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| Author | Sobolewski, R.; Verevkin, A.; Gol'tsman, G.N.; Lipatov, A.; Wilsher, K. | ||||
| Title | Ultrafast superconducting single-photon optical detectors and their applications | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2003 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 13 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 1151-1157 |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
Abstract  |
We present a new class of ultrafast single-photon detectors for counting both visible and infrared photons. The detection mechanism is based on photon-induced hotspot formation, which forces the supercurrent redistribution and leads to the appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin, submicrometer-width, superconducting stripe. The devices were fabricated from 3.5-nm- and 10-nm-thick NbN films, patterned into <200-nm-wide stripes in the 4 /spl times/ 4-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ or 10 /spl times/ 10-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ meander-type geometry, and operated at 4.2 K, well below the NbN critical temperature (T/sub c/=10-11 K). Continuous-wave and pulsed-laser optical sources in the 400-nm-to 3500-nm-wavelength range were used to determine the detector performance in the photon-counting mode. Experimental quantum efficiency was found to exponentially depend on the photon wavelength, and for our best, 3.5-nm-thick, 100-/spl mu/m/sup 2/-area devices varied from >10% for 405-nm radiation to 3.5% for 1550-nm photons. The detector response time and jitter were /spl sim/100 ps and 35 ps, respectively, and were acquisition system limited. The dark counts were below 0.01 per second at optimal biasing. In terms of the counting rate, jitter, and dark counts, the NbN single-photon detectors significantly outperform their semiconductor counterparts. Already-identified applications for our devices range from noncontact testing of semiconductor CMOS VLSI circuits to free-space quantum cryptography and communications. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 509 | |||
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| Author | Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Reker, S. F.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. | ||||
| Title | Influence of the direct response on the heterodyne sensitivity of hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Phys. |
| Volume | 100 | Issue | 8 | Pages | 084510 (1 to 7) |
| Keywords | NbN HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract |
We present a detailed experimental study of the direct detection effect in a small volume (0.15μm×1μm×3.5nm) quasioptical NbN phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixer at 673GHz. We find that the small signal noise temperature, relevant for an astronomical observation, is 20% lower than the noise temperature obtained using 300 and 77K calibration loads. In a separate set of experiments we show that the direct detection effect is caused by a combination of bias current reduction when switching from the 77 to the 300K load in combination with the bias current dependence of the receiver gain. The bias current dependence of the receiver gain is shown to be mainly caused by the current dependence of the mixer gain. |
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| ISSN | 0021-8979 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1442 | |||
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| Author | Korneeva, Y.; Florya, I.; Semenov, A.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G. | ||||
| Title | New generation of nanowire NbN superconducting single-photon detector for mid-infrared | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2011 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume | 21 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 323-326 |
| Keywords | SSPD | ||||
| Abstract |
We present a break-through approach to mid-infrared single-photon detection based on nanowire NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPD). Although SSPD became a mature technology for telecom wavelengths (1.3-1.55 μm) its further expansion to mid-infrared wavelength was hampered by low sensitivity above 2 μm. We managed to overcome this limit by reducing the nanowire width to 50 nm, while retaining high superconducting properties and connecting the wires in parallel to produce a voltage response of sufficient magnitude. The new device exhibits 10 times better quantum efficiency at 3.5 μm wavelength than the “standard” SSPD. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ gujma @ | Serial | 644 | ||
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| Author | Murphy, A.; Semenov, A.; Korneev, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Gol'tsman, G.; Bezryadin, A. | ||||
| Title | Three temperature regimes in superconducting photon detectors: quantum, thermal and multiple phase-slips as generators of dark counts | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Sci. Rep. | Abbreviated Journal | Sci. Rep. |
| Volume | 5 | Issue | Pages | 10174 (1 to 10) | |
| Keywords | SPD, SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract |
We perform measurements of the switching current distributions of three w approximately 120 nm wide, 4 nm thick NbN superconducting strips which are used for single-photon detectors. These strips are much wider than the diameter of the vortex cores, so they are classified as quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D). We discover evidence of macroscopic quantum tunneling by observing the saturation of the standard deviation of the switching distributions at temperatures around 2 K. We analyze our results using the Kurkijarvi-Garg model and find that the escape temperature also saturates at low temperatures, confirming that at sufficiently low temperatures, macroscopic quantum tunneling is possible in quasi-2D strips and can contribute to dark counts observed in single photon detectors. At the highest temperatures the system enters a multiple phase-slip regime. In this range single phase-slips are unable to produce dark counts and the fluctuations in the switching current are reduced. | ||||
| Address | Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 2045-2322 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:25988591; PMCID:PMC4437302 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1344 | |||
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| Author | Semenov, A. D.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gogidze, I. G.; Sergeev, A. V.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Lang, P. T.; Renk, K. F. | ||||
| Title | Subnanosecond photoresponse of a YBaCuO thin film to infrared and visible radiation by quasiparticle induced suppression of superconductivity | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1992 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 60 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 903-905 |
| Keywords | YBCO HTS detectors | ||||
| Abstract |
We observed subnanosecond photoresponse of a structured superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin film to infrared and visible radiation. We measured the voltage response of a current biased film (thickness 700 Å) in a resistive state to radiation pulses. From our results we conclude a response time of about 90 ps and a responsivity of about 4×1010 Ω/J. We attribute the response to Cooper pair breaking and suppression of the superconducting energy gap induced by nonequilibrium quasiparticles. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1672 | |||
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| Author | Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Reker, S. F.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Vahtomin, Yu.; Maslennikov, S.; Antipov, S.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. | ||||
| Title | Direct detection effect in small volume hot electron bolometer mixers | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 86 | Issue | 16 | Pages | 163503 (1 to 3) |
| Keywords | HEB, mixer, direct detection effect | ||||
| Abstract |
We measure the direct detection effect in a small volume (0.15μm×1μm×3.5nm)(0.15μm×1μm×3.5nm) quasioptical NbN phonon cooled hot electronbolometermixer at 1.6THz1.6THz. We find that the small signal sensitivity of the receiver is underestimated by 35% due to the direct detection effect and that the optimal operating point is shifted to higher bias voltages when using calibration loads of 300K300K and 77K77K. Using a 200GHz200GHzbandpass filter at 4.2K4.2K the direct detection effect virtually disappears. This has important implications for the calibration procedure of these receivers in real telescope systems. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 377 | |||
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| Author | Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kagane, M. L. | ||||
| Title | Energy spectrum of acceptors in germanium and its response to a magnetic field | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1977 | Publication | Sov. Phys. JETP | Abbreviated Journal | Sov. Phys. JETP |
| Volume | 45 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 769-776 |
| Keywords | p-Ge, photoconductivity, energy spectrum, magnetic field | ||||
| Abstract |
We investigated the spectrum of the submillimeter photoconductivity of p-Ge at helium temperatures and the effects of a magnetic field up to 40 kOe on the spectrum. A large number of lines of transitions between the excited states of the acceptors was observed, some of the lines were identified, and the energies of a number of spectral levels B, Al, Ga, In, and TI in Ge were identified. The results are compared with calculations and with experimental data obtained from the spectra of the photoexcitation of the ground state of the impurities. Using one transition as an example, we discuss the splitting of the excited states of acceptors in the magnetic field and under uniaxial compression. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1727 | |||
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| Author | Gousev, Y. P.; Semenov, A. D.; Goghidze, I. G.; Pechen, E. V.; Varlashkin, A. V.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Renk, K. F. | ||||
| Title | Current dependent noise in a YBa2Cu3O7-δ hot-electron bolometer | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 3556-3559 |
| Keywords | YBCO HTS HEB mixers | ||||
| Abstract |
We investigated the output noise of a YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) in a large frequency range (10 kHz to 8 GHz); the bolometer either consisted of a structured 50 nm thick YBCO film on LaAlO/sub 3/ or a 30 nm thick film on a MgO substrate. We found that flicker noise dominated at low frequencies (below 1 MHz), while at higher frequencies Johnson noise and a current dependent noise were the main noise sources. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1051-8223 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1592 | |||
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| Author | Smirnov, K.; Vachtomin, Y.; Divochiy, A.; Antipov, A.; Goltsman, G. | ||||
| Title | The limitation of noise equivalent power by background radiation for infrared superconducting single photon detectors coupled to standard single mode optical fibers | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | Rus. J. Radio Electron. | Abbreviated Journal | Rus. J. Radio Electron. |
| Volume | Issue | 5 | Pages | ||
| Keywords | NbN SSPD | ||||
| Abstract |
We investigated the minimum level of the dark count rates and noise equivalent power of superconducting single photon detectors coupled to standard single mode optical fibers. We found that background radiation limits the minimum level of the dark count rates. We also proposed the effective method for reducing background radiation out of the required spectral range of the detector. Measured noise equivalent power of detector reaches 8.9×10-19 W×Hz1/2 at a wavelength of 1.55 μm and quantum efficiency 35%. | ||||
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| Notes | 14 pages | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1813 | |||
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| Author | Baeva, E. M.; Sidorova, M. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Smirnov, K. V.; Divochy, A. V.; Morozov, P. V.; Zolotov, P. I.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Semenov, A. V.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Khrapai, V. S.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Thermal properties of NbN single-photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2018 | Publication | Phys. Rev. Applied | Abbreviated Journal | Phys. Rev. Applied |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 064063 (1 to 8) |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract |
We investigate thermal properties of a NbN single-photon detector capable of unit internal detection efficiency. Using an independent calibration of the coupling losses, we determine the absolute optical power absorbed by the NbN film and, via resistive superconductor thermometry, the temperature dependence of the thermal resistance Z(T) of the NbN film. In principle, this approach permits simultaneous measurement of the electron-phonon and phonon-escape contributions to the energy relaxation, which in our case is ambiguous because of the similar temperature dependencies. We analyze Z(T) with a two-temperature model and impose an upper bound on the ratio of electron and phonon heat capacities in NbN, which is surprisingly close to a recent theoretical lower bound for the same quantity in similar devices. | ||||
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| ISSN | 2331-7019 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1226 | |||
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| Author | Kerman, A. J.; Dauler, E. A.; Yang, J. K. W.; Rosfjord, K. M.; Anant, V.; Berggren, K. K.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M. | ||||
| Title | Constriction-limited detection efficiency of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 90 | Issue | 10 | Pages | 101110 (1 to 3) |
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract |
We investigate the source of the large variations in the observed detection efficiencies of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors between many nominally identical devices. Through both electrical and optical measurements, we infer that these variations arise from “constrictions:” highly localized regions of the nanowires where the effective cross-sectional area for superconducting current is reduced. These constrictions limit the bias-current density to well below its critical value over the remainder of the wire, and thus prevent the detection efficiency from reaching the high values that occur in these devices when they are biased near the critical current density. This work is sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract No. FA8721-05-C-0002. |
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| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1433 | |||
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| Author | Korneev, A. A.; Korneeva, Y. P.; Mikhailov, M. Yu.; Pershin, Y. P.; Semenov, A. V.; Vodolazov, D. Yu.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Sivakov, A. G.; Devizenko, A. Yu.; Goltsman, G. N. | ||||
| Title | Characterization of MoSi superconducting single-photon detectors in the magnetic field | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2015 | Publication | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. | Abbreviated Journal | IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. |
| Volume | 25 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 2200504 (1 to 4) |
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract |
We investigate the response mechanism of nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) made of amorphous MoxSi1-x. We study the dependence of photon count and dark count rates on bias current in magnetic fields up to 113 mT at 1.7 K temperature. The observed behavior of photon counts is similar to the one recently observed in NbN SSPDs. Our results show that the detecting mechanism of relatively high-energy photons does not involve the vortex penetration from the edges of the film, and on the contrary, the detecting mechanism of low-energy photons probably involves the vortex penetration from the film edges. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | RPLAB @ akorneev @ KorneevIEEE2015 | Serial | 991 | ||
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| Author | Kerman, A. J.; Dauler, E. A.; Keicher, W. E.; Yang, J. K. W.; Berggren, K. K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B. | ||||
| Title | Kinetic-inductance-limited reset time of superconducting nanowire photon counters | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Appl. Phys. Lett. | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Phys. Lett. |
| Volume | 88 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 111116 (1 to 3) |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract |
We investigate the recovery of superconducting NbN-nanowire photon counters after detection of an optical pulse at a wavelength of 1550nm, and present a model that quantitatively accounts for our observations. The reset time is found to be limited by the large kinetic inductance of these nanowires, which forces a tradeoff between counting rate and either detection efficiency or active area. Devices of usable size and high detection efficiency are found to have reset times orders of magnitude longer than their intrinsic photoresponse time. The authors acknowledge D. Oates and W. Oliver (MIT Lincoln Laboratory), S.W. Nam, A. Miller, and R. Hadfield (NIST) and R. Sobolewski, A. Pearlman, and A. Verevkin (University of Rochester) for helpful discussions and technical assistance. This work made use of MIT’s shared scanning-electron-beam-lithography facility in the Research Laboratory of Electronics. This work is sponsored by the United States Air Force under Air Force Contract No. FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, recommendations and conclusions are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government. |
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| ISSN | 0003-6951 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1453 | |||
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| Author | Maingault, L.; Tarkhov, M.; Florya, I.; Semenov, A.; Espiau de Lamaëstre, R.; Cavalier, P.; Gol’tsman, G.; Poizat, J.-P.; Villégier, J.-C. | ||||
| Title | Spectral dependency of superconducting single photon detectors | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | J. Appl. Phys. | Abbreviated Journal | J. Appl. Phys. |
| Volume | 107 | Issue | 11 | Pages | 116103 (1 to 3) |
| Keywords | NbN SSPD, SNSPD | ||||
| Abstract |
We investigate the effect of varying both incoming optical wavelength and width of NbN nanowires on the superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD) detection efficiency. The SSPD are current biased close to critical value and temperature fixed at 4.2 K, far from transition. The experimental results are found to verify with a good accuracy predictions based on the “hot spot model,” whose size scales with the absorbed photon energy. With larger optical power inducing multiphoton detection regime, the same scaling law remains valid, up to the three-photon regime. We demonstrate the validity of applying a limited number of measurements and using such a simple model to reasonably predict any SSPD behavior among a collection of nanowire device widths at different photon wavelengths. These results set the basis for designing efficient single photon detectors operating in the infrared (2–5 μm range). This work was supported by European projects FP6 STREP “SINPHONIA” (Contract No. NMP4-CT-2005-16433) and IP “QAP” (Contract No. 15848). |
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0021-8979 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 1392 | |||
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| Author | Kovalyuk, V.; Hartmann, W.; Kahl, O.; Kaurova, N.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.; Pernice, W. H. P. | ||||
| Title | Absorption engineering of NbN nanowires deposited on silicon nitride nanophotonic circuits | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2013 | Publication | Opt. Express | Abbreviated Journal | Opt. Express |
| Volume | 21 | Issue | 19 | Pages | 22683-22692 |
| Keywords | SSPD, SNSPD, NbN nanoeires, Si3N4 waveguides | ||||
| Abstract |
We investigate the absorption properties of U-shaped niobium nitride (NbN) nanowires atop nanophotonic circuits. Nanowires as narrow as 20nm are realized in direct contact with Si3N4 waveguides and their absorption properties are extracted through balanced measurements. We perform a full characterization of the absorption coefficient in dependence of length, width and separation of the fabricated nanowires, as well as for waveguides with different cross-section and etch depth. Our results show excellent agreement with finite-element analysis simulations for all considered parameters. The experimental data thus allows for optimizing absorption properties of emerging single-photon detectors co-integrated with telecom wavelength optical circuits. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1094-4087 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:24104155 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 1213 | |||
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