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Author | Zorin, M.; Lindgren, M.; Danerud, M.; Karasik, B.; Winkler, D.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | Nonequilibrium and bolometric responses of YBaCuO thin films to high-frequency modulated laser radiation | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | J. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Supercond. |
Volume | 8 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 11-15 |
Keywords | YBCO HTS HEB | ||||
Abstract | Picosecond nonequilibrium and slow bolometric responses to infrared radiation from a patterned high-T c superconducting (HTS) film in resistive and normal states deposited onto LaAlO3, NdGaO3, and MgO substrates were investigated using both pulse and modulation techniques. The response time of 35 ps to a laser pulse of 17 ps FWHM has been observed. The intrinsic response time of the fast process is expected to be about a few picoseconds. The modulation technique, being free from the disadvantages of pulse methods (poor sensitivity, limited dynamic range), makes the detailed study of a number of relaxation processes possible. Besides the nonequilibrium response, two kinds of bolometric processes, namely phonon transport through the film-substrate interface and phonon thermal diffusion in a substrate, manifest themselves in certain frequency dependences. | ||||
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ISSN | 0896-1107 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1630 | |||
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Author | Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M.; Trifonov, V.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | Nonequilibrium and bolometric photoresponse in patterned YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1994 | Publication | J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Phys. |
Volume | 76 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 1902-1909 |
Keywords | YBCO HTS HEB detector, nonequilibrium response | ||||
Abstract | Epitaxial laser deposited YBa2Cu3O7−δ films of ∼50 nm thickness were patterned into detectors consisting of ten parallel 1 μm wide strips in order to study nonequilibrium and bolometric effects. Typically, the patterned samples had critical temperatures around 86 K, transition widths around 2 K and critical current densities above 1×106A/cm2 at 77 K. Pulsed laser measurements at 0.8 μm wavelength (17 ps full width at half maximum) showed a ∼30 ps response, attributed to electron heating, followed by a slower bolometric decay. Amplitude modulation in the band fmod=100 kHz–10 GHz of a laser with wavelength λ=0.8 μm showed two different thermal relaxations in the photoresponse. Phonon escape from the film (∼3 ns) is the limiting process, followed by heat diffusion in the substrate. Similar relaxations were also seen for λ=10.6 μm. The photoresponse measurements were made with the film in the resistive state and extended into the normal state. These states were created by supercritical bias currents. Measurements between 75 and 95 K (i.e., from below to above Tc) showed that the photoresponse was proportional to dR/dT for fmod=1 MHz and 4 GHz. The fast response is limited by the electron‐phonon scattering time, estimated to 1.8 ps from experimental data. The responsivity both at 0.8 and 10.6 μm wavelength was ∼1.2 V/W at fmod=1 GHz and the noise equivalent power was calculated to 1.5×10−9 WHz−1/2 for the fast response. | ||||
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ISSN | 0021-8979 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1637 | |||
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Author | Lindgren, M.; Trifonov, V.; Zorin, M.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E.M. | ||||
Title | Transient resistive photoresponse of YBa2Cu3O7−δ films using low power 0.8 and 10.6 μm laser radiation | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1994 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Volume | 64 | Issue | 22 | Pages | 3036-3038 |
Keywords | YBCO HTS HEB, nonequilibrium | ||||
Abstract | Thin YBa2Cu3O7−δ laser deposited films were patterned into devices consisting of ten parallel 1 μm wide strips. Nonequilibrium picosecond and bolometric photoresponses were studied by the use of 17 ps full width at half‐maximum laser pulses and amplitude modulated radiation from an AlGaAs laser up to 10 GHz and from a CO2 laser up to 1 GHz. The time and frequency domain measurements were in agreement. The fast response can be explained by electron heating. The use of low optical power and a sensitive measurement system excluded any nonlinear transient processes and kinetic inductance changes in the superconducting state. At 1 GHz modulation frequency, the responsivity was ∼1.2 V/W both for 0.8 and 10.6 μm wavelengths. The sensitivity of a fast and spectrally broadband infrared detector is discussed. | ||||
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ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1639 | |||
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Author | Semenov, A. D.; Goghidze, I. G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sergeev, A. V.; Aksaev, E. E.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | Non-equilibrium quasiparticle response to radiation and bolometric effect in YBaCuO films | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1993 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 3 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 2132-2135 |
Keywords | YBCO HTS HEB detectors | ||||
Abstract | The voltage photoresponse of structured current biased YBCO films on different substrates to 20-ps laser pulses of 0.63- mu m and 1.54- mu m wavelengths and to continuously modulated radiation of 2-mm wavelength is measured to temperatures around Tc. Fast picosecond decay of the response to pulsed radiation is followed by slow exponential relaxation with a nanosecond characteristic time depending on the substrate material and film dimensions. The slow component does not depend on wavelength and is attributed to the bolometric effect, while the magnitude of the fast component associated with nonequilibrium response rises with wavelength. More than an order-of-magnitude increase of the nonequilibrium response is seen from near-infrared to millimeter-wave range. This dependence plausibly reflects the low efficiency of multiplication of photoexcited electrons in YBaCuO compared to conventional superconductors. | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 1558-2515 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1659 | |||
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Author | Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gusev, Yu. P.; Zorin, M. A.; Sejdman, L. A.; Semenov, A. D. | ||||
Title | Picosecond range detector base on superconducting niobium nitride film sensitive to radiation in spectral range from millimeter waves up to visible light | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1992 | Publication | Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika | Abbreviated Journal | Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika |
Volume | 5 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 955-960 |
Keywords | NbN HEB detectors | ||||
Abstract | Fast-operating picosecond detector of electromagnetical radiation is developed on the basis of fine superconducting film of niobium nitride with high sensitivity within spectral range from millimetric waves up to visible light. Detector sensitive element represents structure covering narrow parallel strips with micron sizes included in the rupture of microstrip line. Detecting ability of the detector and time constant measured using amplitude-simulated radiation of reverse wave tubes and pulse radiation of picosecond gas and solid-body lasers, constitute D*≅1010 W-1·cm·Hz-1/2 and τ≤5 ps respectively, at 10 K temperature. The expected value of time constant of the detector at 10 K obtained via extrapolation of directly measured dependence that is, τ ∝ τ-1, constitutes 20 ps. Experimental data demonstrate that detection mechanism is linked with electron heating effect. | ||||
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Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0131-5366 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1670 | |||
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Author | Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Lugovaya, G. Ya.; Serebryakova, N. A.; Chinkova, E. V. | ||||
Title | Infrared radiation detectors on the base of electron heating in resistive state films from traditional superconducing materials | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1992 | Publication | Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika | Abbreviated Journal | Sverkhprovodimost': Fizika, Khimiya, Tekhnika |
Volume | 5 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 1129-1140 |
Keywords | IR HEB detectors | ||||
Abstract | Characteristics of infrared radiation detectors based on electron heating in thin superconducting films transformed at T ≤ Tc to a resistive state by transport current and, if necessary, by magnetic field are investigated. A comparison is made of the characteristics of the detectors fabricated of different materials: aluminium, niobium, Mo0.5Re0.5. Some devices with different topology of the reception area are considered. Electron heating detectors are comparable by their sensitivity with superconducting bolometers, but differ in a high fast-response. | ||||
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Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 0131-5366 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1673 | |||
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Author | Aksaev, E. E.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenson, M. E.; Goltsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V. | ||||
Title | Prospects for using high-temperature superconductors to create electron bolometers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1989 | Publication | Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki | Abbreviated Journal | Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 14 | Pages | 88-93 |
Keywords | HTS HEB | ||||
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Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0320-0116 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Перспективы применения высокотемпературных сверхпроводников для создания электронных болометров | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1693 | |||
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Author | Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenson, M. E.; Goltsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Lyulkin, A. M.; Semenov, A. D. | ||||
Title | Fast-response superconducting electron bolometer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1989 | Publication | Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki | Abbreviated Journal | Pisma v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki |
Volume | 15 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 88-92 |
Keywords | Nb HEB | ||||
Abstract | The general design, operation, and performance characteristics of fast-response electronic bolometers using a thin superconducting Nb film on a leucosapphire substrate are briefly reviewed. The volt-watt sensitivity of the bolometrs is 2,000-200,000 V/W, the operating temperature is 1.6 K, and the time constant is 4-4.5 ns. | ||||
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Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1694 | |||
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Author | Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenson, M. E.; Goltsman, G. N.; Lyulkin, A. M.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V. | ||||
Title | Limiting characteristics of fast-response superconducting bolometers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1989 | Publication | Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki | Abbreviated Journal | Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki |
Volume | 59 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 11-120 |
Keywords | HEB | ||||
Abstract | Теоретически и экспериментально исследовано физическое ограничение быстродействия сверхпроводящего болометра. Показано, что минимальная постоянная времени реализуется в условиях электронного разогрева и определяется процессом неупругого электрон-фонон-ного взаимодействия. Сформулированы требования к конструкции «электронного болометра» для достижения предельной чувствительности. Проведено сравнение характеристик электронного болометра и обычных болометров различных типов. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1696 | |||
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Author | Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elant'ev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.; Potoskuev, S. E. | ||||
Title | Intense electromagnetic radiation heating of superconductor electrons in resistive state | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1988 | Publication | Fizika Nizkikh Temperatur | Abbreviated Journal | Fizika Nizkikh Temperatur |
Volume | 14 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 753-763 |
Keywords | Nb HEB | ||||
Abstract | An experimental study is made of the effect of intense radiation in the millimeter and submillimeter ranges on thin and narrow Nb films in the resistive state. It is found that the excess resistance resulting from radiation and the dependence of its relaxation time on radiation intensity and transport current can be explained in terms of the effect of electron heating. Quantitative agreement is obtained between the experimental data and a homogeneous electron heating model. | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1697 | |||
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Author | Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V. | ||||
Title | Light-induced heating of electrons and the time of the inelastic electron-phonon scattering in the YBaCuO compound | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1987 | Publication | JETP Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | JETP Lett. |
Volume | 46 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 285-287 |
Keywords | YBCO HTS HEB | ||||
Abstract | For the first time, measurements have been made on the electron energy relaxation time due to the electron--phonon interaction in films of the YBaCuO superconductor. The results indicate a significant intensification of the electron--phonon interaction in this compound as compared with normal superconducting metals. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1706 | |||
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Author | Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V. | ||||
Title | Nonselective effect of electromagnetic radiation on a superconducting film in the resistive state | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1982 | Publication | JETP Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | JETP Lett. |
Volume | 36 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 296-299 |
Keywords | HEB | ||||
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Notes | Неселективное воздействие электромагнитного излучения на сверхпроводящую пленку в резистивном состоянии | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1717 | |||
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Author | Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G.; Orlova, S.; Ptitsina, N.; Gurvich, Y. | ||||
Title | Germanium hot-electron narrow-band detector | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 1971 | Publication | Sov. Radio Engineering And Electronic Physics | Abbreviated Journal | Sov. Radio Engineering And Electronic Physics |
Volume | 16 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 1346 |
Keywords | Ge HEB detectors | ||||
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Publisher | Scripps Clinic Res Foundation 476 Prospect St, La Jolla, Ca 92037 | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1741 | |||
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Author | Pentin, Ivan; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Vakhtomin, Yuri; Smirnov, Konstantin; Kaurova, Nataliya; Goltsman, Gregory | ||||
Title | Superconducting hot-electron-bolometer mixers for the mid-IR | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | Rus. J. Radio Electron. | Abbreviated Journal | Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
Volume | Issue | 10 | Pages | ||
Keywords | IR NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | The work presents the result of development of the NbN superconducting hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixer. The sensitive element of the mixer is directly coupled to mid-IR radiation, and doesn’t have planar metallic antenna. Investigations of noise characteristics of NbN HEB mixer were performed at the frequency 28.4 THz (λ = 10.6 µm) by using gas-discharge CW CO2-laser without consideration of optical and electrical losses in the heterodyne receiver. The noise temperature of NbN HEB mixer with the size of the sensitive element 10 µm × 10 µm was 2320 K (~ 1.5hν/kB) at the heterodyne frequency of 28.4 THz. The noise temperature was determined by measuring the Y-factor taking into account the term which describes fluctuations of zero-point oscillations in accordance with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem of Calle-Welton. Isothermal method was used to estimate the absorbed heterodyne radiation power which was 9 µW at the optimal operating point for the minimum noise temperature of NbN HEB mixer. | ||||
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Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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ISSN | 1684-1719 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | http://jre.cplire.ru/jre/oct17/9/abstract.html (Russian) Гетеродинный приемник со сверхпроводниковым смесителем на эффекте электронного разогрева для среднего инфракрасного диапазона | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1747 | |||
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Author | Pentin, I.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Seleznev, V.; Smirnov, K. | ||||
Title | Hot electron energy relaxation time in vanadium nitride superconducting film structures under THz and IR radiation | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2020 | Publication | Sci. Rep. | Abbreviated Journal | Sci. Rep. |
Volume | 10 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 16819 |
Keywords | VN HEB | ||||
Abstract | The paper presents the experimental results of studying the dynamics of electron energy relaxation in structures made of thin (d approximately 6 nm) disordered superconducting vanadium nitride (VN) films converted to a resistive state by high-frequency radiation and transport current. Under conditions of quasi-equilibrium superconductivity and temperature range close to critical (~ Tc), a direct measurement of the energy relaxation time of electrons by the beats method arising from two monochromatic sources with close frequencies radiation in sub-THz region (omega approximately 0.140 THz) and sources in the IR region (omega approximately 193 THz) was conducted. The measured time of energy relaxation of electrons in the studied VN structures upon heating of THz and IR radiation completely coincided and amounted to (2.6-2.7) ns. The studied response of VN structures to IR (omega approximately 193 THz) picosecond laser pulses also allowed us to estimate the energy relaxation time in VN structures, which was ~ 2.8 ns and is in good agreement with the result obtained by the mixing method. Also, we present the experimentally measured volt-watt responsivity (S~) within the frequency range omega approximately (0.3-6) THz VN HEB detector. The estimated values of noise equivalent power (NEP) for VN HEB and its minimum energy level (deltaE) reached NEP@1MHz approximately 6.3 x 10(-14) W/ radicalHz and deltaE approximately 8.1 x 10(-18) J, respectively. | ||||
Address | National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Str., Moscow, 101000, Russia | ||||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 2045-2322 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:33033360; PMCID:PMC7546726 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1797 | |||
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Author | Kitaeva, G. K.; Kornienko, V. V.; Kuznetsov, K. A.; Pentin, I. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B. | ||||
Title | Direct detection of the idler THz radiation generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2019 | Publication | Opt. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Opt. Lett. |
Volume | 44 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 1198-1201 |
Keywords | HEB applications | ||||
Abstract | We study parametric down-conversion (PDC) of optical laser radiation in the strongly frequency non-degenerate regime which is promising for the generation of quantum-correlated pairs of extremely different spectral ranges, the optical and the terahertz (THz) ones. The possibility to detect tenuous THz-frequency photon fluxes generated under low-gain spontaneous PDC is demonstrated using a hot electron bolometer. Then experimental dependences of the THz radiation power on the detection angle and on the pump intensity are analyzed. | ||||
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ISSN | 0146-9592 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | PMID:30821747 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1801 | |||
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Author | Lobanov, Y. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Pentin, I. V.; Khabibullin, R. A.; Shchavruk, N. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Silaev, A. A. | ||||
Title | Characterization of the THz quantum cascade laser using fast superconducting hot electron bolometer | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2018 | Publication | EPJ Web Conf. | Abbreviated Journal | EPJ Web Conf. |
Volume | 195 | Issue | Pages | 04004 (1 to 2) | |
Keywords | NbN HEB, QCL | ||||
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ISSN | 2100-014X | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | 3rd International Conference “Terahertz and Microwave Radiation: Generation, Detection and Applications” (TERA-2018) | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1808 | |||
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Author | Smirnov, A. V.; Karmantsov, M. S.; Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Masterov, D. V.; Tarkhov, M. A.; Pavlov, S. A.; Parafin, A. E. | ||||
Title | Terahertz response of thin-film YBCO bolometers | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2012 | Publication | Tech. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | Tech. Phys. |
Volume | 57 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 1716-1719 |
Keywords | YBCO HEB | ||||
Abstract | The bolometric response of high-temperature thin-film YBCO superconducting detectors to an electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of 2.5 THz is measured for the first time. The minimum value of the noise-equivalent power of the detectors is 3.5 × 10−9 W/Hz−−−√. The feasibility of further increasing the sensitivity of the detectors is discussed. | ||||
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ISSN | 1063-7842 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1817 | |||
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Author | Смирнов, А. В.; Карманцов, М. С.; Смирнов, К. В.; Вахтомин, Ю. Б.; Мастеров, Д. В.; Тархов, М. А.; Павлов, С. А.; Парафин, А. Е. | ||||
Title | Терагерцовый отклик болометров на основе тонких пленок YBCO | Type | Journal Article | ||
Year | 2012 | Publication | ЖТФ | Abbreviated Journal | ЖТФ |
Volume | 82 | Issue | 12 | Pages | 108-111 |
Keywords | YBCO HEB NEP | ||||
Abstract | Представлены первые результаты измерения болометрического отклика высокотемпературных сверхпроводниковых детекторов на основе тонких пленок YBCO на электромагнитное излучение с частотой 2.5 THz. Минимальное значение оптической мощности, эквивалентной шуму созданных детекторов, составило 3.5· 10-9 W/sqrt(Hz)sqrt. Обсуждена возможность дальнейшего увеличения чувствительности исследуемых детекторов. | ||||
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Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1825 | |||
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Author | Ryabchun, S. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Fabrication and characterisation of NbN HEB mixers with in situ gold contacts | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Proc. 19th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 19th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 62-67 | ||
Keywords | HEB, mixer, NbN, in-situ contacts | ||||
Abstract | We present our recent results of the fabrication and testing of NbN hot-electron bolometer mixers with in situ gold contacts. An intermediate frequency bandwidth of about 6 GHz has been measured for the mixers made of a 3.5-nm NbN film on a plane Si substrate with in situ gold contacts, compared to 3.5 GHz for devices made of the same film with ex situ gold contacts. The increase in the intermediate frequency bandwidth is attributed to additional diffusion cooling through the improved contacts, which is further supported by the its dependence on the bridge length: intermediate frequency bandwidths of 3.5 GHz and 6 GHz have been measured for devices with lengths of 0.35 μm and 0.16 μm respectively at a local oscillator frequency of 300 GHz near the superconducting transition. At a local oscillator frequency of 2.5 THz the receiver has offered a DSB noise temperature of 950 K. When compared to the previous result of 1300 K obtained at the same local oscillator frequency for devices fabricated with an ex situ route, such a low value of the noise temperature may also be attributed to the improved gold contacts. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Groningen, Netherlands | Editor | ||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 412 | |||
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Author | Smirnov, A. V.; Larionov, P. A.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | NbZr films for THz phonon-cooled HEB mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Proc. 19th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 19th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 44-47 | ||
Keywords | HEB, NbZr, material search | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Groningen, Netherlands | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 577 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Kollberg, E.; Angelov, I.; Drakinskiy, V.; Berg, T.; Merkel, H. | ||||
Title | Effect of the direct detection effect on the HEB receiver sensitivity calibration | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 235-239 | ||
Keywords | HEB, mixer, direct detection effect | ||||
Abstract | We analyze the scale of the HEB receiver sensitivity calibration error caused by the so called “direct detection effect”. The effect comes from changing of the HEB parameters when whey face the calibration loads of different temperatures. We found that for HIFI Band 6 mixers (Herschel Space Observatory) the noise temperature error is of the order of 8% for 300K/77K loads (lab receiver) and 2.5% for 100K/10K loads (in HIFI). Using different approach we also predict that with an isolator between the mixer and the low noise amplifiers the error can be much smaller. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Göteborg, Sweden | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 360 | |||
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Author | Baselmans, J.; Kooi, J.; Baryshev, A.; Yang, Z. Q.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Full characterization of small volume NbN HEB mixers for space applications | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 457-462 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | NbN phonon cooled HEB’s are one of the most promising bolometer mixer technologies for (near) future (space) applications. Their performance is usually quantified by mea- suring the receiver noise temperature at a given IF frequency, usually around 1 – 2 GHz. However, for any real applications it is vital that one fully knows all the relevant properties of the mixer, including LO power, stability, direct detection, gain bandwidth and noise bandwidth, not only the noise temperature at low IF frequencies. To this aim we have measured all these parameters at the optimal operating point of one single, small volume quasioptical NbN HEB mixer. We find a minimum noise temperature of 900 K at 1.46 THz. We observe a direct detection effect indicated by a change in bias current when changing from a 300 K hot load to a 77 K cold load. Due to this effect we overestimate the noise temperature by about 22% using a 300 K hot load and a 77 K cold load. The LO power needed to reach the optimal operating point is 80 nW at the receiver lens front, 59 nW inside the NbN bridge. However, using the isothermal technique we find a power absorbed in the NbN bridge of 25 nW, a difference of about a factor 2. We obtain a gain bandwidth of 2.3 GHz and a noise bandwidth of 4 GHz. The system Allan time is about 1 sec. in a 50 MHz spectral bandwidth and a deviation from white noise integration (governed by the radiometer equation) occurs at 0.2 sec., which implies a maximum integration time of a few seconds in a 1 MHz bandwidth spectrometer. | ||||
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Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Göteborg, Sweden | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 363 | |||
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Author | Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Smirnov, K. V.; Seleznev, V. A.; Korotetskaya, Yu. P.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Hot electron bolometer mixer for 20 – 40 THz frequency range | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 393-397 | ||
Keywords | IR NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | The developed HEB mixer was based on a 5 nm thick NbN film deposited on a GaAs substrate. The active area of the film was patterned as a 30×20 μm 2 strip and coupled with a 50 Ohm coplanar line deposited in situ. An extended hemispherical germanium lens was used to focus the LO radiation on the mixer. The responsivity of the mixer was measured in a direct detection mode in the 25÷64 THz frequency range. The noise performance of the mixer and the directivity of the receiver were investigated in a heterodyne mode. A 10.6 μm wavelength CW CO 2 laser was utilized as a local oscillator. | ||||
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Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Göteborg, Sweden | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 369 | |||
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Author | Gol'tsman, Gregory N.; Vachtomin, Yuriy B.; Antipov, Sergey V.; Finkel, Matvey I.; Maslennikov, Sergey N.; Smirnov, Konstantin V.; Polyakov, Stanislav L.; Svechnikov, Sergey I.; Kaurova, Natalia S.; Grishina, Elisaveta V.; Voronov, Boris M. | ||||
Title | NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
Volume | 5727 | Issue | Pages | 95-106 | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We present the results of our studies of NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers at terahertz frequencies. The mixers were fabricated from NbN film deposited on a high-resistivity Si substrate with an MgO buffer layer. The mixer element was integrated with a log-periodic spiral antenna. The noise temperature measurements were performed at 2.5 THz and at 3.8 THz local oscillator frequencies for the 3 x 0.2 μm2 active area devices. The best uncorrected receiver noise temperatures found for these frequencies are 1300 K and 3100 K, respectively. A water vapour discharge laser was used as the LO source. The largest gain bandwidth of 5.2 GHz was achieved for a mixer based on 2 nm thick NbN film deposited on MgO layer over Si substrate. The gain bandwidth of the mixer based on 3.5 nm NbN film deposited on Si with MgO is 4.2 GHz and the noise bandwidth for the same device amounts to 5 GHz. We also present the results of our research into decrease of the direct detection contribution to the measured Y-factor and a possible error of noise temperature calculation. The use of a square nickel cell mesh as an IR-filter enabled us to avoid the effect of direct detection and measure apparent value of the noise temperature which was 16% less than that obtained using conventional black polyethylene IR-filter. | ||||
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Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | Terahertz and Gigahertz Electronics and Photonics IV | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 378 | |||
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Author | Maslennikov, S. N.; Finkel, M. I.; Antipov, S. V.; Polyakov, S. L.; Zhang, W.; Ozhegov, R.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Smirnov, K. V.; Korotetskaya, Yu. P.; Kaurova, N. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M. | ||||
Title | Spiral antenna coupled and directly coupled NbN HEB mixers in the frequency range from 1 to 70 THz | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 177-179 | ||
Keywords | directly coupled NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We investigate both antenna coupled and directly coupled HEB mixers at several LO frequencies within the range of 2.5 THz to 70 THz. H20 (2.5+10.7 THz), and CO2 (30 THz) gas discharge lasers are used as the local oscillators. The noise temperature of antenna coupled mixers is measured at LO frequencies of 2.5 THz, 3.8 THz, and 30 THz. The results for both antenna coupled and directly coupled mixer types are compared. The devices with in—plane dimensions of 5x5 ,um 2 are pumped by LO radiation at 10.7 THz. The directly coupled HEB demonstrates nearly flat dependence of responsivity on frequency in the range of 25+64 THz. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Paris, France | Editor | ||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 386 | |||
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Author | Karasik, B. S.; Elantiev, A. I. | ||||
Title | Analysis of the noise performance of a hot-electron superconducting bolometer mixer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1995 | Publication | Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 229-246 | ||
Keywords | HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | A theoretical analysis for the noise temperature of hot–electron superconducting mixer has been presented. Thecontributions of both Johnson noise and electron temperature fluctuations have been evaluated. A set of criteriaensuring low noise performance of the mixer has been stated and a simple analytic expression for the noisetemperature of the mixer device has been suggested. It has been shown that an improvement of the mixer sensitivitydoes not necessarily follow by a decrease of the bandwidth. An SSB noise temperature limit due to the intrinsic noisemechanisms has been estimated to be as low as 40–90 K for a mixer device made from Nb or NbN thin film.Furthermore, the conversion gain bandwidth can be as wide as is allowed by the intrinsic electron temperaturerelaxation time if an appropriate choice of the mixer resistance has been made. The intrinsic mixer noise bandwidthis of 3 GHz for Nb device and of 5 GHz for NbN device. An additional improvement of the theory has been madewhen a distinction between the impedance measured at high intermediate frequency (larger than the mixerbandwidth) and the mixer ohmic resistance has been taken into account.Recently obtained experimental data on Nb and NbNbolometer mixer devices are viewed in connection with thetheoretical predictions.The noise temperature limit has also been specified for the mixer device where an outdiffusion coolingmechanism rather than the electron–phonon energy relaxation determines the mixer bandwidth. A consideration ofthe noise performance of a bolometer mixer made from YBaCuO film utilizing a hot–electron effect has been done. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Pasadena, Ca | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 258 | |||
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Author | Yagubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Voronov, B.; Seidman, L.; Siomash, V.; Cherednichenko, S.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | The bandwidth of HEB mixers employing ultrathin NbN films on sapphire substrate | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 290-302 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, fabrication process | ||||
Abstract | We report on some unusual features observed during fabrication of ultrathin NbN films with high Tc. The films were used to fabricate HEB mixers, which were evaluated for IF bandwidth measurements at 140 GHz. Ultrathin films were fabricated using reactive dc magnetron sputtering with a discharge current source. Reproducible parameters of the films are assured keeping constant the difference between the discharge voltage in pure argon, and in a gas mixture, for the same current. A maximum bandwidth of 4 GHz at optimal LO and dc bias was obtained for mixer chip based on NbN film 35 A thick with Tc = 11 K. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Charlottesville, Virginia, USA | Editor | ||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 266 | |||
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Author | Kroug, M.; Yagoubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Kollberg, E. | ||||
Title | NbN quasioptical phonon cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at THz frequencies | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. | Abbreviated Journal | Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. |
Volume | 1 | Issue | Pages | 405-408 | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
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Address | Veldhoven | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Bristol | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | 0951-3248 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | 3rd Eur. Conf. on Applied Superconductivity | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1600 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Yagoubov, P.; Il'In, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | Large bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers on sapphire substrates | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 245-257 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, fabrication process | ||||
Abstract | The bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers has been systematically investigated with respect to the film thickness and film quality variation. The films, 2.5 to 10 mm thick, were fabricated on sapphire substrates using DC reactive magnetron sputtering. All devices consisted of several parallel strips, each 1 1.1 wide and 211 long, placed between Ti-Au contact pads. To measure the gain bandwidth we used two identical BWOs operating in the 120-140 GHz frequency range, one functioning as a local oscillator and the other as a signal source. The majority of the measurements were made at an ambient temperature of 4.5 K with optimal LO and DC bias. The maximum 3 dB bandwidth (about 4 GHz) was achieved for the devices made of films which were 2.5-3.5 nm thick, had a high critical temperature, and high critical current density. A theoretical analysis of bandwidth for these mixers based on the two-temperature model gives a good description of the experimental results if one assumes that the electron temperature is equal to the critical temperature. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 276 | |||
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Author | Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C-Y. E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov, B.; Cherednichenko, S. | ||||
Title | Phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixers for submillimeter wavelengths | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 8th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 23-28 | ||
Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | The noise performance of receivers incorporating NbN phonon-cooled superconducting hot electron bolometric mixers is measured from 200 GHz to 900 GHz. The mixer elements are thin-film (thickness — 4 nm) NbN with —5 to 40 pm area fabricated on crystalline quartz sub- strates. The receiver noise temperature from 200 GHz to 900 GHz demonstrates no unexpected degradation with increasing frequency, being roughly TRx ,; 1-2 K The best receiver noise temperatures are 410 K (DSB) at 430 GHz, 483 K at 636 GHz, and 1150 K at 800 GHz. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 275 | |||
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Author | Merkel, H. F.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Kroug, M.; Khosropanah, P.; Kollberg, E. L.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | Noise temperature and absorbed LO power measurement methods for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at terahertz frequencies | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Proc. 28th European Microwave Conf. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 28th European Microwave Conf. |
Volume | 1 | Issue | Pages | 294-299 | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | In this paper the absorbed LO power requirements and the noise performance of NbN based phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric (HEB) quasioptical mixers are investigated for RF frequencies in the 0.55-1.1 range The minimal measured DSB noise temperatures are about 500 K at 640 GHz, 600 K at 750 GHz, 850 K at 910 GHz and 1250 K at 1.1 THz. The increase in noise temperature at 1.1THz is attributed to water absorption. The absorbed LO power is measured using a calorimetric approach. The results are subsequently corrected for lattice heating. These values are compared to results of a novel one dimensional hot spot mixer models and to a more traditional isotherm method which tends to underestimate the absorbed LO power for small bias powers. Typically a LO power between 50nW and 100nW is needed to pump the device to the optimal operating point. | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | 28th European Microwave Conference | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1580 | |||
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Author | Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Jian, H.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Dickinson, J.; Waldman, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | Measured results for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at 0.6-0.75 THz, 1.56 THz, and 2.5 THz | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 105-114 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1587 | |||
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Author | Tong, C.-Y. Edward; Kawamura, Jonathan; Todd, R. Hunter; Papa, D. Cosmo; Blundell, Raymond.; Smith, Michael; Patt, Ferdinand; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Gershenzon, Eugene | ||||
Title | Successful operation of a 1 THz NbN hot-electron bolometer receiver | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 49-59 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, applications | ||||
Abstract | A phonon-cooled NbN superconductive hot-electron bolometer receiver covering the frequency range 0.8-1.04 THz has successfully been used for astronomical observation at the Sub-Millimeter Telescope Observatory on Mount Graham, Arizona. This waveguide heterodyne receiver is a modified version of our fixed-tuned 800 GHz HEB receiver to allow for operation beyond 1 THz. The measured noise temperature of this receiver is about 1250 K at 0.81 THz, 560 K at 0.84 THz, and 1600 K at 1.035 THz. It has a 1 GHz wide IF bandwidth, centered at 1.8 GHz. This receiver has recently been used to detect the CO (9-8) molecular line emission at 1.037 THz in the Orion nebula. This is the first time a ground-based heterodyne receiver has been used to detect a celestial source above 1 THz. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 303 | |||
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Author | Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, H.–W.; Schubert, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elantiev, A. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | Frequency dependent noise temperature of the lattice cooled hot-electron terahertz mixer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 39-48 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We present the measurements and the theoretical model on the frequency dependent noise temperature of a lattice cooled hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer in the terahertz frequency range. The experimentally observed increase of the noise temperature with frequency is a cumulative effect of the non-uniform distribution of the high frequency current in the bolometer and the charge imbalance, which occurs near the edges of the normal domain and contacts with normal metal. In addition, we present experimental results which show that the noise temperature of a HEB mixer can be reduced by about 30% due to a Parylene antireflection coating on the Silicon hyperhemispheric lens. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 305 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Loudkov, D.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | Local oscillator power requirement and saturation effects in NbN HEB mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Proc. 12th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 12th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 273-285 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation effect, dynamic range | ||||
Abstract | The local oscillator power required for NbN hot-electron bolometric mixers (P LO ) was investigated with respect to mixer size, critical temperature and ambient temperature. P LO can be decreased by a factor of 10 as the mixer size decreases from 4×0.4 µm 2 to 0.6×0.13 µm 2 . For the smallest volume mixer the optimal local oscillator power was found to be 15 nW. We found that for such mixer no signal compression was observed up to an input signal of 2 nW which corresponds to an equivalent input load of 20,000 K. For a constant mixer volume, reduction of T c can decrease optimal local oscillator power at least by a factor of 2 without a deterioration of the receiver noise temperature. Bath temperature was found to have minor effect on the receiver characteristics. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | San Diego, CA, USA | Editor | Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Inst.it.u.t.e of Technology | |
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 318 | |||
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Author | Kroug, M.; Cherednichenko, S.; Choumas, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Hübers, H.-W.; Richter, H.; Loudkov, D.; Voronov, B.; Gol'Tsman, G. | ||||
Title | HEB quasi-optical heterodyne receiver for THz frequencies | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Proc. 12th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 244-252 | ||
Keywords | HEB mixer, NbN, MgO, conversion gain bandwidth, noise temperature | ||||
Abstract | |||||
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Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | San Diego, CA, USA | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 319 | |||
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Author | Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A. D.; Richter, H.; Schubert, J.; Hadjiloucas, S.; Bowen, J. W.; Gol'tsman, G.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M. | ||||
Title | Antenna pattern of the quasi-optical hot-electron bolometric mixer at terahertz frequencies | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2001 | Publication | Proc. 12th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 12th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 286-296 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | |||||
Address | |||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | San Diego, CA, USA | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 323 | |||
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Author | Vahtomin, Yuriy B.; Finkel, Matvey I.; Antipov, Sergey V.; Voronov, Boris M.; Smirnov, Konstantin V.; Kaurova, Natalia S.; Drakinski, Vladimir N.; Gol'tsman, Gregogy N. | ||||
Title | Gain bandwidth of phonon-cooled HEB mixer made of NbN thin film with MgO buffer layer on Si | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 259-270 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, conversion gain bandwidth | ||||
Abstract | We present recently obtained values for gain bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers for different substrates and film thicknesses and for MgO buffer layer on Si at LO frequency of 0.85-1 THz. The maximal bandwidth, 5.2 GHz, was achieved for the device on MgO buffer layer on Si with a 2 nm thick NbN film. Functional devices based on NbN films of such thickness were fabricated for the first time due to an improvement of superconducting properties of NbN film deposited on MgO buffer layer on Si substrate. | ||||
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Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Cambridge, MA, USA | Editor | Harvard university | |
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 325 | |||
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Author | Meledin, D.; Tong, C. Y.-E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | The sensitivity and IF bandwidth of waveguide NbN hot electron bolometer mixers on MgO buffer layers over crystalline quartz | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 65-72 | ||
Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We have developed and characterized waveguide phonon-cooled NbN Hot Electron Bolometer (FMB) mixers fabricated from a 3-4 nm thick NbN film deposited on a 200nm thick MgO buffer layer over crystalline quartz. Double side band receiver noise temperatures of 900-1050 K at 1.035 THz, and 1300-1400 K at 1.26 THz have been measured at an intermediate frequency of 1.5 GHz. The intermediate frequency bandwidth, measured at 0.8 THz LO frequency, is 3.2 GHz at the optimal bias point for low noise receiver operation. | ||||
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Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Cambridge, MA, USA | Editor | Harvard university | |
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 326 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Kroug, M.; Khosropanah, P.; Adam, A.; Merkel, H.; Kolberg, E.; Loudkov, D.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Richter, H.; Hübers, H. W. | ||||
Title | A broadband terahertz heterodyne receiver with an NbN HEB mixer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2002 | Publication | Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 13th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 85-95 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We present a broadband and low noise heterodyne receiver for 1.4-1.7 THz designed for the Hershel Space Observatory. A phonon- cooled NbN HEB mixer was integrated with a normal metal double- slot antenna and an elliptical silicon lens. DSB receiver noise temperature Tr was measured from 1 GHz through 8GHz intermediate frequency band with 50 MHz instantaneous bandwidth. At 4.2 K bath temperature and at 1.6 THz LO frequency Tr is 800 K with the receiver noise bandwidth of 5 GHz. While at 2 K bath temperature Tr was as low as 700 K. At 0.6 THz and 1.1 THz a spiral antenna integrated NbN HEB mixer showed the receiver noise temperature 500 K and 800 K, though no antireflection coating was used in this case. Tr of 1100 K was achieved at 2.5 THz while the receiver noise bandwidth was 4 GHz. | ||||
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Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Cambridge, MA, USA | Editor | Harward University | |
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 332 | |||
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Author | Huebers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M. | ||||
Title | Superconducting hot electron bolometer as mixer for far-infrared heterodyne receivers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
Volume | 4855 | Issue | Pages | 395-401 | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently under development for SOFIA or Herschel superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) will be used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. We present results of the development of a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer for GREAT, the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies, which will be flown aboard SOFIA. The mixer is a small superconducting bridge incorporated in a planar feed antenna and a hyperhemispherical lens. Mixers with logarithmic-spiral and double-slot feed antennas have been investigated with respect to their noise temperature, conversion loss, linearity and beam pattern. At 2.5 THz a double sideband noise temperature of 2200 K was achieved. The conversion loss was 17 dB. The response of the mixer was linear up to 400 K load temperature. The performance was verified by measuring an emission line of methanol at 2.5 THz. The measured linewidth is in good agreement with the linewidth deduced from pressure broadening measurements at millimeter wavelength. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for far-infrared heterodyne receivers. | ||||
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Publisher | SPIE | Place of Publication | Tucson, USA | Editor | Phillips, T. G.; Zmuidzinas, J. |
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
Series Editor | Series Title | Presented at the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference | Abbreviated Series Title | ||
Series Volume | 4855 | Series Issue | Edition | ||
ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 335 | |||
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Author | Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Improved NbN phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 413-423 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers (HEBs) have been realized with negligible contact resistance to Au pads. By adding either a 5 nm Nb or a 10 nm NbTiN layer between the Au and NbN, to preserve superconductivity in the NbN under the Au contact pad, superior noise temperatures have been obtained. Using DC I,V curves and resistive transitions in combination with process parameters we analyze the nature of these improved devices and determine interface transparencies. | ||||
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Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Tucson, USA | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 337 | |||
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Author | Tong, C.-Y. E.; Meledin, D.; Loudkov, D.; Blundell, R.; Erickson, N.; Kawamura, J.; Mehdi, I.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | A 1.5 THz Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer operated by a planar diode based local oscillator | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Digest | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Digest |
Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 751-754 | |
Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We have developed a 1.5 THz superconducting NbN Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer. It is operated by an all-solid-state Local Oscillator comprising of a cascade of 4 planar doublers following an MMIC based W-band power amplifier. The threshold available pump power is estimated to be 1 /spl mu/W. | ||||
Address | Philadelphia, PA, USA | ||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | |||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
Series Editor | Series Title | Abbreviated Series Title | |||
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1516 | |||
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Author | Vachtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Smirnov, K. V.; Polyakov, S. L.; Kaurova, N. S.; Grishina, E. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Noise temperature measurements of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixer at 2.5 and 3.8 THz | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 236-241 | ||
Keywords | HEB mixer, NbN, direct detection effect | ||||
Abstract | We present the results of noise temperature measurements of NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers based on a 3.5 nm NbN film deposited on a high-resistivity Si substrate with a 200 nm – thick MgO buffer layer. The mixer element was integrated with a log-periodic spiral antenna. The noise temperature measurements were performed at 2.5 THz and at 3.8 THz local oscillator frequencies for the 3 µm x 0.2 µm active area devices. The best uncorrected receiver noise temperatures found for these frequencies are 1300 K and 3100 K, respectively. A water vapour discharge laser was used as the LO source. We also present the results of direct detection contribution to the measured Y-factor and of a possible error of noise temperature calculation. This error was more than 8% for the mixer with in-plane dimensions of 2.4 x 0.16 µm 2 at the optimal noise temperature point. The use of a mesh filter enabled us to avoid the effect of direct detection and decrease optical losses by 0.5 dB. The paper is concluded by the investigation results of the mixer polarization response. It was shown that the polarization can differ from the circular one at 3.8 THz by more than 2 dB. | ||||
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Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Northampton, Massachusetts, USA | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 344 | |||
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Author | Antipov, S. V.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Grishina, E. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Noise performance of quasioptical ultrathin NbN hot electron bolometer mixer at 2.5 and 3.8 THz | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Proc. 5-th MSMW | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 5-th MSMW |
Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 592-594 | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | To put space-based and airborne heterodyne instruments into operation at frequencies above 1 THz the superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) will be incorporated into heterodyne receiver as a mixer. At frequencies above 1.3 THz the sensitivity of the NbN HEB mixers outperform the one of the Schottky diodes and SIS-mixers, and the receiver noise temperature of the NbN HEB mixers increase with frequency. In this paper we present the results of the noise temperature measurements within one batch of NbN HEB mixers based on 3.5 mn thick superconducting NbN film grown on Si substrate with MgO buffer layer at the LO frequencies 2.5 THz and 3.8 THz. | ||||
Address | Kharkov, Ukraine | ||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Kharkov, Ukraine | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | The Fifth International Kharkov Symposium on Physics and Engineering of Microwaves, Millimeter, and Submillimeter Waves (IEEE Cat. No.04EX828) | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 351 | |||
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Author | Kaurova, N. S.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Vahtomin, Yu. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ilyin, K. S. | ||||
Title | Submillimeter mixer based on YBa2Cu3O7-x thin film | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Proc. 1-st conf. Fundamental problems of high temperature superconductivity | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 291 | ||
Keywords | HTS, HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | |||||
Address | Moscow-Zvenigorod | ||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Moscow-Zvenigorod | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 355 | |||
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Author | Gerecht, E.; Musante, C.F.; Zhuang, Y.; Ji, M.; Yngvesson, K.S.; Goyette, T.; Waldman, J. | ||||
Title | NbN hot electron bolometric mixer with intrinsic receiver noise temperature of less than five times the quantum noise limit | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Proc. IMS | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 1007-1010 | |
Keywords | HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | In recent years, improvements in device development and quasi-optical coupling techniques utilizing planar antennas have led to a significant achievement in low noise receivers for the edges of the submillimeter frequency regime. Hot electron bolometric (HEB) receivers made of thin superconducting films such as NbN have produced a viable option for instruments designed to measure the molecular spectra for astronomical applications as well as in remote sensing of the atmosphere in the THz regime. This paper describes an NbN HEB mixer with intrinsic DSB receiver noise temperature of at most five times the quantum noise limit at frequencies as high as 2.24 THz | ||||
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Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 477 | |||
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Author | Finkel, Matvey; Vachtomin, Yuriy; Antipov, Sereey; Drakinski, Vladimir; Kaurova, Natalia; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Greeory | ||||
Title | Gain bandwidth and noise temperature of NbTiN HEB mixer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2003 | Publication | Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 276-285 | ||
Keywords | NbTiN HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | We have determined that the gain bandwidth of phonon-cooled HEB mixer employing NbTiN films deposited on MgO layer over Si substrate is limited b y the escape of phonons to the substrate. The cut-off frequencies of 1 um long devices operating at T 71, based on 3.5 nm. 4 nm and 10 nm thick films amount to 400 Mk. 300 MHz, and 100 MHz, respectivel y . The gain bandwidth of 0.13 . um long devices fabricated from 3.5 nm thick film is larger and amounts to 0.8 GIL; at the optimal operating point and to 1.5 GIL: at larger bias. The increase of the gain bandwidth from 400 MHz up to 1.5 GH: with the change of bridge length is attributed to diffusion cooling. A double sideband noise temperature of 4000 K was obtained for heterodyne receiver utilizing pilot NbTiN HEB mixer (not optimized for normal state resistance) operating at the local oscillator frequency of 2.5 THz. | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1500 | |||
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Author | Semenov, Alexei; Il'yin, Konstantin; Siegel, Michael; Smirnov, Andrey; Pavlov, Sergey; Richter, Heiko; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm | ||||
Title | Intermediate frequency bandwidth of a hot-electron mixer: Comparision with bolometric models | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 73-76 | ||
Keywords | HEB | ||||
Abstract | |||||
Address | |||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Paris, France | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 537 | |||
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Author | Goltsman, Gregory N.; Vachtomin, Yuriy B.; Antipov, Sergey V.; Finkel, Matvey I.; Maslennikov, Sergey N.; Polyakov, Stanislav L.; Svechnikov, Sergey I.; Kaurova, Natalia S.; Grishina, Elisaveta V.; Voronov, Boris M. | ||||
Title | Low-noise NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers for terahertz heterodyne receivers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 9-th WMSCI | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 9-th WMSCI |
Volume | 9 | Issue | Pages | 154-159 | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | |||||
Address | |||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | International Institute of Informatics and Systemics | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 547 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Lecomte, B.; Dauplay, F.; Krieg, J. M.; Delorme, Y.; Feret, A.; Hübers, H. W.; Semenov, A. D.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | 2.5 THz multipixel heterodyne receiver based on NbN HEB mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
Volume | 6275 | Issue | Pages | 62750I (1 to 11) | |
Keywords | HEB, mixer, membrane | ||||
Abstract | A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz has been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5 µm thick Si3N4/SiO2 membranes. Spherical mirrors (one per pixel) and backshort distance from the antenna have been used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. The gain bandwidth of the HEB mixers on Si3N4/SiO2 membranes was found to be 0.7÷0.9 GHz, which is much smaller than for similar devices on silicon. Application of buffer layers and use of alternative types of membranes (e.g. silicon-on-insulator) is under investigation. | ||||
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Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 561 | |||
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Author | Kawamura, Jonathan; Blundell, Raymond; Tong, C.-Y. Edward; Papa, D. Cosmo; Hunter, Todd R.; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Cherednichenko, Sergei; Voronov, Boris; Gershenzon, Eugene | ||||
Title | First light with an 800 GHz phonon-cooled HEB mixer receiver | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1998 | Publication | Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 35-43 | ||
Keywords | HEB, mixer, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation effect, dynamic range | ||||
Abstract | Phonon-cooled superconductive hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers are incorporated in a waveguide receiver designed to operate near 800 Gliz. The mixer elements are thin-film nio- bium nitride microbridges with dimensions of 4 nm thickness, 0.2 to 0.3 p.m in length and 2 jun in width. At 780 GHz the best receiver noise temperature is 840 K (DSB). The mixer IF bandwidth is 2.0 GHz, the absorbed LO power is —0.1 1.1W. A fixed-tuned version of the re- ceiver was installed at the Submillimeter Telescope Observatory on Mt. Graham, Arizona, to conduct astronomical observations. These observations represent the first time that a receiver incorporating any superconducting HEB mixer has been used to detect a spectral line of celes- tial origin. | ||||
Address | |||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Pasadena, California, USA | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 572 | |||
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Author | Cao, Aiqin; Jiang, L.; Chen, S.H.; Antipov, S.V.; Shi, S.C. | ||||
Title | IF gain bandwidth of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB mixer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Proc. International conference on microwave and millimeter wave technology | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. ICMMT |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-3 | ||
Keywords | HEB, mixer, gain bandwidth | ||||
Abstract | In this paper, the intermediate frequency (IF) gain bandwidth of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer is investigated at 500 GHz with an IF system incorporating with a frequency down-converting scheme which is able to sweep the IF signal in a frequency range of 0.3-4 GHz. The IF gain bandwidth of the device is measured to be 1.5 GHz when it is biased at a voltage of the minimum noise temperature, and becomes larger when the bias voltage increases. | ||||
Address | |||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Builin | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ lobanovyury @ | Serial | 575 | ||
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Author | Ryabchun, S. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer with additional diffusion cooling | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | Proc. 20th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 20th ISSTT |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 151-154 | ||
Keywords | HEB, mixer, bandwidth, noise temperatue, in-situ contacts, in situ contacts | ||||
Abstract | |||||
Address | |||||
Corporate Author | Thesis | ||||
Publisher | Place of Publication | Charlottesville, USA | Editor | ||
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 590 | |||
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Author | Tretyakov, I. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Finkel, M. I.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G.N. | ||||
Title | NbN HEB mixer: fabrication, noise temperature reduction and characterization | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Proc. Basic problems of superconductivity | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | HEB, mixer, noise temperature, conversion gain bandwidth | ||||
Abstract | We demonstrate that in the terahertz region superconducting hot-electron mixers offer the lowest noise temperature, opening the possibility of using HTS's in the future to fabricate these devices. Specifically, a noise temperature of 950 K was measured for the receiver operating at 2.5 THz with a NbN HEB mixer, and a gain bandwidth of 6 GHz was measured at 300 GHz near Tc for the same mixer. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Moscow-Zvenigorod | Editor | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 591 | |||
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Author | Nebosis, R. S.; Semenov, A. D.; Gousev, Yu. P.; Renk, K. F. | ||||
Title | Rigorous analysis of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer: theory and comparision with experiment | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 601-613 | ||
Keywords | HEB mixer, model, conversion gain, noise temperature, impedance, 2.5 THz | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Charlottesville, Virginia, USA | Editor | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 605 | |||
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Author | Risacher, C.; Meledin, D.; Belitsky, V.; Bergman, P. | ||||
Title | First 1.3 THz observations at the APEX telescope | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | Proc. 20th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 54-61 | ||
Keywords | balanced HEB mixer noise temperature APEX telescope stability Allan variance aperture efficiency | ||||
Abstract | The Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) 12m telescope is operating on the Llano Chajnantor, Chile, since 2003 and a set of state of the art sub-millimeter receivers have been installed for frequencies spanning from 150 GHz to 1500 GHz. In 2008, a balanced 1.3 THz Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) receiver was installed for the atmospheric window 1250-1380 GHz. This instrument is part of a 4-channel receiver cryostat with the other channels being 211-275 GHz, 275-370 GHz and 380-500 GHz Sideband Separating (SSB) SIS receivers. This paper presents the first observations obtained so far with the 1.3 THz band during its first months of operation. The sky measurements were taken during opportunistic commissioning and science verification phases, when the weather conditions were sufficiently good with a Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) below 0.25 mm, which was the case only a few nights during these months. We present the first observations of the molecular transition CO J=(11-10) line on different sources such as Orion-FIR4, CW-Leo and SgrB2(M). We describe the many challenges and difficulties encountered for achieving successful THz observations from a large sub-millimeter ground-based telescope. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 619 | |||
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Author | de Lange, Gert; Krieg, Jean-Michel; Honingh, Netty; Karpov, Alexandre; Cherednichenko, Sergey | ||||
Title | Performance of the HIFI flight mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Proc. 19th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 98-105 | ||
Keywords | HEB mixer applications, HEB applications | ||||
Abstract | We summarize the technology and final results of the superconducting heterodyne SIS and HEB mixers that are developed for the HIFI instrument. Within HIFI 7 frequency bands cover the frequency range from 480 GHz to 1910 GHz. We describe the different device technologies and optical coupling schemes that are used to cover the frequency bands. The efforts of the different mixer teams that participate in HIFI have contributed to an instrument that will have unprecedented sensitivity and frequency coverage. | ||||
Address | Groningen | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1074 | |||
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Author | Lobanov, Y.; Tong, C.; Blundell, R.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
Title | A study of direct detection effect on the linearity of hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2009 | Publication | Proc. 20th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 20th ISSTT |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 282-287 | ||
Keywords | HEB mixer, direct detection effect | ||||
Abstract | We have performed a study of how direct detection affects the linearity and hence the calibration of an HEB mixer. Two types of waveguide HEB devices have been used: a 0.8 THz HEB mixer and a 1.0 THz HEB mixer which is ~5 times smaller than the former. Two independent experimental approaches were used. In the ΔG/G method, the conversion gain of the HEB mixer is first measured as a function of the bias current for a number of bias voltages. At each bias setting, we carefully measure the change in the operating current when the input loads are switched. From the measured data, we can derive the expected difference in gain between the hot and cold loads. In the second method (injection method [1]), the linearity of the HEB mixer is independently measured by injecting a modulated signal for different input load temperatures. The results of both approaches confirm that there is gain compression in the operation of HEB mixers. Based on the results of our measurements, we discuss the impact of direct detection effects on the operation of HEB mixers. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 724 | ||
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Author | Lobanov, Y. V.; Tong, Cheuk-Yu E.; Hedden, A. S.; Blundell, R.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Microwave-assisted슠measurement슠of the슠frequency슠response슠of슠terahertz슠HEB슠mixers슠with a슠fourier슠transform슠spectrometer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | 21st International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology | Abbreviated Journal | 21st ISSTT |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 420-423 | ||
Keywords | HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | We describe a novel method of operation of the HEB direct detector for use with a Fourier Transform Spectrometer. Instead of elevating the bath temperature, we have measured the RF response of waveguide HEB mixers by applying microwave radiation to select appropriate bias conditions. In our experiment, a microwave signal is injected into the HEB mixer via its IF port. By choosing an appropriate injection level, the device can be operated close to the desired operating point. Furthermore, we have shown that both thermal biasing and microwave injection can reproduce the same spectral response of the HEB mixer. However, with the use of microwave injection, there is no need to wait for the mixer to reach thermal equilibrium, so characterisation can be done in less time. Also, the liquid helium consumption for our wet cryostat is also reduced. We have demonstrated that the signalto-noise ratio of the FTS measurements can be improved with microwave injection. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 725 | ||
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Author | Shurakov, Alexander; Tong, Edward; Blundell, Raymond; Gol'tsman, Gregory | ||||
Title | Microwave stabilization of HEB mixer by a microchip controller | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2012 | Publication | IEEE MTT-S international microwave symposium digest | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-3 | ||
Keywords | HEB mixer stability, microwave injection, Allan variance, Allan time | ||||
Abstract | The stability of a Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) mixer can be improved by the use of microwave injection. In this article we report a refinement of this approach. We introduce a microchip controller to facilitate the implementation of the stabilization scheme, and demonstrate that the feedback loop effectively suppresses drifts in the HEB bias current, leading to an improvement in the receiver stability. The measured Allan time of the mixer's IF output power is increased to > 10 s. | ||||
Address | Montreal, QC, Canada | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 857 | |||
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Author | Khosropanah, P.; Merkel, H.; Yngvesson, S.; Adam, A.; Cherednichenko, S.; Kollberg, E. | ||||
Title | A distributed device model for phonon-cooled HEB mixers predicting IV characteristics, gain, noise and IF bandwidth | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Proc. 11th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 474-488 | ||
Keywords | HEB mixer numerical model, diffusion cooling channel, diffusion channel, distributed HEB model, distributed model | ||||
Abstract | A distributed model for phonon-cooled superconductor hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers is given, which is based on solving the one-dimensional heat balance equation for the electron temperature profile along the superconductor strip. In this model it is assumed that the LO power is absorbed uniformly along the bridge but the DC power absorption depends on the local resistivity and is thus not uniform. The electron temperature dependence of the resistivity is assumed to be continuous and has a Fermi form. These assumptions are used in setting up the non-linear heat balance equation, which is solved numerically for the electron temperature profile along the bolometer strip. Based on this profile the resistance of the device and the IV curves are calculated. The IV curves are in excellent agreement with measurement results. Using a small signal model the conversion gain of the mixer is obtained. The expressions for Johnson noise and thermal fluctuation noise are derived. The calculated results are in close agreement with measurements, provided that one of the parameters used is adjusted. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA | Editor | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 893 | |||
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Author | Ynvesson, K. Sigfrid; Kollberg, Erik L. | ||||
Title | Optimum receiver noise temperature for NbN HEB mixers according to standard model | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Proc. 10th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 566-582 | ||
Keywords | HEB mixer model, standard model, electro-thermal feedback, self-heating parameter, heating efficiency | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 895 | |||
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Author | Leisawitz, David T.; Danchi, William C.; Dipirro, Michael J.; Feinberg, Lee D.; Gezari, Daniel Y.; Hagopian, Mike; Langer, William D.; Mather, John C.; Moseley, Jr. Samuel H.; Shao, Michael; Silverberg, Robert F.; Staguhn, Johannes G.; Swain, Mark R.; Yorke, Harold W.; Zhang, Xiaolei | ||||
Title | Scientific motivation and technology requirements for the SPIRIT and SPECS far-infrared/submillimeter space interferometers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2000 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
Volume | 4013 | Issue | Pages | 36-46 | |
Keywords | HEB applications | ||||
Abstract | Far infrared interferometers in space would enable extraordinary measurements of the early universe, the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets, and would have great discovery potential. Since half the luminosity of the universe and 98% of the photons released since the Big Bang are now observable at far IR wavelengths (40 – 500 micrometers ), and the Earth's atmosphere prevents sensitive observations from the ground, this is one of the last unexplored frontiers of space astronomy. We present the engineering and technology requirements that stem from a set of compelling scientific goals and discuss possible configurations for two proposed NASA missions, the Space Infrared Interferometric Telescope and the Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 909 | |||
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Author | Klapwijk, T. M.; Barends, R.; Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A. | ||||
Title | Improved superconducting hot-electron bolometer devices for the THz range | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2004 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
Volume | 5498 | Issue | Pages | 129-139 | |
Keywords | HEB mixer distributed model, numerical model | ||||
Abstract | Improved and reproducible heterodyne mixing (noise temperatures of 950 K at 2.5 THz) has been realized with NbN based hot-electron superconducting devices with low contact resistances. A distributed temperature numerical model of the NbN bridge, based on a local electron and a phonon temperature, has been used to understand the physical conditions during the mixing process. We find that the mixing is predominantly due to the exponential rise of the local resistivity as a function of electron temperature. | ||||
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Notes | Invited talk, Recommended by Klapwijk | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 912 | |||
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Author | Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Golts'man, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov B. | ||||
Title | Superconductive NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer performance at 250 GHz | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1996 | Publication | Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 7th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 331-336 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | Thin film NbN (<40 A) strips are used as waveguide mixer elements. The electron cooling mechanism for the geometry is the electron-phonon interaction. We report a receiver noise temperature of 750 K at 244 GHz, with / IF = 1.5 GHz, Af= 500 MHz, and Tphysical = 4 K. The instantaneous bandwidth for this mixer is 1.6 GHz. The local oscillator (LO) power is 0.5 1.tW with 3 dB-uncertainty. The mixer is linear to 1 dB up to an input power level 6 dB below the LO power. We report the first detection of a molecular line emission using this class of mixer, and that the receiver noise temperature determined from Y-factor measurements reflects the true heterodyne sensitivity. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 945 | |||
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Author | Palma, F.; Teppe, F.; Fatimy, A. E.; Green, R.; Xu, J.; Vachontin, Y.; Tredicucci, A.; Goltsman, G.; Knap, W. | ||||
Title | THz communication system based on a THz quantum cascade laser and a hot electron bolometer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | 35th Int. Conf. Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves | Abbreviated Journal | 35th Int. Conf. Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 11623798 (1 to 2) | ||
Keywords | QCL, HEB detector | ||||
Abstract | We present the experimental study of the direct emission – detection system based on the THz Quantum Cascade Laser as a source and Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) detector – in view of its application as an optical communication system. We show that the system can efficiently transmit the QCL Terahertz pulses. We estimate the maximal modulation speed of the system to be about several GHz and show that it is limited only by the QCL pulse power supply, detector amplifier and connection line/wires parameters. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1391 | |||
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Author | Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Divochiy, A. V.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Pentin, I. V.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Infrared and terahertz detectors on basis of superconducting nanostructures | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2010 | Publication | Microwave and Telecom. Technol. (CriMiCo), 20th Int. Crimean Conf. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 823-824 | ||
Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD, HEB | ||||
Abstract | Results of development of single-photon receiving systems of visible, infrared and terahertz range based on thin-film superconducting nanostructures are presented. The receiving systems are produced on the basis of superconducting nanostructures, which function by means of hot-electron phenomena. | ||||
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Publisher | Place of Publication | Editor | IEEE | ||
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Call Number | RPLAB @ sasha @ smirnov2010infrared | Serial | 1025 | ||
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Author | Zhang, W.; Miao, W.; Zhong, J. Q.; Shi, S. C.; Hayton, D. J.; Vercruyssen, N.; Gao, J. R.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Temperature dependence of superconducting hot electron bolometers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2013 | Publication | Not published results: 24th international symposium on space terahertz technology | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | |||
Keywords | HEB | ||||
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Address | Groningen,The Netherlands | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1067 | |||
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Author | Cherednichenko, S.; Yagoubov, P.; Il'in, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E. | ||||
Title | Large bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1997 | Publication | Proc. 27th Eur. Microwave Conf. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 972-977 | |
Keywords | HEB mixer, fabrication process | ||||
Abstract | The bandwidth of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers has been systematically investigated with respect to the film thickness and film quality variation. The films, 2.5 to 10 nm thick, were fabricated on sapphire substrates using DC reactive magnetron sputtering. All devices consisted of several parallel strips, each 1 um wide and 2 um long, placed between Ti-Au contact pads. To measure the gain bandwidth we used two identical BWOs operating in the 120-140 GHz frequency range, one functioning as a local oscillator and the other as a signal source. The majority of the measurements were made at an ambient temperature of 4.2 K with optimal LO and DC bias. The maximum 3 dB bandwidth (about 4 GHz) was achieved for the devices made of films which were 2.5-3.5 nm thick, had a high critical temperature, and high critical current density. A theoretical analysis of bandwidth for these mixers based on the two-temperature model gives a good description of the experimental results if one assumes that the electron temperature is equal to the critical temperature. | ||||
Address | Jerusalem, Israel | ||||
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Publisher | IEEE | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | 27th Eur. Microwave Conf. | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1075 | |||
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Author | Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Grimes, P.; Lobanov, Y.; Kaurova, N.; Blundell, R.; Goltsman, G. | ||||
Title | Development of A Silicon Membrane-based Multi-pixel Hot Electron Bolometer Receiver | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Volume | 27 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 6 |
Keywords | Multi-pixel, HEB, silicon-on-insulator, horn array | ||||
Abstract | We report on the development of a multi-pixel Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) receiver fabricated using silicon membrane technology. The receiver comprises a 2 × 2 array of four HEB mixers, fabricated on a single chip. The HEB mixer chip is based on a superconducting NbN thin film deposited on top of the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. The thicknesses of the device layer and handling layer of the SOI substrate are 20 μm and 300 μm respectively. The thickness of the device layer is chosen such that it corresponds to a quarter-wave in silicon at 1.35 THz. The HEB mixer is integrated with a bow-tie antenna structure, in turn designed for coupling to a circular waveguide, |
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Call Number | RPLAB @ kovalyuk @ | Serial | 1111 | ||
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Author | Shcherbatenko, Michael; Lobanov, Yury; Benderov, Oleg; Shurakov, Alexander; Ignatov, Anton; Titova, Nadezhda; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Kaurova, Natalya; Voronov, Boris M.; Rodin, Alexander; Klapwijk, Teunis M.; Gol'tsman, Gregory N. | ||||
Title | Antenna-coupled 30 THz hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 27 | ||
Keywords | HEB mixer, IR, mid-IR, 30 THz, antenna-coupled | ||||
Abstract | We report on design and characterization of a superconducting Hot Electron Bolometer Mixer integrated with a logarithmic spiral antenna for mid-IR range observations. The antenna parameters have been adjusted to achieve the ultimate performance at 10 µm (30 THz) range where O3, NH3, CO2, CH4, N2O,…. lines in the Earth’s atmosphere, in planetary atmospheres and in the interstellar space can be observed. The HEB mixer is made of a thin NbN film deposited onto a GaAs substrate. To couple the radiation we rely on the quasioptical approach: the device is glued to a semi-spherical germanium lens with diameter~ 3 mm. A wet cryostat equipped with a germanium window and narrow band-pass filter is used to characterize the antenna and estimate the mixer performance. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1157 | |||
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Author | Shurakov, Alexander; Maslennikov, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-yu E.; Gol’tsman, Gregory | ||||
Title | Performance of an HEB direct detector utilizing a microwave reflection readout scheme | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 36 | ||
Keywords | HEB detector | ||||
Abstract | We report the results of our study on the performance of a hot electron bolometric (HEB) direct detector, operated by a microwave pump. The HEB devices used in this work were made from NbN thin film deposited on high resistivity silicon with an in-situ fabrication process. The experimental setup employed is similar to the one described in [1]. The detector chips were glued to a silicon lens clamped to a copper holder mounted on the cold plate of a liquid helium cryostat. Thermal link between the lens and the holder was maintained by a thin indium shim. The HEBs were operated at a bath temperature of about 4.4 K. Conventional phonon pump, commonly realized by raising the bath temperature of the detector, was substituted by a microwave one. In this case, a CW microwave signal is injected to the device through a directional coupler connected directly to the detector holder. The power incident on the HEB device was typically 1-2 μW, and the pump frequency was in the range of 0.5-1.5 GHz. The signal sources were 2 black bodies held at temperatures of 295 K and 77 K. A chopper wheel placed in front of the cryostat window switched the input to the detector between the 2 sources. A modulation frequency of several kilohertz was chosen in order to reduce the effects of the HEB’s flicker noise. A cold mesh filter was used to define the input bandwidth of the detector. The reflected microwave signal from the HEB device was fed into a low noise amplifier, the output of which is connected to a room temperature Schottky microwave power detector. This Schottky detector, in conjunction with a lock-in amplifier, demodulated the input signal modulation from the copper wheel. As the input load was switched, the impedance of the HEB device at the microwave pump frequency also changed in response to the incident signal power variation. Therefore the reflected microwave power follows the incident signal modulation. The derived responsivity from this detection system nicely correlates with the HEB impedance. In order to provide a quantitative description of the impedance variation of the HEB device and the impact of a microwave pump, we have numerically solved the heat balance equations written for the NbN bridge and its surrounding thermal heat sink [2]. Our model also accounts for the impact of the operating frequency of the detector because of non-uniform absorption of low-frequency photons across the NbN bridge [3]. In our measurements we varied the signal source wavelength from 2 mm down to near infrared range, and hence we indirectly performed the impedance measurements at frequencies below, around and far beyond the superconducting gap. Preliminary results show good agreement between the experiment and theoretical prediction. Further measurements are still in progress. [1] A. Shurakov et al., “A Microwave Reflection Readout Scheme for Hot Electron Bolometric Direct Detector”, to appear in IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Tech., 2015. [2] S. Maslennikov, “RF heating efficiency of the terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer”, http://arxiv.org/pdf/1404.5276v5.pdf, 2014. [3] W. Miao et al., “Non-uniform absorption of terahertz radiation on superconducting hot electron bolometer microbridges”, Appl. Phys. Let., 104, 052605, 2014. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 1158 | |||
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Author | Tretyakov, I.; Maslennikov, S.; Semenov, A.; Safir, O.; Finkel, M.; Ryabchun, S.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.; Klapwijk, T. M. | ||||
Title | Impact of operating conditions on noise and gain bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 39 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | Hot-electron bolometer mixers (HEB’s) are the most promising devices as mixing element for terahertz spectroscopy and astronomy at frequencies beyond 1.4 THz. They have a low noise temperature and low demands on local oscillator (LO) power. 1,2 An important limitation is the IF bandwidth, of the order of a few GHz, and which in principle depends on energy relaxation due to electron- phonon processes and on diffusion-cooling. It has been proposed by Prober that a reduction in length of the HEB would lead to an increased bandwidth. 3 This appeared to be achieved by Tretyakov et al by measuring the gain bandwidth close to the critical temperature of the NbN. 2 Unfortunately, the noise bandwidth of similar devices operated at temperatures around 4.2 K appear not depend on the length. The fundamental problem to be addressed is the position-dependent superconducting state of the HEB- devices under operating conditions, which determines the conditions for the cooling of the hot quasiparticles. Some progress has been made by Barends et al in a semi-empirical model to describe the I,V curves under operating conditions at a bath temperature around 4.2 K. 4 In more recent work Vercruyssen et al have analyzed the I,V curve, without any LO-equivalent bias, of a model NSN system. 5 This work suggests that the most appropriate model for an HEB under operating conditions is that of a potential-well in the superconducting gap in the center of the NbN, analogous the bimodal superconducting state described by Vercruyssen et al. Hot quasiparticles in the well can not diffuse out and can only cool by electron-phonon processes, those with higher energies than the heights of the walls of the well can diffuse out. Using this working hypothesis we have carried out experiments on a sub-micrometer NbN bridge connected to a gold (Au) planar spiral antenna. An in situ process is used to deposit Au on NbN. The Au is removed in the center to define the uncovered NbN, which will act as the superconducting mixer itself. The antenna is deposited on the remaining Au layer on the NbN. The Au contacts suppress the energy gap of the NbN film located underneath the gold layer 7,8 . The measured resistive transition is shown in Fig.1. It clearly shows a T c of the bilayer at 6.2 K and the resistive transition of the NbN itself around 9 K. In addition we show the measured noise bandwidth (red squares) for different bath temperatures. Clearly the noise bandwidth increases strongly by increasing the bath temperature from 5 K to 8 K, up to 13 GHz. We interpret this pattern as evidence for improved out-diffusion of hot electrons due to normal banks and a shallow superconducting potential well compared to k B T. As expected the noise temperature in this regime is much bigger than when biased at 4.2 K. R EFERENCES 1 W. Zhang, P. Khosropanah, J. R. Gao, E. L. Kollberg, K. S. Yngvesson, T. Bansal, R. Barends, and T. M. Klapwijk Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111113, (2010). 2 Ivan Tretyakov, Sergey Ryabchun, Matvey Finkel, Anna Maslennikova, Natalia Kaurova, Anastasia Lobastova, Boris Voronov, and Gregory Gol’tsman Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 033507 (2011). 3 D. E. Prober, Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 2119 (1992). 4 R. Barends, M. Hajenius, J. R. Gao, and T. M. Klapwijk, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 263506 (2005). 5 N. Vercruyssen, T. G. A. Verhagen, M. G. Flokstra, J. P. Pekola, and T. M. Klapwijk Physical Review B 85, 224503 (2012). | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 1159 | |||
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Author | Trifonov, Andrey; Tong, C. Edward; Lobanov, Yury; Kaurova, Natalia; Blundell, Raymond; Gol’tsman, Gregory | ||||
Title | An investigation of the DC and IF performance of silicon-membrane HEB mixer elements | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2015 | Publication | Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 26th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 40 | ||
Keywords | silicon-membrane HEB waveguide mixer | ||||
Abstract | We report on our initial development towards a 2x2 multi-pixel HEB waveguide mixer for operation at 1.4 THz. We have successfully fabricated devices comprising an NbN bridge integrated with antenna test structure using a silicon membrane as the supporting substrate. DC measurements of the test chips demonstrate critical current from 0.1 – 1mA depending on the size of device, with T c of around 10 K and ΔTc ~ 0.8 K. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 1160 | |||
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Author | Seliverstov, Sergey V.; Rusova, Anastasia A.; Kaurova, Natalya S.; Voronov, Boris M.; Goltsman, Gregory N. | ||||
Title | AC-biased superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer for frequency-domain multiplexing | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 120-122 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | We present the results of characterization of fast and sensitive superconducting antenna-coupled THz direct detector based on NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) with AC-bias. We discuss the possibility of implementation of the AC-bias for design the readout system from the multi-element arrays of HEBs using standard technique of frequency-domain multiplexing. We demonstrate experimentally that this approach does not lead to significant deterioration of the HEB sensitivity compared with the value obtained for the same detector with DC- bias. Results of a numerical calculations of the HEB responsivity at AC-bias are in a good agreement with the experiment. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 1174 | |||
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Author | Antipov, S.; Trifonov, A.; Krause, S.; Meledin, D.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Gain bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers on GaN buffer layer operating at 2 THz local oscillator frequency | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 28th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 147-148 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, GaN buffer-layer, IF bandwidth | ||||
Abstract | In this paper, we present IF bandwidth measurement results of NbN HEB mixers, which are employing NbN thin films grown on a GaN buffer-layer. The HEB mixers were operated in the heterodyne regime at a bath temperature of approximately 4.5 K and with a local oscillator operating at a frequency of 2 THz. A quantum cascade laser served as the local oscillator and a reference synthesizer based on a BWO generator (130-160 GHz) and a semiconductor superlattice (SSL) frequency multiplier was used as a signal source. By changing the LO frequency it was possible to record the IF response or gain bandwidth of the HEB with a spectrum analyzer at the operation point, which yielded lowest noise temperature. The gain bandwidth that was recorded in the heterodyne regime at 2 THz amounts to approximately 5 GHz and coincides well with a measurement that has been performed at elevated bath temperatures and lower LO frequency of 140 GHz. These findings strongly support that by using a GaN buffer-layer the phonon escape time of NbN HEBs can be significantly lower as compared to e.g. Si substrate, thus, providing higher gain bandwidth. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 1175 | |||
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Author | Krause, S.; Mityashkin, V.; Antipov, S.; Gol'tsman, G.; Meledin, D.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Rudzinski, M. | ||||
Title | Study of IF bandwidth of NbN hot electron bolometers on GaN buffer layer using a direct measurement method | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2016 | Publication | Proc. 27th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 30-32 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB, GaN buffer layer | ||||
Abstract | In this paper, we present a reliable measurement method to study the influence of the GaN buffer layer on phonon-escape time in comparison with commonly used Si substrates and, in consequence, on the IF bandwidth of HEBs. One of the key aspects is to operate the HEB mixer at elevated bath temperatures close to the critical temperature of the NbN ultra-thin film, where contributions from electron-phonon processes and self-heating effects are relatively small, therefore IF roll-off will be governed by the phonon-escape.Two independent experiments were performed at GARD and MSPU on a similar experimental setup at frequencies of approximately 180 and 140 GHz, respectively, and have shown reproducible and consistent results. The entire IF chain was characterized by S-parameter measurements. We compared the measurement results of epitaxial NbN grown onto GaN buffer-layer with Tc of 12.5 K (4.5nm) with high quality polycrystalline NbN films on Si substrate with Tc of 10.5K (5nm) and observed a strong indication of an enhancement of phonon escape to the substrate by a factor of two for the NbN/GaN material combination. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1202 | |||
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Author | Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Lobanov, Y.; Kaurova, N.; Blundell, R.; Goltsman, G. | ||||
Title | Gap frequency and photon absorption in a hot electron bolometer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2016 | Publication | Proc. 27th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 27th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 121 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB; Si membrane | ||||
Abstract | The superconducting energy gap is a crucial parameter of a superconductor when used in mixing applications. In the case of the SIS mixer, the mixing process is efficient for frequencies below the energy gap, whereas, in the case of the HEB mixer, the mixing process is most efficient at frequencies above the gap, where photon absorption takes place more readily. We have investigated the photon absorption phenomenon around the gap frequency of HEB mixers based on NbN films deposited on silicon membranes. Apart from studying the pumped I-V curves of HEB devices, we have also probed them with microwave radiation, as previously described [1]. At frequencies far below the gap frequency, the pumped I-V curves show abrupt switching between the superconducting and resistive states. For the NbN HEB mixers we tested, which have critical temperatures of ~9 K, this is true for frequencies below about 400 GHz. As the pump frequency is increased beyond 400 GHz, the resistive state extends towards zero bias and at some point a small region of negative differential resistance appears close to zero bias. In this region, the microwave probe reveals that the device impedance is changing randomly with time. As the pump frequency is further increased, this random impedance change develops into relaxation oscillations, which can be observed by the demodulation of the reflected microwave probe. Initially, these oscillations take the form of several frequencies grouped together under an envelope. As we approach the gap frequency, the multiple frequency relaxation oscillations coalesce into a single frequency of a few MHz. The resultant square-wave nature of the oscillation is a clear indication that the device is in a bi-stable state, switching between the superconducting and normal state. Above the gap frequency, it is possible to obtain a pumped I-V curve with no negative differential resistance above a threshold pumping level. Below this pumping level, the device demonstrates bi-stability, and regular relaxation oscillation at a few MHz is observed as a function of pump power. The threshold pumping level is clearly related to the amount of power absorbed by the device and its phonon cooling. From the above experiment, we can derive the gap frequency of the NbN film, which is 585 GHz for our 6 μm thin silicon membrane-based device. We also confirm that the HEB mixer is not an efficient photon absorber for radiation below the gap frequency. 1. A. Trifonov et al., “Probing the stability of HEB mixers with microwave injection”, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 25, no. 3, June 2015. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1204 | |||
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Author | Huebers, H.-W.; Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Schwaab, G. W. | ||||
Title | NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer as a mixer for THz heterodyne receivers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 1999 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
Volume | 3828 | Issue | Pages | 410-416 | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We have investigated a phonon-cooled NbN hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixer in the frequency range from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The device was a 3.5 nm thin film with an in- plane dimension of 1.7 X 0.2 micrometers 2 integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. The measured DSB receiver noise temperatures are 1500 K, 2200 K, 2600 K, 2900 K, 4000 K, 5600 K and 8800 K. The sensitivity fluctuation, the long term stability, and the antenna pattern were measured and the suitability of the mixer for a practical heterodyne receiver is discussed. | ||||
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Publisher | Spie | Place of Publication | Editor | Chamberlain, J.M. | |
Language | Summary Language | Original Title | |||
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | Terahertz Spectroscopy and Applications II | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1477 | |||
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Author | Svechnikov, S. I.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Vachtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Seleznev, V. A.; Korotetskaya, Y. P.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Superconducting hot electron bolometer mixer for middle IR range | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology |
Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 686-687 | |
Keywords | IR NbN HEB mixer, detector, GaAs substrate | ||||
Abstract | The developed directly lens coupled hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer was based on 5 nm superconducting NbN deposited on GaAs substrate. The layout of the structure, including 30x20 mcm^2 active area coupled with a 50 Ohm coplanar line, was patterned by photolithography. The responsivity of the mixer was measured in a direct detection mode in the 25-64 THz frequency range. The noise performance of the mixer and the directivity of the receiver were investigated in a heterodyne mode. A 10.6 mum wavelength CW CO2 laser was utilized as a local oscillator. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | 4023440 | Serial | 1297 | ||
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Author | Tretyakov, I.; Kaurova, N.; Raybchun, S.; Goltsman, G. N.; Silaev, A. A. | ||||
Title | Technology for NbN HEB based multipixel matrix of THz range | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2018 | Publication | EPJ Web Conf. | Abbreviated Journal | EPJ Web Conf. |
Volume | 195 | Issue | Pages | 05011 | |
Keywords | NbN HEB | ||||
Abstract | The influence of homogeneity disorder degree of the thin superconducting NbN film across of Si wafer on characteristics of the Hot Electron Bolometers (HEB) has been investigated. Our experiments have been carried out near the superconducting transition and far below it. The high homogeneity disorder degree of the NbN film has been achieved by preparing the Si substrate surface. The fabricated HEBs all have almost identical R (T) characteristics with a dispersion of Tc and the normal resistance R300 of not more than 0.15K and 2 Ω, respectively. The quality of the devises allows us to demonstrate clearly the influence of non-equilibrium processes in the S’SS’ system on the device performance. Our fabrication technology also allows creating multiplex heterodyne and direct detector matrices based the HEB devices. | ||||
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ISSN | 2100-014X | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1318 | |||
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Author | Anfertev, V.; Vaks, V.; Revin, L.; Pentin, I.; Tretyakov, I.; Goltsman, G.; Vinogradov, E. A.; Naumov, A. V.; Gladush, M. G.; Karimullin, K. R. | ||||
Title | High resolution THz gas spectrometer based on semiconductor and superconductor devices | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2017 | Publication | EPJ Web Conf. | Abbreviated Journal | EPJ Web Conf. |
Volume | 132 | Issue | Pages | 02001 (1 to 2) | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, detectors, THz spectroscopy | ||||
Abstract | The high resolution THz gas spectrometer consists of a synthesizer based on Gunn generator with a semiconductor superlattice frequency multiplier as a radiation source, and an NbN hot electron bolometer in a direct detection mode as a THz radiation receiver was presented. The possibility of application of a quantum cascade laser as a local oscillator for a heterodyne receiver which is based on an NbN hot electron bolometer mixer is shown. The ways for further developing of the THz spectroscopy were outlined. | ||||
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ISSN | 2100-014X | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1328 | |||
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Author | Seliverstov, S. V.; Rusova, A. A.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Attojoule energy resolution of direct detector based on hot electron bolometer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2016 | Publication | J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. |
Volume | 741 | Issue | Pages | 012165 (1 to 5) | |
Keywords | NbN HEB detector | ||||
Abstract | We characterize superconducting antenna-coupled NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) for direct detection of THz radiation operating at a temperature of 9.0 K. At signal frequency of 2.5 THz, the measured value of the optical noise equivalent power is 2.0×10-13 W-Hz-0.5. The estimated value of the energy resolution is about 1.5 aJ. This value was confirmed in the experiment with pulsed 1.55-μm laser employed as a radiation source. The directly measured detector energy resolution is 2 aJ. The obtained risetime of pulses from the detector is 130 ps. This value was determined by the properties of the RF line. These characteristics make our detector a device-of-choice for a number of practical applications associated with detection of short THz pulses. | ||||
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Publisher | IOP Publishing | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Seliverstov_2016 | Serial | 1337 | ||
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Author | Pentin, I. V.; Smirnov, A. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Vaks, V. L.; Pripolzin, S. I.; Paveliev, D. G. | ||||
Title | Heterodyne source of THz range based on semiconductor superlattice multiplier | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | IRMMW-THz | Abbreviated Journal | IRMMW-THz |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 1-2 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixer, superlattice | ||||
Abstract | We present the results of our studies of the possibility of developing a heterodyne receiver incorporating a hot-electron bolometer mixer as the detector and a semiconductor superlattice multiplier driven by a reference synthesizer as the local oscillator. We observe that such a local oscillator offers enough power in the terahertz range to pump the HEB into the operating state. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | 6105209 | Serial | 1384 | ||
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Author | Maslennikova, A.; Larionov, P.; Ryabchun, S.; Smirnov, A.; Pentin, I.; Vakhtomin, Yu.; Smirnov, K.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G. | ||||
Title | Noise equivalent power and dynamic range of NBN hot-electron bolometers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2011 | Publication | Proc. MLPLIT | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. MLPLIT |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 146-148 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB | ||||
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Address | Suzdal / Vladimir (Russia) | ||||
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Publisher | Modern laser physics and laser-information technologies for science and manufacture | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | 1st international russian-chinese conference / youthschool-workshop | ||
Notes | September 23-28, 2011 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1386 | |||
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Author | Zhang, W.; Li, N.; Jiang, L.; Ren, Y.; Yao, Q.-J.; Lin, Z.-H.; Shi, S.-C.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Dependence of noise temperature of quasi-optical superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers on bath temperature and optical-axis displacement | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2008 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
Volume | 6840 | Issue | Pages | 684007 (1 to 8) | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature, LO power | ||||
Abstract | It is known that the increase of bath temperature results in the decrease of critical current of superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers owing to the depression of superconductivity, thus leading to the degradation of the mixer’s sensitivity. Here we report our study on the effect of bath temperature on the heterodyne mixing performance of quasi-optical superconducting NbN HEB mixers incorporated with a two-arm log-spiral antenna. The correlation between the bath temperature, critical current, LO power requirement and noise temperature is investigated at 0.5 THz. Furthermore, the heterodyne mixing performance of quasi-optical superconducting NbN HEB mixers is examined while there is an optical-axis displacement between the center of the extended hemispherical silicon lens and the superconducting NbN HEB device, which is placed on the back of the lens. Detailed experimental results and analysis are presented. | ||||
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Publisher | Spie | Place of Publication | Editor | Zhang, C.; Zhang, X.-C. | |
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Area | Expedition | Conference | Terahertz Photonics | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1415 | |||
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Author | Ryabchun, Sergey; Tong, Cheuk-yu Edward; Blundell, Raymond; Kimberk, Robert; Gol’tsman, Gregory | ||||
Title | Stabilisation of a terahertz hot-electron bolometer mixer with microwave feedback control | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2007 | Publication | Proc. 18th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 18th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 193-198 | ||
Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers, Allan variance, stability | ||||
Abstract | We report on implementation of microwave feedback control loop to stabilise the performance of an HEB mixer receiver. It is shown that the receiver sensitivity increases by a factor of 4 over a 16-minute scan, and the corresponding Allan time increases up to 10 seconds, as opposed to an open loop value of 1 second. Our experiments also demonstrate that the receiver sensitivity is limited by the intermediate frequency chain. | ||||
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Call Number | Serial | 1421 | |||
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Author | Jiang, Ling; Miao, Wei; Zhang, Wen; Li, Ning; Lin, Zhen Hui; Yao, Qi Jun; Shi, Sheng-Cai; Svechnikov, Sergey I.; Vakhtomin, Yury B.; Antipov, Sergey V.; Voronov, Boris M.; Kaurova, Natalia S.; Gol'tsman, Gregory N. | ||||
Title | Characterization of quasi-optical NbN phonon-cooled superconducting HEB mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 55-58 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | In this paper, we thoroughly investigate the performance of quasi-optical NbN phonon-cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers, cryogenically cooled by a close-cycled 4-K refrigerator at 500 GI-1z and 850 GHz. The uncorrected lowest receiver noise Abstract---In temperatures measured are 800 K at 500 CHz without anti-reflection coating, and 1000 K @ 850 GHz with a 50 11M thick Mylar anti-reflection coating. The dependence of receiver noise temperature on the critical current and bath temperature of HEB mixer is also investigated here. Lifetime of quasi-optical superconducting NbN HEB mixers of different volumes, room temperature resistances, and critical temperatures are thoroughly studied. Increased room temperature resistance with time over the initial resistance changes between 1 and 1.2, and the reduced critical current with time over the initial value fluctuates slightly around 0.7 for most HEB mixers even of different volumes, room temperature resistances, and critical temperatures. The critical current degrades sharply vvhile room temperature resistance varies over 1.25. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1435 | |||
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Author | Gao, J.R.; Hiajenius, M.; Yang, Z.Q.; Klapwijk, T.M.; Miao, W.; Shi, S. C.; Voronov, B.; Gortsman, G. | ||||
Title | Direct comparison of the sensitivity of a spiral and a twin-slot antenna coupled HEB mixer at 1.6 THz | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 59-62 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | To make a direct comparison of the sensitivity between a spiral and a twin slot antenna coupled HEB mixer, we designed both types of mixers and fabricated them in a single processing run and on the same wafer. Both mixers have similar dimensions of NbN bridges (1.5-2 pm x0.2 pm). At 1.6 THz we obtained a nearly identical receiver noise temperature from both mixers (only 5% difference), which is in a good agreement with the simulation based on semi analytical models for both antennas. In addition, by using a bandpass filter to reduce the direct detection effect and lowering the bath temperature to 2.4 K, we measured the lowest receiver noise temperature of 700 K at 1.63 THz using the twin-slot antenna mixer. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1436 | |||
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Author | Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Tichelaar, F. D.; Voronov, B.; Grishina, E.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Gol'tsman, G.; Zorman, C. A. | ||||
Title | Can NbN films on 3C-SiC/Si change the IF bandwidth of hot electron bolometer mixers? | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 17th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 187-189 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We realized ultra thin NbN films sputtered grown on a 3C-SiC/Si substrate. The film with a thickness of 3.5-4.5 nm shows a 1', of 11.8 K, which is the highest I`, observed among ultra thin NbN films on different substrates. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies show that the film has a monocrystalline structure, confirming the epitaxial growth on the 3C-SiC. Based on a two-temperature model and input parameters from standard NbN films on Si, simulations predict that the new film can increase the IF bandwidth of a HEB mixer by about a factor of 2 in comparison to the standard films. In addition, we find standard NbN films on Si with a T c of 9.4 K have a thickness of around 5.5 nm, being thicker than expected (3.5 nm). | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1439 | |||
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Author | Gol'tsman, G.; Maslennikov, S.; Finkel, M.; Antipov, S.; Kaurova, N.; Grishina, E.; Polyakov, S.; Vachtomin, Y.; Svechnikov, S.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B. | ||||
Title | Nanostructured ultrathin NbN film as a terahertz hot-electron bolometer mixer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. MRS | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. MRS |
Volume | 935 | Issue | Pages | 210 (1 to 6) | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | Planar spiral antenna coupled and directly lens coupled NbN HEB mixer structures are studied. An additional MgO buffer layer between the superconducting film and Si substrate is introduced. The buffer layer enables us to increase the gain bandwidth of a HEB mixer due to better acoustic transparency. The gain bandwidth is widened as NbN film thickness decreases and amounts to 5.2 GHz. The noise temperature of antenna coupled mixer is 1300 and 3100 K at 2.5 and 3.8 THz respectively. The structure and composition of NbN films is investigated by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy methods. Noise performance degradation at LO frequencies more than 3 THz is due to the use of a planar antenna and signal loss in contacts between the antenna and the sensitive NbN bridge. The mixer is reconfigured for operation at higher frequencies in a manner that receiver’s noise temperature is only 2300 K (3 times of quantum limit) at LO frequency of 30 THz. | ||||
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ISSN | 0272-9172 | ISBN | Medium | ||
Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1440 | |||
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Author | Ryabchun, S.; Tong, C.-yu E.; Blundell, R.; Kimberk, R.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Effect of microwave radiation on the stability of terahertz hot-electron bolometer mixers | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. SPIE | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. SPIE |
Volume | 6373 | Issue | Pages | 63730J (1 to 5) | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers, hot-electron bolometer mixers, stability, Allan variance, LO power fluctuations | ||||
Abstract | We report our studies of the effect of microwave radiation, with a frequency much lower than that corresponding to the energy gap of the superconductor, on the performance of the NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer incorporated into a THz heterodyne receiver. It is shown that exposing the HEB mixer to microwave radiation does not result in a significant rise of the receiver noise temperature and degradation of the mixer conversion gain so long as the level of microwave power is small compared to the local oscillator drive. Hence the injection of a small, but controlled amount of microwave radiation enables active compensation of local oscillator power and coupling fluctuations which can significantly degrade the stability of HEB mixer receivers. | ||||
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Publisher | SPIE | Place of Publication | Editor | Anwar, M.; DeMaria, A.J.; Shur, M.S. | |
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ISSN | ISBN | Medium | |||
Area | Expedition | Conference | Terahertz Physics, Devices, and Systems | ||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1441 | |||
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Author | Vachtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Smirnov, K. V.; Polyakov, S. L.; Zhang, W.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Kaurova, N. S.; Grishina, E. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Quasioptical hot electron bolometer mixers based on thin NBN films for terahertz region | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology |
Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 688-689 | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | Presented in this paper are the performances of HEB mixers based on 2-3.5 nm thick NbN films integrated with log-periodic spiral antenna. Double side-band receiver noise temperature values are 1300 K and 3100 K at 2.5 THz and at 3.8 THz, respectively. Mixer gain bandwidth is 5.2 GHz. Local oscillator power is 1-3 muW for mixers with different active area | ||||
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Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1445 | |||
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Author | Вахтомин, Ю. Б.; Антипов, С. В.; Масленников, С. Н.; Смирнов, К. В.; Поляков, С. Л.; Чжан, В.; Свечников, С. И.; Каурова, Н. С.; Гришина, Е. В.; Воронов, Б. М.; Гольцман, Г. Н. | ||||
Title | Квазиоптические смесители терагерцового диапазона на основе эффекта разогрева электронов в тонких пленках NbN | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2006 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology | Abbreviated Journal | |
Volume | 2 | Issue | Pages | 688-689 | |
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | Представлены результаты измерения рактеристик смесителей на эффекте разогрева электронов в тонких сверхпроводниковых пленках NbN. Смесители были изготовлены на основе пленок NbN толщиной 2-3.5 нм осажденных на кремниевую подложку с буферным подсло- ем MgO. Смесительный элемент согласовывался с планар- ной логопериодической спиральной антенной. Лучшее зна- чение шумовой температуры приемника на основе NbN смесителя составило 1300 К и 3100 К на частотах гетеро- дина 2.5 TГц и 3.8 ТГц, соответственно. Максимальное зна- чение полосы преобразования, измеренной на частоте 900 |Ц, достигло значения 5.2 ГГц для смесителя изготовлен- ного из NbN пленки толщиной 2 нм. Оптимальная мощность Представлены результаты измерения ха- гетеродинного источника составила 1-3 мкВт для смесите- лей с различным объемом смесительного элемента. | ||||
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Language | Russian | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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Notes | Duplicated as 1445 | Approved | no | ||
Call Number | Serial | 1446 | |||
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Author | Zhang, W.; Jiang, L.; Lin, Z. H.; Yao, Q. J.; Li, J.; Shi, S. C.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Vachtomin, Yu. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Kaurova, N. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N. | ||||
Title | Development of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB mixer | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 209-213 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | In this paper, we report the performance of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB (hot electron bolometer) mixer measured at 500 and 850GHz. The quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB mixer is cryogenically cooled by a 4-K close-cycled refrigerator. Measured receiver noise temperature at 850 and 500GHz are 3000K and 2500K respectively with wire grid as beamsplitter, while the lowest receiver noise temperature is found to be approximately 1200K with Mylar film. The theoretical receiver noise temperature (taking into account the elliptical polarization of log-spiral antenna) is consistent with measured one. The receiver noise temperature and conversion gain with 15-μm Mylar film as the beamsplitter at 500GHz are thoroughly investigated for different LO pumping levels and dc biases. The stability of the mixer’s IF output power is also demonstrated. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1470 | |||
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Author | Yang, Z. Q.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Gao, J.R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | Improved sensitivity of NbN hot electron bolometer mixers by vacuum baking | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 222-225 | ||
Keywords | NbN HEB mixer | ||||
Abstract | We find that the sensitivity of heterodyne receivers based on superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) in- creases by 25 − 30% after baking at 85 o C and in a high vacuum. The devices studied are twin-slot antenna coupled HEB mixers with a small NbN bridge of 1×0.15 μm 2 . The mixer noise temperature, gain, and resistance versus temperature curve of a HEB before and after baking are compared and analyzed. We show that baking reduces the intrinsic noise of the mixer by 37 % and makes the superconducting transition of the bridge and the contacts sharper. We argue that the reduction of the noise is due to the improvement of the transparency of the contact/film interface. The lowest receiver noise temperature of 700 K is measured at a local oscillator frequency of 1.63 THz and a bath temperature of 4.3 K. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1471 | |||
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Author | Loudkov, D.; Tong, C.-Y.E.; Blundell, R.; Kaurova, N.; Grishina, E.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
Title | An investigation of the performance of the waveguide superconducting HEB mixer at different RF embedding impedances | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 226-229 | ||
Keywords | waveguide NbN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | We have conducted an investigation of the performance of superconducting hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixer at 800 GHz as a function of the embedding impedance of the waveguide embedding circuit. Using a single half-height mixer block, we have developed three different mixer chip configurations, offering nominal embedding resistances of 70, 35, and 15 Ohms. Both the High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software and scaled model impedance measurements were employed in the design process. Two batches of HEB mixers were fabricated to these designs using 3-4 nm thick NbN thin film. The mixers were characterized through receiver noise temperature measurements and Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) scans. Briefly, a minimum receiver noise temperature of 440 K was measured at a local oscillator frequency 850 GHz for a mixer of normal state resistance 62 Ohms incorporated into a circuit offering a nominal embedding impedance of 70 Ohms. We conclude from our data that, for low noise operation, the normal state resistance of the HEB mixer element should be close to that of the embedding impedance of the mixer mount. | ||||
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Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1472 | |||
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Author | Edward Tong, C.-Y.; Loudkov, Denis N.; Paine, Scott N.; Marrone, Dan P.; Blundell, Raymond | ||||
Title | Vector measurement of the beam pattern of a 1.5 THz superconducting HEB receiver | Type | Conference Article | ||
Year | 2005 | Publication | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. 16th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol. |
Volume | Issue | Pages | 453-456 | ||
Keywords | NbTiN HEB mixers | ||||
Abstract | Near-field vector beam pattern of the 1.5 THz superconducting Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) receiver currently in operation in Northern Chile has been performed in our laboratory. Using an open waveguide probe, we have mapped both the amplitude and phase of the beam emerging from our 1.5 THz HEB receiver package, across a number of planes along the line of propagation of the radio-beam. With an integration time of about 100 ms per point, a signal-to-noise ratio of about 25 dB was achieved for a beam waist of 3.5 mm. These measurements have proved to be invaluable in achieving good alignment between the cryostat housing the HEB mixer and the remainder of the receiver and telescope optics. The accuracy of our beam measurement is estimated to be ±0.2 mm in position and ±5 arc minutes in angular displacement. | ||||
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Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
Notes | Approved | no | |||
Call Number | Serial | 1474 | |||
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