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	Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Lecomte, B.; Dauplay, F.; Krieg, J. M.; Delorme, Y.; Feret, A.; Hübers, H. W.; Semenov, A. D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	2.5 THz multipixel heterodyne receiver based on NbN HEB mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	6275	Issue		Pages	62750I (1 to 11)
	Keywords	HEB, mixer, membrane
	Abstract	A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz has been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5 µm thick Si₃N₄/SiO₂ membranes. Spherical mirrors (one per pixel) and backshort distance from the antenna have been used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. The gain bandwidth of the HEB mixers on Si₃N₄/SiO₂ membranes was found to be 0.7Ã·0.9 GHz, which is much smaller than for similar devices on silicon. Application of buffer layers and use of alternative types of membranes (e.g. silicon-on-insulator) is under investigation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	561
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	Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Khosropanah, P.; Adam, A.; Merkel, H. F.; Kollberg, E. L.; Loudkov, D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Richter, H.; Huebers, H.-W.
	Title	1.4- to 1.7-THz NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for the Herschel space observatory			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	4855	Issue		Pages	361-370
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	NbN hot- electron bolometer mixers have reached the level of 10hv/k in terms of the input noise temperature with the noise bandwidth of 4-6 GHz from subMM band up to 2.5 THz. In this paper we discuss the major characteristics of this kind of receiver, i.e. the gain and the noise bandwidth, the noise temperature in a wide RF band, bias regimes and optimisation of RF coupling to the quasioptical mixer. We present the status of the development of the mixer for Band 6 Low for Herschel Telescope.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Phillips, T.G.; Zmuidzinas, J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1521
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	Author	Dzardanov, A.; Ekstrom, H.; Gershenzon, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Jacobsson, S.; Karasik, B.; Kollberg, E.; Okunev, O.; Voronov, B.; Yngvesson, S.
	Title	Hot-electron superconducting mixers for 20-500 GHz operation			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Proc. Int. Conf. on Millimeter and Submillimeter Waves and Appl.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	2250	Issue	4D	Pages	276-278
	Keywords
	Abstract	Bolometdcmucers based on Nb and NbN superconducting thin films in the resistive state have been prepared for 20, 100 GHz and 350-500 GHz operation. The mixing mechanism is presumably of electron heating origin. Our measurements indicate that a conversion loss of about 6-8 dB can rather easily be achieved, and that the noise is reasonably low. The requirements on the operation mode and on the film parameters in order to obtain small conversion losses or even gain are discussed. For NbN films the availability of nearly 1 GHz IF bandwidth is experimentally demonstrated. NbN hot-electron mucers combined with slot-line tapered antenna on Si membrane or with double-dipole antenna on SiO^ substrate have been fabricated. The devices we study are considered to be very promising for use in heterodyne receivers from microwaves to terahertz frequencies.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ phisix @			Serial	981
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	Author	Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Zorin, M.; Trifonov, V.; Karasik, B.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Lindgren, M.
	Title	Picosecond detection of infrared radiation with YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ thin films			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2104	Issue		Pages	183-184
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB detectors
	Abstract	Picosecond nonequilibrium and slow bolometric responses from a patterned high-Tc superconducting (HTS) film due toinfrared radiation were investigated using both modulation and pulse techniques. Measurements at A, = 0.85 [tm andA, = 10.6 lim have shown a similar behaviour of the response vs modulation frequency f. The responsivity of the HTS filmbased detector at f ..- 0.6-1 GHz is estimated to be 10-2 – 10-1 V/W.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves
	Notes	https://inis.iaea.org/search/searchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=25034664			Approved	no
	Call Number	10.1117/12.2298489			Serial	1653
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Hot-electron superconducting mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2104	Issue		Pages	329-330
	Keywords
	Abstract	The creation of low noise heterodyne receivers for frequencies above 1 THz is in the urgentneed for radio astronomy, laser spectroscopy, plasma diagnostic, etc. In this paper we discussthe nonlinear effect related to hot electrons in superconductors, and their potential use in lownoise submilimeter wave mixer. We also discuss results achieved so far as well as possible futuredevelopments.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1654
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	Author	Gol'tsman, G.; Maslennikov, S.; Finkel, M.; Antipov, S.; Kaurova, N.; Grishina, E.; Polyakov, S.; Vachtomin, Y.; Svechnikov, S.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.
	Title	Nanostructured ultrathin NbN film as a terahertz hot-electron bolometer mixer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proc. MRS	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. MRS
	Volume	935	Issue		Pages	210 (1 to 6)
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	Planar spiral antenna coupled and directly lens coupled NbN HEB mixer structures are studied. An additional MgO buffer layer between the superconducting film and Si substrate is introduced. The buffer layer enables us to increase the gain bandwidth of a HEB mixer due to better acoustic transparency. The gain bandwidth is widened as NbN film thickness decreases and amounts to 5.2 GHz. The noise temperature of antenna coupled mixer is 1300 and 3100 K at 2.5 and 3.8 THz respectively. The structure and composition of NbN films is investigated by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy methods. Noise performance degradation at LO frequencies more than 3 THz is due to the use of a planar antenna and signal loss in contacts between the antenna and the sensitive NbN bridge. The mixer is reconfigured for operation at higher frequencies in a manner that receiver’s noise temperature is only 2300 K (3 times of quantum limit) at LO frequency of 30 THz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0272-9172	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1440
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	Author	Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Tarkhov, M.; Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Voronov, B.; Divochiy, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Pan, D.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Superconducting single-photon nanostructured detectors for advanced optical applications			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proc. Symposium on Photonics Technologies for 7th Framework Program	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	400	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We present superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) based on NbN thin-film nanostructures and operated at liquid helium temperatures. The SSPDs are made of ultrathin NbN films (2.5-4 nm thick, Tc= 9-11K) as meander-shaped nanowires covering the area of 10× 10 µm2. Our detectors are operated at the temperature well below the critical temperature Tc and are DC biased by a current Ib close to the meander critical current Ic. The operation principle of the detector is based on the use of the resistive region in a narrow ultra-thin superconducting stripe upon the absorption of an incident photon. The developed devices demonstrate high sensitivity and response speed in a broadband range from UV to mid-IR (up to 6 µm), making them very attractive for advanced optical technologies, which require efficient detectors of single quanta and low-density optical radiation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ sasha @ chulkova2006superconducting			Serial	1021
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	Author	Verevkin, A.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Chulkova, G. M.; Smirnov, K. S.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Direct measurements of energy relaxation times in two-dimensional structures under quasi-equilibrium conditions			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Mater. Sci. Forum	Abbreviated Journal	Mater. Sci. Forum
	Volume	384-3	Issue		Pages	107-116
	Keywords	2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs
	Abstract	A new microwave technique was successfully applied for direct studies of energy relaxation times in two-dimensional AlGaAs/GaAs structures under quasi-equilibrium conditions in the nanosecond and picosecond time scale. We report our results of energy relaxation time measurements in the temperature range 1.6-50 K, in quantum Hall effect regime in magnetic fields up to 4 T.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Materials Science Forum
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1536
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	Author	Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, H.-W.; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.
	Title	2.5 THz heterodyne receiver with NbN hot-electron-bolometer mixer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Phys. C: Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. C: Supercond.
	Volume	372-376	Issue		Pages	448-453
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, applications
	Abstract	We describe a 2.5 THz heterodyne receiver for applications in astronomy and atmospheric research. The receiver employs a superconducting NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron-bolometer mixer and an optically pumped far-infrared gas laser as local oscillator. 2200 K double sideband mixer noise temperature was measured at 2.5 THz across a 1 GHz intermediate frequency bandwidth centred at 1.5 GHz. The total conversion losses were 17 dB. The mixer response was linear at load temperatures smaller than 400 K. The receiver was tested in the laboratory environment by measuring the methanol line in emission. Observed pressure broadening confirms the true heterodyne detection regime of the mixer.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-4534	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1526
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	Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Khosropanah, P.; Adam, A.; Kollberg, E.; Loudkov, D.; Gol'tsman, G.; Voronov, B.; Richter, H.; Huebers, H.-W.
	Title	1.6 THz heterodyne receiver for the far infrared space telescope			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Phys. C: Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. C: Supercond.
	Volume	372-376	Issue		Pages	427-431
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, applications
	Abstract	A low noise heterodyne receiver is being developed for the terahertz range using a phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer based on 3.5 nm thick superconducting NbN film. In the 1–2 GHz intermediate frequency band the double-sideband receiver noise temperature was 450 K at 0.6 THz, 700 K at 1.6 THz and 1100 K at 2.5 THz. In the 3–8 GHz IF band the lowest receiver noise temperature was 700 K at 0.6 THz, 1500 K at 1.6 THz and 3000 K at 2.5 THz while it increased by a factor of 3 towards 8 GHz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-4534	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1527
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	Author	Verevkin, A. A.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Chulcova, G. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Yngvesson, K. S.
	Title	Direct measurements of energy relaxation time of electrons in AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures under quasi-equilibrium conditions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Surface Science	Abbreviated Journal	Surface Science
	Volume	361-362	Issue		Pages	569-573
	Keywords	2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures
	Abstract	For the first time, results are presented of a direct measurement of the energy relaxation time τε of 2D electrons in an AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction at T = 1 and 5–20 K. A weak temperature dependence of τε for the T > 4K range and a linear temperature dependence of the reciprocal of τε for T < 4K have been observed. The linear dependence τε−1 ≈ T in the Bloch-Gruneisen regime is direct evidence of the predominance of the piezo-electric mechanism of electron-phonon interaction in non-elastic electron scattering processes. The values of τε in this regime are in very good agreement with the results of the Karpus theory. At higher temperatures, where the deformation-potential scattering becomes noticeable, a substantial disagreement between the experimental data and the theoretical results is observed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0039-6028	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1609
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	Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Rönnung, F.; Gol'tsman, G.; Kollberg, E.; Winkler, D.
	Title	YBa2Cu3O7−δ hot-electron bolometer mixer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Phys. C: Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. C: Supercond.
	Volume	341-348	Issue		Pages	2653-2654
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB mixers
	Abstract	We present an investigation of hot-electron bolometric mixer based on YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) superconducting thin film. Mixer conversion loss, absorbed local oscillator power and intermediate frequency bandwidth was measured at the local oscillator frequency 600 GHz. The fabrication technique for nanoscale YBCO hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer integrated into planar antenna structure is described.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-4534	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1552
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	Author	Karasik, B.S.; Milostnaya, I.I.; Zorin, M.A.; Elantev, A.I.; Gol'tsman, G.N.; Gershenzon, E.M.
	Title	Subnanosecond S-N and N-S switching of YBCO film induced by current pulse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Phys. C: Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. C: Supercond.
	Volume	235-240	Issue		Pages	1981-1982
	Keywords	YBCO HTS switches
	Abstract	A transition of YBCO bridge 60 nm thick from superconducting to normal state induced by an abrupt current step has been studied. A subnanosecond stage has been observed during both S-N and N-S transition. The data obtained can be explained by hot-electron phenomena. On the basis of experimental results a prediction of picosecond switch performance has been made.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-4534	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1633
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	Author	Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kouminov, P.; Goghidze, I.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Nonequilibrium kinetic inductive response of YBaCuO thin films to low-power laser pulses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Phys. C: Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. C: Supercond.
	Volume	235-240	Issue		Pages	1979-1980
	Keywords	YBCO HTS KID
	Abstract	Transient non-equilibrium kinetic inductive voltage response of YBaCuO thin films to 20 ps pulses of YAG:Nd laser radiation with 0.63 μm and 1.5 μm wavelength has been revealed. By increasing the sensitivity of 100 ps resolution time registration system and diminishing light intensity (fluence 0.1-1 μJ2/cm2) and transport current (density j≤105 A/cm2) we observed a perculiar bipolar signal form with nearly equal amplitudes of each sign. The integration of the kinetic inductive response over time gives the result which is qualitatively of the same form as the response in the resistive and normal states: nonequilibrium picosecond scale component followed by bolometric nanosecond. Nonequilibrium response is interpreted as suppression of order parameter by excess of quasiparticles followed by a change in resistance in the resistive state and kinetic inductance in superconductive state.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-4534	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1634
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	Author	Gousev, Y. P.; Semenov, A. D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sergeev, A. V.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Electron-phonon interaction in disordered NbN films			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Phys. B Condens. Mat.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. B Condens. Mat.
	Volume	194-196	Issue		Pages	1355-1356
	Keywords	NbN films
	Abstract	Electron-phonon interaction time has been investigated in disordered films of NbN. A temperatures below 5.5 K tau_eph ~ T -1"6 which is attributed to the renormalisation of phonon spectrum in thin films.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-4526	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1649
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gogidze, I. G.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Processes of electron-phonon interaction in thin YBaCuO films			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Phys. C: Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. C: Supercond.
	Volume	185-189	Issue		Pages	1371-1372
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors
	Abstract	The ultrafast voltage response of YBaCuO films to laser radiation is studied and compared with previously investigated quasiparicles response to radiation of submillimeter wavelength range. Voltage shift under the visible light radiation has two components. Picosecond response realized as suppression superconductivity by nonequilibrium excess quasiparticles, response time is determined by quasiparticles recombination rate. Nanosecond response is probably due to bolometric effect.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-4534	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1676
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	Author	Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Hübers, H.-W.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	Development of terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proc. 6th European Conf. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 6th European Conf. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	181	Issue		Pages	2960-2965
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We present recent results of the development of phonon cooled hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers for airborne and balloon borne terahertz heterodyne receivers. Three iomportant issues have been addresses: the quality of NbN films the HEB mixers were made from, the spectral properties of the HEB mixers and the local oscillator power required for optical operation. Studies with an atomic force microscope indicate, that the performance of the HEB mixer might have been effected by the microstructure of the NbN film. Antenna gain and noise temperature were investigated at terahertz frequencies for a HEB embedded in either log-spiral or twin-slot feed antenna. Comparison suggests that at frequencies above 3 THz the spiral feed provides better overall performance. At 1.6 THz, a power of 2.5 µW was required from the local oscillator for optimal operation of the HEB mixer.
	Address	Sorrento, Italy
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	0750309814, 978-0750309813	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1505
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Potapov, V. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Restriction of microwave enhancement of superconductivity in impure superconductors due to electron-electron interaction			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Phys. B Condens. Mat.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. B Condens. Mat.
	Volume	169	Issue	1-4	Pages	629-630
	Keywords	impure superconductors
	Abstract	Transition from microwave enhancement of supercurrent to superconductivity suppression is investigated in impure superconductors. It is demonstrated that frequency range of enhancement effect narrows with the decrease of electron mean free path, ℓ, and at ℓ⩽1nm electron heating is observed in the whole frequency range. Dependences of frequency boundaries on ℓ are explained by taking into account strong electron-electron interaction in impure metals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-4526	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1682
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	Author	Yagoubov, P.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Schubert, J.; Hubers, H. W.; Svechnikov, S.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Wang, Z.
	Title	Hot electron bolometric mixers based on NbN films deposited on MgO substrates			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser.	Abbreviated Journal	Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser.
	Volume	167	Issue		Pages	687-690
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Barcelona, Spain	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	4th Europ. Conf. on Appl. Superconductivity, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser.
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	297
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	Author	Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Hübers, H.-W.; Gol'tsman, G.; Schwaab, G.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E.
	Title	Broad-band terahertz NbN hot-electron bolometric mixer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Inst. Phys. Conf.	Abbreviated Journal	Inst. Phys. Conf.
	Volume	167	Issue		Pages	663-666
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	4th Europ. Conf. on Appl. Superconductivity, Barcelona, Spain, 14-17 September 1999
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1578
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	Author	Varyukhin, S. V.; Zakharov, A. A.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsyna, N. G.; Chulkova, G. M.
	Title	AC losses and submillimeter absorption in single crystals La2CuO4			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Phys. B Condens. Mat.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. B Condens. Mat.
	Volume	165-166	Issue		Pages	1269-1270
	Keywords	metal-dielectric-La2Cu04
	Abstract	The La2CuO4 single crystals were used to carry out the measurements of transmission spectra within the submillimeter range of wavelengths, as well as the capacitance C and conductivity G in the region of acoustic frequencies of the metal-dielectric-La2Cu04 system at low temperatures. The optical spectra display a threshold character. There takes place a sharp decreasing of transmission signal in the energy range of hυ>1.5meV. The C(ω,T) and G(ω,T) dependences have a universal form characteristic of relaxation processes of the Debye type. The relaxation time dependence displays a thermoactivation character τ(T)-exp(ξ/T) with a gap value of ξ≃2meV,coinciding with the optical one. It is assumed that there exist excitations with a characteristic energy ~ 2meV in La2Cu04.A possible nature of the revealed low-energy excitations is discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0921-4526	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1686
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	Author	Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Vetter, A.; Lee, C.; Rockstuhl, C.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Pernice, W.
	Title	Analysis of the detection response of waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors at high count rate			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	115	Issue	10	Pages	101104
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, waveguide
	Abstract	Nanophotonic circuitry and superconducting nanowires have been successfully combined for detecting single photons, propagating in an integrated photonic circuit, with high efficiency and low noise and timing uncertainty. Waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) can nowadays be engineered to achieve subnanosecond recovery times and can potentially be adopted for applications requiring Gcps count rates. However, particular attention shall be paid to such an extreme count rate regime since artifacts in the detector functionality emerge. In particular, a count-rate dependent detection efficiency has been encountered that can compromise the accuracy of quantum detector tomography experiments. Here, we investigate the response of waveguide-integrated SNSPDs at high photon flux and identify the presence of parasitic currents due to the accumulation of charge in the readout electronics to cause the above-mentioned artifact in the detection efficiency. Our approach allows us to determine the maximum photon count rate at which the detector can be operated without adverse effects. Our findings are particularly important to avoid artifacts when applying SNSPDs for quantum tomography. We acknowledge support through ERC Consolidator Grant No. 724707 and from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through Project No. PE 1832/5-1,2, as well as funding by the Volkswagen Foundation. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 675745. V.K. and G.G. acknowledge support from the Russian Science Foundation Project No. 16-12-00045 (NbN film deposition and testing). A.V. acknowledges support from the Karlsruhe School of Optics and Photonics (KSOP).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1185
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	Author	Jukna, A.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Pan, D.; Cross, A.; Perlman, A.; Komissarov, I.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Korneev, A.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	Dynamics of hotspot formation in nanostructured superconducting stripes excited with single photons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Acta Physica Polonica A	Abbreviated Journal	Acta Physica Polonica A
	Volume	113	Issue	3	Pages	955-958
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Dynamics of a resistive hotspot formation by near-infrared-wavelength single photons in nanowire-type superconducting NbN stripes was investigated. Numerical simulations of ultrafast thermalization of photon-excited nonequilibrium quasiparticles, their multiplication and out-diffusion from a site of the photon absorption demonstrate that 1.55 μm wavelength photons create in an ultrathin, two-dimensional superconducting film a resistive hotspot with the diameter which depends on the photon energy, and the nanowire temperature and biasing conditions. Our hotspot model indicates that under the subcritical current bias of the 2D stripe, the electric field penetrates the superconductor at the hotspot boundary, leading to suppression of the stripe superconducting properties and accelerated development of a voltage transient across the stripe.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1414
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	Author	Beck, M.; Rousseau, I.; Klammer, M.; Leiderer, P.; Mittendorff, M.; Winnerl, S.; Helm, M.; Gol'tsman, G.N.; Demsar, J.
	Title	Transient increase of the energy gap of superconducting NbN thin films excited by resonant narrow-band terahertz pulses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Phys. Rev. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. Rev. Lett.
	Volume	110	Issue	26	Pages	267003 (1 to 5)
	Keywords	NbN thin films, energy gap
	Abstract	Observations of radiation-enhanced superconductivity have thus far been limited to a few type-I superconductors (Al, Sn) excited at frequencies between the inelastic scattering rate and the superconducting gap frequency 2Delta/h. Utilizing intense, narrow-band, picosecond, terahertz pulses, tuned to just below and above 2Delta/h of a BCS superconductor NbN, we demonstrate that the superconducting gap can be transiently increased also in a type-II dirty-limit superconductor. The effect is particularly pronounced at higher temperatures and is attributed to radiation induced nonthermal electron distribution persisting on a 100 ps time scale.
	Address	Department of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Germany
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-9007	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:23848912			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1370
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	Author	Beck, M.; Klammer, M.; Lang, S.; Leiderer, P.; Kabanov, V. V.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Demsar, J.
	Title	Energy-gap dynamics of superconducting NbN thin films studied by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Phys. Rev. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. Rev. Lett.
	Volume	107	Issue	17	Pages	4
	Keywords	NbN thin film, energy gap dynamics
	Abstract	Using time-domain terahertz spectroscopy we performed direct studies of the photoinduced suppression and recovery of the superconducting gap in a conventional BCS superconductor NbN. Both processes are found to be strongly temperature and excitation density dependent. The analysis of the data with the established phenomenological Rothwarf-Taylor model enabled us to determine the bare quasiparticle recombination rate, the Cooper pair-breaking rate and the electron-phonon coupling constant, λ=1.1±0.1, which is in excellent agreement with theoretical estimates.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	641
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	Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Krieg, J.-M.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Desmaris, V.
	Title	Gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on 1.5 μm Si₃N₄ / SiO₂ membranes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	J. Appl. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Appl. Phys.
	Volume	101	Issue	12	Pages	124508 (1 to 6)
	Keywords	HEB, mixer, membrane
	Abstract	The gain bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers on electrically thin Si3N4/SiO2 membranes was experimentally investigated and compared with that of HEB mixers on bulk substrates. A gain bandwidth of 3.5 GHz is achieved on bulk silicon, whereas the gain bandwidth is reduced down to 0.6–0.9 GHz for mixers on 1.5 μm Si3N4/SiO2 membranes. We show that application of a MgO buffer layer on the membrane extends the gain bandwidth to 3 GHz. The experimental data were analyzed using the film-substrate acoustic mismatch approach.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	560
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	Author	Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Minaeva, O.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	New advanced generation of superconducting NbN-nanowire single-photon detectors capable of photon number resolving			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
	Volume	97	Issue		Pages	012307 (1 to 6)
	Keywords	PNR SSPD; SNSPD
	Abstract	We present our latest generation of ultrafast superconducting NbN single-photon detectors (SSPD) capable of photon-number resolving (PNR). We have developed, fabricated and tested a multi-sectional design of NbN nanowire structures. The novel SSPD structures consist of several meander sections connected in parallel, each having a resistor connected in series. The novel SSPDs combine 10 μm × 10 μm active areas with a low kinetic inductance and PNR capability. That resulted in a significantly reduced photoresponse pulse duration, allowing for GHz counting rates. The detector's response magnitude is directly proportional to the number of incident photons, which makes this feature easy to use. We present experimental data on the performances of the PNR SSPDs. The PNR SSPDs are perfectly suited for fibreless free-space telecommunications, as well as for ultrafast quantum cryptography and quantum computing.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1742-6596	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1245
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	Author	Casaburi, A.; Ejrnaes, M.; Quaranta, O.; Gaggero, A.; Mattioli, F.; Leoni, R.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Lisitskiy, M.; Esposito, E.; Nappi, C.; Cristiano, R.; Pagano, S.
	Title	Experimental characterization of NbN nanowire optical detectors with parallel stripline configuration			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
	Volume	97	Issue		Pages	012265 (1 to 6)
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We have developed a novel geometrical configuration for NbN-based superconducting single photon optical detector (SSPD) that achieves two goals: a much lower intrinsic impedance, and a consequently greater bandwidth, and a much larger signal amplitude compared to the standard meandered configuration. This has been obtained by implementing a properly designed parallel stripline structure where a cascade switching mechanism occurs when one of the striplines is hit by an optical photon. The overall switching occurs synchronously and in a very short time, giving rise to a strong and fast voltage pulse. The SSPD have been realized using state of the art NbN deposition technology and e-beam lithography. The strips are 100 nm wide and 5 μm long and have been realized with 4 nm NbN film on sapphire and Si substrate. We report on experimental characterization of such novel devices. The performances of the proposed novel type of SSPD are compared with standard SSPD design and results in terms of signal amplitude, risetime and effective detection area.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	IOP Publishing	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1742-6596	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	8th European Conference on Applied Superconductivity (EUCAS 2007)
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1416
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	Author	Peltonen, J. T.; Peng, Z. H.; Korneeva, Yu. P.; Voronov, B. M.; Korneev, A. A.; Semenov, A. V.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Tsai, J. S; Astafiev, Oleg
	Title	Coherent dynamics and decoherence in a superconducting weak link			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Physic. Rev. B,	Abbreviated Journal	Physic. Rev. B,
	Volume	94	Issue		Pages	180508
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ akorneev @			Serial	1123
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	Author	Tarkhov, M.; Claudon, J.; Poizat, J. Ph.; Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Minaeva, O.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Semenov, A. V.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	Ultrafast reset time of superconducting single photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	92	Issue	24	Pages	241112 (1 to 3)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	429
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	Author	Delacour, C.; Claudon, J.; Poizat, J.-Ph.; Pannetier, B.; Bouchiat, V.; de Lamaestre, R. Espiau; Villegier, J.-C.; Tarkhov, M.; Korneev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	Superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation with an atomic force microscope			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	90	Issue	19	Pages	191116 (1 t0 3)
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract	The authors present a fabrication technique of superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation of niobium nitride ultrathin films. Narrow superconducting meander lines are obtained by direct writing of insulating niobium oxynitride lines through the films using voltage-biased tip of an atomic force microscope. Due to the 30nm resolution of the lithographic technique, the filling factor of the meander line can be made substantially higher than detector of similar geometry made by electron beam lithography, thus leading to increased quantum efficiency. Single photon detection regime of these devices is demonstrated at 4.2K. The authors thank J.-P. Maneval for stimulating discussions. This work has been partly supported by ACI Nanoscience from French Ministry of Research, D.G.A., by Grant No. 02.445.11.7434 of Russian Ministry of Education and Science, and by the European Commission under project “SINPHONIA,” Contract No. NMP4-CT-2005-16433.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	423
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	Author	Lusche, R.; Semenov, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Trifonov, A.; Korneev, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Hübers, H.-W.
	Title	Effect of magnetic field on the photon detection in thin superconducting meander structures			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Phys. Rev. B	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. Rev. B
	Volume	89	Issue	10	Pages	104513 (1 to 7)
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We have studied the influence of an externally applied magnetic field on the photon and dark count rates of meander-type niobium nitride superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Measurements have been performed at a temperature of 4.2 K, and magnetic fields up to 250 mT have been applied perpendicularly to the meander plane. While photon count rates are field independent at weak applied fields, they show a strong dependence at fields starting from approximately ±25 mT. This behavior, as well as the magnetic field dependence of the dark count rates, is in good agreement with the recent theoretical model of vortex-assisted photon detection and spontaneous vortex crossing in narrow superconducting lines. However, the local reduction of the superconducting free energy due to photon absorption, which is the fitting parameter in the model, increases much slower with the photon energy than the model predicts. Furthermore, changes in the free-energy during photon counts and dark counts depend differently on the current that flows through the meander. This indicates that photon counts and dark counts occur in different parts of the meander.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1098-0121	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1367
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	Author	Semenov, A. D.; Hübers, H.-W.; Schubert, J.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elantiev, A. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Design and performance of the lattice-cooled hot-electron terahertz mixer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	J. Appl. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Appl. Phys.
	Volume	88	Issue	11	Pages	6758-6767
	Keywords	HEB mixer, charge imbalance, HF current distribution
	Abstract	We present the measurements and the theoreticalmodel of the frequency-dependent noise temperature of a superconductor lattice-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer in the terahertz frequency range. The increase of the noise temperature with frequency is a cumulative effect of the nonuniform distribution of the high-frequency current in the bolometer and the charge imbalance, which occurs at the edges of the normal domain and at the contacts with normal metal. We show that under optimal operation the fluctuation sensitivity of the mixer is determined by thermodynamic fluctuations of the noise power, whereas at small biases there appears additional noise, which is probably due to the flux flow. We propose the prescription of how to minimize the influence of the current distribution on the mixer performance.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	306
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	Author	Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Reker, S. F.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Vahtomin, Yu.; Maslennikov, S.; Antipov, S.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	Direct detection effect in small volume hot electron bolometer mixers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	86	Issue	16	Pages	163503 (1 to 3)
	Keywords	HEB, mixer, direct detection effect
	Abstract	We measure the direct detection effect in a small volume (0.15μm×1μm×3.5nm)(0.15μm×1μm×3.5nm) quasioptical NbN phonon cooled hot electronbolometermixer at 1.6THz1.6THz. We find that the small signal sensitivity of the receiver is underestimated by 35% due to the direct detection effect and that the optimal operating point is shifted to higher bias voltages when using calibration loads of 300K300K and 77K77K. Using a 200GHz200GHzbandpass filter at 4.2K4.2K the direct detection effect virtually disappears. This has important implications for the calibration procedure of these receivers in real telescope systems.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	377
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	Author	Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	Doubling of sensitivity and bandwidth in phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	84	Issue	11	Pages	1958-1960
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We demonstrate that the performance of NbN lattice cooled hot electron bolometer mixers depends strongly on the interface quality between the bolometer and the contact structure. We show experimentally that both the receiver noise temperature and the gain bandwidth can be improved by more than a factor of 2 by cleaning the interface and adding an additional superconducting interlayer to the contact pad. Using this we obtain a double sideband receiver noise temperature TN,DSB=950 K at 2.5 THz and 4.3 K, uncorrected for losses in the optics. At the same bias point, we obtain an IF gain bandwidth of 6 GHz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	352
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	Author	Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Matvienko, V.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Currie, M.; Lo, W.; Wilsher, K.; Zhang, J.; Słysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, Roman
	Title	Sensitivity and gigahertz counting performance of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	84	Issue	26	Pages	5338-5340
	Keywords	SSPD, NEP, QE
	Abstract	We have measured the quantum efficiencysQEd, GHz counting rate, jitter, and noise-equivalentpowersNEPdof nanostructured NbN superconducting single-photon detectorssSSPDsdin thevisible to infrared radiation range. Our 3.5-nm-thick and 100- to 200-nm-wide meander-typedevices(total area 10310mm2), operating at 4.2 K, exhibit an experimental QE of up to 20% inthe visible range and,10% at 1.3 to 1.55mm wavelength and are potentially sensitive up tomidinfrareds,10mmdradiation. The SSPD counting rate was measured to be above 2 GHz withjitter,18 ps, independent of the wavelength. The devices’ NEP varies from,10−17W/Hz1/2for1.55mm photons to,10−20W/Hz1/2for visible radiation. Lowering the SSPD operatingtemperature to 2.3 K significantly enhanced its performance, by increasing the QE to,20% andlowering the NEP level to,3310−22W/Hz1/2, both measured at 1.26mm wavelength.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	532
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	Author	Verevkin, A.; Zhang, J.; Sobolewski, Roman; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A.
	Title	Detection efficiency of large-active-area NbN single-photon superconducting detectors in the ultraviolet to near-infrared range			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	80	Issue	25	Pages	4687-4689
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD, QE
	Abstract	We report our studies on spectral sensitivity of meander-type, superconducting NbN thin-film single-photon detectors (SPDs), characterized by GHz counting rates of visible and near-infrared photons and negligible dark counts. Our SPDs exhibit experimentally determined quantum efficiencies ranging from ∼0.2% at the 1.55 μm wavelength to ∼70% at 0.4 μm. Spectral dependences of the detection efficiency (DE) at the 0.4 to 3.0-μm-wavelength range are presented. The exponential character of the DE dependence on wavelength, as well as its dependence versus bias current, is qualitatively explained in terms of superconducting fluctuations in our ultrathin, submicron-width superconducting stripes. The DE values of large-active-area NbN SPDs in the visible range are high enough for modern quantum communications.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	331
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	Author	Bespalov, A.V.; Gol'tsman, G.N.; Semenov, A.D.; Renk, K.F.
	Title	Determination of the far-infrared emission characteristic of a cyclotron p-germanium laser by use of a superconducting Nb detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Solid State Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Solid State Communications
	Volume	80	Issue	7	Pages	503-506
	Keywords	Nb detector, applications
	Abstract	We studied the far-infrared emission characteristics of a cyclotron p-germanium laser using a broad-band superconducting Nb film detector. For magnetic fields between ∼25 kOe and ∼50 kOe, emission in a frequency range from ∼50 cm-1 to ∼100 cm-1 with maximum intensity around 90 cm-1 was obtained. We determined, for fixed magnetic fields, electric field dependences of the emission intensity taking into account that the total electric field is a sum of the applied and the Hall electric field. An analysis of the emission intensity characteristic gives evidence that transitions between the two lowest Landau levels of light holes are responsible for the laser action.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0038-1098	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1677
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	Author	Il'in, K. S.; Lindgren, M.; Currie, M. A.; Semenov, D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, Roman; Cherednichenko, S. I.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Picosecond hot-electron energy relaxation in NbN superconducting photodetectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	76	Issue	19	Pages	2752-2754
	Keywords	NbN HEB detectors, two-temperature model, IF bandwidth
	Abstract	We report time-resolved characterization of superconducting NbN hot-electron photodetectors using an electro-optic sampling method. Our samples were patterned into micron-size microbridges from 3.5-nm-thick NbN films deposited on sapphire substrates. The devices were illuminated with 100 fs optical pulses, and the photoresponse was measured in the ambient temperature range between 2.15 and 10.6 K (superconducting temperature transition TC). The experimental data agreed very well with the nonequilibrium hot-electron, two-temperature model. The quasiparticle thermalization time was ambient temperature independent and was measured to be 6.5 ps. The inelastic electron–phonon scattering time Ï„e–ph tended to decrease with the temperature increase, although its change remained within the experimental error, while the phonon escape time Ï„es decreased almost by a factor of two when the sample was put in direct contact with superfluid helium. Specifically, Ï„e–ph and Ï„es, fitted by the two-temperature model, were equal to 11.6 and 21 ps at 2.15 K, and 10(±2) and 38 ps at 10.5 K, respectively. The obtained value of Ï„e–ph shows that the maximum intermediate frequency bandwidth of NbN hot-electron phonon-cooled mixers operating at TC can reach 16(+4/–3) GHz if one eliminates the bolometric phonon-heating effect.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	856
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Mechanism of picosecond response of granular YBaCuO films to electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Solid State Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Solid State Communications
	Volume	76	Issue	4	Pages	493-497
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors
	Abstract	The ultrafast mechanisms of radiation detection in granular YBaCuO films are studied in the wide wavelength range from millimeter to near infrared. With the rise of radiation frequency the Josephson detection at the grain boundary weak links is replaced by electron heating into the grains. This change occurs in the submillimeter wavelength range. Electron-phonon relaxation time τeph is determined by direct measurements and analyses quasistationary electron heating. Temperature dependence of τeph at T ≤ 40 K was found to be τeph ∼ T−1. The results show that detectors with the response time of few picoseconds at nitrogen temperature are attainable.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0038-1098	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1685
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	Author	Gousev, Yu. P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Nebosis, R. S.; Heusinger, M. A.; Renk, K. F.
	Title	Broadband ultrafast superconducting NbN detector for electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	J. Appl. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Appl. Phys.
	Volume	75	Issue	7	Pages	3695-3697
	Keywords	NbN HEB
	Abstract	An ultrafast detector that is sensitive to radiation in a broad spectral range from submillimeter waves to visible light is reported. It consists of a structured NbN thin film cooled to a temperature below Tc (∼11 K). Using 20 ps pulses of a GaAs laser, we observed signal pulses with both rise and decay time of about 50 ps. From the analysis of a mixing experiment with submillimeter radiation we estimate an intrinsic response time of the detector of ∼12 ps. The sensitivity was found to be similar for the near‐infrared and submillimeter radiation. Broadband sensitivity and short response time are attributed to a quasiparticle heating effect.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	252
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Potapov, V. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Restriction of microwave enhancement of superconductivity in impure superconductors due to electron-electron interaction			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Solid State Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Solid State Communications
	Volume	75	Issue	8	Pages	639-641
	Keywords	impure superconductors
	Abstract	Transition from microwave enhancement of supercurrent to superconductivity suppression is investigated in impure superconductors. It is demonstrated that the frequency range of the enhancement effect narrows with the decrease of the electron mean free path, l, and at l ⩽ 1 nm electron heating is observed in the whole frequency range. Dependences of frequency boundaries on l are explained by taking into account strong electron-electron interaction in impure metals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0038-1098	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1687
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	Author	Yagoubov, P.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Gol'tsman, G.; Svechnikov, S.; Gershenzon, E.
	Title	Noise temperature and local oscillator power requirement of NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at terahertz frequencies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	73	Issue	19	Pages	2814-2816
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature, local oscillator power
	Abstract	In this letter, the noise performance of NbN-based phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric quasioptical mixers is investigated in the 0.55–1.1 THz frequency range. The best results of the double-sideband <cd><2018>DSB<cd><2019> noise temperature are: 500 K at 640 GHz, 600 K at 750 GHz, 850 K at 910 GHz, and 1250 K at 1.1 THz. The water vapor in the signal path causes significant contribution to the measured receiver noise temperature around 1.1 THz. The devices are made from 3-nm-thick NbN film on high-resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The in-plane dimensions of the bolometer strip are typically 0.2Ï«2 um. The amount of local oscillator power absorbed in the bolometer is less than 100 nW.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	911
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	Author	Ekstörm, H.; Kollberg, E.; Yagoubov, P.; Gol'tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Yngvesson, S.
	Title	Gain and noise bandwidth of NbN hot-electron bolometric mixers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	70	Issue	24	Pages	3296-3298
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, conversion loss, conversion gain, U-factor technique
	Abstract	We have measured the noise performance and gain bandwidth of 35 Å thin NbN hot-electron mixers integrated with spiral antennas on silicon substrate lenses at 620 GHz. The best double-sideband receiver noise temperature is less than 1300 K with a 3 dB bandwidth of ≈5 GHz. The gain bandwidth is 3.2 GHz. The mixer output noise dominated by thermal fluctuations is 50 K, and the intrinsic conversion gain is about −12 dB. Without mismatch losses and excluding the loss from the beamsplitter, we expect to achieve a receiver noise temperature of less than 700 K.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	279
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	Author	Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M. A.; Trifonov, V.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Optical mixing in a patterned YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ thin film			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	65	Issue	26	Pages	3398-3400
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB mixer, bandwidth
	Abstract	Mixing of 1.56 µm infrared radiation from two lasers in a high quality YBa₂Cu₃O_7-Î´ thin film, patterned to parallel strips, was demonstrated. A mixer bandwidth of 18 GHz, limited by the measurement system, was obtained. A model based on nonequilibrium electron heating gives a good fit to the data and predicts an intrinsic mixer bandwidth in excess of 100 GHz, operating in the whole infrared spectrum. Reduction of bolometric effects and ways to decrease the conversion loss of the mixer is discussed. The minimum conversion loss is expected to be ~10 dB.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	251
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	Author	Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gusinskii, E. N.; Malyavkin, A. V.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Selevko, A. G.; Edel'shtein, V. M.
	Title	The excitonic Zeeman effect in uniaxially-strained germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	65	Issue	6	Pages	1233-1241
	Keywords	Ge, Zeeman effect
	Abstract	We have carried out a high-resolution spectroscopic study of the absorption of submillimeter radiation by free excitons in germanium compressed along the [ 1 11 ] axis in a magnetic field parallel to the compression axis. In particular, we studied the splitting of the 1s- 2p transition in fields up to 6 kOe at T = 1.6 K, and observed a complex pattern in the Zeeman splitting which we believe is related to the effect of thermal motion of the excitons in a magnetic field on their internal structure (the magneto-Stark effect). The calculated submillimeter spectrum of excitons agrees with the experimental data. We predict that in a magnetic field the energy of the 2p, term is a minimum at a finite value of the exciton momentum perpendicular to the field-that is, the energy minimum forms a ring in momentum space. It follows that the density of states for this term must be a nonmonotonic function of the energy. A theory is developed of analogous phenomena in positronium.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1705
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Riger, E. R.
	Title	Effect of electron-electron collisions on the trapping of free carriers by shallow impurity centers in germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	64	Issue	4	Pages	889-897
	Keywords	Ge, trapping of free carriers
	Abstract	Cascade Auger recombination of free carriers on shallow impurities in Ge is investigated under quasi-equilibrium conditions (T= 2-12 K) and in impurity breakdown. The Auger capture cross sections are found to be a,= 5. 10-l9 T-'n cm2 for donors and uip= 7- T-5p cm2 for acceptors. It is shown that in an isotropic semiconductor (p-Ge) ui is well described by the cascade-capture theory that takes into account only electron-electron collisions. In an anisotropic semiconductor ui is considerably larger (n-Ge, strongly uniaxially compressedp-Ge). Under impurity breakdown conditions the electron-electron collisions determine the lifetimes of the free carriers only in samples with appreciable density of the compensating impurity (Nk loi3 cmP3).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1707
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	Author	Smirnov, K.; Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Divochiy, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Ryabchun, S.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Polonsky, S.
	Title	Ultrathin NbN film superconducting single-photon detector array			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2007	Publication	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
	Volume	61	Issue		Pages	1081-1085
	Keywords	SSPD array
	Abstract	We report on the fabrication process of the 2 × 2 superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) array. The SSPD array is made from ultrathin NbN film and is operated at liquid helium temperatures. Each detector is a nanowire-based structure patterned by electron beam lithography process. The advances in fabrication technology allowed us to produce highly uniform strips and preserve superconducting properties of the unpatterned film. SSPD exhibit up to 30% quantum efficiency in near infrared and up to 1% at 5-μm wavelength. Due to 120 MHz counting rate and 18 ps jitter, the time-domain multiplexing read-out is proposed for large scale SSPD arrays. Single-pixel SSPD has already found a practical application in non-invasive testing of semiconductor very-large scale integrated circuits. The SSPD significantly outperformed traditional single-photon counting avalanche diodes.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1742-6588	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	408
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	Author	Verevkin, A. I.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Chulkova, G. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Yngvesson, K. S.
	Title	Electron energy relaxation in a 2D channel in AlGaAs-GaAs heterostructures under quasiequilibrium conditions at low temperatures			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	61	Issue	7	Pages	591-595
	Keywords	2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures
	Abstract	The energy relaxation time of 2D electrons, Te, has been measured under quasiequilibrium conditions in AlGaAs—GaAs heterojunctions over the temperature range T= 1.5—20 K. At T> 4 K, Te depends only weakly on the temperature, while at T< 4 K 7;'(T) there is a dependence fr; lNT. A linear dependence 7: 1 (T) in the Bloch—-Grﬁneisen temperature region (T< 5 K) is unambiguous evidence that a piezoacoustic mechanism of an electron—phonon interaction is predominant in the inelastic scattering of electrons. The values of T6 in this temperature range agree very accurately with theoretical results reported by Karpus [Sov. Phys. Semicond. 22 (1988)]. At higher temperatures, where scat—tering by deformation acoustic phonons becomes substantial, there is a signiﬁcant discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical re-sults.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1624
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Heating of electrons in a superconductor in the resistive state by electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	59	Issue	2	Pages	442-450
	Keywords	Nb HEB
	Abstract	The effect of heating of electrons relative to phonons is observed and investigated in a superconducting film that is made resistive by current and by an external magnetic field. The effect is manifested by an increase of the film resistance under the influence of the electromagnetic radiation, and is not selective in the frequency band 10^10-10^15 Hz. The independence of the effect of frequency under conditions of strong scattering by static defects is attributed to the decisive role of electron-electron collisions in the distribution function. The experimentally obtained characteristic time of resistance variation near the superconducting transition corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter, while at lower temperatures and fields it corresponds to the time of the inelastic electron-phonon interaction.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ phisix @			Serial	983
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Multanovskii, V. V.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Kinetics of electron and hole binding into excitons in germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	57	Issue	2	Pages	369-376
	Keywords	Ge, electron and hole binding
	Abstract	The kinetics of binding of free carriers'into excitons under stationary and nonstationary conditions is studied by investigating the submillimeter photoconductivity of Ge in a wide range of temperatures and of excitation levels. It is shown that the absolute values and the temperature dependence of the binding cross section (o- T-'.' ) can be satisfactorily described by the cascade recombination theory. The value of o and its temperature dependence differ significantly from the cross sections, measured in the same manner, for capture by attracting small impurities. Under nonstationary conditions, just as in the case of recombination with shallow impurities, a signifi- cant role is played by the sticking of the carriers in highly excited states.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1711
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	Author	Smirnov, A. V.; Baryshev, A. M.; de Bernardis, P.; Vdovin, V. F.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kardashev, N. S.; Kuz'min, L. S.; Koshelets, V. P.; Vystavkin, A. N.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Finkel, M. I.; Khokhlov, D. R.
	Title	The current stage of development of the receiving complex of the millimetron space observatory			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
	Volume	54	Issue	8	Pages	557-568
	Keywords	Millimetron space observatory, HEB applications
	Abstract	We present an overview of the state of the onboard receiving complex of the Millimetron space observatory in the development phase of its preliminary design. The basic parameters of the onboard equipment planned to create and required for astrophysical observations are considered. A review of coherent and incoherent detectors, which are central to each receiver of the observatory, is given. Their characteristics and limiting parameters feasible at the present level of technology are reported.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1079
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	Author	Jiang, Ling; Miao, Wei; Zhang, Wen; Li, Ning; Lin, Zhen Hui; Yao, Qi Jun; Shi, Sheng-Cai; Svechnikov, S. I.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Kaurova, N. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Characterization of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB mixer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.
	Volume	54	Issue	7	Pages	2944-2948
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	In this paper, the performance of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer, cryogenically cooled by a close-cycled 4-K refrigerator, is thoroughly investigated at 300, 500, and 850 GHz. The lowest receiver noise temperatures measured at the respective three frequencies are 1400, 900, and 1350 K, which can go down to 659, 413, and 529 K, respectively, after correcting the loss and associated noise contribution of the quasi-optical system before the measured superconducting HEB mixer. The stability of the quasi-optical superconducting HEB mixer is also investigated here. The Allan variance time measured with a local oscillator pumping at 500 GHz and an IF bandwidth of 110 MHz is 1.5 s at the dc-bias voltage exhibiting the lowest noise temperature and increases to 2.5 s at a dc bias twice that voltage.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0018-9480	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1448
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	Author	Verevkin, A. A.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Chulcova, G. M.; Gol'Tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Yngvesson, K. S.
	Title	Determination of the limiting mobility of a two-dimensional electron gas in Al_xGa_1-xAs/GaAs heterostructures and direct measurement of the energy relaxation time			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter.
	Volume	53	Issue	12	Pages	R7592-R7595
	Keywords	2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures
	Abstract	We present results for a method to measure directly the energy relaxation time (τe) for electrons in a single AlxGa1−xAs/GaAs heterojunction; measurements were performed from 1.6 to 15 K under quasiequilibrium conditions. We find τeαT−1 below 4 K, and τe independent of T above 4 K. We have also measured the energy-loss rate, ⟨Q⟩, by the Shubnikov-de Haas technique, and find ⟨Q⟩α(T3e−T3) for T<~4.2 K; Te is the electron temperature. The values and temperature dependence of τe and ⟨Q⟩ for T<4 K agree with calculations based on piezoelectric and deformation potential acoustic phonon scattering. At 4.2 K, we can also estimate the momentum relaxation time, τm, from our measured τe. This leads to a preliminary estimate of the phonon-limited mobility at 4.2 K of μ=3×107 cm2/Vs (ns=4.2×1011 cm−2), which agrees well with published numerical calculations, as well as with an earlier indirect estimate based on measurements on a sample with much higher mobility.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0163-1829	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9982274			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1612
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	Author	Lang, P. T.; Leipold, I.; Knott, W. J.; Semenov, A. D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Renk, K. F.
	Title	New far-infrared laser lines from CH3Cl and CH3Br optically pumped with a continuously tunable high pressure CO2 laser			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Appl. Phys. B	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. B
	Volume	53	Issue	4	Pages	207-212
	Keywords	CO2 IR lasers, applications, CH3Cl, CH3Br
	Abstract	In this paper we report on the detection of new far-infrared laser lines from CH3Cl and CH3Br optically pumped with a continuously tunable high pressure CO2 laser. We found 80 new lines for CH3Cl and 9 new lines for CH3Br in the frequency region between 16 cm−1 and 41 cm−1, all due to stimulated Raman scattering. For the Raman gain regions bandwidths up to about 700 MHz were found. We also observed high intensity short far-infrared laser pulses of durations in the nanosecond regime.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0721-7269	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1678
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	Author	Ryabchun, S. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Pentin, I. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Seleznev, V. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Low-noise wide-band hot-electron bolometer mixer based on an NbN film			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	52	Issue	8	Pages	576-582
	Keywords	HEB mixer, in-situ contacts, noise temperature, conversion gain bandwidth, diffusion cooling channel
	Abstract	We develop and study a hot-electron bolometer mixer made of a two-layer NbN–Au film in situ deposited on a silicon substrate. The double-sideband noise temperature of the mixer is 750 K at a frequency of 2.5 THz. The conversion efficiency measurements show that at the superconducting transition temperature, the intermediate-frequency bandwidth amounts to about 6.5 GHz for a mixer 0.112 μm long. These record-breaking characteristics are attributed to the improved contacts between a sensitive element and a helical antenna and are reached due to using the in situ deposition of NbN and Au layers at certain stages of the process.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	599
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	Author	Kitaygorsky, Jennifer; Komissarov, I.; Jukna, A.; Minaeva, O.; Kaurova, N.; Divochiy, A.; Korneev, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Voronov, B.; Milostnaya, I.; Gol'tsman, G.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Fluctuations in two-dimensional superconducting NbN nanobridges and nanostructures meanders			Type	Abstract
	Year	2007	Publication	Proc. APS March Meeting	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. APS March Meeting
	Volume	52	Issue	1	Pages	L9.00013
	Keywords
	Abstract	We have observed fluctuations, manifested as sub-nanosecond to nanosecond transient, millivolt-amplitude voltage pulses, generated in two-dimensional NbN nanobridges, as well as in extended superconducting meander nanostructures, designed for single photon counting. Both nanobridges and nano-stripe meanders were biased at currents close to the critical current and measured in a range of temperatures from 1.5 to 8 K. During the tests, the devices were blocked from all incoming radiation by a metallic enclosure and shielded from any external magnetic fields. We attribute the observed spontaneous voltage pulses to the Kosterlitz-Thouless-type fluctuations, where the high enough applied bias current reduces the binding energy of vortex-antivortex pairs and, subsequently, thermal fluctuations break them apart causing the order parameter to momentarily reduce to zero, which in turn causes a transient voltage pulse. The duration of the voltage pulses depended on the device geometry (with the high-kinetic inductance meander structures having longer, nanosecond, pulses) while their rate was directly related to the biasing current as well as temperature.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1027
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	Author	Meledin, D. V.; Marrone, D. P.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Gibson, H.; Blundell, R.; Paine, S. N.; Papa, D.C.; Smith, M.; Hunter, T. R.; Battat, J.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	A 1-THz superconducting hot-electron-bolometer receiver for astronomical observations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.
	Volume	52	Issue	10	Pages	2338-2343
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixer, applications
	Abstract	In this paper, we describe a superconducting hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver developed to operate in atmospheric windows between 800-1300 GHz. The receiver uses a waveguide mixer element made of 3-4-nm-thick NbN film deposited over crystalline quartz. This mixer yields double-sideband receiver noise temperatures of 1000 K at around 1.0 THz, and 1600 K at 1.26 THz, at an IF of 3.0 GHz. The receiver was successfully tested in the laboratory using a gas cell as a spectral line test source. It is now in use on the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory terahertz test telescope in northern Chile.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0018-9480	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1484
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Effect of electromagnetic radiation on a superconductor in a magnetic field			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya	Abbreviated Journal	Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Seriya Fizicheskaya
	Volume	52	Issue	3	Pages	449-451
	Keywords
	Abstract	The effect of electromagnetic radiation on thin superconducting films of Nb with a large number of static defects is investigated experimentally for the case where the film is in the resistive state due to an applied magnetic field and transport current. The results obtained are found to be well described by a model of spatially homogeneous electron heating. It is noted that the results obtained here for Nb films are also valid for Al, NbN, and MoRe films.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0367-6765	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	4th Vsesoiuznyi Seminar po Opticheskomu Detektirovaniiu Magnitnykh Rezonansov v Tverdykh Telakh, Tallin, Estonian SSR, Apr. 1987
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1702
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	Author	Verevkin, A.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Zhang, J.; Currie, M.; Korneev, A.; Chulkova, G.; Okunev, O.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors for near-infrared-wavelength quantum communications			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	J. Modern Opt.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Modern Opt.
	Volume	51	Issue	9-10	Pages	1447-1458
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	The paper reports progress on the design and development of niobium-nitride, superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) for ultrafast counting of near-infrared photons for secure quantum communications. The SSPDs operate in the quantum detection mode, based on photon-induced hotspot formation and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-width superconducting stripe. The devices are fabricated from 3.5 nm thick NbN films and kept at cryogenic (liquid helium) temperatures inside a cryostat. The detector experimental quantum efficiency in the photon-counting mode reaches above 20% in the visible radiation range and up to 10% at the 1.3–1.55 μn infrared range. The dark counts are below 0.01 per second. The measured real-time counting rate is above 2 GHz and is limited by readout electronics (the intrinsic response time is below 30 ps). The SSPD jitter is below 18 ps, and the best-measured value of the noise-equivalent power (NEP) is 2 × 10−18 W/Hz1/2. at 1.3 μm. In terms of photon-counting efficiency and speed, these NbN SSPDs significantly outperform semiconductor avalanche photodiodes and photomultipliers.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0950-0340	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1488
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	Author	Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	The concept of the receiving complex for the “Millimetron” space radio telescope			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
	Volume	50	Issue	10-11	Pages	837-846
	Keywords	HEB, applications, Millimetron, VLBI
	Abstract	We consider the current status of research in the development of a submillimeter and far-infrared receiving instrument and propose promising solutions for the receivers of the spaceborne telescope “Millimetron,” which allow one to realize comprehensively the opportunities given by this international project administrated by the Astrospace Center of the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0033-8443	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	411
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semyonov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Heating of electrons in superconductor in the resistive state due to electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Solid State Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Solid State Communications
	Volume	50	Issue	3	Pages	207-212
	Keywords	Nb HEB
	Abstract	The effect of heating electrons with respect to phonons in a thin superconducting film driven into the resistive state by the current and the external magnetic field has been observed and investigated. This effect caused by the electromagnetic radiation is manifested in the increased resistance of the film and is not selective over the frequency range from 1010 to 1015 Hz. That the effect is frequency independent under the conditions of strong electron scattering caused by static defects is explained by the decisive role of electron -electron collisions in forming the distribution function. The characteristic time of resistance change, obtained experimentally, corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter near the superconducting transition and to the relaxation time of the nonelastic electron-phonon interaction at lower temperatures and in lower magnetic fields.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0038-1098	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1709
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	Author	Aksaev, E. E.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Interaction of electrons with thermal phonons in YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ films at low temperatures			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	50	Issue	5	Pages	283-286
	Keywords	YBCO HTS films
	Abstract	The time of electron-phonon interaction tau(eph) in YBaCuO films at low temperatures is studied. This is measured as the time of resistance relaxation in the resistive state of the superconducter, and is also determined from the increase in resistance under the action of radiation. Consistent results of these methods show that resistance relaxation in the resistive state is caused by cooling of the electron subsystem with respect to the phonon subsystem. The time tau(eph) is found to be inversely proportional to the temperature and comes to 80 ps when T = 1.6 K and 5 ps when T = 30 K. 6 refs.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1690
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Multanovskii, V. V.; Ptitsyna, N. G.
	Title	Capture of photoexcited carriers by shallow impurity centers in germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1979	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	50	Issue	4	Pages	728-734
	Keywords	Ge, photoexcited carriers, shallow impurity centers
	Abstract	Measurements were made of the lifetimes rf of free carriers and the relaxation time 7, of the submillimeter impurity photoconductivity when carriers are captured by attracting shallow donors and acceptom in Ge. It is nod that in samples with capture-center concentration N,Z 10"cm-' the relaxation time 7, greatly exceeds rf in the temperature range 4.2-12 K. The measured values of 7,- are compared with the calculation of cascade recombination by the classical model. To evaluate the data on T,, the distinguishing features of this model are considered for the nonstationary case. The substantial difference betweea the values of rf and T, is attributed to re-emission of the carriers from the excited states of the shallow impurities.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1720
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Population and lifetime of excited states of shallow impurities in Ge			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1979	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	49	Issue	2	Pages	355-362
	Keywords	Ge, photothermal ionization, shallow impurities
	Abstract	An investigation was made of the dependences of the intensities of photothermal ionization lines of excited states of shallow impurities in Ge on the intensity of impurity-absorbed background radiation and on temperature. The results obtained were used to find the density and lifetime of carriers of lower excited states of the impurity centers. The lifetimes of the excited states of donors in Ge were 10-~-10-" sec and the lifetime of the lower excited state of acceptors was -lo-' sec. In the presence of background radiation the population of the excited states was very different from the equilibrium value and, in particular, a population inversion of the 2pk, state relative to the 3p0 and 3s states was observed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1719
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	Author	Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Terahertz heterodyne receivers based on superconductive hot-electron bolometer mixers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
	Volume	48	Issue	10-11	Pages	859-864
	Keywords	HEB, applications
	Abstract	We consider recent results in development of hot-electron bolometer mixers. Special attention is paid to optimization of the contacts between the antenna and the active area of a superconducting film. An important result in the study of the parasitic effect of direct detection is obtained during the measurement of the noise temperatures by the hot/cold load method. The latest results of studies of the waveguide hot-electron bolometer mixers and their successful practical applications are considered. Progress in development of high-frequency (over 1.3 THz) heterodyne receivers for several important international projects is discussed and new submillimeter radio astronomy projects ESPRIT and SAFIR are described.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0033-8443	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	381
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	Author	Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Papa, D. C.; Hunter, T. R.; Paine, S. N.; Patt, F.; Gol'tsman, G.; Cherednichenko, S.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E.
	Title	Superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver for 800-GHz operation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn.
	Volume	48	Issue	4	Pages	683-689
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, LO power, local oscillator power, saturation, linearity, dynamic range
	Abstract	In this paper, we describe a superconductive hot-electron-bolometer mixer receiver designed to operate in the partially transmissive 350-μm atmospheric window. The receiver employs an NbN thin-film microbridge as the mixer element, in which the main cooling mechanism of the hot electrons is through electron-phonon interaction. At a local-oscillator frequency of 808 GHz, the measured double-sideband receiver noise temperature is TRX=970 K, across a 1-GHz intermediate-frequency bandwidth centered at 1.8 GHz. We have measured the linearity of the receiver and the amount of local-oscillator power incident on the mixer for optimal operation, which is PLO≈1 μW. This receiver was used in making observations as a facility instrument at the Heinrich Hertz Telescope, Mt. Graham, AZ, during the 1998-1999 winter observing season.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0018-9480	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ lobanovyury @			Serial	573
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	Author	Chuprina, I. N.; An, P. P.; Zubkova, E. G.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Kalachev, A. A.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Optimisation of spontaneous four-wave mixing in a ring microcavity			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2017	Publication	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
	Volume	47	Issue	10	Pages	887-891
	Keywords	ring microcavity
	Abstract	Abstract. A theory of spontaneous four-wave mixing in a ring microcavity is developed. The rate of emission of biphotons for pulsed and monochromatic pumping with allowance for the disper- sion of group velocities is analytically calculated. In the first case, pulses in the form of an increasing exponential are considered, which are optimal for excitation of an individual resonator mode. The behaviour of the group velocity dispersion as a function of the width and height of the waveguide is studied for a specific case of a ring microcavity made of silicon nitride. The results of the numeri- cal calculation are in good agreement with the experimental data. The ring microcavity is made of two types of waveguides: com- pletely etched and half etched. It is found that the latter allow for better control over the parameters in the manufacturing process, making them more predictable.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ kovalyuk @			Serial	1142
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	Author	Gol'tsman, G. N.; Loudkov, D. N.
	Title	Terahertz superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers and their application in radio astronomy			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	46	Issue	8/9	Pages	604-617
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We review the latest developments, research, and radioastronomy applications of hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers operated in the terahertz waveband. The physical principles of operation of terahertz HEB mixers are presented, their manufacturing from ultrathin NbN films, the main HEB-mixer parameters and their measurement techniques are discussed, and practical terahertz radioastronomy projects based on heterodyne receivers with HEB mixers are considered.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0033-8443	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	UDC 537.312.62			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	472
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	Author	Morozov, P.; Lukina, M.; Shirmanova, M.; Divochiy, A.; Dudenkova, V.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Becker, W.; Shcheslavskiy, V. I.
	Title	Singlet oxygen phosphorescence imaging by superconducting single-photon detector and time-correlated single-photon counting			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Opt. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Opt. Lett.
	Volume	46	Issue	6	Pages	1217-1220
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, applications
	Abstract	This Letter presents, to the best of our knowledge, a novel optical configuration for direct time-resolved measurements of luminescence from singlet oxygen, both in solutions and from cultured cells on photodynamic therapy. The system is based on the superconducting single-photon detector, coupled to the confocal scanner that is modified for the near-infrared measurements. The recording of a phosphorescence signal from singlet oxygen at 1270 nm has been done using time-correlated single-photon counting. The performance of the system is verified by measuring phosphorescence from singlet oxygen generated by the photosensitizers commonly used in photodynamic therapy: methylene blue and chlorin e6. The described system can be easily upgraded to the configuration when both phosphorescence from singlet oxygen and fluorescence from the cells can be detected in the imaging mode. Thus, co-localization of the signal from singlet oxygen with the areas inside the cells can be done.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0146-9592	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:33720151			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1221
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	Author	Słysz, W.; Węgrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	NbN superconducting single-photon detector coupled with a communication fiber			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	46	Issue	6	Pages	51-52
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We present novel superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs), based on ultrathin NbN films, designed for fiber-based quantum communications (lambda = 1.3 žm and 1.55 žm). For fiber-based operation, our SSPDs contain a special micromechanical construction integrated with the NbN structure, which enables efficient and mechanically very stabile fiber coupling. The detectors combine GHz counting rate, high quantum efficiency and very low level of dark counts. At 1.3 – 1.55 žm wavelength range our detector exhibits a quantum efficiency up to 10%.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Polish	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1481
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	Author	Il'in, K. S.; Karasik, B. S.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Sergeev, A. V.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Pechen, E. V.; Krasnosvobodtsev, S. I.
	Title	Electron-phonon-impurity interference in thin NbC films: electron inelastic scattering time and corrections to resistivity			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Czech. J. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Czech. J. Phys.
	Volume	46	Issue	S2	Pages	857-858
	Keywords	NbC films
	Abstract	Complex study of transport properties of impure NbC films with the electron mean free pathl=0.6–13 nm show the crucial role of the electron-phonon-impurity interference (EPII). In the temperature range 20–70 K we found the interference correction to resistivity proportional to T2 and to the residual resistivity of the film. Using the comprehensive theory of EPII, we determine the electron coupling with transverse phonons and calculate the electron inelastic scattering time. Direct measurements of the inelastic electron scattering time using a response to a high-frequency amplitude modulated cw radiation agree well with the theory.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0011-4626	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1617
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Semenov, A. D.
	Title	Measurement of the energy gap in the compound YBaCu₃O_9-δ on the basis of the IR absorption spectrum			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	46	Issue	5	Pages	237-238
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors
	Abstract	For the first time the long-wave infrared absorption spectrum has been measured by means of the bolometric effect and energy gap for high-temperature superconducting ceramics YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 9-delta/ has been determined from absorption threshold. 2delta/kT/sub c/ value is equal to 0.6.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1703
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Light-induced heating of electrons and the time of the inelastic electron-phonon scattering in the YBaCuO compound			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	46	Issue	6	Pages	285-287
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB
	Abstract	For the first time, measurements have been made on the electron energy relaxation time due to the electron--phonon interaction in films of the YBaCuO superconductor. The results indicate a significant intensification of the electron--phonon interaction in this compound as compared with normal superconducting metals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1706
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kagane, M. L.
	Title	Energy spectrum of acceptors in germanium and its response to a magnetic field			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	45	Issue	4	Pages	769-776
	Keywords	p-Ge, photoconductivity, energy spectrum, magnetic field
	Abstract	We investigated the spectrum of the submillimeter photoconductivity of p-Ge at helium temperatures and the effects of a magnetic field up to 40 kOe on the spectrum. A large number of lines of transitions between the excited states of the acceptors was observed, some of the lines were identified, and the energies of a number of spectral levels B, Al, Ga, In, and TI in Ge were identified. The results are compared with calculations and with experimental data obtained from the spectra of the photoexcitation of the ground state of the impurities. Using one transition as an example, we discuss the splitting of the excited states of acceptors in the magnetic field and under uniaxial compression.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1727
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elant'ev, A. I.
	Title	Energy spectrum of the donors in GaAs and Ge and its reaction to a magnetic field			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	45	Issue	3	Pages	555-565
	Keywords	Ge, GaAs, magnetic field, donors, energy spectrum
	Abstract	The spectrum of the submillimeter photoconductivity of n-GaAs and n-Ge in a magnetic field up to 60 kOe at helium temperatures was investigated. A large number of lines due to transitions between excited states of the donors have been investigated, and the measurement results were used to determine a number of levels of the energy spectrum in a wide range of magnetic fields. For GaAs, these data are compared with calculations of the energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom in magnetic fields up to -2X lo9 Oe. For the donors in Ge, the energy spectrum is investigated at different orientations of the magnetic field relative to the crystallographic axes (H 11 [loo], [I 1 I], [110]), and these results are also compared with the corresponding calculations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1728
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	Author	Milostnaya, I.; Korneev, A.; Rubtsova, I.; Seleznev, V.; Minaeva, O.; Chulkova, G.; Okunev, O.; Voronov, B.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Guziewicz, M.; Bar, J.; Gorska, M.; Pearlman, A.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Cross, A.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Superconducting single-photon detectors designed for operation at 1.55-µm telecommunication wavelength			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
	Volume	43	Issue		Pages	1334-1337
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We report on our progress in development of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs), specifically designed for secure high-speed quantum communications. The SSPDs consist of NbN-based meander nanostructures and operate at liquid helium temperatures. In general, our devices are capable of GHz-rate photon counting in a spectral range from visible light to mid-infrared. The device jitter is 18 ps and dark counts can reach negligibly small levels. The quantum efficiency (QE) of our best SSPDs for visible-light photons approaches a saturation level of ~30-40%, which is limited by the NbN film absorption. For the infrared range (1.55µm), QE is ~6% at 4.2 K, but it can be significantly improved by reduction of the operation temperature to the 2-K level, when QE reaches ~20% for 1.55-µm photons. In order to further enhance the SSPD efficiency at the wavelength of 1.55 µm, we have integrated our detectors with optical cavities, aiming to increase the effective interaction of the photon with the superconducting meander and, therefore, increase the QE. A successful effort was made to fabricate an advanced SSPD structure with an optical microcavity optimized for absorption of 1.55 µm photons. The design consisted of a quarter-wave dielectric layer, combined with a metallic mirror. Early tests performed on relatively low-QE devices integrated with microcavities, showed that the QE value at the resonator maximum (1.55-µm wavelength) was of the factor 3-to-4 higher than that for a nonresonant SSPD. Independently, we have successfully coupled our SSPDs to single-mode optical fibers. The completed receivers, inserted into a liquid-helium transport dewar, reached ~1% system QE for 1.55 µm photons. The SSPD receivers that are fiber-coupled and, simultaneously, integrated with resonators are expected to be the ultimate photon counters for optical quantum communications.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1742-6588	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1450
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Investigation of free excitons in Ge and their condensation at submillimeter wavelengths			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1976	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	43	Issue	1	Pages	116-122
	Keywords	Ge, free excitons
	Abstract	Results are presented of an investigation of free excitons in Ge in the submillimeter wavelength range for low as well as for high excitation levels when interaction between the excitons becomes important. The free-exciton energy spectrum is discussed. It is shown that the drop radii and their concentrations can be determined by measuring the temperature dependence of the free-exciton concentration. A section of the phase diagram is obtained in the 0.5-2.8 K temperature range for the free excitons+condensate system.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1731
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	Author	Tret'yakov, I. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Anfert'ev, V. A.; Revin, L. S.; Vaks, V. L.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	The influence of the diffusion cooling on the noise band of the superconductor NbN hot-electron bolometer operating in the terahertz range			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Tech. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	42	Issue	6	Pages	563-566
	Keywords	HEB, noise bandwidth, conversion gain bandwidth, noise temperature, Andreev reflection
	Abstract	Results of an experimental study of the noise temperature (Tn) and noise bandwidth (NBW) of the superconductor NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer as a function of its temperature (Tb) are presented. It was determined that the NBW of the mixer is significantly wider at temperatures close to the critical ones (Tc) than are values measured at 4.2 K. The NBW of the mixer measured at the heterodyne frequency of 2.5 THz at temperature Tb close to Tc was ~13 GHz, as compared with 6 GHz at Tb = 4.2 K. This experiment clearly demonstrates the limitation of the thermal flow from the NbN bridge at Tb â‰<aa> Tc for mixers manufactured by the in situ technique. This limitation is close in its nature to the Andreev reflection on the superconductor/ metal boundary. In this case, the noise temperature of the studied mixer increased from 1100 to 3800 K.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1106
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	Author	Boyarskii, D. A.; Gershenzon, V. E.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Tikhonov, V. V.; Chulkova, G. M.
	Title	On the possibility of determining the microstructural parameters of an oil-bearing layer from radiophysical measurement data			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	J. of Communications Technology and Electronics	Abbreviated Journal	J. of Communications Technology and Electronics
	Volume	41	Issue	5	Pages	408-414
	Keywords	submillimeter waves, transmission
	Abstract	A method for the reconstruction of microstructural properties of an oil-bearing rock from the spectral dependence of the transmission factor of submillimeter waves is proposed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1064-2269	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Радиотехника и электроника 41, no. 4 (1996): 441-447			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1611
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	Author	Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Hot electron bolometric mixers: new terahertz technology			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Infrared Physics & Technology	Abbreviated Journal	Infrared Physics & Technology
	Volume	40	Issue	3	Pages	199-206
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	This paper presents an overview of recent results for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers. The noise temperature of the receivers based on both quasioptical and waveguide versions of HEB mixers has crossed the level of 1 K GHz−1 at 430 GHz (410 K), 600–650 GHz (480 K), 750 GHz (600 K), 810 GHz (780 K) and is close to that level at 1.1 THz (1250 K) and 2.5 THz (4500 K). The gain bandwidth measured for quasioptical HEB mixer at 620 GHz reached 4 GHz and the noise temperature bandwidth was almost 8 GHz. Local oscillator power requirements are about 1 μW for mixers made by photolithography and about 100 nW for mixers made by e-beam lithography. A waveguide version of 800 GHz receiver was installed at the Submillimeter Telescope Observatory on Mt. Graham, AZ, to conduct astronomical observations of known submillimeter lines (CO, J=7→6, CI, J=2→1). It was proved that the receiver works as a practical instrument.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1350-4495	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1570
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	Author	Zhang, J.; Boiadjieva, N.; Chulkova, G.; Deslandes, H.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Leibowitz, M.; Lo, W.; Malinsky, R.; Okunev, O.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Smirnov, K.; Tsao, C.; Verevkin, A.; Voronov, B.; Wilsher, K.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Noninvasive CMOS circuit testing with NbN superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Electron. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Electron. Lett.
	Volume	39	Issue	14	Pages	1086-1088
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD, applications
	Abstract	The 3.5 nm thick-film, meander-structured NbN superconducting single-photon detectors have been implemented in the CMOS circuit-testing system based on the detection of near-infrared photon emission from switching transistors and have significantly improved the performance of the system. Photon emissions from both p- and n-MOS transistors have been observed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0013-5194	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1512
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	Author	Manova, N. N.; Korneeva, Yu. P.; Korneev, A. A.; Slysz, W.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Superconducting NbN single-photon detector integrated with quarter-wave resonator			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Tech. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Tech. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	37	Issue	5	Pages	469-471
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	The spectral dependence of the quantum efficiency of superconducting NbN single-photon detectors integrated with quarter-wave resonators based on Si3N4, SiO2, and SiO layers has been studied.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	664
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	Author	Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, M.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	NbN superconducting single-photon detectors coupled with a communication fiber			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2004	Publication	INIS	Abbreviated Journal	INIS
	Volume	37	Issue	2	Pages	1-2
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract
	Address	Stare Jablonki, Poland
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	8-th Electron Technology Conference ELTE
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1486
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Submillimeter spectroscopy of semiconductors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1973	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	37	Issue	2	Pages	299-304
	Keywords	semiconductors, submillimeter spectroscopy, spectrometer, BWO, Ge, free excitons
	Abstract	The possibility is considered of carrying out submillimeter-wave spectral investigations of semiconductors by means of a high resolution spectrometer with backward-wave tubes. Results of a study of the excitation spectra of small impurities, D-(A +) centers and free excitons in germanium are presented.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1735
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	Author	Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Papis, E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	A method of optimization of the NbN superconducting single-photon detector			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2004	Publication	INIS	Abbreviated Journal	INIS
	Volume	36	Issue	27	Pages	1-2
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	5-th International Symposium Ion Implantation and Other Applications of Ions and Electrons, ION
	Notes	Reference num. 36060124			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1485
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Nonselective effect of electromagnetic radiation on a superconducting film in the resistive state			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	36	Issue	7	Pages	296-299
	Keywords	HEB
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Неселективное воздействие электромагнитного излучения на сверхпроводящую пленку в резистивном состоянии			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1717
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	Author	Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Rubtsova, I.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G.; Voronov, B.; Smirnov, K.; Seleznev, V.; Gol'tsman, G.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Cross, A.; Alvarez, P.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Superconducting single-photon ultrathin NbN film detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Quantum Electronics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	35	Issue	8	Pages	698-700
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Superconducting single-photon ultrathin NbN film detectors are studied. The development of manufacturing technology of detectors and the reduction of their operating temperature down to 2 K resulted in a considerable increase in their quantum efficiency, which reached in the visible region (at 0.56 μm) 30%—40%, i.e., achieved the limit determined by the absorption coefficient of the film. The quantum efficiency exponentially decreases with increasing wavelength, being equal to ~20% at 1.55 μm and ~0.02% at 5 μm. For the dark count rate of ~10-4s-1, the experimental equivalent noise power was 1.5×10-20 W Hz-1/2; it can be decreased in the future down to the record low value of 5×10-21 W Hz-1/2. The time resolution of the detector is 30 ps.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Сверхпроводящий однофотонный детектор на основе ультратонкой пленки NbN			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	383
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	Author	Aksaev, E. E.; Gershenzon, E.M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Mirskij, G. I.; Semenov, A. D.
	Title	Submillimetric spectrometer-relaxometer based on backward-wave tubes with picosecond time resolution			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta	Abbreviated Journal	Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta
	Volume	34	Issue	2	Pages	125-131
	Keywords	BWO, applications
	Abstract	The high-sensitive automatic spectrometer-relaxometer based on backward-wave tubes in the range of 4÷0.25 mm was described permitting to study the response kinetics of sample under investigation in any point of this range with the resolution time of 10-11 s. The relaxation measurements were conducted using oscillation beats of two adequate tubes, the frequency of one of them was fixed, while that of the other one was changeable. The amplitude-frequency characteristic of the response under the conditions of synchronous reception was recorded at beat frequency variation from 107 to 1010 Hz. The high sensitivity was reached by decreasing the device recording band down to 100 Hz in the whole measuring range.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8162	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1683
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	Author	Gershenzon, E.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Heating of quasiparticles in a superconducting film in the resistive state			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	34	Issue	5	Pages	268-271
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1716
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Multanovskii, V. V.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Cross section for binding of free carriers into excitons in germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	33	Issue	11	Pages	574
	Keywords	Ge, excitons, photoconductivity
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1718
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Heating of electrons in resistive state of superconducting films. Detectors, mixers and switches			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Progress in High Temperature Superconductivity	Abbreviated Journal	Progress in High Temperature Superconductivity
	Volume	32	Issue		Pages	190-195
	Keywords	superconducting films, heating of electrons
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	International Conference on High Temperature Superconductivity and Localization Phenomena , Moscow, Russia , 11 – 15 May 1991
	Notes	https://books.google.co.kr/books?hl=en&lr=&id=uCI0DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA190&ots=z7WGjXYWr4&sig=TQ6G6dKsmcj4faYe1ZLw_BFmps8			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1666
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Mirskii, G. I.
	Title	Submillimeter backward-wave-tube spectrometer-relaxometer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta	Abbreviated Journal	Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta
	Volume	30	Issue	4	Pages	131-137
	Keywords	BWO, applications
	Abstract	A backward-wave-tube (BWT) spectrometer-relaxometer is described that is designed for study of the relaxation characteristics of photoconductors in the wavelength range of 2-0.25 mm – in particular, to measure the relaxation times of the submillimeter photoconductivity of germanium in the range of 10[sup:-4]-10[sup:-9] sec and to determine from these data the concentration of compensating impurities of from 10[sup:10] to 10[sup:14] cm[sup:-3]. The instrument uses the beats of the oscillations of two BWTs and records the amplitude-frequency response of the specimen with variation of the beat frequency from 10[sup:4] to 10[sup:8] Hz with accumulation of the desired signal for less than or equal to1 sec by means of a quadrature synchronous detector. The beat frequency is stabilized and the quadrature voltages of the synchronous detector are formed by means of phase-locked loops.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1699
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	Author	Polyakova, M.; Semenov, A. V.; Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Pernice, W. H. P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Protocol of measuring hot-spot correlation length for SNSPDs with near-unity detection efficiency			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	29	Issue	5	Pages	1-5
	Keywords	SSPD, waveguide-integrated SNSPD, hot-spot interaction length
	Abstract	We present a simple quantum detector tomography protocol, which allows, without ambiguities, to measure the two-spot detection efficiency and extract the hot-spot interaction length of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) with unity intrinsic detection efficiency. We identify a significant parasitic contribution to the measured two-spot efficiency, related to an effect of the bias circuit, and find a way to rule out this contribution during data post-processing and directly in the experiment. From the data analysis for waveguide-integrated SNSPD, we find signatures of the saturation of the two-spot efficiency and hot-spot interaction length of order of 100 nm.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1187
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	Author	Lobanov, Y.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Semenov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Korneev, A.; Ozhegov, R.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B. M.; Pernice, W. H. P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Superconducting nanowire single photon detector for coherent detection of weak signals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	27	Issue	4	Pages	1-5
	Keywords	NbN SSPD mixer, SNSPD, nanophotonic waveguide
	Abstract	Traditional photon detectors are operated in the direct detection mode, counting incident photons with a known quantum efficiency. Here, we have investigated a superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) operated as a photon counting mixer at telecommunication wavelength around 1.5 μm. This regime of operation combines excellent sensitivity of a photon counting detector with excellent spectral resolution given by the heterodyne technique. Advantageously, we have found that low local oscillator (LO) power of the order of hundreds of femtowatts to a few picowatts is sufficient for clear observation of the incident test signal with the sensitivity approaching the quantum limit. With further optimization, the required LO power could be significantly reduced, which is promising for many practical applications, such as the development of receiver matrices or recording ultralow signals at a level of less-than-one-photon per second. In addition to a traditional NbN-based SNSPD operated with normal incidence coupling, we also use detectors with a travelling wave geometry, where a NbN nanowire is placed on the top of a Si 3 N 4 nanophotonic waveguide. This approach is fully scalable and a large number of devices could be integrated on a single chip.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1206
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	Author	Arutyunov, K. Y.; Ramos-Alvarez, A.; Semenov, A. V.; Korneeva, Y. P.; An, P. P.; Korneev, A. A.; Murphy, A.; Bezryadin, A.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Superconductivity in highly disordered NbN nanowires			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Nanotechnol.	Abbreviated Journal	Nanotechnol.
	Volume	27	Issue	47	Pages	47lt02 (1 to 8)
	Keywords	NbN nanowires
	Abstract	The topic of superconductivity in strongly disordered materials has attracted significant attention. These materials appear to be rather promising for fabrication of various nanoscale devices such as bolometers and transition edge sensors of electromagnetic radiation. The vividly debated subject of intrinsic spatial inhomogeneity responsible for the non-Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer relation between the superconducting gap and the pairing potential is crucial both for understanding the fundamental issues of superconductivity in highly disordered superconductors, and for the operation of corresponding nanoelectronic devices. Here we report an experimental study of the electron transport properties of narrow NbN nanowires with effective cross sections of the order of the debated inhomogeneity scales. The temperature dependence of the critical current follows the textbook Ginzburg-Landau prediction for the quasi-one-dimensional superconducting channel I c approximately (1-T/T c)(3/2). We find that conventional models based on the the phase slip mechanism provide reasonable fits for the shape of R(T) transitions. Better agreement with R(T) data can be achieved assuming the existence of short 'weak links' with slightly reduced local critical temperature T c. Hence, one may conclude that an 'exotic' intrinsic electronic inhomogeneity either does not exist in our structures, or, if it does exist, it does not affect their resistive state properties, or does not provide any specific impact distinguishable from conventional weak links.
	Address	National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics,109028, Moscow, Russia. P L Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems RAS, Moscow, 119334, Russia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0957-4484	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:27782000			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1332
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.
	Title	Submillimeter backward wave tube spectrometer for measuring superconducting film transmission			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta	Abbreviated Journal	Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta
	Volume	26	Issue	5	Pages	134-137
	Keywords	BWO spectroscopy, spectrometer, transmission
	Abstract	A spectrometer employing six backward wave tubes is described. It is intended for investigation of superconductors in the 0.2-3 mm range of wave lengths. During the measurement of the transmission spectrum it is possible to determine the energy gap for superconduct1ng films 50 to 4000 A thick. The transmission factor can vary from 10-1 to 10-9. Spectrum of relation of film transmission factors in superconducting and normal states is measured for determining the energy gap 2 Δ. The transmission spectrum obtained by means of a computer for vanadium film 300 A thick is given as an example. The energy gap 2 Δ = 1.4 MeV
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8162	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Субмиллиметровый спектрометр с лампами обратной волны для измерения пропускания сверхпроводниковых пленок			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1713
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	Author	Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Hartmann, W.; Vetter, A.; Kahl, O.; Lee, C.; Korneev, A.; Rockstuhl, C.; Gol'tsman, G.; Pernice, W.
	Title	Hot-spot relaxation time current dependence in niobium nitride waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Opt. Express	Abbreviated Journal	Opt. Express
	Volume	25	Issue	8	Pages	8739-8750
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, photon counting; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Integrated optics; Multiphoton processes; Photon statistics
	Abstract	We investigate how the bias current affects the hot-spot relaxation dynamics in niobium nitride. We use for this purpose a near-infrared pump-probe technique on a waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detector driven in the two-photon regime. We observe a strong increase in the picosecond relaxation time for higher bias currents. A minimum relaxation time of (22 +/- 1)ps is obtained when applying a bias current of 50% of the switching current at 1.7 K bath temperature. We also propose a practical approach to accurately estimate the photon detection regimes based on the reconstruction of the measured detector tomography at different bias currents and for different illumination conditions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ kovalyuk @			Serial	1118
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	Author	Trifonov, A.; Tong, C.-Y. E.; Blundell, R.; Ryabchun, S.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	Probing the stability of HEB mixers with microwave injection			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	25	Issue	3	Pages	2300404 (1 to 4)
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixer, stability, Allan-variance
	Abstract	Using a microwave probe as a tool, we have performed experiments aimed at understanding the origin of the output-power fluctuations in hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers. We use a probe frequency of 1.5 GHz. The microwave probe picks up impedance changes of the HEB, which are examined upon demodulation of the reflected wave outside the cryostat. This study shows that the HEB mixer operates in two different regimes under a terahertz pump. At a low pumping level, strong pulse modulation is observed, as the device switches between the superconducting state and the normal state at a rate of a few megahertz. When pumped much harder, to approximate the low-noise mixer operating point, residual modulation can still be observed, showing that the HEB mixer is intrinsically unstable even in the resistive state. Based on these observations, we introduced a low-frequency termination to the HEB mixer. By terminating the device in a 50-Ω resistor in the megahertz frequency range, we have been able to improve the output-power Allan time of our HEB receiver by a factor of four to about 10 s for a detection bandwidth of 15 MHz, with a corresponding gain fluctuation of about 0.035%.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1355
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	Author	Lobanov, Y.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Finkel, M.; Maslennikov, S.; Semenov, A.; Voronov, B. M.; Rodin, A. V.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	NbN hot-electron-bolometer mixer for operation in the near-IR frequency range			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	25	Issue	3	Pages	2300704 (1 to 4)
	Keywords	HEB mixer, IR, optical antenna
	Abstract	Traditionally, hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers are employed for THz and “super-THz” heterodyne detection. To explore the near-IR spectral range, we propose a fiber-coupled NbN film based HEB mixer. To enhance the incident-light absorption, a quasi-antenna consisting of a set of parallel stripes of gold is used. To study the antenna effect on the mixer performance, we have experimentally studied a set of devices with different size of the Au stripe and spacing between the neighboring stripes. With use of the well-known isotherm technique we have estimated the absorption efficiency of the mixer, and the maximum efficiency has been observed for devices with the smallest pitch of the alternating NbN and NbN-Au stripes. Also, a proper alignment of the incident Eâƒ<2014>-field with respect to the stripes allows us to improve the coupling further. Studying IV-characteristics of the mixer under differently-aligned Eâƒ<2014>-field of the incident radiation, we have noticed a difference in their shape. This observation suggests that a difference exists in the way the two waves with orthogonal polarizations parallel and perpendicular Eâƒ<2014>-field to the stripes heat the electrons in the HEB mixer. The latter results in a variation in the electron temperature distribution over the HEB device irradiated by the two waves.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	952
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