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Goltsman G, Korneev A, Minaeva O, Rubtsova I, Chulkova G, Milostnaya I, et al. Advanced nanostructured optical NbN single-photon detector operated at 2.0 K. In: Razeghi M, Brown GJ, editors. Proc. SPIE. Vol 5732. Spie; 2005. p. 520–9.
Abstract: We present our studies on quantum efficiency (QE), dark counts, and noise equivalent power (NEP) of the latest generation of nanostructured NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) operated at 2.0 K. Our SSPDs are based on 4 nm-thick NbN films, patterned by electron beam lithography as highly-uniform 100÷120-nm-wide meander-shaped stripes, covering the total area of 10x10 μm2 with the meander filling factor of 0.7. Advances in the fabrication process and low-temperature operation lead to QE as high as 30-40% for visible-light photons (0.56 μm wavelength)-the saturation value, limited by optical absorption of the NbN film. For 1.55 μm photons, QE was 20% and decreased exponentially with the wavelength reaching 0.02% at the 5-μm wavelength. Being operated at 2.0-K temperature the SSPDs revealed an exponential decrease of the dark count rate, what along with the high QE, resulted in the NEP as low as 5x10-21 W/Hz-1/2, the lowest value ever reported for near-infrared optical detectors. The SSPD counting rate was measured to be above 1 GHz with the pulse-to-pulse jitter below 20 ps. Our nanostructured NbN SSPDs operated at 2.0 K significantly outperform their semiconducting counterparts and find practical applications ranging from noninvasive testing of CMOS VLSI integrated circuits to ultrafast quantum communications and quantum cryptography.
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Shangina EL, Smirnov KV, Morozov DV, Kovalyuk VV, Goltsman GN, Verevkin AA, et al. Concentration dependence of energy relaxation time in AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunctions: direct measurements. Semicond Sci Technol. 2011;26(2):025013.
Abstract: We present measurements of the energy relaxation time, τε, of electrons in a single heterojunction in a quasi-equilibrium state using microwave time-resolved spectroscopy at 4.2 K. We find the relaxation time has a power-law dependence on the carrier density of the two-dimensional electron gas, τε∝nγs with γ = 0.40 ± 0.02 for values of the carrier density, ns, from 1.6 × 1011 to 6.6 × 1011cm−2. The results are in good agreement with predictions taking into account the scattering of the carriers by both piezoelectric and deformation potential acoustic phonons. We compare these results with indirect measurements of the energy relaxation time from energy loss measurements involving Joule heating of the electron gas.
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Shangina EL, Smirnov KV, Morozov DV, Kovalyuk VV, Gol’tsman GN, Verevkin AA, et al. Concentration dependence of the intermediate frequency bandwidth of submillimeter heterodyne AlGaAs/GaAs nanostructures. Bull Russ Acad Sci Phys. 2010;74(1):100–2.
Abstract: The concentration dependence of the intermediate frequency bandwidth of heterodyne AlGaAs/GaAs detectors with 2D electron gas is measured using submillimeter spectroscopy with high time resolution at T= 4.2 K. The intermediate frequency bandwidth f3dBfalls from 245 to 145 MHz with increasing concentration of 2D electrons n s = (1.6-6.6) × 10[su11] cm-2. The dependence f3dB ≈ n s – 0.04±is observed in the studied concentration range; this dependence is determined by electron scattering by the deformation potential of acoustic phonons and piezoelectric scattering.
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Verevkin AA, Ptitsina NG, Chulcova GM, Gol'Tsman GN, Gershenzon EM, Yngvesson KS. Determination of the limiting mobility of a two-dimensional electron gas in AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs heterostructures and direct measurement of the energy relaxation time. Phys Rev B Condens Matter. 1996;53(12):R7592–R7595.
Abstract: We present results for a method to measure directly the energy relaxation time (τe) for electrons in a single AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs heterojunction; measurements were performed from 1.6 to 15 K under quasiequilibrium conditions. We find τeαT−1 below 4 K, and τe independent of T above 4 K. We have also measured the energy-loss rate, ⟨Q⟩, by the Shubnikov-de Haas technique, and find ⟨Q⟩α(T3e−T3) for T<~4.2 K; Te is the electron temperature. The values and temperature dependence of τe and ⟨Q⟩ for T<4 K agree with calculations based on piezoelectric and deformation potential acoustic phonon scattering. At 4.2 K, we can also estimate the momentum relaxation time, τm, from our measured τe. This leads to a preliminary estimate of the phonon-limited mobility at 4.2 K of μ=3×107 cm2/Vs (ns=4.2×1011 cm−2), which agrees well with published numerical calculations, as well as with an earlier indirect estimate based on measurements on a sample with much higher mobility.
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Verevkin AA, Ptitsina NG, Smirnov KV, Goltsman GN, Gershenson EM, Yngvesson KS. Direct measurements of electron energy relaxation times at an AlGaAs/GaAs heterointerface in the optical phonon scattering range. In: Proc. 4-th Int. Semicond. Device Research Symp.; 1997. p. 55–8.
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