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Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Ekström, H.; Kollberg E. |
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Title |
Noise temperature of NbN hot—electron quasioptical superconducting mixer in 200-700 GHz range |
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1995 |
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Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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268 |
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NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature |
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The electron heating effect in superconducting films is becoming very attractive for the development of THz range mixers because of the absence of frequency limitations inherent in the bolometric mechanism. However, the evidence for the spectral dependence of the position of optimal operating point has been found recently for NbN thin film devices 1.2 • The effect is presumably attributed to the variation in the absorption of radiation depending on the frequency. Since the resistive state is not spatially uniform the coupling efficiency of the mixer device with radiation can be different for frequencies larger than Zeilh and those smaller than 2Alh (d is the effective superconducting gap in the resistive state). To study the effect more thoroughly we have investigated the noise temperature of quasioptical NbN mixer device with broken hue tapered slot antenna in the frequency range 200-700 GHz. The device consists of several (5-10) parallel strips 1 jim wide and 6-7 tun thick made from NbN film on Si0 2 -Si 3 N 4 -Si membrane. The strips are connected with the gold contacts of the slot-line antenna which serves both as bias and IF leads. We used backward wave oscillators as LO sources and a standard hot/cold load technique for noise temperature measurements. The frequency dependence of noise temperature is mainly determined by two factors: frequency properties of the antenna and frequency dependence of the NbN film impedance. To separate both factors we monitored the frequency dependence of the device responsivity in the detector mode at a higher temperature within the superconducting transition where the impedance of NbN film is close to its normal resistance. In this case the impedance of the device itself is frequency independent. The experimental results will be reported at the Symposium. 1. G. Gollsman, S. Jacobsson, H. EkstrOm, B. Karasik, E. Kollberg, and E. Gershenzon, “Slot-line tapered antenna with NbN hot electron mixer for 300-360 GHz operation,” Proc of the 5th Int. Symp. on Space Terahertz Technology, pp. 209-213a, May 10-12,1994. 2. B.S. Karasik, G.N. Gol i tsman, B.M. Voronov, S.I. Svechnikov, E.M. Gershenzon, H. Ekstrom, S. Jacobsson, E. Kollberg, and K.S. Yngvesson, “Hot electron quasioptical NbN superconducting mixer,” presented at the ASC94, submitted to IEEE Trans. on Appl. Superconductivity. |
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1627 |
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Antipov, S. V.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Goltsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
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Title |
Noise temperature of quasioptical NbN hot electron bolometer mixers at 900 GHz |
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2001 |
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Physics of Vibrations |
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Physics of Vibrations |
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9 |
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4 |
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242-245 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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1069-1227 |
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1550 |
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Miao, W.; Zhang, W.; Zhong, J. Q.; Shi, S. C.; Delorme, Y.; Lefevre, R.; Feret, A; Vacelet, T |
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Non-uniform absorption of terahertz radiation on superconducting hot electron bolometer microbridges |
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2014 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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<ef><bf><bc>Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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104 |
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052605(1-4) |
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NbN HEB mixers, local oscillator power, RF nonuniform absorption |
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We interpret the experimental observation of a frequency-dependence of superconducting hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers by taking into account the non-uniform absorption of the terahertz radiation on the superconducting HEB microbridge. The radiation absorption is assumed to be proportional to the local surface resistance of the HEB microbridge, which is computed using the Mattis-Bardeen theory. With this assumption the dc and mixing characteristics of a superconducting niobium-nitride (NbN) HEB device have been modeled at frequencies below and above the equilibrium gap frequency of the NbN film. |
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935 |
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Zhang, J.; Boiadjieva, N.; Chulkova, G.; Deslandes, H.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Leibowitz, M.; Lo, W.; Malinsky, R.; Okunev, O.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Smirnov, K.; Tsao, C.; Verevkin, A.; Voronov, B.; Wilsher, K.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Noninvasive CMOS circuit testing with NbN superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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Electron. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Electron. Lett. |
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39 |
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14 |
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1086-1088 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD, applications |
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The 3.5 nm thick-film, meander-structured NbN superconducting single-photon detectors have been implemented in the CMOS circuit-testing system based on the detection of near-infrared photon emission from switching transistors and have significantly improved the performance of the system. Photon emissions from both p- and n-MOS transistors have been observed. |
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0013-5194 |
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1512 |
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Semenov, A. D.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
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Nonthermal mixing mechanism in a diffusion-cooled hot-electron detector |
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2000 |
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J. Appl. Phys. |
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J. Appl. Phys. |
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87 |
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1 |
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502-510 |
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NbN HEB mixers, nonthermal |
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We present an analysis of a diffusion-cooled hot-electron detector fabricated from clean superconducting material with low transition temperature. The distinctive feature of a clean material, i.e., material with large electron mean free path, is a relatively weak inelastic electron scattering that is not sufficient for the establishment of an elevated thermodynamic electron temperature when the detector is subjected to irradiation. We propose an athermal model of a diffusion-cooled detector that relies on suppression of the superconducting energy gap by the actual dynamic distribution of excess quasiparticles. The resistive state of the device is caused by the electric field penetrating into the superconducting bridge from metal contacts. The dependence of the penetration length on the energy gap delivers the detection mechanism. The sources of the electric noise are equilibrium fluctuations of the number of thermal quasiparticles and frequency dependent shot noise. Using material parameters typical for A1, we evaluate performance of the device in the heterodyne regime at terahertz frequencies. Estimates show that the mixer may have a noise temperature of a few quantum limits and a bandwidth of a few tens of GHz, while the required local oscillator power is in the μW range due to ineffective suppression of the energy gap by quasiparticles with high energies. |
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0021-8979 |
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1558 |
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Schroeder, E.; Mauskopf, P.; Pilyavsky, G.; Sinclair, A.; Smith, N.; Bryan, S.; Mani, H.; Morozov, D.; Berggren, K.; Zhu, D.; Smirnov, K.; Vakhtomin, Y. |
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On the measurement of intensity correlations from laboratory and astronomical sources with SPADs and SNSPDs |
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Conference Article |
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2016 |
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Proc. SPIE |
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Proc. SPIE |
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9907 |
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99070P (1 to 13) |
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SPAD, NbN SSPD applications, SNSPD |
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We describe the performance of detector modules containing silicon single photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs) and superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) to be used for intensity interferometry. The SPADs are mounted in fiber-coupled and free-space coupled packages. The SNSPDs are mounted in a small liquid helium cryostat coupled to single mode fiber optic cables which pass through a hermetic feed-through. The detectors are read out with microwave amplifiers and FPGA-based coincidence electronics. We present progress on measurements of intensity correlations from incoherent sources including gas-discharge lamps and stars with these detectors. From the measured laboratory performance of the correlation system, we estimate the sensitivity to intensity correlations from stars using commercial telescopes and larger existing research telescopes. |
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SPIE |
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Malbet, F.; Creech-Eakman, M.J.; Tuthill, P.G. |
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Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging V |
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1809 |
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Bell, M.; Sergeev, A.; Mitin, V.; Bird, J.; Verevkin, A.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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One-dimensional resistive states in quasi-two-dimensional superconductors: Experiment and theory |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Phys. Rev. B |
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Phys. Rev. B |
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76 |
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9 |
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094521 (1 to 5) |
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uasi-two-dimensional superconductors, NbN |
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We investigate competition between one- and two-dimensional topological excitations—phase slips and vortices—in the formation of resistive states in quasi-two-dimensional superconductors in a wide temperature range below the mean-field transition temperature TC0. The widths w=100nm of our ultrathin NbN samples are substantially larger than the Ginzburg-Landau coherence length ξ=4nm, and the fluctuation resistivity above TC0 has a two-dimensional character. However, our data show that the resistivity below TC0 is produced by one-dimensional excitations—thermally activated phase slip strips (PSSs) overlapping the sample cross section. We also determine the scaling phase diagram, which shows that even in wider samples the PSS contribution dominates over vortices in a substantial region of current and/or temperature variations. Measuring the resistivity within 7 orders of magnitude, we find that the quantum phase slips can only be essential below this level. |
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1098-0121 |
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1423 |
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Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Waldman, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
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Optical coupling and conversion gain for NbN HEB mixer at THz frequencies |
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1997 |
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Proc. 4-th Int. Semicond. Device Research Symp. |
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Proc. 4-th Int. Semicond. Device Research Symp. |
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47-50 |
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NbN HEB mixers |
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Charlottesville, Virginia |
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1601 |
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Korneeva, Y. P.; Vodolazov, D. Y.; Semenov, A. V.; Florya, I. N.; Simonov, N.; Baeva, E.; Korneev, A. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Klapwijk, T. M. |
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Optical single-photon detection in micrometer-scale NbN bridges |
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Journal Article |
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2018 |
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Phys. Rev. Applied |
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Phys. Rev. Applied |
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9 |
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6 |
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064037 (1 to 13) |
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NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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We demonstrate experimentally that single-photon detection can be achieved in micrometer-wide NbN bridges, with widths ranging from 0.53 to 5.15 μm and for photon wavelengths of 408 to 1550 nm. The microbridges are biased with a dc current close to the experimental critical current, which is estimated to be about 50% of the theoretically expected depairing current. These results offer an alternative to the standard superconducting single-photon detectors, based on nanometer-scale nanowires implemented in a long meandering structure. The results are consistent with improved theoretical modeling based on the theory of nonequilibrium superconductivity, including the vortex-assisted mechanism of initial dissipation. |
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Cherednichenko, S.; Khosropanah, P.; Berg, T.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Drakinskiy, V.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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Optimization of HEB mixer for the Herschel Space Observatory |
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2004 |
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Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
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16 |
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NbN HEB mixers, applications |
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A mixer development for the HIFI instrument of the Herschel Space Observatory has come to the final stage. In our paper and conference presentation we will describe the most important details of the Band 6 Low and High Mixer Unit design. Special attention will be given to the optimization of the hot- electron bolometer mixer chip, which is based on 3.5nm NbN superconducting film on silicon. As the HEB’s local oscillator power requirements depend on the bolometer size, we have compared mixer noise temperature for different bolometer width- to- length ratio. A trade- off between mixer performance and local oscillator power requirements results in the mixer units equipped with optimized mixer chips, providing the largest coverage of the Band6 RF band with the lowest possible receiver noise. A short account of the beam pattern measurements of Band6 mixers will be given as well. |
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