California, USA	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	572
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	Author	Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Papa, D. C.; Hunter, T. R.; Paine, S. N.; Patt, F.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E.
	Title	Superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver for 800-GHz operation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn.
	Volume	48	Issue	4	Pages	683-689
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation, linearity, dynamic range
	Abstract	In this paper, we describe a superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver designed to operate in the partially transmissive 350-μm atmospheric window. The receiver employs an NbN thin-film microbridge as the mixer element, in which the main cooling mechanism of the hot electrons is through electron-phonon interaction. At a local-oscillator frequency of 808 GHz, the measured double-sideband receiver noise temperature is TRX=970 K, across a 1-GHz intermediate-frequency bandwidth centered at 1.8 GHz. We have measured the linearity of the receiver and the amount of local-oscillator power incident on the mixer for optimal operation, which is PLO≈1 μW. This receiver was used in making observations as a facility instrument at the Heinrich Hertz Telescope, Mt. Graham, AZ, during the 1998-1999 winter observing season.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0018-9480	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ lobanovyury @			Serial	573
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Tong, C.-Y.E.; Meledin, D.V.; Marrone, D.P.; Paine, S.N.; Gibson, H.; Blundell, R.
	Title	Near field vector beam measurements at 1 THz			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	IEEE Microw. Compon. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	13	Issue	6	Pages	235-237
	Keywords	HEB, mixer, waveguide, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation effect, dynamic range
	Abstract	We have performed near-field vector beam measurements at 1.03 THz to characterize and align the receiver optics of a superconducting receiver. The signal source is a harmonic generator mounted on an X-Y translation stage. We model the measured two-dimensional complex beam pattern by a fundamental Gaussian mode, from which we derive the position of the beam center, the beam radius and the direction of propagation. By performing scans in the planes separated by 400 mm, we have confirmed that our beam pattern measurements are highly reliable.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1531-1309	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ lobanovyury @			Serial	574
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Shitov, S. V.; Inatani, J.; Shan, W.-L.; Takeda, M; Wang, Z.; Uvarov, A. V.; Ermakov, A. B.; Uzawa, Y.
	Title	Measurement of emissivity of the ALMA antenna panel at 840 GHz using NbN-based heterodyne SIS receiver			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proc. 19^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	263-266
	Keywords	SIS mixer, reflection, emissivity, mirror, space telescope, space observatory
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	580
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	Author	Tol, J. van; Brunel, L.-C.; Wylde, R. J.
	Title	A quasioptical transient electron spin resonance spectrometer operating at 120 and 240 GHz			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Rev. Sci. Instrum.	Abbreviated Journal	Rev. Sci. Instrum.
	Volume	76	Issue	7	Pages	074101 (1 to 8)
	Keywords	Schottky, noise temperature
	Abstract	A new multifrequency quasioptical electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer is described. The superheterodyne design with Schottky diode mixer/detectors enables fast detection with subnanosecond time resolution. Optical access makes it suitable for transient EPR (TR-EPR) at 120 and 240 GHz. These high frequencies allow for an accurate determination of small g-tensor anisotropies as are encountered in excited triplet states of organic molecules like porphyrins and fullerenes. The measured concentration sensitivity for continuous-wave (cw) EPR at 240 GHz and at room temperature without cavity is 1013 spins/cm3 (15 nM) for a 1 mT linewidth and a 1 Hz bandwidth. With a Fabry-Perot cavity and a sample volume of 30 nl, the sensitivity at 240 GHz corresponds to [approximate]3×109 spins for a 1 mT linewidth. The spectrometer's performance is illustrated with applications of transient EPR of excited triplet states of organic molecules, as well as cw EPR of nitroxide reference systems and a thin film of a colossal magnetoresistance material.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Actually, noise spectral density is given (3e-19 W/Hz)			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	588
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	Author	Stucki, Damien; Barreiro, Claudio; Fasel, Sylvain; Gautier, Jean-Daniel; Gay, Olivier; Gisin, Nicolas; Thew, Rob; Thoma, Yann; Trinkler, Patrick; Vannel, Fabien; Zbinden, Hugo
	Title	Continuous high speed coherent one-way quantum key distribution			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Optics Express	Abbreviated Journal	Opt. Express
	Volume	17	Issue	16	Pages	13326-13334
	Keywords	quantum cryptography, QKD, PNS, SSPD, coherent one way, COW
	Abstract	Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the first commercial quantum technology operating at the level of single quanta and is a leading light for quantum-enabled photonic technologies. However, controlling these quantum optical systems in real world environments presents significant challenges. For the first time, we have brought together three key concepts for future QKD systems: a simple high-speed protocol; high performance detection; and integration both, at the component level and for standard fibre network connectivity. The QKD system is capable of continuous and autonomous operation, generating secret keys in real time. Laboratory and field tests were performed and comparisons made with robust InGaAs avalanche photodiodes and superconducting detectors. We report the first real world implementation of a fully functional QKD system over a 43dB-loss (150km) transmission line in the Swisscom fibre optic network where we obtained average real-time distribution rates over 3 hours of 2.5bps.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ akorneev @			Serial	602
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	Author	An, Zhenghua; Chen, Jeng-Chung; Ueda, T.; Komiyama, S.; Hirakawa, K.
	Title	Infrared phototransistor using capacitively coupled two-dimensional electron gas layers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Applied Physics Letters	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	86	Issue		Pages	172106 - 172106-3
	Keywords	2DEG
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ akorneev @			Serial	603
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	Author	Uzawa, Y.; Kojima, T.; Kroug, M.; Takeda, M.; Candotti, M.; Fujii, Y.; Shan, W.-L.; Kaneko, K.; Shitov, S.; Wang, M.-J.
	Title	Development of the 787-950 GHz ALMA band 10 cartridge			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Proc. 20^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	12-12
	Keywords	SIS mixer, noise temperature, ALMA, band 10
	Abstract	We are developing the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) Band 10 (787-950 GHz) receiver cartridge. The incoming beam from the 12-m antenna is reflected by a pair of two ellipsoidal mirrors placed in the cartridge, and then split into two orthogonal polarizations by a free-standing wire-grid. Each beam enters a corrugated feed horn attached to a double-side-band (DSB) mixer block. The mixer uses a full-height waveguide and an NbTiN- or NbN-based superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) mixer chip. We are testing the following three types of mixer chips: 1) Nb SIS junctions + NbTiN/SiO2/Al tuning circuits on a quartz substrate, 2) Nb SIS junctions + NbN/SiO2/Al tuning circuits on an MgO substrate, and 3) NbN SIS junctions + NbN or NbTiN tuning circuits on an MgO substrate. The IF system uses a 4-12-GHz cooled low-noise InP-based MMIC amplifier developed by Caltech. So far, the type 1) has shown the best performance. At LO frequencies from 800 to 940 GHz, the mixer noise temperatures measured by using the standard Y-factor method were below 240 K at an operating physical temperature of 4 K. The lowest noise temperature, 169 K, was obtained at the center frequency of the band 10, as designed. These well-developed technologies will be implemented in the band 10 cartridge to achieve the ALMA specifications.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	615
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	Author	Li, Chao-Te; Chen, Tse-Jun; Ni, Tong-Liang; Lu, Wei-Chun; Chiu, Chuang-Ping; Chen, Chong-Wen; Chang, Yung-Chin; Wang, Ming-Jye Shi, Sheng-Cai
	Title	Development of SIS mixers for SMA 400-520 GHz band			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Proc. 20^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	24-30
	Keywords	SIS mixer, noise temperature, SMA
	Abstract	SIS junction mixers were developed for SMA 400-520 GHz band. The results show receiver noise temperature around 100 K across the band, with noise contribution from RF loss and IF estimated to be around 50 K and 20K, respectively. Two schemes were used to tune out junction's parasitic capacitance. When a parallel inductor is employed, the input impedance is close to Rn, which facilitates impedance matching between the junction and the waveguide probe. Waveguide probes were designed to achieve a low feed-point impedance to match to the junction resistance. Optimum embedding impedances for lower receiver noise temperature were investigated. Performances of two schemes and composition of receiver noise were also discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	617
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	Author	Huebers, Heinz-Wilhelm; Pavlov, S.; Semenov, A.; Köhler, R.; Mahler, L.; Tredicucci, A.; Beere, H.; Ritchie, D.; Linfield, E.
	Title	Terahertz quantum cascade laser as local oscillator in a heterodyne receiver			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Optics Express	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	13	Issue	15	Pages	5890-5896
	Keywords	QCL heterodyne, 6 mW at 2.5 THz, HEB mixer, terahertz
	Abstract	Terahertz quantum cascade lasers have been investigated with respect to their performance as a local oscillator in a heterodyne receiver. The beam profile has been measured and transformed in to a close to Gaussian profile resulting in a good matching between the field patterns of the quantum cascade laser and the antenna of a superconducting hot electron bolometric mixer. Noise temperature measurements with the hot electron bolometer and a 2.5 THz quantum cascade laser yielded the same result as with a gas laser as local oscillator.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	627
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	Author	Ryabchun, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-Yu Edward; Paine, Scott; Lobanov, Yury; Blundell, Raymond; Goltsman, Gregory
	Title	Temperature resolution of an HEB receiver at 810 GHz			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	19	Issue	3	Pages	293-296
	Keywords	HEB mixer
	Abstract	We present the results of direct measurements of the temperature resolution of an HEB receiver operating at 810 GHz, in both continuum and spectroscopic modes. In the continuum mode, the input of the receiver was switched between black bodies with different physical temperatures. With a system noise temperature of around 1100 K, the receiver was able to resolve loads which differed in temperature by about 1 K over an integration time of 5 seconds. This resolution is significantly worse than the value of 0.07 K given by the radiometer equation. In the spectroscopic mode, a gas cell filled with carbonyl sulphide (OCS) gas was used and the emission line at 813.3537060 GHz was measured using the receiver in conjunction with a digital spectrometer. From the observed spectra, we determined that the measurement uncertainty of the equivalent emission temperature was 2.8 K for an integration time of 0.25 seconds and a spectral resolution of 12 MHz, compared to a 1.4 K temperature resolution given by the radiometer equation. This relative improvement is due to the fact that at short integration times the contribution from 1/f noise and drift are less dominant. In both modes, the temperature resolution was improved by about 40% with the use of a feedback loop which adjusted the level of an injected microwave radiation to maintain a constant operating current of the HEB mixer. This stabilization scheme has proved to be very effective to keep the temperature resolution of the HEB receiver to close to the theoretical value given by the radiometer equation.
	Address
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	636
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	Author	Feautrier, P.; le Coarer, E.; Espiau de Lamaestre, R.; Cavalier, P.; Maingault, L.; Villégier, J-C.; Frey, L.; Claudon, J.; Bergeard, N.; Tarkhov, M.; Poizat, J-P.
	Title	High-speed superconducting single photon detectors for innovative astronomical applications			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
	Volume	97	Issue	1	Pages	10
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract	Superconducting Single Photon Detectors (SSPD) are now mature enough to provide extremely interesting detector performances in term of sensitivity, speed, and geometry in the visible and near infrared wavelengths. Taking advantage of recent results obtained in the Sinphonia project, the goal of our research is to demonstrate the feasibility of a new family of micro-spectrometers, called SWIFTS (Stationary Wave Integrated Fourier Transform Spectrometer), associated to an array of SSPD, the whole assembly being integrated on a monolithic sapphire substrate coupling the detectors array to a waveguide injecting the light. This unique association will create a major breakthrough in the domain of visible and infrared spectroscopy for all applications where the space and weight of the instrument is limited. SWIFTS is an innovative way to achieve very compact spectro-detectors using nano-detectors coupled to evanescent field of dielectric integrated optics. The system is sensitive to the interferogram inside the dielectric waveguide along the propagation path. Astronomical instruments will be the first application of such SSPD spectrometers. In this paper, we describes in details the fabrication process of our SSPD built at CEA/DRFMC using ultra-thin NbN epitaxial films deposited on different orientations of Sapphire substrates having state of the art superconducting characteristics. Electron beam lithography is routinely used for patterning the devices having line widths below 200 nm and down to 70 nm. An experimental set-up has been built and used to test these SSPD devices and evaluate their photon counting performances. Photon counting performances of our devices have been demonstrated with extremely low dark counts giving excellent signal to noise ratios. The extreme compactness of this concept is interesting for space spectroscopic applications. Some new astronomical applications of such concept are proposed in this paper.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	648
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	Author	de Lange, Gert; Krieg, Jean-Michel; Honingh, Netty; Karpov, Alexandre; Cherednichenko, Sergey
	Title	Performance of the HIFI flight mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proc. 19^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	98-105
	Keywords	HEB mixer applications, HEB applications
	Abstract	We summarize the technology and final results of the superconducting heterodyne SIS and HEB mixers that are developed for the HIFI instrument. Within HIFI 7 frequency bands cover the frequency range from 480 GHz to 1910 GHz. We describe the different device technologies and optical coupling schemes that are used to cover the frequency bands. The efforts of the different mixer teams that participate in HIFI have contributed to an instrument that will have unprecedented sensitivity and frequency coverage.
	Address	Groningen
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1074
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	Author	Karpowicz, Nicholas; Lu, Xiaofei; Zhang, X.-C.
	Title	Terahertz gas photonics			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	J. Modern Opt.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	56	Issue	10	Pages	1137-1150
	Keywords
	Abstract	The underlying physics of the generation and detection of terahertz (THz) waves in gases are described. The THz wave generation process takes place in two steps: asymmetric gas ionization by two-frequency laser fields, followed by interaction of the ionized electron wave packets with the surrounding medium, producing an intense ‘echo' with tunable spectral content. In order to clarify the physical picture at the moment of ionization, the laser–atom interaction is treated through solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, yielding an ab initio understanding of the release of the electron wave packets. The second step, where the electrons interact with the surrounding plasma is treated analytically. The resulting pressure dependence of the THz radiation is explored in detail. The THz wave detection process is shown to be the result of four-wave mixing, leading to analytical expressions of the signal obtained which allow for improved optimization of systems that exploit these effects.
	Address
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	670
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	Author	Engel, Andreas; Aeschbacher, Adrian; Inderbitzin, Kevin; Schilling, Andreas; Il'in, Konstantin; Hofherr, Matthias; Siegel, Michael; Semenov, Alexei; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm
	Title	Tantalum nitride superconducting single-photon detectors with low cut-off energy			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	arXiv	Abbreviated Journal	arXiv
	Volume		Issue		Pages	9
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract	Materials with a small superconducting energy gap favor a high detection efficiency of low-energy photons in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. We developed a TaN detector with smaller gap and lower density of states at the Fermi energy than in comparable NbN devices, while other relevant parameters remain essentially unchanged. This results in a reduction of the minimum photon energy required for direct detection to $\approx1/3$ as compared to NbN.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	arXiv:1110.4576	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	687
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	Author	Jang, Young Rae; Yoo, Keon-Ho; Park, Seung Min
	Title	Rapid thermal annealing of ZnO thin films grown at room temperature			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	28	Issue	2	Pages	4
	Keywords	Annealing
	Abstract	The authors successfully obtained high quality ZnO thin films by growing them at room temperature (RT) and postannealing by rapid thermal annealing (RTA). The thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition on Si (100) substrates at RT, and RTA was performed under various temperatures and ambient conditions. Based on the UV emission to visible emission ratio in RT photoluminescence (PL) spectra, the optimum film was obtained at annealing temperature ~700 °C in an ambient of Ar, N2, or O2 at 0.1 Torr, while the optimum annealing temperature was above 1100 °C in the air ambient at atmospheric pressure. The morphology and structure of the films in different RTA conditions were investigated by using field emission scanning electron microscopy and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, and were discussed in conjunction with the PL data.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Annealing			Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	692
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	Author	Poglitsch, A.; Waelkens, C.; Geis, N.; Feuchtgruber, H.; Vandenbussche, B.; Rodriguez, L.; Krause, O.; Renotte, E.; van Hoof, C.; Saraceno, P.; Cepa, J.; Kerschbaum, F.; Agnèse, P.; Ali, B.; Altieri, B.; Andreani, P.; Augueres, J.-L.; Balog, Z.; Barl, L.; Bauer, O. H.; Belbachir, N.; Benedettini, M.; Billot, N.; Boulade, O.; Bischof, H.; Blommaert, J.; Callut, E.; Cara, C.; Cerulli, R.; Cesarsky, D.; Contursi, A.; Creten, Y.; De Meester, W.; Doublier, V.; Doumayrou, E.; Duband, L.; Exter, K.; Genzel, R.; Gillis, J.-M.; Grözinger, U.; Henning, T.; Herreros, J.; Huygen, R.; Inguscio, M.; Jakob, G.; Jamar, C.; Jean, C.; de Jong, J.; Katterloher, R.; Kiss, C.; Klaas, U.; Lemke, D.; Lutz, D.; Madden, S.; Marquet, B.; Martignac, J.; Mazy, A.; Merken, P.; Montfort, F.; Morbidelli, L.; Müller, T.; Nielbock, M.; Okumura, K.; Orfei, R.; Ottensamer, R.; Pezzuto, S.; Popesso, P.; Putzeys, J.; Regibo, S.; Reveret, V.; Royer, P.; Sauvage, M.; Schreiber, J.; Stegmaier, J.; Schmitt, D.; Schubert, J.; Sturm, E.; Thiel, M.; Tofani, G.; Vavrek, R.; Wetzstein, M.; Wieprecht, E.; Wiezorrek, E.
	Title	The Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on the Herschel Space Observatory			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal	A&A
	Volume	518	Issue		Pages	12
	Keywords	PACS
	Abstract	The Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) is one of the three science instruments on ESA's far infrared and submillimetre observatory. It employs two Ge:Ga photoconductor arrays (stressed and unstressed) with 16×25 pixels, each, and two filled silicon bolometer arrays with 16×32 and 32×64 pixels, respectively, to perform integral-field spectroscopy and imaging photometry in the 60-210 μm wavelength regime. In photometry mode, it simultaneously images two bands, 60-85 μm or 85-125 μm and 125-210 μm, over a field of view of ~1.75'× 3.5', with close to Nyquist beam sampling in each band. In spectroscopy mode, it images a field of 47â€ × 47â€, resolved into 5×5 pixels, with an instantaneous spectral coverage of ~1500 km s-1 and a spectral resolution of ~175 km s-1. We summarise the design of the instrument, describe observing modes, calibration, and data analysis methods, and present our current assessment of the in-orbit performance of the instrument based on the performance verification tests. PACS is fully operational, and the achieved performance is close to or better than the pre-launch predictions.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	694
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	Author	Griffin, M. J.; Abergel, A.; Abreu, A.; Ade, P. A. R.; André, P.; Augueres, J.-L.; Babbedge, T.; Bae, Y.; Baillie, T.; Baluteau, J.-P.; Barlow, M. J.; Bendo, G.; Benielli, D.; Bock, J. J.; Bonhomme, P.; Brisbin, D.; Brockley-Blatt, C.; Caldwell, M.; Cara, C.; Castro-Rodriguez, N.; Cerulli, R.; Chanial, P.; Chen, S.; Clark, E.; Clements, D. L.; Clerc, L.; Coker, J.; Communal, D.; Conversi, L.; Cox, P.; Crumb, D.; Cunningham, C.; Daly, F.; Davis, G. R.; de Antoni, P.; Delderfield, J.; Devin, N.; di Giorgio, A.; Didschuns, I.; Dohlen, K.; Donati, M.; Dowell, A.; Dowell, C. D.; Duband, L.; Dumaye, L.; Emery, R. J.; Ferlet, M.; Ferrand, D.; Fontignie, J.; Fox, M.; Franceschini, A.; Frerking, M.; Fulton, T.; Garcia, J.; Gastaud, R.; Gear, W. K.; Glenn, J.; Goizel, A.; Griffin, D. K.; Grundy, T.; Guest, S.; Guillemet, L.; Hargrave, P. C.; Harwit, M.; Hastings, P.; Hatziminaoglou, E.; Herman, M.; Hinde, B.; Hristov, V.; Huang, M.; Imhof, P.; Isaak, K. J.; Israelsson, U.; Ivison, R. J.; Jennings, D.; Kiernan, B.; King, K. J.; Lange, A. E.; Latter, W.; Laurent, G.; Laurent, P.; Leeks, S. J.; Lellouch, E.; Levenson, L.; Li, B.; Li, J.; Lilienthal, J.; Lim, T.; Liu, S. J.; Lu, N.; Madden, S.; Mainetti, G.; Marliani, P.; McKay, D.; Mercier, K.; Molinari, S.; Morris, H.; Moseley, H.; Mulder, J.; Mur, M.; Naylor, D. A.; Nguyen, H.; O'Halloran, B.; Oliver, S.; Olofsson, G.; Olofsson, H.-G.; Orfei, R.; Page, M. J.; Pain, I.; Panuzzo, P.; Papageorgiou, A.; Parks, G.; Parr-Burman, P.; Pearce, A.; Pearson, C.; Pérez-Fournon, I.; Pinsard, F.; Pisano, G.; Podosek, J.; Pohlen, M.; Polehampton, E. T.; Pouliquen, D.; Rigopoulou, D.; Rizzo, D.; Roseboom, I. G.; Roussel, H.; Rowan-Robinson, M.; Rownd, B.; Saraceno, P.; Sauvage, M.; Savage, R.; Savini, G.; Sawyer, E.; Scharmberg, C.; Schmitt, D.; Schneider, N.; Schulz, B.; Schwartz, A.; Shafer, R.; Shupe, D. L.; Sibthorpe, B.; Sidher, S.; Smith, A.; Smith, A. J.; Smith, D.; Spencer, L.; Stobie, B.; Sudiwala, R.; Sukhatme, K.; Surace, C.; Stevens, J. A.; Swinyard, B. M.; Trichas, M.; Tourette, T.; Triou, H.; Tseng, S.; Tucker, C.; Turner, A.; Vaccari, M.; Valtchanov, I.; Vigroux, L.; Virique, E.; Voellmer, G.; Walker, H.; Ward, R.; Waskett, T.; Weilert, M.; Wesson, R.; White, G. J.; Whitehouse, N.; Wilson, C. D.; Winter, B.; Woodcraft, A. L.; Wright, G. S.; Xu, C. K.; Zavagno, A.; Zemcov, M.; Zhang, L.; Zonca, E.
	Title	The Herschel-SPIRE instrument and its in-flight performance			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal	A&A
	Volume	518	Issue		Pages	7
	Keywords	SPIRE
	Abstract	The Spectral and Photometric Imaging REceiver (SPIRE), is the Herschel Space Observatory`s submillimetre camera and spectrometer. It contains a three-band imaging photometer operating at 250, 350 and 500 μm, and an imaging Fourier-transform spectrometer (FTS) which covers simultaneously its whole operating range of 194-671 μm (447-1550 GHz). The SPIRE detectors are arrays of feedhorn-coupled bolometers cooled to 0.3 K. The photometer has a field of view of 4Â´× 8Â´, observed simultaneously in the three spectral bands. Its main operating mode is scan-mapping, whereby the field of view is scanned across the sky to achieve full spatial sampling and to cover large areas if desired. The spectrometer has an approximately circular field of view with a diameter of 2.6Â´. The spectral resolution can be adjusted between 1.2 and 25 GHz by changing the stroke length of the FTS scan mirror. Its main operating mode involves a fixed telescope pointing with multiple scans of the FTS mirror to acquire spectral data. For extended source measurements, multiple position offsets are implemented by means of an internal beam steering mirror to achieve the desired spatial sampling and by rastering of the telescope pointing to map areas larger than the field of view. The SPIRE instrument consists of a cold focal plane unit located inside the Herschel cryostat and warm electronics units, located on the spacecraft Service Module, for instrument control and data handling. Science data are transmitted to Earth with no on-board data compression, and processed by automatic pipelines to produce calibrated science products. The in-flight performance of the instrument matches or exceeds predictions based on pre-launch testing and modelling: the photometer sensitivity is comparable to or slightly better than estimated pre-launch, and the spectrometer sensitivity is also better by a factor of 1.5-2.
	Address
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	695
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	Author	Lobanov, Y.V.; Tong, C.-Y.E.; Hedden, A.S.; Blundell, R.; Voronov, B.M.; Gol'tsman, G.N.
	Title	Direct measurement of the gain and noise bandwidths of HEB mixers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	21	Issue	3	Pages	645-648
	Keywords	waveguide NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	The intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of a hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is an important parameter of the mixer, in that it helps to determine its suitability for a given application. With the availability of wideband low noise amplifiers, it is simple to measure the performance of an HEB mixer over a wide range of IF at a fixed LO frequency using the standard Y-factor method. This in-situ method allows us to measure both the gain and noise bandwidths simultaneously. We have also measured mixer output impedance with a vector network analyser. Intrinsic time constant has been extracted from the impedance data and compared to the mixer's bandwidths determined from receiver Y-factor measurement.
	Address
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	720
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	Author	Lobanov, Y. V.; Tong, Cheuk-Yu E.; Hedden, A. S.; Blundell, R.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Microwave-assisted슠measurement슠of the슠frequency슠response슠of슠terahertz슠HEB슠mixers슠with a슠fourier슠transform슠spectrometer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2010	Publication	21st International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology	Abbreviated Journal	21st ISSTT
	Volume		Issue		Pages	420-423
	Keywords	HEB mixer
	Abstract	We describe a novel method of operation of the HEB direct detector for use with a Fourier Transform Spectrometer. Instead of elevating the bath temperature, we have measured the RF response of waveguide HEB mixers by applying microwave radiation to select appropriate bias conditions. In our experiment, a microwave signal is injected into the HEB mixer via its IF port. By choosing an appropriate injection level, the device can be operated close to the desired operating point. Furthermore, we have shown that both thermal biasing and microwave injection can reproduce the same spectral response of the HEB mixer. However, with the use of microwave injection, there is no need to wait for the mixer to reach thermal equilibrium, so characterisation can be done in less time. Also, the liquid helium consumption for our wet cryostat is also reduced. We have demonstrated that the signalto-noise ratio of the FTS measurements can be improved with microwave injection.
	Address
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	725
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	Author	Alda, Javier; Rico-García, José M.; López-Alonso, José M.; Boreman, G.
	Title	Optical antennas for nano-photonic applications			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Nanotechnology	Abbreviated Journal	Nanotech.
	Volume	16	Issue	5	Pages	S230-S234
	Keywords	optical antennas
	Abstract	Antenna-coupled optical detectors, also named optical antennas, are being developed and proposed as alternative detection devices for the millimetre, infrared, and visible spectra. Optical and infrared antennas represent a class of optical components that couple electromagnetic radiation in the visible and infrared wavelengths in the same way as radioelectric antennas do at the corresponding wavelengths. The size of optical antennas is in the range of the detected wavelength and they involve fabrication techniques with nanoscale spatial resolution. Optical antennas have already proved and potential advantages in the detection of light showing polarization dependence, tuneability, and rapid time response. They also can be considered as point detectors and directionally sensitive elements. So far, these detectors have been thoroughly tested in the mid-infrared with some positive results in the visible. The measurement and characterization of optical antennas requires the use of an experimental set-up with nanometric resolution. On the other hand, a computation simulation of the interaction between the material structures and the incoming electromagnetic radiation is needed to explore alternative designs of practical devices.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	734
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	Author	Huang, Kevin C. Y.; Jun, Young Chul; Seo, Min-Kyo; Brongersma, Mark L.
	Title	Power flow from a dipole emitter near an optical antenna			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Optics Express	Abbreviated Journal	Opt. Express
	Volume	19	Issue	20	Pages	19084-19092
	Keywords	optical antennas
	Abstract	Current methods to calculate the emission enhancement of a quantum emitter coupled to an optical antenna of arbitrary geometry rely on analyzing the total Poynting vector power flow out of the emitter or the dyadic Green functions from full-field numerical simulations. Unfortunately, these methods do not provide information regarding the nature of the dominant energy decay pathways. We present a new approach that allows for a rigorous separation, quantification, and visualization of the emitter output power flow captured by an antenna and the subsequent reradiation power flow to the far field. Such analysis reveals unprecedented details of the emitter/antenna coupling mechanisms and thus opens up new design strategies for strongly interacting emitter/antenna systems used in sensing, active plasmonics and metamaterials, and quantum optics.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	743
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	Author	Kramer, B.; Chen, C-C.; Volakis, J.D.
	Title	The development of a mini-UWB antenna			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Measurement and Techniques Association Symposium	Abbreviated Journal	AMTA
	Volume		Issue		Pages	6
	Keywords	optical antennas; Ultra Wide Band; Spiral Antenna, Dielectric Loading
	Abstract	There is a great interest in the automotive and military sectors for small and broadband antennas that meet modern communication needs. These needs require ultra-wide bandwidth (>10:1) UWB antennas, such as the spiral antenna. However, the physical size at the low-frequency end typically becomes too large for practical applications. To reduce the size of the antenna, miniaturization techniques must be employed such as the use of high-contrast dielectric materials. Size reduction using high-contrast materials has been demonstrated for narrowband antennas, such as patch antennas, but not for broadband antennas to our knowledge. Therefore, the concept of miniaturizing a broadband spiral antenna using dielectric materials will be investigated experimentally and numerically.Issues that arise from dielectric loading such as impedance reduction will also be addressed. It will be shown using the results from these studies that there are practical limitations to the amount of miniaturization which can be achieved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	751
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	Author	Knee, George C.; Simmons, Stephanie; Gauger, Erik M.; Morton, John J. L.; Riemann, Helge; Abrosimov, Nikolai V.; Becker, Peter; Pohl, Hans-Joachim; Itoh, Kohei M.; Thewalt, Mike L. W.; Briggs, G. Andrew D.; Benjamin, Simon C.
	Title	Violation of a Leggett–Garg inequality with ideal non-invasive measurements			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Nature Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Nat. Comm.
	Volume	3	Issue	606	Pages	6
	Keywords	fromIPMRAS
	Abstract	The quantum superposition principle states that an entity can exist in two different states simultaneously, counter to our 'classical' intuition. Is it possible to understand a given system's behaviour without such a concept? A test designed by Leggett and Garg can rule out this possibility. The test, originally intended for macroscopic objects, has been implemented in various systems. However to date no experiment has employed the 'ideal negative result' measurements that are required for the most robust test. Here we introduce a general protocol for these special measurements using an ancillary system, which acts as a local measuring device but which need not be perfectly prepared. We report an experimental realization using spin-bearing phosphorus impurities in silicon. The results demonstrate the necessity of a non-classical picture for this class of microscopic system. Our procedure can be applied to systems of any size, whether individually controlled or in a spatial ensemble.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	767
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	Author	Gabay, Marc; Triscone, Jean-Marc
	Title	Superconductors: Terahertz superconducting switch			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Nature Photonics	Abbreviated Journal	Nat. Photon.
	Volume	5	Issue	8	Pages	447-449
	Keywords	fromIPMRAS
	Abstract	The use of terahertz pulses to 'gate' interlayer charge transport in a superconductor could lead to a variety of new and interesting applications.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	777
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	Author	Yao, Xing-Can; Wang, Tian-Xiong; Xu, Ping; Lu, He; Pan, Ge-Sheng; Bao, Xiao-Hui; Peng, Cheng-Zhi; Lu, Chao-Yang; Chen, Yu-Ao; Pan, Jian-Wei
	Title	Observation of eight-photon entanglement			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Nature Photonics	Abbreviated Journal	Nat. Photon.
	Volume	6	Issue	4	Pages	225-228
	Keywords	fromIPMRAS
	Abstract	The creation of increasingly large multipartite entangled states is not only a fundamental scientific endeavour in itself, but is also the enabling technology for quantum information. Tremendous experimental effort has been devoted to generating multiparticle entanglement with a growing number of qubits. So far, up to six spatially separated single photons have been entangled based on parametric downconversion. Multiple degrees of freedom of a single photon have been exploited to generate forms of hyper-entangled states. Here, using new ultra-bright sources of entangled photon pairs, an eight-photon interferometer and post-selection detection, we demonstrate for the first time the creation of an eight-photon Schrödinger cat state with genuine multipartite entanglement. The ability to control eight individual photons represents a step towards optical quantum computation, and will enable new experiments on, for example, quantum simulation, topological error correction and testing entanglement dynamics under decoherence.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	784
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	Author	Zhang, Qiang; Goebel, Alexander; Wagenknecht, Claudia; Chen, Yu-Ao; Zhao, Bo; Yang, Tao; Mair, Alois; Schmiedmayer, Jörg; Pan, Jian-Wei
	Title	Experimental quantum teleportation of a two-qubit composite system			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Nature Physics	Abbreviated Journal	Nat. Phys.
	Volume	2	Issue	10	Pages	678-682
	Keywords	fromIPMRAS; quantum teleportation
	Abstract	Quantum teleportation, a way to transfer the state of a quantum system from one location to another, is central to quantum communication and plays an important role in a number of quantum computation protocols. Previous experimental demonstrations have been implemented with single photonic or ionic qubits. However, teleportation of single qubits is insufficient for a large-scale realization of quantum communication and computation. Here, we present the experimental realization of quantum teleportation of a two-qubit composite system. In the experiment, we develop and exploit a six-photon interferometer to teleport an arbitrary polarization state of two photons. The observed teleportation fidelities for different initial states are all well beyond the state estimation limit of 0.40 for a two-qubit system. Not only does our six-photon interferometer provide an important step towards teleportation of a complex system, it will also enable future experimental investigations on a number of fundamental quantum communication and computation protocols
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	795
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	Author	Lu, Chao-Yang; Zhou, Xiao-Qi; Gühne, Otfried; Gao, Wei-Bo; Zhang, Jin; Yuan, Zhen-Sheng; Goebel, Alexander; Yang, Tao; Pan, Jian-Wei
	Title	Experimental entanglement of six photons in graph states			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Nature Physics	Abbreviated Journal	Nat. Phys.
	Volume	3	Issue	2	Pages	91-95
	Keywords	fromIPMRAS
	Abstract	Graph states-multipartite entangled states that can be represented by mathematical graphs-are important resources for quantum computation, quantum error correction, studies of multiparticle entanglement and fundamental tests of non-locality and decoherence. Here, we demonstrate the experimental entanglement of six photons and engineering of multiqubit graph states. We have created two important examples of graph states, a six-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state, the largest photonic Schrödinger cat so far, and a six-photon cluster state, a state-of-the-art `one-way quantum computer'. With small modifications, our method allows us, in principle, to create various further graph states, and therefore could open the way to experimental tests of, for example, quantum algorithms or loss- and fault-tolerant one-way quantum computation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	796
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	Author	Ursin, R.; Tiefenbacher, F.; Schmitt-Manderbach, T.; Weier, H.; Scheidl, T.; Lindenthal, M.; Blauensteiner, B.; Jennewein, T.; Perdigues, J.; Trojek, P.; Ã–mer, B.; Fürst, M.; Meyenburg, M.; Rarity, J.; Sodnik, Z.; Barbieri, C.; Weinfurter, H.; Zeilinger, A.
	Title	Entanglement-based quantum communication over 144km			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Nature Physics	Abbreviated Journal	Nat. Phys.
	Volume	3	Issue	7	Pages	481-486
	Keywords	fromIPMRAS
	Abstract	Quantum entanglement is the main resource to endow the field of quantum information processing with powers that exceed those of classical communication and computation. In view of applications such as quantum cryptography or quantum teleportation, extension of quantum-entanglement-based protocols to global distances is of considerable practical interest. Here we experimentally demonstrate entanglement-based quantum key distribution over 144km. One photon is measured locally at the Canary Island of La Palma, whereas the other is sent over an optical free-space link to Tenerife, where the Optical Ground Station of the European Space Agency acts as the receiver. This exceeds previous free-space experiments by more than an order of magnitude in distance, and is an essential step towards future satellite-based quantum communication and experimental tests on quantum physics in space.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	797
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	Author	Zhu, J.; Christensen, J.; Jung, J.; Martin-Moreno, L.; Yin, X.; Fok, L.; Zhang, X.; Garcia-Vidal, F. J.
	Title	A holey-structured metamaterial for acoustic deep-subwavelength imaging			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Nature Physics	Abbreviated Journal	Nat. Phys.
	Volume	7	Issue	1	Pages	52-55
	Keywords	fromIPMRAS
	Abstract	For classical waves such as light or sound, diffraction sets a natural limit on how finely the details of an object can be recorded on its image. Recently, various optical superlenses based on the metamaterials concept have shown the possibility of overcoming the diffraction limit. Similar two-dimensional (2D) acoustic hyperlens designs have also been explored. Here we demonstrate a 3D holey-structured metamaterial that achieves acoustic imaging down to a feature size of λ/50. The evanescent field components of a subwavelength object are efficiently transmitted through the structure as a result of their strong coupling with Fabry-Pérot resonances inside the holey plate. This capability of acoustic imaging at a very deep-subwavelength scale may open the door for a broad range of applications, including medical ultrasonography, underwater sonar and ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	809
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	Author	Kim, Yong-Su; Lee, Jong-Chan; Kwon, Osung; Kim, Yoon-Ho
	Title	Protecting entanglement from decoherence using weak measurement and quantum measurement reversal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Nature Physics	Abbreviated Journal	Nat. Phys.
	Volume	8	Issue	2	Pages	117-120
	Keywords	fromIPMRAS
	Abstract	Decoherence, often caused by unavoidable coupling with the environment, leads to degradation of quantum coherence. For a multipartite quantum system, decoherence leads to degradation of entanglement and, in certain cases, entanglement sudden death. Tackling decoherence, thus, is a critical issue faced in quantum information, as entanglement is a vital resource for many quantum information applications including quantum computing, quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation and quantum metrology. Here, we propose and demonstrate a scheme to protect entanglement from decoherence. Our entanglement protection scheme makes use of the quantum measurement itself for actively battling against decoherence and it can effectively circumvent even entanglement sudden death.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	815
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	Author	Billangeon, P.-M.; Nakamura, Y.
	Title	Superconducting devices: Quantum cups and balls			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Nature Physics	Abbreviated Journal	Nat. Phys.
	Volume	7	Issue	8	Pages	594-595
	Keywords	fromIPMRAS
	Abstract	A single microwave photon in a superposition of two states of different frequency is now demonstrated using a superconducting quantum interference device to mediate the coupling between two harmonics of a resonator. Such quantum circuits bring closer the possibility of controlling photon-photon interactions at the single-photon level.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	820
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	Author	Zakka-Bajjani, Eva; Nguyen, FranÃ§ois; Lee, Minhyea; Vale, Leila R.; Simmonds, Raymond W.; Aumentado, José
	Title	Quantum superposition of a single microwave photon in two different 'colour' states			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Nature Physics	Abbreviated Journal	Nat. Phys.
	Volume	7	Issue	8	Pages	599-603
	Keywords	fromIPMRAS
	Abstract	Fully controlled coherent coupling of arbitrary harmonic oscillators is an important tool for processing quantum information. Coupling between quantum harmonic oscillators has previously been demonstrated in several physical systems using a two-level system as a mediating element. Direct interaction at the quantum level has only recently been realized by means of resonant coupling between trapped ions. Here we implement a tunable direct coupling between the microwave harmonics of a superconducting resonator by means of parametric frequency conversion. We accomplish this by coupling the mode currents of two harmonics through a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and modulating its flux at the difference (~7GHz) of the harmonic frequencies. We deterministically prepare a single-photon Fock state and coherently manipulate it between multiple modes, effectively controlling it in a superposition of two different 'colours'. This parametric interaction can be described as a beamsplitter-like operation that couples different frequency modes. As such, it could be used to implement linear optical quantum computing protocols on-chip.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	822
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	Author	Bylander, Jonas; Gustavsson, Simon; Yan, Fei; Yoshihara, Fumiki; Harrabi, Khalil; Fitch, George; Cory, David G.; Nakamura, Yasunobu; Tsai, Jaw-Shen; Oliver, William D.
	Title	Noise spectroscopy through dynamical decoupling with a superconducting flux qubit			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Nature Physics	Abbreviated Journal	Nat. Phys.
	Volume	7	Issue	7	Pages	565-570
	Keywords	fromIPMRAS
	Abstract	Quantum coherence in natural and artificial spin systems is fundamental to applications ranging from quantum information science to magnetic-resonance imaging and identification. Several multipulse control sequences targeting generalized noise models have been developed to extend coherence by dynamically decoupling a spin system from its noisy environment. In any particular implementation, however, the efficacy of these methods is sensitive to the specific frequency distribution of the noise, suggesting that these same pulse sequences could also be used to probe the noise spectrum directly. Here we demonstrate noise spectroscopy by means of dynamical decoupling using a superconducting qubit with energy-relaxation time T1=12μs. We first demonstrate that dynamical decoupling improves the coherence time T2 in this system up to the T2=2T1 limit (pure dephasing times exceeding 100μs), and then leverage its filtering properties to probe the environmental noise over a frequency (f) range 0.2-20MHz, observing a 1/fÎ± distribution with Î±<1. The characterization of environmental noise has broad utility for spin-resonance applications, enabling the design of optimized coherent-control methods, promoting device and materials engineering, and generally improving coherence.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	829
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	Author	Ma, Xiao-Song; Dakic, Borivoje; Naylor, William; Zeilinger, Anton; Walther, Philip
	Title	Quantum simulation of the wavefunction to probe frustrated Heisenberg spin systems			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Nature Physics	Abbreviated Journal	Nat. Phys.
	Volume	7	Issue	5	Pages	399-405
	Keywords	fromIPMRAS
	Abstract	Quantum simulators are controllable quantum systems that can reproduce the dynamics of the system of interest in situations that are not amenable to classical computers. Recent developments in quantum technology enable the precise control of individual quantum particles as required for studying complex quantum systems. In particular, quantum simulators capable of simulating frustrated Heisenberg spin systems provide platforms for understanding exotic matter such as high-temperature superconductors. Here we report the analogue quantum simulation of the ground-state wavefunction to probe arbitrary Heisenberg-type interactions among four spin-1/2 particles. Depending on the interaction strength, frustration within the system emerges such that the ground state evolves from a localized to a resonating-valence-bond state. This spin-1/2 tetramer is created using the polarization states of four photons. The single-particle addressability and tunable measurement-induced interactions provide us with insights into entanglement dynamics among individual particles. We directly extract ground-state energies and pairwise quantum correlations to observe the monogamy of entanglement.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	842
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	Author	Tang, Liang; Kocabas, Sukru Ekin; Latif, Salman; Okyay, Ali K.; Ly-Gagnon, Dany-Sebastien; Saraswat, Krishna C.; Miller, David A. B.
	Title	Nanometre-scale germanium photodetector enhanced by a near-infrared dipole antenna			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Nature Photonics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	226-229
	Keywords	optical antennas
	Abstract	A critical challenge for the convergence of optics and electronics is that the micrometre scale of optics is significantly larger than the nanometre scale of modern electronic devices. In the conversion from photons to electrons by photodetectors, this size incompatibility often leads to substantial penalties in power dissipation, area, latency and noise. A photodetector can be made smaller by using a subwavelength active region; however, this can result in very low responsivity because of the diffraction limit of the light. Here we exploit the idea of a half-wave Hertz dipole antenna (length approx 380 nm) from radio waves, but at near-infrared wavelengths (length approx 1.3 microm), to concentrate radiation into a nanometre-scale germanium photodetector. This gives a polarization contrast of a factor of 20 in the resulting photocurrent in the subwavelength germanium element, which has an active volume of 0.00072 microm3, a size that is two orders of magnitude smaller than previously demonstrated detectors at such wavelengths.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	858
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	Author	-
	Title	ГОСТ Р 15.011-96. Патентные исследования. Содержание и порядок проведения			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1996	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	gost, patents, detproj
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	865
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	Author	Julia Toussaint, Roman Grüner, Marco Schubert, Torsten May, Hans-Georg Meyer, Benjamin Dietzek, Jürgen Popp, Matthias Hofherr, Matthias Arndt, Dagmar Henrich, Konstantin Il'in, and Michael Siegel
	Title	Superconducting single-photon counting system for optical experiments requiring time-resolution in the picosecond range			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	AIP REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
	Volume	83	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	SSPD, picosecond, time-resolution
	Abstract	We have developed a cryogenic measurement system for single-photon counting, which can be used in optical experiments requiring high time resolution in the picosecond range. The system utilizes niobium nitride superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors which are integrated in a timecorrelated single-photon counting (TCSPC) setup. In this work, we describe details of the mechanical design, the electrical setup, and the cryogenic optical components. The performance of the complete system in TCSPC mode is tentatively benchmarked using 140 fs long laser pulses at a repetition frequency of 75MHz. Due to the high temporal stability of these pulses, the measured time resolution of 35 ps (FWHM) is limited by the timing jitter of the measurement system. The result was crosschecked in a Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) setup, where scattered pulses from a Î²-barium borate crystal have been detected with the same time resolution.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ seleznev @			Serial	885
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	Author	Sahu, Mitrabhanu; Bae, Myung-Ho; Rogachev, Andrey; Pekker, David; Wei, Tzu-Chieh; Shah, Nayana; Goldbart, Paul M.; Bezryadin, Alexey
	Title	Individual topological tunnelling events of a quantum field probed through their macroscopic consequences			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Nature Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Nature Phys.
	Volume	5	Issue		Pages	503-508
	Keywords	phase slips, superconducting nanowires
	Abstract	Phase slips are topological fluctuations that carry the superconducting order-parameter field between distinct current-carrying states. Owing to these phase slips, superconducting nanowires acquire electrical resistance. In such wires, it is well known that at higher temperatures phase slips occur through the process of thermal barrier-crossing by the order-parameter field. At low temperatures, the general expectation is that phase slips should proceed through quantum tunnelling events, which are known as quantum phase slips. However, resistive measurements have produced evidence both for and against the occurrence of quantum phase slips. Here, we report evidence for the observation of individual quantum phase-slip events in homogeneous ultranarrow wires at high bias currents. We accomplish this through measurements of the distribution of switching currents for which the width exhibits a rather counter-intuitive, monotonic increase with decreasing temperature. Importantly, measurements show that in nanowires with larger critical currents, quantum fluctuations dominate thermal fluctuations up to higher temperatures.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Recommended by Klapwijk			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	928
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	Author	-
	Title	ГОСТ 2.125-2008 ЕСКД Правила выполнения эскизных конструкторских документов			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2008	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ kostochkin @			Serial	934
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	Author	Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Golts'man, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov B.
	Title	Superconductive NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer performance at 250 GHz			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Proc. 7^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 7^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	331-336
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	Thin film NbN (<40 A) strips are used as waveguide mixer elements. The electron cooling mechanism for the geometry is the electron-phonon interaction. We report a receiver noise temperature of 750 K at 244 GHz, with / IF = 1.5 GHz, Af= 500 MHz, and Tphysical = 4 K. The instantaneous bandwidth for this mixer is 1.6 GHz. The local oscillator (LO) power is 0.5 1.tW with 3 dB-uncertainty. The mixer is linear to 1 dB up to an input power level 6 dB below the LO power. We report the first detection of a molecular line emission using this class of mixer, and that the receiver noise temperature determined from Y-factor measurements reflects the true heterodyne sensitivity.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	945
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	Author	Kerr, A. R.; Feldman, M. J.; Pan, S.-K.
	Title	Receiver noise temperature, the quantum noise limit, and the role of the zero-point fluctuations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Electronics division internal report NO. 304	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	1-10
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ atomics90 @			Serial	947
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	Author	Lusche, Robert; Semenov, Alexey; Huebers, Heinz-Willhelm; Ilin, Konstantin; Siegel, Michael; Korneeva, Yuliya; Trifonov, Andrey; Korneev, Alexander; Goltsman, Gregory
	Title	Effect of the wire geometry and an externally applied magnetic field on the detection efficiency of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors			Type	Abstract
	Year	2013	Publication	INIS	Abbreviated Journal	INIS
	Volume	46	Issue	8	Pages	1-3
	Keywords	TaN, NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	The interest in single-photon detectors in the near-infrared wavelength regime for applications, e.g. in quantum cryptography has immensely increased in the last years. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPD) already show quite reasonable detection efficiencies in the NIR which can even be further improved. Novel theoretical approaches including vortex-assisted photon counting state that the detection efficiency in the long wavelength region can be enhanced by the detector geometry and an applied magnetic field. We present spectral measurements in the wavelength range from 350-2500 nm of the detection efficiency of meander-type TaN and NbN SNSPD with varying nanowire line width from 80 to 250 nm. Due to the used experimental setup we can accurately normalize the measured spectra and are able to extract the intrinsic detection efficiency (IDE) of our detectors. The results clearly indicate an improvement of the IDE depending on the wire width according to the theoretic models. Furthermore we experimentally found that the smallest detectable photon-flux can be increased by applying a small magnetic field to the detectors.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1374
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	Author	Shurakov, A.; Tong, Cheuk-yu E.; Grimes, P.; Blundell, R.; Golt'sman, G.
	Title	A microwave reflection readout scheme for hot electron bolometric direct detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol.
	Volume	5	Issue		Pages	81-84
	Keywords	HEB detectors
	Abstract	In this paper, we propose and present data from a fast THz detector based on the repurpose of hot electron bolometer mixers (HEB) fabricated from superconducting NbN thinfilm. This detector is essentially a traditional NbN bolometer element that operates under the influence of a microwave pump. The in-jected microwave power serves the dual purpose of enhancing the detector sensitivity and reading out the impedance changes of the device in response to incidentTHz radiation. We have measured an optical Noise Equivalent Power of 4 pW/ Hz for our detector at a bath temperature of 4.2 K. The measurement frequency was 0.83 THz and the modulation frequency was 1.48 kHz. The readout scheme is versatile and facilitates both high-speed operation as well as multi-pixel applications.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ atomics90 @			Serial	950
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	Author	Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Ryabchun, S.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	Probing the stability of HEB mixers with microwave injection			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	25	Issue	3	Pages	2300404 (1 to 4)
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixer, stability, Allan-variance
	Abstract	Using a microwave probe as a tool, we have performed experiments aimed at understanding the origin of the output-power fluctuations in hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers. We use a probe frequency of 1.5 GHz. The microwave probe picks up impedance changes of the HEB, which are examined upon demodulation of the reflected wave outside the cryostat. This study shows that the HEB mixer operates in two different regimes under a terahertz pump. At a low pumping level, strong pulse modulation is observed, as the device switches between the superconducting state and the normal state at a rate of a few megahertz. When pumped much harder, to approximate the low-noise mixer operating point, residual modulation can still be observed, showing that the HEB mixer is intrinsically unstable even in the resistive state. Based on these observations, we introduced a low-frequency termination to the HEB mixer. By terminating the device in a 50-Ω resistor in the megahertz frequency range, we have been able to improve the output-power Allan time of our HEB receiver by a factor of four to about 10 s for a detection bandwidth of 15 MHz, with a corresponding gain fluctuation of about 0.035%.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1355
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	Author	Meledin D.; Desmaris V.; Ferm S.-E.; Fredrixon M.; Henke D.; Lapkin I.; Nyström O.; Pantaleev M.; Pavolotsky A.; Strandberg M.; Sundin E.; Belitsky V.
	Title	APEX Band T2: A 1.25 – 1.39 THz Waveguide Balanced HEB Receiver			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	181-185
	Keywords
	Abstract	A waveguide 1.25–1.39 THz Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) balanced receiver was successfully developed, characterized and installed at the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) telescope. The receiver employs a quadrature balanced scheme using a waveguide 90-degree 3 dB RF hybrid, HEB mixers and a 180-degree IF hybrid. The HEB mixers are based on ultrathin NbN film deposited on crystalline quartz with a MgO buffer layer. Integrated into the multi-channel APEX facility receiver (SHeFI), the results presented here demonstrate exceptional performance; a receiver noise temperature of 1000 K measured at the telescope at the center of the receiver IF band 2-4 GHz, and at an LO frequency of 1294 GHz. Stability of the receiver is fully in line with the SIS mixer bands of the SHeFI, and gives a spectroscopic Allan time of more than 200 s with a noise bandwidth of 1 MHz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ atomics90 @			Serial	974
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Il'in, V. A.; Litvak-Gorskaya, L. B.; Filonovich, S. R.
	Title	Character of submillimeter photoconductivity in n-lnSb			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1979	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	49	Issue	1	Pages	121-128
	Keywords
	Abstract	A comprehensive investigation was made of the submillimeter photoconductivity of n -1nSb in the range of wavelengths L = 0.6-8 mm, magnetic fields H = 0-30 kOe, electric fields E = 0.01-0.5 V/cm, and temperatures T = 1.3-30 K. The kinetics of the photoconductivity processes as a function of T, E; and H is investigated. It is shown that impurity photoconductivity does exist for any degree of compensation of extremely purified n-InSb. Particular attention is paid to the hopping photoconductivity realized in strongly compensated n-1nSb (K > 0.8).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ phisix @			Serial	985
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	Author	Elvira, D.; Michon, A.; Fain, B.; Patriarche, G.; Beaudoin, G.; Robert-Philip, I.; Vachtomin, Y.; Divochiy, A. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sagnes, I.; Beveratos, A.
	Title	Time-resolved spectroscopy of InAsP/InP(001) quantum dots emitting near 2 μm			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	97	Issue	13	Pages	131907 (1 to 3)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, InAsP/InP quantum dots
	Abstract	By using superconducting single photon detectors, we perform time-resolved characterization of a small ensemble of InAsP/InP quantum dots grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy, emitting at wavelengths between 1.6 and 2.2 μm. We demonstrate that alloying phosphorus with InAs allows to shift the emission wavelength toward higher wavelengths, while keeping the high optical quality of these quantum dots at room temperature, with no decrease in their radiative lifetime. This work was partially supported by Russian Ministry of Science and Education: Federal State Program “Scientific and Educational Cadres of Innovative” state Contract Nos. 02.740.0228, 14.740.11.0343, 14.740.11.0269, and P931, and RFBR Project No. 09-02-12364.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1238
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	Author	Larrey, V.; Villegier, J. -C.; Salez, M.; Miletto-Granozio, F.; Karpov, A.
	Title	Processing and characterization of high Jc NbN superconducting tunnel junctions for THz analog circuits and RSFQ			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	2	Pages	3216-3219
	Keywords	RSFQ, NbN, SIS
	Abstract	A generic NbN Superconducting Tunnel Junctions (STJ) technology has been developed using conventional substrates (Si and SOI-SIMOX) for making THz spectrometers including SIS receivers and RSFQ logic gates. NbN/MgO/NbN junctions with area of 1 /spl mu/m/sup 2/, Jc of 10 kA/cm/sup 2/ and low sub-gap leakage current (Vm>25 mV) are currently obtained from room temperature sputtered multilayers followed by a post-annealing at 250/spl deg/C. Using a thin MgO buffer layer deposited underneath the NbN electrodes, ensures lower NbN surface resistance values (Rs=7 /spl mu//spl Omega/) at 10 GHz and 4 K. Epitaxial NbN [100] films on MgO [100] with high gap frequency (1.4 THz) have also been achieved under the same deposition conditions at room temperature. The NbN SIS has shown good I-V photon induced steps when LO pumped at 300 GHz. We have developed an 8 levels Al/NbN multilayer process for making 1.5 THz SIS mixers (including Al antennas) on Si membranes patterned in SOI-SIMOX. Using the planarization techniques developed at the Si-MOS CEA-LETI Facility, we have also demonstrated on the possibility of extending our NbN technology to high level RSFQ circuit integration with 0.5 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ junction area, made on large area substrates (up to 8 inches).
	Address
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1081
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	Author	Benz, A. O.; Bruderer, S.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Stäuber, P.; Wampfler, S. F.; Melchior, M.; Dedes, C.; Wyrowski, F.; Doty, S. D.; van der Tak, F.; Bächtold, W.; Csillaghy, A.; Megej, A.; Monstein, C.; Soldati, M.; Bachiller, R.; Baudry, A.; Benedettini, M.; Bergin, E.; Bjerkeli, P.; Blake, G. A.; Bontemps, S.; Braine, J.; Caselli, P.; Cernicharo, J.; Codella, C.; Daniel, F.; di Giorgio, A. M.; Dieleman, P.; Dominik, C.; Encrenaz, P.; Fich, M.; Fuente, A.; Giannini, T.; Goicoechea, J. R.; de Graauw, Th.; Helmich, F.; Herczeg, G. J.; Herpin, F.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Jacq, T.; Jellema, W.; Johnstone, D.; Jørgensen, J. K.; Kristensen, L. E.; Larsson, B.; Lis, D.; Liseau, R.; Marseille, M.; McCoey, C.; Melnick, G.; Neufeld, D.; Nisini, B.; Olberg, M.; Ossenkopf, V.; Parise, B.; Pearson, J. C.; Plume, R.; Risacher, C.; Santiago-García, J.; Saraceno, P.; Schieder, R.; Shipman, R.; Stutzki, J.; Tafalla, M.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; van Kempen, T. A.; Visser, R.; Yıldız, U. A.
	Title	Hydrides in young stellar objects: Radiation tracers in a protostar-disk-outflow system			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	521	Issue		Pages	L35 (1 to 5)
	Keywords	HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel
	Abstract	Context. Hydrides of the most abundant heavier elements are fundamental molecules in cosmic chemistry. Some of them trace gas irradiated by UV or X-rays. Aims. We explore the abundances of major hydrides in W3 IRS5, a prototypical region of high-mass star formation. Methods. W3 IRS5 was observed by HIFI on the Herschel Space Observatory with deep integration (2500 s) in 8 spectral regions. Results. The target lines including CH, NH, H3O+, and the new molecules SH+, H2O+, and OH+ are detected. The H2O+ and OH+ J = 1–0 lines are found mostly in absorption, but also appear to exhibit weak emission (P-Cyg-like). Emission requires high density, thus originates most likely near the protostar. This is corroborated by the absence of line shifts relative to the young stellar object (YSO). In addition, H2O+ and OH+ also contain strong absorption components at a velocity shifted relative to W3 IRS5, which are attributed to foreground clouds. Conclusions. The molecular column densities derived from observations correlate well with the predictions of a model that assumes the main emission region is in outflow walls, heated and irradiated by protostellar UV radiation.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1082
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	Author	Bujarrabal, V.; Alcolea, J.; Soria-Ruiz, R.; Planesas, P.; Teyssier, D.; Marston, A. P.; Cernicharo, J.; Decin, L.; Dominik, C.; Justtanont, K.; de Koter, A.; Melnick, G.; Menten, K. M.; Neufeld, D. A.; Olofsson, H.; Schmidt, M.; Schöier, F. L.; Szczerba, R.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Quintana-Lacaci, G.; Güsten, R.; Gallego, J. D.; Díez-González, M. C.; Barcia, A.; López-Fernández, I.; Wildeman, K.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Jacobs, K.
	Title	Herschel/HIFI observations of high-J CO transitions in the protoplanetary nebula CRL 618			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	521	Issue		Pages	L3 (1 to 5)
	Keywords	HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel
	Abstract	Aims. We aim to study the physical conditions, particularly the excitation state, of the intermediate-temperature gas components in the protoplanetary nebula CRL 618. These components are particularly important for understanding the evolution of the nebula. Methods. We performed Herschel/HIFI observations of several CO lines in the far-infrared/sub-mm in the protoplanetary nebula CRL 618. The high spectral resolution provided by HIFI allows measurement of the line profiles. Since the dynamics and structure of the nebula is well known from mm-wave interferometric maps, it is possible to identify the contributions of the different nebular components (fast bipolar outflows, double shells, compact slow shell) to the line profiles. The observation of these relatively high-energy transitions allows an accurate study of the excitation conditions in these components, particularly in the warm ones, which cannot be properly studied from the low-energy lines. Results. The 12CO J = 16–15, 10–9, and 6–5 lines are easily detected in this source. Both 13CO J = 10–9 and 6–5 are also detected. Wide profiles showing spectacular line wings have been found, particularly in 12CO J = 16–15. Other lines observed simultaneously with CO are also shown. Our analysis of the CO high-J transitions, when compared with the existing models, confirms the very low expansion velocity of the central, dense component, which probably indicates that the shells ejected during the last AGB phases were driven by radiation pressure under a regime of maximum transfer of momentum. No contribution of the diffuse halo found from mm-wave data is identified in our spectra, because of its low temperature. We find that the fast bipolar outflow is quite hot, much hotter than previously estimated; for instance, gas flowing at 100 km s-1 must have a temperature higher than ~200 K. Probably, this very fast outflow, with a kinematic age <100 yr, has been accelerated by a shock and has not yet cooled down. The double empty shell found from mm-wave mapping must also be relatively hot, in agreement with the previous estimate.
	Address
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1084
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	Author	Cavalié, T.; Feuchtgruber, H.; Lellouch, E.; de Val-Borro, M.; Jarchow, C.; Moreno, R.; Hartogh, P.; Orton, G.; Greathouse, T. K.; Billebaud, F.; Dobrijevic, M.; Lara, L. M.; González, A.; Sagawa, H.
	Title	Spatial distribution of water in the stratosphere of Jupiter from Herschel HIFI and PACS observations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	553	Issue		Pages	A21 (1 to 16)
	Keywords	HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel
	Abstract	Context. In the past 15 years, several studies suggested that water in the stratosphere of Jupiter originated from the Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9) comet impacts in July 1994, but a direct proof was missing. Only a very sensitive instrument observing with high spectral/spatial resolution can help to solve this problem. This is the case of the Herschel Space Observatory, which is the first telescope capable of mapping water in Jupiter's stratosphere. Aims. We observed the spatial distribution of the water emission in Jupiter's stratosphere with the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) and the Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) onboard Herschel to constrain its origin. In parallel, we monitored Jupiter's stratospheric temperature with the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) to separate temperature from water variability. Methods. We obtained a 25-point map of the 1669.9 GHz water line with HIFI in July 2010 and several maps with PACS in October 2009 and December 2010. The 2010 PACS map is a 400-point raster of the water 66.4 μm emission. Additionally, we mapped the methane Î½4 band emission to constrain the stratospheric temperature in Jupiter in the same periods with the IRTF. Results. Water is found to be restricted to pressures lower than 2 mbar. Its column density decreases by a factor of 2–3 between southern and northern latitudes, consistently between the HIFI and the PACS 66.4 μm maps. We infer that an emission maximum seen around 15 °S is caused by a warm stratospheric belt detected in the IRTF data. Conclusions. Latitudinal temperature variability cannot explain the global north-south asymmetry in the water maps. From the latitudinal and vertical distributions of water in Jupiter's stratosphere, we rule out interplanetary dust particles as its main source. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Jupiter's stratospheric water was delivered by the SL9 comet and that more than 95% of the observed water comes from the comet according to our models.
	Address
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1085
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	Author	Chavarr'ıa, L.; Herpin, F.; Jacq, T.; Braine, J.; Bontemps, S.; Baudry, A.; Marseille, M.; van der Tak, F.; Pietropaoli, B.; Wyrowski, F.; Shipman, R.; Frieswijk, W.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Cernicharo, J.; Bachiller, R.; Benedettini, M.; Benz, A. O.; Bergin, E.; Bjerkeli, P.; Blake, G. A.; Bruderer, S.; Caselli, P.; Codella, C.; Daniel, F.; di Giorgio, A. M.; Dominik, C.; Doty, S. D.; Encrenaz, P.; Fich, M.; Fuente, A.; Giannini, T.; Goicoechea, J. R.; de Graauw, T.; Hartogh, P.; Helmich, F.; Herczeg, G. J.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Johnstone, D.; Jørgensen, J. K.; Kristensen, L. E.; Larsson, B.; Lis, D.; Liseau, R.; McCoey, C.; Melnick, G.; Nisini, B.; Olberg, M.; Parise, B.; Pearson, J. C.; Plume, R.; Risacher, C.; Santiago-Garc'ıa, J.; Saraceno, P.; Stutzki, J.; Szczerba, R.; Tafalla, M.; Tielens, A.; van Kempen, T. A.; Visser, R.; Wampfler, S. F.; Willem, J.; Yıldız, U. A.
	Title	Water in massive star-forming regions: HIFI observations of W3 IRS5			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	521	Issue		Pages	L37 (1 to 5)
	Keywords	HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, stars: formation, stars: massive, ISM: molecules, ISM: abundances, dust, extinction, radio lines: ISM
	Abstract	We present Herschel observations of the water molecule in the massive star-forming region W3 IRS5. The o-H217O 110-101, p-H218O 111-000, p-H2O 202-111, p-H2O 111-000, o-H2O 221-212, and o-H2O 212-101 lines, covering a frequency range from 552 up to 1669 GHz, have been detected at high spectral resolution with HIFI. The water lines in W3 IRS5 show well-defined high-velocity wings that indicate a clear contribution by outflows. Moreover, the systematically blue-shifted absorption in the H2O lines suggests expansion, presumably driven by the outflow. No infall signatures are detected. The p-H2O 111-000 and o-H2O 212-101 lines show absorption from the cold material (T ~ 10 K) in which the high-mass protostellar envelope is embedded. One-dimensional radiative transfer models are used to estimate water abundances and to further study the kinematics of the region. We show that the emission in the rare isotopologues comes directly from the inner parts of the envelope (T â‰<b3> 100 K) where water ices in the dust mantles evaporate and the gas-phase abundance increases. The resulting jump in the water abundance (with a constant inner abundance of 10-4) is needed to reproduce the o-H217O 110-101 and p-H218O 111-000 spectra in our models. We estimate water abundances of 10-8 to 10-9 in the outer parts of the envelope (T â‰<b2> 100 K). The possibility of two protostellar objects contributing to the emission is discussed.
	Address
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Chav13HEBapplHIFIb			Serial	1086
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	Author	Crockett, N. R.; Bergin, E. A.; Wang, S.; Lis, D. C.; Bell, T. A.; Blake, G. A.; Boogert, A.; Bumble, B.; Cabrit, S.; Caux, E.; Ceccarelli, C.; Cernicharo, J.; Comito, C.; Daniel, F.; Dubernet, M.-L.; Emprechtinger, M.; Encrenaz, P.; Falgarone, E.; Gerin, M.; Giesen, T. F.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Goldsmith, P. F.; Gupta, H.; Güsten, R.; Hartogh, P.; Helmich, F.; Herbst, E.; Honingh, N.; Joblin, C.; Johnstone, D.; Karpov, A.; Kawamura, J. H.; Kooi, J.; Krieg, J.-M.; Langer, W. D.; Latter, W. D.; Lord, S. D.; Maret, S.; Martin, P. G.; Melnick, G. J.; Menten, K. M.; Morris, P.; Müller, H. S. P.; Murphy, J. A.; Neufeld, D. A.; Ossenkopf, V.; Pearson, J. C.; Pérault, M.; Phillips, T. G.; Plume, R.; Qin, S.-L.; Roelfsema, P.; Schieder, R.; Schilke, P.; Schlemmer, S.; Stutzki, J.; van der Tak, F. F. S.; Tielens, A.; Trappe, N.; Vastel, C.; Yorke, H. W.; Yu, S.; Zmuidzinas, J.
	Title	Herschel observations of EXtra-Ordinary Sources (HEXOS): The Terahertz spectrum of Orion KL seen at high spectral resolution			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Annual Rev. Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	521	Issue		Pages	L21 (1 to 5)
	Keywords	HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel
	Abstract	We present the first high spectral resolution observations of Orion KL in the frequency ranges 1573.4–1702.8 GHz (band 6b) and 1788.4–1906.8 GHz (band 7b) obtained using the HIFI instrument on board the Herschel Space Observatory. We characterize the main emission lines found in the spectrum, which primarily arise from a range of components associated with Orion KL including the hot core, but also see widespread emission from components associated with molecular outflows traced by H2O, SO2, and OH. We find that the density of observed emission lines is significantly diminished in these bands compared to lower frequency Herschel/HIFI bands.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1087
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	Author	Hartogh, P.; Crovisier, J.; de Val-Borro, M.; Bockelée-Morvan, D.; Biver, N.; Lis, D. C.; Moreno, R.; Jarchow, C.; Rengel, M.; Emprechtinger, M.; Szutowicz, S.; Banaszkiewicz, M.; Bensch, F.; Blecka, M. I.; Cavalié, T.; Encrenaz, T.; Jehin, E.; Küppers, M.; Lara, L.-M.; Lellouch, E.; Swinyard, B. M.; Vandenbussche, B.; Bergin, E. A.; Blake, G. A.; Blommaert, J. A. D. L.; Cernicharo, J.; Decin, L.; Encrenaz, P.; de Graauw, T.; Hutsemekers, D.; Kidger, M.; Manfroid, J.; Medvedev, A. S.; Naylor, D. A.; Schieder, R.; Thomas, N.; Waelkens, C.; Roelfsema, P. R.; Dieleman, P.; Güsten, R.; Klein, T.; Kasemann, C.; Caris, M.; Olberg, M.; Benz, A. O.
	Title	HIFI observations of water in the atmosphere of comet C/2008 Q3 (Garradd)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	518	Issue		Pages	L150 (1 to 5)
	Keywords	HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, comets: individual: C/2008 Q3 / radio lines: general / submillimeter: general / techniques: spectroscopic
	Abstract	High-resolution far-infrared and sub-millimetre spectroscopy of water lines is an important tool to understand the physical and chemical properties of cometary atmospheres. We present observations of several rotational ortho- and para-water transitions in comet C/2008 Q3 (Garradd) performed with HIFI on Herschel. These observations have provided the first detection of the 212–101 (1669 GHz) ortho and 111–000 (1113 GHz) para transitions of water in a cometary spectrum. In addition, the ground-state transition 110–101 at 557 GHz is detected and mapped. By detecting several water lines quasi-simultaneously and mapping their emission we can constrain the excitation parameters in the coma. Synthetic line profiles are computed using excitation models which include excitation by collisions, solar infrared radiation, and radiation trapping. We obtain the gas kinetic temperature, constrain the electron density profile, and estimate the coma expansion velocity by analyzing the map and line shapes. We derive water production rates of 1.7–2.8 × 1028 s-1 over the range rh = 1.83–1.85 AU.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1088
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	Author	Decin, L.; Justtanont, K.; De Beck, E.; Lombaert, R.; de Koter, A.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Marston, A. P.; Teyssier, D.; Schöier, F. L.; Bujarrabal, V.; Alcolea, J.; Cernicharo, J.; Dominik, C.; Melnick, G.; Menten, K.; Neufeld, D. A.; Olofsson, H.; Planesas, P.; Schmidt, M.; Szczerba, R.; de Graauw, T.; Helmich, F.; Roelfsema, P.; Dieleman, P.; Morris, P.; Gallego, J. D.; Díez-González, M. C.; Caux, E.
	Title	Water content and wind acceleration in the envelope around the oxygen-rich AGB star IK Tauri as seen by Herschel/HIFI			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	521	Issue		Pages	L4
	Keywords	HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, line: profiles / radiative transfer / instrumentation: spectrographs / stars: AGB and post-AGB / circumstellar matter / submillimeter: stars
	Abstract	During their asymptotic giant branch evolution, low-mass stars lose a significant fraction of their mass through an intense wind, enriching the interstellar medium with products of nucleosynthesis. We observed the nearby oxygen-rich asymptotic giant branch star IK Tau using the high-resolution HIFI spectrometer onboard Herschel. We report on the first detection of H216O and the rarer isotopologues H217O and H218O in both the ortho and para states. We deduce a total water content (relative to molecular hydrogen) of $6.6 \times 10^{-5}$, and an ortho-to-para ratio of 3:1. These results are consistent with the formation of H2O in thermodynamical chemical equilibrium at photospheric temperatures, and does not require pulsationally induced non-equilibrium chemistry, vaporization of icy bodies or grain surface reactions. High-excitation lines of 12CO, 13CO, 28SiO, 29SiO, 30SiO, HCN, and SO have also been detected. From the observed line widths, the acceleration region in the inner wind zone can be characterized, and we show that the wind acceleration is slower than hitherto anticipated.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1090
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	Author	Dedes, C.; Röllig, M.; Mookerjea, B.; Okada, Y.; Ossenkopf, V.; Bruderer, S.; Benz, A. O.; Melchior, M.; Kramer, C.; Gerin, M.; Güsten, R.; Akyilmaz, M.; Berne, O.; Boulanger, F.; De Lange, G.; Dubbeldam, L.; France, K.; Fuente, A.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Harris, A.; Huisman, R.; Jellema, W.; Joblin, C.; Klein, T.; Le Petit, F.; Lord, S.; Martin, P.; Martin-Pintado, J.; Neufeld, D. A.; Philipp, S.; Phillips, T.; Pilleri, P.; Rizzo, J. R.; Salez, M.; Schieder, R.; Simon, R.; Siebertz, O.; Stutzki, J.; van der Tak, F.; Teyssier, D.; Yorke, H.
	Title	The origin of the [C II] emission in the S140 photon-dominated regions. New insights from HIFI			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	521	Issue		Pages	L24
	Keywords	HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, ISM: structure / ISM: kinematics and dynamics / ISM: molecules / photon-dominated region (PDR) / submillimeter: general
	Abstract	Using Herschel's HIFI instrument, we observe C ii along a cut through S140, as well as high-J transitions of CO and HCO+ at two positions on the cut, corresponding to the externally irradiated ionization front and the embedded massive star-forming core IRS1. The HIFI data were combined with available ground-based observations and modeled using the KOSMA-Ï„ model for photon-dominated regions (PDRs). We derive the physical conditions in S140 and in particular the origin of C ii emission around IRS1. We identify three distinct regions of C ii emission from the cut, one close to the embedded source IRS1, one associated with the ionization front, and one further into the cloud. The line emission can be understood in terms of a clumpy model of PDRs. At the position of IRS1, we identify at least two distinct components contributing to the [C ii] emission, one of them a small, hot component, which can possibly be identified with the irradiated outflow walls. This is consistent with the C ii peak at IRS1 coinciding with shocked H2 emission at the edges of the outflow cavity. We note that previously available observations of IRS1 can be reproduced well by a single-component KOSMA-Ï„ model. Thus, it is HIFI's unprecedented spatial and spectral resolution, as well as its sensitivity that has allowed us to uncover an additional hot gas component in the S140 region.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1091
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	Author	Hartogh, P.; Jarchow, C.; Lellouch, E.; de Val-Borro, M.; Rengel, M.; Moreno, R.; Medvedev, A. S.; Sagawa, H.; Swinyard, B. M.; Cavalié, T.; Lis, D. C.; BłÄ™cka, M. I.; Banaszkiewicz, M.; Bockelée-Morvan, D.; Crovisier, J.; Encrenaz, T.; Küppers, M.; Lara, L.-M.; Szutowicz, S.; Vandenbussche, B.; Bensch, F.; Bergin, E. A.; Billebaud, F.; Biver, N.; Blake, G. A.; Blommaert, J. A. D. L.; Cernicharo, J.; Decin, L.; Encrenaz, P.; Feuchtgruber, H.; Fulton, T.; de Graauw, T.; Jehin, E.; Kidger, M.; Lorente, R.; Naylor, D. A.; Portyankina, G.; Sánchez-Portal, M.; Schieder, R.; Sidher, S.; Thomas, N.; Verdugo, E.; Waelkens, C.; Whyborn, N.; Teyssier, D.; Helmich, F.; Roelfsema, P.; Stutzki, J.; LeDuc, H. G.; Stern, J. A.
	Title	Herschel/HIFI observations of Mars: First detection of O₂ at submillimetre wavelengths and upper limits on HCl and H₂O₂			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	521	Issue		Pages	L49
	Keywords	HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, planets and satellites: atmospheres / radiative transfer / submillimeter: general / molecular processes
	Abstract	We report on an initial analysis of Herschel/HIFI observations of hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and molecular oxygen (O2) in the Martian atmosphere performed on 13 and 16 April 2010 (Ls ~ 77°). We derived a constant volume mixing ratio of 1400 ± 120 ppm for O2 and determined upper limits of 200 ppt for HCl and 2 ppb for H2O2. Radiative transfer model calculations indicate that the vertical profile of O2 may not be constant. Photochemical models determine the lowest values of H2O2 to be around Ls ~ 75° but overestimate the volume mixing ratio compared to our measurements.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1093
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	Author	Joblin, C.; Pilleri, P.; Montillaud, J.; Fuente, A.; Gerin, M.; Berné, O.; Ossenkopf, V.; Le Bourlot, J.; Teyssier, D.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Le Petit, F.; Röllig, M.; Akyilmaz, M.; Benz, A. O.; Boulanger, F.; Bruderer, S.; Dedes, C.; France, K.; Güsten, R.; Harris, A.; Klein, T.; Kramer, C.; Lord, S. D.; Martin, P. G.; Martin-Pintado, J.; Mookerjea, B.; Okada, Y.; Phillips, T. G.; Rizzo, J. R.; Simon, R.; Stutzki, J.; van der Tak, F.; Yorke, H. W.; Steinmetz, E.; Jarchow, C.; Hartogh, P.; Honingh, C. E.; Siebertz, O.; Caux, E.; Colin, B.
	Title	Gas morphology and energetics at the surface of PDRs: New insights with Herschel observations of NGC 7023			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	521	Issue		Pages	L25
	Keywords	HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, ISM: structure / ISM: kinematics and dynamics / ISM: molecules / submillimeter: ISM
	Abstract	Context. We investigate the physics and chemistry of the gas and dust in dense photon-dominated regions (PDRs), along with their dependence on the illuminating UV field. Aims. Using Herschel/HIFI observations, we study the gas energetics in NGC 7023 in relation to the morphology of this nebula. NGC 7023 is the prototype of a PDR illuminated by a B2V star and is one of the key targets of Herschel. Methods. Our approach consists in determining the energetics of the region by combining the information carried by the mid-IR spectrum (extinction by classical grains, emission from very small dust particles) with that of the main gas coolant lines. In this letter, we discuss more specifically the intensity and line profile of the 158 μm (1901 GHz) [C ii] line measured by HIFI and provide information on the emitting gas. Results. We show that both the [C ii] emission and the mid-IR emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) arise from the regions located in the transition zone between atomic and molecular gas. Using the Meudon PDR code and a simple transfer model, we find good agreement between the calculated and observed [C ii] intensities. Conclusions. HIFI observations of NGC 7023 provide the opportunity to constrain the energetics at the surface of PDRs. Future work will include analysis of the main coolant line [O i] and use of a new PDR model that includes PAH-related species.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1095
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	Author	Loenen, A. F.; van der Werf, P. P.; Güsten, R.; Meijerink, R.; Israel, F. P.; Requena-Torres, M. A.; García-Burillo, S.; Harris, A. I.; Klein, T.; Kramer, C.; Lord, S.; Martín-Pintado, J.; Röllig, M.; Stutzki, J.; Szczerba, R.; WeiÃŸ, A.; Philipp-May, S.; Yorke, H.; Caux, E.; Delforge, B.; Helmich, F.; Lorenzani, A.; Morris, P.; Philips, T. G.; Risacher, C.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.
	Title	Excitation of the molecular gas in the nuclear region of M 82			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	521	Issue		Pages	L2
	Keywords	HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, galaxies: individual: M 82 / submillimeter: ISM / ISM: molecules / galaxies: ISM / galaxies: starburst
	Abstract	We present high-resolution HIFI spectroscopy of the nucleus of the archetypical starburst galaxy M 82. Six 12COâ€€lines, 2 13COâ€€lines and 4 fine-structure lines have been detected. Besides showing the effects of the overall velocity structure of the nuclear region, the line profiles also indicate the presence of multiple components with different optical depths, temperatures, and densities in the observing beam. The data have been interpreted using a grid of PDR models. It is found that the majority of the molecular gas is in low density (n = 103.5 cm-3) clouds, with column densities of NH = 1021.5 cm-2 and a relatively low UV radiation field (G0 = 102). The remaining gas is predominantly found in clouds with higher densities (n = 105 cm-3) and radiation fields (G0 = 102.75), but somewhat lower column densities (NH = 1021.2 cm-2). The highest J CO lines are dominated by a small (1% relative surface filling) component, with an even higher density (n = 106 cm-3) and UV field (G0 = 103.25). These results show the strength of multi-component modelling for interpretating the integrated properties of galaxies.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1097
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	Author	Melnick, G. J.; Tolls, V.; Neufeld, D. A.; Bergin, E. A.; Phillips, T. G.; Wang, S.; Crockett, N. R.; Bell, T. A.; Blake, G. A.; Cabrit, S.; Caux, E.; Ceccarelli, C.; Cernicharo, J.; Comito, C.; Daniel, F.; Dubernet, M.-L.; Emprechtinger, M.; Encrenaz, P.; Falgarone, E.; Gerin, M.; Giesen, T. F.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Goldsmith, P. F.; Herbst, E.; Joblin, C.; Johnstone, D.; Langer, W. D.; Latter, W. D.; Lis, D. C.; Lord, S. D.; Maret, S.; Martin, P. G.; Menten, K. M.; Morris, P.; Müller, H. S. P.; Murphy, J. A.; Ossenkopf, V.; Pagani, L.; Pearson, J. C.; Pérault, M.; Plume, R.; Qin, S.-L.; Salez, M.; Schilke, P.; Schlemmer, S.; Stutzki, J.; Trappe, N.; van der Tak, F. F. S.; Vastel, C.; Yorke, H. W.; Yu, S.; Zmuidzinas, J.
	Title	Herschel observations of EXtra-Ordinary Sources (HEXOS): Observations of H₂O and its isotopologues towards Orion KL			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	521	Issue		Pages	L27
	Keywords	HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, ISM: abundances / ISM: molecules
	Abstract	We report the detection of more than 48 velocity-resolved ground rotational state transitions of H216O, H218O, and H217O – most for the first time – in both emission and absorption toward Orion KL using Herschel/HIFI. We show that a simple fit, constrained to match the known emission and absorption components along the line of sight, is in excellent agreement with the spectral profiles of all the water lines. Using the measured H218O line fluxes, which are less affected by line opacity than their H216O counterparts, and an escape probability method, the column densities of H218O associated with each emission component are derived. We infer total water abundances of 7.4 × 10-5, 1.0 × 10-5, and 1.6 × 10-5 for the plateau, hot core, and extended warm gas, respectively. In the case of the plateau, this value is consistent with previous measures of the Orion-KL water abundance as well as those of other molecular outflows. In the case of the hot core and extended warm gas, these values are somewhat higher than water abundances derived for other quiescent clouds, suggesting that these regions are likely experiencing enhanced water-ice sublimation from (and reduced freeze-out onto) grain surfaces due to the warmer dust in these sources.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1098
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	Author	Mookerjea, B.; Giesen, T.; Stutzki, J.; Cernicharo, J.; Goicoechea, J. R.; De Luca, M.; Bell, T. A.; Gupta, H.; Gerin, M.; Persson, C. M.; Sonnentrucker, P.; Makai, Z.; Black, J.; Boulanger, F.; Coutens, A.; Dartois, E.; Encrenaz, P.; Falgarone, E.; Geballe, T.; Godard, B.; Goldsmith, P. F.; Gry, C.; Hennebelle, P.; Herbst, E.; Hily-Blant, P.; Joblin, C.; Ka<c5><ba>mierczak, M.; Kołos, R.; Krełowski, J.; Lis, D. C.; Martin-Pintado, J.; Menten, K. M.; Monje, R.; Pearson, J. C.; Perault, M.; Phillips, T. G.; Plume, R.; Salez, M.; Schlemmer, S.; Schmidt, M.; Teyssier, D.; Vastel, C.; Yu, S.; Dieleman, P.; Güsten, R.; Honingh, C. E.; Morris, P.; Roelfsema, P.; Schieder, R.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Zmuidzinas, J.
	Title	Excitation and abundance of C3 in star forming cores. Herschel/HIFI observations of the sight-lines to W31C and W49N			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	521	Issue		Pages	L13
	Keywords	HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, ISM: lines and bands / ISM: molecules / radiative transfer / ISM: individual objects: W49N / ISM: individual objects: W31C
	Abstract	We present spectrally resolved observations of triatomic carbon (C3) in several ro-vibrational transitions between the vibrational ground state and the low-energy Î½2 bending mode at frequencies between 1654–1897 GHz along the sight-lines to the submillimeter continuum sources W31C and W49N, using Herschel's HIFI instrument. We detect C3 in absorption arising from the warm envelope surrounding the hot core, as indicated by the velocity peak position and shape of the line profile. The sensitivity does not allow to detect C3 absorption due to diffuse foreground clouds. From the column densities of the rotational levels in the vibrational ground state probed by the absorption we derive a rotation temperature (Trot) of ~50-70 K, which is a good measure of the kinetic temperature of the absorbing gas, as radiative transitions within the vibrational ground state are forbidden. It is also in good agreement with the dust temperatures for W31C and W49N. Applying the partition function correction based on the derived Trot, we get column densities N(C3) ~ 7–9 × 1014 cm-2 and abundance x(C3) ~ 10-8 with respect to H2. For W31C, using a radiative transfer model including far-infrared pumping by the dust continuum and a temperature gradient within the source along the line of sight we find that a model with x(C3) = 10-8, Tkin = 30–50 K, N(C3) = 1.5 × 1015 cm-2 fits the observations reasonably well and provides parameters in very good agreement with the simple excitation analysis.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1099
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	Author	Wampfler, S. F.; Herczeg, G. J.; Bruderer, S.; Benz, A. O.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Kristensen, L. E.; Visser, R.; Doty, S. D.; Melchior, M.; van Kempen, T. A.; Yıldız, U. A.; Dedes, C.; Goicoechea, J. R.; Baudry, A.; Melnick, G.; Bachiller, R.; Benedettini, M.; Bergin, E.; Bjerkeli, P.; Blake, G. A.; Bontemps, S.; Braine, J.; Caselli, P.; Cernicharo, J.; Codella, C.; Daniel, F.; di Giorgio, A. M.; Dominik, C.; Encrenaz, P.; Fich, M.; Fuente, A.; Giannini, T.; de Graauw, Th.; Helmich, F.; Herpin, F.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Jacq, T.; Johnstone, D.; Jørgensen, J. K.; Larsson, B.; Lis, D.; Liseau, R.; Marseille, M.; Mc Coey, C.; Neufeld, D.; Nisini, B.; Olberg, M.; Parise, B.; Pearson, J. C.; Plume, R.; Risacher, C.; Santiago-García, J.; Saraceno, P.; Shipman, R.; Tafalla, M.; van der Tak, F. F. S.; Wyrowski, F.; Roelfsema, P.; Jellema, W.; Dieleman, P.; Caux, E.; Stutzki, J.
	Title	Herschel observations of the hydroxyl radical (OH) in young stellar objects			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Astron. Astrophys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	521	Issue		Pages	L36
	Keywords	HEB mixer applications, HIFI, Herschel, astrochemistry / stars: formation / ISM: molecules / ISM: jets and outflows / ISM: individual objects: HH 46
	Abstract	Aims. â€œWater In Star-forming regions with Herschelâ€ (WISH) is a Herschel key program investigating the water chemistry in young stellar objects (YSOs) during protostellar evolution. Hydroxyl (OH) is one of the reactants in the chemical network most closely linked to the formation and destruction of H2O. High-temperature (T 250 K) chemistry connects OH and H2O through the OH + H2 H2O + H reactions. Formation of H2O from OH is efficient in the high-temperature regime found in shocks and the innermost part of protostellar envelopes. Moreover, in the presence of UV photons, OH can be produced from the photo-dissociation of H2O through H2O + γUV OH + H. Methods. High-resolution spectroscopy of the 163.12 μm triplet of OH towards HH 46 and NGC 1333 IRAS 2A was carried out with the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) on board the Herschel Space Observatory. The low- and intermediate-mass protostars HH 46, TMR 1, IRAS 15398-3359, DK Cha, NGC 7129 FIRS 2, and NGC 1333 IRAS 2A were observed with the Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on Herschel in four transitions of OH and two [O i] lines. Results. The OH transitions at 79, 84, 119, and 163 μm and [O i] emission at 63 and 145μm were detected with PACS towards the class I low-mass YSOs as well as the intermediate-mass and class I Herbig Ae sources. No OH emission was detected from the class 0 YSO NGC 1333 IRAS 2A, though the 119 μm was detected in absorption. With HIFI, the 163.12 μm was not detected from HH 46 and only tentatively detected from NGC 1333 IRAS 2A. The combination of the PACS and HIFI results for HH 46 constrains the line width (FWHM 11 km s-1) and indicates that the OH emission likely originates from shocked gas. This scenario is supported by trends of the OH flux increasing with the [O i] flux and the bolometric luminosity, as found in our sample. Similar OH line ratios for most sources suggest that OH has comparable excitation temperatures despite the different physical properties of the sources.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1103
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