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Author |
González, F. J.; Boreman, G. D. |
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Title |
Comparison of dipole, bowtie, spiral and log-periodic IR antennas |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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Infrared Physics & Technology |
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Inf Phys & Technol |
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46 |
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5 |
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418-428 |
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optical antennas; Microbolometer; Infrared antennas; Antenna efficiency; Antenna-coupled detectors |
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Antenna-coupled microbolometers use planar lithographic antennas to couple infrared radiation into a bolometer with sub-micron dimensions. In this paper four different types of infrared antennas were fabricated on thin grounded-substrates and coupled to microbolometers. Dipole, bowtie, spiral and log-periodic IR antenna-coupled detectors were measured at 10.6 μm and their performance compared. A new method to calculate the radiation efficiency based on the spatial and angular response of infrared antennas is presented and used to evaluate their performance. The calculated radiation efficiency for the dipole, bowtie, spiral and log-periodic IR antennas was 20%, 37%, 25% and 46% respectively. A dipole-length study was performed and shows that the quasistatic value of the effective permittivity accurately describes the incident wavelength in the substrate at infrared frequencies for antennas on a thin substrate. |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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739 |
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Author |
Gonzalez, F.J.; Ilic, B.; Alda, J.; Boreman, G.D. |
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Title |
Antenna-coupled infrared detectors for imaging applications |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. |
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11 |
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1 |
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117 - 120 |
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Keywords |
optical antennas |
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Infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPAs) are a critical component in advanced infrared imaging systems. IRFPAs are made up of two parts, a detector array and a readout integrated circuit (ROIC) multiplexer. Current ROIC technology has typical pitch sizes of 20×20 to 50×50 μm2. In order to make antenna-coupled detectors suited for infrared imaging systems, two-dimensional (2-D) arrays have been fabricated that cover a whole pixel area with the penalty of increasing the noise figure of the detector and, therefore, reducing its performance. By coupling a Fresnel zone plate lens to a single element antenna-coupled detector, infrared radiation can be collected over a typical pixel area and still keep low-noise levels. A Fresnel zone plate lens coupled to a single-element square-spiral-coupled infrared detector has been fabricated and its performance compared to single element antenna-coupled detectors and 2-D arrays of antenna coupled detectors. Measurements made at 10.6 μm showed a two-order-of-magnitude increase in SNR and a ~× increase in D* as compared to 2-D arrays of antenna-coupled detectors. |
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RPLAB @ gujma @ |
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741 |
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ГОСТ Р 51904-2002. Программное обеспечение встроенных систем. Общие требования к разработке и документированию |
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Book Whole |
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2005 |
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gost, detproj |
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875 |
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Gao, J. R.; Hovenier, J. N.; Yang, Z. Q.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Hajenius, M.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Adam, A. J. L.; Klaassen, T. O.; Williams, B. S.; Kumar, S.; Hu, Q.; Reno, J. L. |
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Title |
Terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a quantum cascade laser and a superconducting bolometer |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
86 |
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244104 (1 to 3) |
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Keywords |
HEB, QCL |
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We report the first demonstration of an all solid-stateheterodyne receiver that can be used for high-resolution spectroscopy above 2THz suitable for space-based observatories. The receiver uses a NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer as mixer and a quantum cascade laser operating at 2.8THz as local oscillator. We measure a double sideband receiver noise temperature of 1400K at 2.8THz and 4.2K, and find that the free-running QCL has sufficient power stability for a practical receiver, demonstrating an unprecedented combination of sensitivity and stability. |
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no |
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905 |
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Hajenius, M.; Barends, R.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. |
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Title |
Local resistivity and the current-voltage characteristics of hot electron bolometer mixers |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
495-498 |
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Keywords |
HEB mixer distributed model, HEB distributed model, distributed HEB model |
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Abstract |
Hot-electron bolometer devices, used successfully in low noise heterodyne mixing at frequencies up to 2.5 THz, have been analyzed. A distributed temperature numerical model of the NbN bridge, based on a local electron and a phonon temperature, is used to model pumped IV curves and understand the physical conditions during the mixing process. We argue that the mixing is predominantly due to the strongly temperature dependent local resistivity of the NbN. Experimentally we identify the origins of different transition temperatures in a real HEB device, suggesting the importance of the intrinsic resistive transition of the superconducting bridge in the modeling. |
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1051-8223 |
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980 |
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Author |
Stellari, Franco; Song, Peilin |
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Title |
Testing of ultra low voltage CMOS microprocessors using the superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) |
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Conference Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
Proc. 12th IPFA |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 12th IPFA |
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2 |
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SSPD, CMOS testing |
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In F. Stellari and P. Song (2004) the authors have shown a comparison among different detectors used for diagnosing integrated circuits (ICs) by means of the PICA method. In their experiments they used two versions of the SSPD detector (p-SSPD is a prototype version, while c-SSPD is the first commercially available generation of the detector as presented in W. K. Lo et al. (2002), as well as the imaging detector (S-25 photo-multiplier tube (PMT) as discussed in W. G. McMullan (1987)) used in the conventional PICA technique. A microprocessor chip fabricated in a 0.13 μm 1.2 V technology is used to show that c-SSPD provides a significant reduction in acquisition time for the collection of optical waveforms from chips running at very low. In this paper, the authors summarize the main results. |
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IEEE |
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0-7803-9301-5 |
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1055 |
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Kitaygorsky, J.; Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Sergeev, A.; Korneev, A.; Matvienko, V.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
Origin of dark counts in nanostructured NbN single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
545-548 |
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SSPD dark counts, SNSPD, dark counts rate |
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We present our study of dark counts in ultrathin (3.5 to 10 nm thick), narrow (120 to 170 nm wide) NbN superconducting stripes of different lengths. In experiments, where the stripe was completely isolated from the outside world and kept at temperature below the critical temperature Tc, we detected subnanosecond electrical pulses associated with the spontaneous appearance of the temporal resistive state. The resistive state manifested itself as generation of phase-slip centers (PSCs) in our two-dimensional superconducting stripes. Our analysis shows that not far from Tc, PSCs have a thermally activated nature. At lowest temperatures, far below Tc, they are created by quantum fluctuations. |
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1057 |
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Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Holldack, K.; Schade, U.; Wüstefeld, G.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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Title |
Time domain analysis of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Appl. Phys. Lett. |
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Volume |
87 |
Issue |
18 |
Pages |
184103 (1 to 3) |
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Keywords |
NbN HEB mixers, applications |
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The time structure of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation at the electron storage ring of the Berliner Elektronensynchrotron und Speicherring Gesellschaft has been analyzed with a fast superconducting hot-electron bolometer. The emission from a single bunch of electrons was found to last ∼1500ps at frequencies around 0.4THz, which is much longer than the length of an electron bunch in the time domain (∼5ps). It is suggested that this is caused by multiple reflections at the walls of the beam line. The quadratic increase of the power with the number of electrons in the bunch as predicted for coherent synchrotron radiation and the transition from stable to bursting radiation were determined from a single storage ring fill pattern of bunches with different populations. |
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0003-6951 |
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1457 |
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Bryerton, E.; Percy, R.; Bass, R.; Schultz, J.; Oluleye, O.; Lichtenberger, A.; Ediss, G. A.; Pan, S. K.; Goltsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Receiver measurements of pHEB beam lead mixers on 3-μm silicon |
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Conference Article |
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2005 |
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Proc. 30th IRMMW / 13th THz |
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Proc. 30th IRMMW / 13th THz |
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271-272 |
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We report on receiver noise measurement results of phonon-cooled HEB beam lead mixers on 3 μm thick silicon. This type of ultra-thin mixer chip with integrated beam leads allows easy assembly into a block and holds great promise for array integration. Receiver measurements from 600-720 GHz are presented with a minimum noise temperature of 500 K at 666 GHz. These results verify the mixer performance of the SOI processing techniques allowing for further design and integration of SOI pHEB mixers in receivers operating above 1 THz. |
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Joint 30th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves and 13th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics |
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1460 |
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Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Rubtsova, I.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Cross, A.; Pearlman, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Slysz, W. |
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Title |
Superconducting nanostructures for counting of single photons in the infrared range |
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Conference Article |
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2005 |
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Proc. 2-nd CAOL |
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Proc. 2-nd CAOL |
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2 |
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100-103 |
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SSPD, SNSPD |
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We present our studies on ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) based on ultrathin NbN nanostructures. Our SSPDs are patterned by electron beam lithography from 4-nm thick NbN film into meander-shaped strips covering square area of 10/spl times/10 /spl mu/m/sup 2/. The advances in the fabrication technology allowed us to produce highly uniform 100-120-nm-wide strips with meander filling factor close to 0.6. The detectors exploit a combined detection mechanism, where upon a single-photon absorption, an avalanche of excited hot electrons and the biasing supercurrent, jointly produce a picosecond voltage transient response across the superconducting nanostrip. The SSPDs are typically operated at 4.2 K, but they have shown that their sensitivity in the infrared radiation range can be significantly improved by lowering the operating temperature from 4.2 K to 2 K. When operated at 2 K, the SSPD quantum efficiency (QE) for visible light photons reaches 30-40%, which is the saturation value limited by optical absorption of our 4-nm-thick NbN film. For 1.55 /spl mu/m photons, QE was /spl sim/20% and decreases exponentially with the increase of the optical wavelength, but even at the wavelength of 6 /spl mu/m the detector remains sensitive to single photons and exhibits QE of about 10/sup -2/%. The dark (false) count rate at 2 K is as low as 2 /spl times/ 10/sup -4/ s/sup -1/, what makes our detector essentially a background-limited sensor. The very low dark-count rate results in the noise equivalent power (NEP) as low as 10/sup -18/ WHz/sup -1/2/ for the mid-infrared range (6 /spl mu/m). Further improvement of the SSPD performance in the mid-infrared range can be obtained by substituting NbN for the other, lower-T/sub c/ superconductors with the narrow superconducting gap and low quasiparticle diffusivity. The use of such materials will shift the cutoff wavelength towards the values even longer than 6 /spl mu/m. |
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Second International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics and Lasers |
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