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Author Verevkin, A.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Zhang, J.; Currie, M.; Korneev, A.; Chulkova, G.; Okunev, O.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors for near-infrared-wavelength quantum communications Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication J. Modern Opt. Abbreviated Journal J. Modern Opt.  
  Volume (down) 51 Issue 9-10 Pages 1447-1458  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract The paper reports progress on the design and development of niobium-nitride, superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) for ultrafast counting of near-infrared photons for secure quantum communications. The SSPDs operate in the quantum detection mode, based on photon-induced hotspot formation and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-width superconducting stripe. The devices are fabricated from 3.5 nm thick NbN films and kept at cryogenic (liquid helium) temperatures inside a cryostat. The detector experimental quantum efficiency in the photon-counting mode reaches above 20% in the visible radiation range and up to 10% at the 1.3–1.55 μn infrared range. The dark counts are below 0.01 per second. The measured real-time counting rate is above 2 GHz and is limited by readout electronics (the intrinsic response time is below 30 ps). The SSPD jitter is below 18 ps, and the best-measured value of the noise-equivalent power (NEP) is 2 × 10−18 W/Hz1/2. at 1.3 μm. In terms of photon-counting efficiency and speed, these NbN SSPDs significantly outperform semiconductor avalanche photodiodes and photomultipliers.  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0950-0340 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1488  
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Author Słysz, W.; Węgrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. url  openurl
  Title NbN superconducting single-photon detector coupled with a communication fiber Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) 46 Issue 6 Pages 51-52  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We present novel superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs), ba­sed on ultrathin NbN films, designed for fiber-based quantum communica­tions (lambda = 1.3 žm and 1.55 žm). For fiber-based operation, our SSPDs contain a special micromechanical construction integrated with the NbN structure, which enables efficient and mechanically very stabile fiber coupling. The detectors combine GHz counting rate, high quantum efficiency and very low level of dark counts. At 1.3 – 1.55 žm wavelength range our detector exhibits a quantum efficiency up to 10%.  
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  Language Polish Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
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  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1481  
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Author Milostnaya, I.; Korneev, A.; Rubtsova, I.; Seleznev, V.; Minaeva, O.; Chulkova, G.; Okunev, O.; Voronov, B.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Guziewicz, M.; Bar, J.; Gorska, M.; Pearlman, A.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Cross, A.; Sobolewski, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Superconducting single-photon detectors designed for operation at 1.55-µm telecommunication wavelength Type Conference Article
  Year 2006 Publication J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. Abbreviated Journal J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.  
  Volume (down) 43 Issue Pages 1334-1337  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We report on our progress in development of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs), specifically designed for secure high-speed quantum communications. The SSPDs consist of NbN-based meander nanostructures and operate at liquid helium temperatures. In general, our devices are capable of GHz-rate photon counting in a spectral range from visible light to mid-infrared. The device jitter is 18 ps and dark counts can reach negligibly small levels. The quantum efficiency (QE) of our best SSPDs for visible-light photons approaches a saturation level of ~30-40%, which is limited by the NbN film absorption. For the infrared range (1.55µm), QE is ~6% at 4.2 K, but it can be significantly improved by reduction of the operation temperature to the 2-K level, when QE reaches ~20% for 1.55-µm photons. In order to further enhance the SSPD efficiency at the wavelength of 1.55 µm, we have integrated our detectors with optical cavities, aiming to increase the effective interaction of the photon with the superconducting meander and, therefore, increase the QE. A successful effort was made to fabricate an advanced SSPD structure with an optical microcavity optimized for absorption of 1.55 µm photons. The design consisted of a quarter-wave dielectric layer, combined with a metallic mirror. Early tests performed on relatively low-QE devices integrated with microcavities, showed that the QE value at the resonator maximum (1.55-µm wavelength) was of the factor 3-to-4 higher than that for a nonresonant SSPD. Independently, we have successfully coupled our SSPDs to single-mode optical fibers. The completed receivers, inserted into a liquid-helium transport dewar, reached ~1% system QE for 1.55 µm photons. The SSPD receivers that are fiber-coupled and, simultaneously, integrated with resonators are expected to be the ultimate photon counters for optical quantum communications.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1742-6588 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1450  
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Author Zhang, J.; Boiadjieva, N.; Chulkova, G.; Deslandes, H.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Leibowitz, M.; Lo, W.; Malinsky, R.; Okunev, O.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Smirnov, K.; Tsao, C.; Verevkin, A.; Voronov, B.; Wilsher, K.; Sobolewski, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Noninvasive CMOS circuit testing with NbN superconducting single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication Electron. Lett. Abbreviated Journal Electron. Lett.  
  Volume (down) 39 Issue 14 Pages 1086-1088  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD, applications  
  Abstract The 3.5 nm thick-film, meander-structured NbN superconducting single-photon detectors have been implemented in the CMOS circuit-testing system based on the detection of near-infrared photon emission from switching transistors and have significantly improved the performance of the system. Photon emissions from both p- and n-MOS transistors have been observed.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0013-5194 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1512  
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Author Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, M.; Sobolewski, R. url  openurl
  Title NbN superconducting single-photon detectors coupled with a communication fiber Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2004 Publication INIS Abbreviated Journal INIS  
  Volume (down) 37 Issue 2 Pages 1-2  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract  
  Address Stare Jablonki, Poland  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Area Expedition Conference 8-th Electron Technology Conference ELTE  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1486  
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Author Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Papis, E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. url  openurl
  Title A method of optimization of the NbN superconducting single-photon detector Type Miscellaneous
  Year 2004 Publication INIS Abbreviated Journal INIS  
  Volume (down) 36 Issue 27 Pages 1-2  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract  
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  Area Expedition Conference 5-th International Symposium Ion Implantation and Other Applications of Ions and Electrons, ION  
  Notes Reference num. 36060124 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1485  
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Author Корнеев, А. А.; Минаева, О.; Рубцова, И.; Милостная, И.; Чулкова, Г.; Воронов, Б.; Смирнов, К.; Селезнёв, В.; Гольцман, Г.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Cross, A.; Alvarez, P.; Верёвкин, А.; Sobolewski, R. url  openurl
  Title Сверхпроводящий однофотонный детектор на основе ультратонкой пленки NbN Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Квантовая электроника Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) 35 Issue 8 Pages 698-700  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract Представлены результаты исследований сверхпроводящих однофотонных детекторов, изготовленных из ультратонкой пленки NbN. Развитие технологического процесса изготовления детекторов, а также снижение рабочей температуры до 2 К позволили существенно увеличить квантовую эффективность: для видимого света (λ = 0.56 мкм) она составила 30%–40%, т.е. достигла предела, определяемого коэффициентом поглощения пленки. С ростом длины волны квантовая эффективность экспоненциально падает, составляя ~20% на λ=1.55 мкм и ~0.02% на λ = 5 мкм. При скорости темнового счета ~10-4s-1 экспериментально измеренная эквивалентная мощность шума составила 1.5 × 10-20 Вт/Гц-1/2; в дальнейшем она может быть уменьшена до рекордно низкого значения 5 × 10-21 Вт/Гц-1/2. Временное разрешение детектора равно 30 пс.  
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  Language Russian Summary Language Original Title  
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  Notes Duplicated as 383 (Superconducting single-photon ultrathin NbN film detector) Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 382  
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Author Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Rubtsova, I.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G.; Voronov, B.; Smirnov, K.; Seleznev, V.; Gol'tsman, G.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Cross, A.; Alvarez, P.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. doi  openurl
  Title Superconducting single-photon ultrathin NbN film detector Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication Quantum Electronics Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume (down) 35 Issue 8 Pages 698-700  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract Superconducting single-photon ultrathin NbN film detectors are studied. The development of manufacturing technology of detectors and the reduction of their operating temperature down to 2 K resulted in a considerable increase in their quantum efficiency, which reached in the visible region (at 0.56 μm) 30%—40%, i.e., achieved the limit determined by the absorption coefficient of the film. The quantum efficiency exponentially decreases with increasing wavelength, being equal to ~20% at 1.55 μm and ~0.02% at 5 μm. For the dark count rate of ~10-4s-1, the experimental equivalent noise power was 1.5×10-20 W Hz-1/2; it can be decreased in the future down to the record low value of 5×10-21 W Hz-1/2. The time resolution of the detector is 30 ps.  
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  Notes Сверхпроводящий однофотонный детектор на основе ультратонкой пленки NbN Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 383  
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Author Somani, S.; Kasapi, S.; Wilsher, K.; Lo, W.; Sobolewski, R.; Gol’tsman, G. url  doi
openurl 
  Title New photon detector for device analysis: Superconducting single-photon detector based on a hot electron effect Type Journal Article
  Year 2001 Publication J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B Abbreviated Journal J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B  
  Volume (down) 19 Issue 6 Pages 2766-2769  
  Keywords NbN SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract A novel superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD), intrinsically capable of high quantum efficiency (up to 20%) over a wide spectral range (ultraviolet to infrared), with low dark counts (<1 cps), and fast (<40 ps) timing resolution, is described. This SSPD has been used to perform timing measurements on complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs) by detecting the infrared light emission from switching transistors. Measurements performed from the backside of a 0.13 μm geometry flip–chip IC are presented. Other potential applications for this detector are in telecommunications, quantum cryptography, biofluorescence, and chemical kinetics.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0734211X ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1542  
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Author Gol'tsman, G.; Minaeva, O.; Korneev, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Rubtsova, I.; Divochiy, A.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Pan, D.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Cross, A.; Pearlman, A.; Komissarov, I.; Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Grabiec, P.; Sobolewski, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Middle-infrared to visible-light ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. Abbreviated Journal IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.  
  Volume (down) 17 Issue 2 Pages 246-251  
  Keywords SSPD, SNSPD  
  Abstract We present an overview of the state-of-the-art of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). Our devices exhibit quantum efficiency (QE) of up to 30% in near-infrared wavelength and 0.4% at 5 mum, with a dark-count rate that can be as low as 10 -4 s -1 . The SSPD structures integrated with lambda/4 microcavities achieve a QE of 60% at telecommunication, 1550-nm wavelength. We have also developed a new generation of SSPDs that possess the QE of large-active-area devices, but, simultaneously, are characterized by low kinetic inductance that allows achieving short response times and the GHz-counting rate with picosecond timing jitter. The improvements presented in the SSPD development, such as fiber-coupled SSPDs, make our detectors most attractive for high-speed quantum communications and quantum computing.  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1051-8223 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 431  
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