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	Author	Goltsman, G.
	Title	Quantum-photonic integrated circuits			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Proc. IWQO	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. IWQO
	Volume		Issue		Pages	22-23
	Keywords	WSSPD, waveguide SSPD, SNSPD, quantum optics, integrated optics, superconducting nanowire single-photon detector
	Abstract	We show the design, a history of development as well as the most successful and promising approaches for QPICs realization based on hybrid nanophotonic-superconducting devices, where one of the key elements of such a circuit is a waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detector (WSSPD). The potential of integration with fluorescent molecules is discussed also.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1287
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	Author	Ryabchun, S.; Smirnov, A.; Pentin, I.; Vakhtomin, Yu.; Smirnov, K.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Superconducting single photon detector integrated with optical cavity			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Proc. MLPLIT	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. MLPLIT
	Volume		Issue		Pages	143-145
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, cavity
	Abstract
	Address	Suzdal / Vladimir (Russia)
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Modern laser physics and laser-information technologies for science and manufacture	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	1st international russian-chinese conference / youthschool-workshop
	Notes	September 23-28, 2011			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1385
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	Author	Maslennikova, A.; Larionov, P.; Ryabchun, S.; Smirnov, A.; Pentin, I.; Vakhtomin, Yu.; Smirnov, K.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Noise equivalent power and dynamic range of NBN hot-electron bolometers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Proc. MLPLIT	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. MLPLIT
	Volume		Issue		Pages	146-148
	Keywords	NbN HEB
	Abstract
	Address	Suzdal / Vladimir (Russia)
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Modern laser physics and laser-information technologies for science and manufacture	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	1st international russian-chinese conference / youthschool-workshop
	Notes	September 23-28, 2011			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1386
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	Author	Gol'tsman, G.; Maslennikov, S.; Finkel, M.; Antipov, S.; Kaurova, N.; Grishina, E.; Polyakov, S.; Vachtomin, Y.; Svechnikov, S.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.
	Title	Nanostructured ultrathin NbN film as a terahertz hot-electron bolometer mixer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proc. MRS	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. MRS
	Volume	935	Issue		Pages	210 (1 to 6)
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	Planar spiral antenna coupled and directly lens coupled NbN HEB mixer structures are studied. An additional MgO buffer layer between the superconducting film and Si substrate is introduced. The buffer layer enables us to increase the gain bandwidth of a HEB mixer due to better acoustic transparency. The gain bandwidth is widened as NbN film thickness decreases and amounts to 5.2 GHz. The noise temperature of antenna coupled mixer is 1300 and 3100 K at 2.5 and 3.8 THz respectively. The structure and composition of NbN films is investigated by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy methods. Noise performance degradation at LO frequencies more than 3 THz is due to the use of a planar antenna and signal loss in contacts between the antenna and the sensitive NbN bridge. The mixer is reconfigured for operation at higher frequencies in a manner that receiver’s noise temperature is only 2300 K (3 times of quantum limit) at LO frequency of 30 THz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0272-9172	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1440
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	Author	Fedorov, G.; Gayduchenko, I.; Titova, N.; Moskotin, M.; Obraztsova, E.; Rybin, M.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Graphene-based lateral Schottky diodes for detecting terahertz radiation			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Proc. Optical Sensing and Detection V	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Optical Sensing and Detection V
	Volume	10680	Issue		Pages	30-39
	Keywords	graphene, terahertz radiation, detectors, Schottky diodes, carbon nanotubes, plasma waves
	Abstract	Demand for efficient terahertz radiation detectors resulted in intensive study of the carbon nanostructures as possible solution for that problem. In this work we investigate the response to sub-terahertz radiation of graphene field effect transistors of two configurations. The devices of the first type are based on single layer CVD graphene with asymmetric source and drain (vanadium and gold) contacts and operate as lateral Schottky diodes (LSD). The devices of the second type are made in so-called Dyakonov-Shur configuration in which the radiation is coupled through a spiral antenna to source and top electrodes. We show that at 300 K the LSD detector exhibit the room-temperature responsivity from R = 15 V/W at f= 129 GHz to R = 3 V/W at f = 450 GHz. The DS detector responsivity is markedly lower (2 V/W) and practically frequency independent in the investigated range. We find that at low temperatures (77K) the graphene lateral Schottky diodes responsivity rises with the increasing frequency of the incident sub-THz radiation. We interpret this result as a manifestation of a plasmonic effect in the devices with the relatively long plasmonic wavelengths. The obtained data allows for determination of the most promising directions of development of the technology of nanocarbon structures for the detection of THz radiation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Berghmans, F.; Mignani, A.G.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	10.1117/12.2307020			Serial	1306
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	Author	Kurochkin, V. L.; Zverev, A. V.; Kurochkin, Y. V.; Ryabtsev, I. I.; Neizvestnyi, I. G.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Larionov, P. A.
	Title	Long-distance fiber-optic quantum key distribution using superconducting detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Proc. Optoelectron. Instrum.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Optoelectron. Instrum.
	Volume	51	Issue	6	Pages	548-552
	Keywords	QKD, SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	This paper presents the results of experimental studies on quantum key distribution in optical fiber using superconducting detectors. Key generation was obtained on an experimental setup based on a self-compensation optical circuit with an optical fiber length of 101.1 km. It was first shown that photon polarization encoding can be used for quantum key distribution in optical fiber over a distance in excess of 300 km.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	8756-6990	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1342
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	Author	Ozhegov, R. V.; Smirnov, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Divochiy, A. V.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Ultrafast superconducting bolometer receivers for terahertz applications			Type	Abstract
	Year	2009	Publication	Proc. PIERS	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. PIERS
	Volume		Issue		Pages	867
	Keywords	HEB
	Abstract	The research by the group of Moscow State Pedagogical University into the hot-electron phenomena in thin superconducting films has led to the development of new types of detectors and their use both in fundamental and applied studies. In this paper, we present the results of testing the terahertz HEB receiver systems based on ultrathin (∼ 4 nm) NbN and MoRe detectors with a response time of 50 ps and 1 ns, respectively. We have developed three types of devices which differ in the way a terahertz signal is coupled to the detector and cover the following ranges: 0.3–3 THz, 0.1–30 THz and 25–70 THz. In the case of the receiving system optimized for 0.3–3 THz, the sensitive element (a strip of asuperconductor with planar dimensions of 0.2μm (length) by 1.7μm (width)) was integrated witha planar broadband log-spiral antenna. For additional focusing ofthe incident radiation a silicon hyperhemispherical lens was used. For the 0.1–30 THz receivingsystem, the sensitive element was patterned as parallel strips(2μm wide each) filling an area of 500×500μm2with a filling factor of 0.5. In the receivingsystem of this type we used direct coupling of the incident radiation to the sensitive element. Inthe 25–70 THz range (detector type 2/2a in Table 1) we used a square-shaped superconductingdetector with planar dimensions of 10×10μm2. Incident radiation was coupled to the detectorwith the use of a germanium hyperhemispherical lens.The response time of the above receiving systems is determined by the cooling rate of the hotelectrons in the film. That depends on the electron-phonon interaction time, which is less forultrathin NbN than in MoRe.
	Address	Moscow, Russia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	The Electromagnetics Academy	Place of Publication	777 Concord Avenue, Suite 207 Cambridge, MA 02138	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1559-9450	ISBN	978-1-934142-09-7	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ sasha @ ozhegovultrafast			Serial	1022
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	Author	Jiang, L.; Zhang, W.; Yao, Q. J.; Lin, Z. H.; Li, J.; Shi, S. C.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Vachtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Kaurova, N. S.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Characterization of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proc. PIERS	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. PIERS
	Volume	1	Issue	5	Pages	587-590
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	In this paper, we report the performance of a quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB (hot electron bolome-ter) mixer measured at 500 GHz. The quasi-optical NbN superconducting HEB mixer is cryogenically cooled bya 4-K close-cycled refrigerator. Its receiver noise temperature and conversion gain are thoroughly investigatedfor different LO pumping levels and dc biases. The lowest receiver noise temperature is found to be approxi-mately 1200 K, and reduced to about 445 K after correcting theloss of the measurement system. The stabilityof the mixer’s IF output power is also demonstrated.
	Address	Hangzhou, China
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1931-7360	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1482
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	Author	Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Divochiy, A. V.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Pentin, I. V.; Slivinskaya, E. V.; Tarkhov, M. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Single-photon detectors for the visible and infrared parts of the spectrum based on NbN nanostructures			Type	Abstract
	Year	2009	Publication	Proc. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symp.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symp.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	863-864
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	The research by the group of Moscow State Pedagogical University into the hot-electron phenomena in thin superconducting films has led to the development of new types ofdetectors [1, 2] and their use both in fundamental and applied studies [3–6]. In this paper, wepresent the results of the development and fabrication of receiving systems for the visible andinfrared parts of the spectrum optimised for use in telecommunication systems and quantumcryptography.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Moscow, Russia	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ sasha @ smirnovsession			Serial	1050
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	Author	Korneev, A. A.
	Title	Superconducting NbN microstrip single-photon detectors			Type	Abstract
	Year	2021	Publication	Proc. Quantum Optics and Photon Counting	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Quantum Optics and Photon Counting
	Volume	11771	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors (SSPD) invented two decades ago have evolved to a mature technology and have become devices of choice in the advanced applications of quantum optics, such as quantum cryptography and optical quantum computing. In these applications SSPDs are coupled to single-mode fibers and feature almost unity detection efficiency, negligible dark counts, picosecond timing jitter and MHz photon count rate. Meanwhile, there are great many applications requiring coupling to multi-mode fibers or free space. ‘Classical’ SSPDs with 100-nm-wide superconducting strip and covering area of about 100 µm2 are not suitable for further scaling due to degradation of performance and low fabrication yield. Recently we have demonstrated single-photon counting in micron-wide superconducting bridges and strips. Here we present our approach to the realization of practical photon-counting detectors of large enough area to be efficiently coupled to multi-mode fibers or free space. The detector is either a meander or a spiral of 1-µm-wide strip covering an area of 50x50 µm2. Being operated at 1.7K temperature it demonstrates the saturated detection efficiency (i.e. limited by the absorption in the detector) up to 1550 nm wavelength, about 10 ns dead time and timing jitter in range 50-100 ps.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Prochazka, I.; Štefaňák, M.; Sobolewski, R.; Gábris, A.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Quantum Optics and Photon Counting; SPIE Optics + Optoelectronics, 2021, Online Only
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1784
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	Author	Zolotov, P.; Vakhtomin, Yu.; Divochiy, A.; Morozov, P.; Seleznev, V.; Smirnov, K
	Title	Development of fast and high-effective single-photon detector for spectrum range up to 2.3 μm			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Proc. SPBOPEN	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPBOPEN
	Volume		Issue		Pages	439-440
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We present the results of development and testing of the single-photon-counting system operating in the wide spectrum rane up to 2.3 mcm. We managed to increase system detection efficiency up to 60% in the range of 1.7-2.3 mcm optimisation of the fabrication methods of superconducting single-photon detectors and application of the single-mode fiber with enlarged core diameter.
	Address	St. Petersburg, Russia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1255
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	Author	Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Semenov, A.; Lobanov, Yu; Shcherbatenko, M.; Korneev, A; Pernice, W.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detector for on-chip quantum and spectral photonic application			Type	Conference Volume
	Year	2017	Publication	Proc. SPBOPEN	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPBOPEN
	Volume		Issue		Pages	421-422
	Keywords	waveguide, SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	By adopting a travelling-wave geometry approach, integrated superconductor- nanophotonic devices were fabricated. The architecture consists of a superconducting NbN- nanowire atop of a silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) nanophotonic waveguide. NbN-nanowire was operated as a single-photon counting detector, with up to 92% on-chip detection efficiency (OCDE), in the coherent mode, serving as a highly sensitive IR heterodyne mixer with spectral resolution (f/df) greater than 10^6 in C-band at 1550 nm wavelength.
	Address	St. Petersburg, Russia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Duplicated as 1140			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1256
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	Author	Zubkova, E.; An, P.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Integrated Bragg waveguides as an efficient optical notch filter on silicon nitride platform			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Proc. SPBOPEN	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPBOPEN
	Volume		Issue		Pages	449-450
	Keywords	Bragg waveguides
	Abstract	We modeled and fabricated integrated optical Bragg waveguides on a silicon nitride (Si3N4) platform. Transmission spectra of the integrated notch filter has been measured and attenuation at the desired wavelength of 1550 nm down to -43 dB was observed.
	Address	St. Petersburg, Russia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Duplicated as 1141			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1257
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	Author	Gol'tsman, Gregory N.; Vachtomin, Yuriy B.; Antipov, Sergey V.; Finkel, Matvey I.; Maslennikov, Sergey N.; Smirnov, Konstantin V.; Polyakov, Stanislav L.; Svechnikov, Sergey I.; Kaurova, Natalia S.; Grishina, Elisaveta V.; Voronov, Boris M.
	Title	NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer for terahertz heterodyne receivers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	5727	Issue		Pages	95-106
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We present the results of our studies of NbN phonon-cooled HEB mixers at terahertz frequencies. The mixers were fabricated from NbN film deposited on a high-resistivity Si substrate with an MgO buffer layer. The mixer element was integrated with a log-periodic spiral antenna. The noise temperature measurements were performed at 2.5 THz and at 3.8 THz local oscillator frequencies for the 3 x 0.2 μm2 active area devices. The best uncorrected receiver noise temperatures found for these frequencies are 1300 K and 3100 K, respectively. A water vapour discharge laser was used as the LO source. The largest gain bandwidth of 5.2 GHz was achieved for a mixer based on 2 nm thick NbN film deposited on MgO layer over Si substrate. The gain bandwidth of the mixer based on 3.5 nm NbN film deposited on Si with MgO is 4.2 GHz and the noise bandwidth for the same device amounts to 5 GHz. We also present the results of our research into decrease of the direct detection contribution to the measured Y-factor and a possible error of noise temperature calculation. The use of a square nickel cell mesh as an IR-filter enabled us to avoid the effect of direct detection and measure apparent value of the noise temperature which was 16% less than that obtained using conventional black polyethylene IR-filter.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Terahertz and Gigahertz Electronics and Photonics IV
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	378
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	Author	Huebers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.
	Title	Superconducting hot electron bolometer as mixer for far-infrared heterodyne receivers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	4855	Issue		Pages	395-401
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently under development for SOFIA or Herschel superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) will be used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. We present results of the development of a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer for GREAT, the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies, which will be flown aboard SOFIA. The mixer is a small superconducting bridge incorporated in a planar feed antenna and a hyperhemispherical lens. Mixers with logarithmic-spiral and double-slot feed antennas have been investigated with respect to their noise temperature, conversion loss, linearity and beam pattern. At 2.5 THz a double sideband noise temperature of 2200 K was achieved. The conversion loss was 17 dB. The response of the mixer was linear up to 400 K load temperature. The performance was verified by measuring an emission line of methanol at 2.5 THz. The measured linewidth is in good agreement with the linewidth deduced from pressure broadening measurements at millimeter wavelength. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for far-infrared heterodyne receivers.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication	Tucson, USA	Editor	Phillips, T. G.; Zmuidzinas, J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title	Presented at the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume	4855	Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	335
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	Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Lecomte, B.; Dauplay, F.; Krieg, J. M.; Delorme, Y.; Feret, A.; Hübers, H. W.; Semenov, A. D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	2.5 THz multipixel heterodyne receiver based on NbN HEB mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	6275	Issue		Pages	62750I (1 to 11)
	Keywords	HEB, mixer, membrane
	Abstract	A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz has been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5 µm thick Si₃N₄/SiO₂ membranes. Spherical mirrors (one per pixel) and backshort distance from the antenna have been used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. The gain bandwidth of the HEB mixers on Si₃N₄/SiO₂ membranes was found to be 0.7Ã·0.9 GHz, which is much smaller than for similar devices on silicon. Application of buffer layers and use of alternative types of membranes (e.g. silicon-on-insulator) is under investigation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	561
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	Author	Korneev, Alexander; Korneeva, Yulia; Florya, Irina; Elezov, Michael; Manova, Nadezhda; Tarkhov, Michael; An, Pavel; Kardakova, Anna; Isupova, Anastasiya; Chulkova, Galina; Voronov, Boris
	Title	Recent advances in superconducting NbN single-photon detector development			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	8072	Issue		Pages	807202 (1 to 10)
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract	Superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) is a planar nanostructure patterned from 4-nm-thick NbN film deposited on sapphire substrate. The sensitive element of the SSPD is 100-nm-wide NbN strip. The device is operated at liquid helium temperature. Absorption of a photon leads to a local suppression of superconductivity producing subnanosecond-long voltage pulse. In infrared (at 1550 nm and longer wavelengths) SSPD outperforms avalanche photodiodes in terms of detection efficiency (DE), dark counts rate, maximum counting rate and timing jitter. Efficient single-mode fibre coupling of the SSPD enabled its usage in many applications ranging from single-photon sources research to quantum cryptography. Recently we managed to improve the SSPD performance and measured 25% detection efficiency at 1550 nm wavelength and dark counts rate of 10 s-1. We also improved photon-number resolving SSPD (PNR-SSPD) which realizes a spatial multiplexing of incident photons enabling resolving of up to 4 simultaneously absorbed photons. Another improvement is the increase of the photon absorption using a λ/4 microcavity integrated with the SSPD. And finally in our strive to increase the DE at longer wavelengths we fabricated SSPD with the strip almost twice narrower compared to the standard 100 nm and demonstrated that in middle infrared (about 3 μm wavelength) these devices have DE several times higher compared to the traditional SSPDs.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	663
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	Author	Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Marsili, F.; Bitauld, D.; Fiore, A.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Tarkhov, M.; Minaeva, O.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Gaggero, A.; Leoni, R.; Mattioli, F.; Lagoudakis, K.; Benkhaoul, M.; Levy, F.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Superconducting photon number resolving counter for near infrared applications			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	7138	Issue		Pages	713828 (1 to 5)
	Keywords	PNR SSPD; SNSPD; Nanowire superconducting single-photon detector, ultrathin NbN film, infrared
	Abstract	We present a novel concept of photon number resolving detector based on 120-nm-wide superconducting stripes made of 4-nm-thick NbN film and connected in parallel (PNR-SSPD). The detector consisting of 5 strips demonstrate a capability to resolve up to 4 photons absorbed simultaneously with the single-photon quantum efficiency of 2.5% and negligibly low dark count rate.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Tománek, P.; Senderáková, D.; Hrabovský, M.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	10.1117/12.818079			Serial	1241
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	Author	Ozhegov, R.; Elezov, M.; Kurochkin, Y.; Kurochkin, V.; Divochiy, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Vachtomin, Y.; Smirnov, K.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Quantum key distribution over 300			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	9440	Issue		Pages	1F (1 to 9)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD applicatins, quantum key distribution, QKD
	Abstract	We discuss the possibility of polarization state reconstruction and measurement over 302 km by Superconducting Single- Photon Detectors (SSPDs). Because of the excellent characteristics and the possibility to be effectively coupled to singlemode optical fiber many applications of the SSPD have already been reported. The most impressive one is the quantum key distribution (QKD) over 250 km distance. This demonstration shows further possibilities for the improvement of the characteristics of quantum-cryptographic systems such as increasing the bit rate and the quantum channel length, and decreasing the quantum bit error rate (QBER). This improvement is possible because SSPDs have the best characteristics in comparison with other single-photon detectors. We have demonstrated the possibility of polarization state reconstruction and measurement over 302.5 km with superconducting single-photon detectors. The advantage of an autocompensating optical scheme, also known as “plugandplay” for quantum key distribution, is high stability in the presence of distortions along the line. To increase the distance of quantum key distribution with this optical scheme we implement the superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD). At the 5 MHz pulse repetition frequency and the average photon number equal to 0.4 we measured a 33 bit/s quantum key generation for a 101.7 km single mode ber quantum channel. The extremely low SSPD dark count rate allowed us to keep QBER at 1.6% level.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Orlikovsky, A. A.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	International Conference on Micro- and Nano-Electronics
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ sasha @ ozhegov2014quantum			Serial	1048
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	Author	Shcherbatenko, M.; Lobanov, Y.; Semenov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Ozhegov, R.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Coherent detection of weak signals with superconducting nanowire single photon detector at the telecommunication wavelength			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	10229	Issue		Pages	0G (1 to 12)
	Keywords	SSPD mixer, SNSPD, coherent detection, weak signal detection, superconducting nanostructures
	Abstract	Achievement of the ultimate sensitivity along with a high spectral resolution is one of the frequently addressed problems, as the complication of the applied and fundamental scientific tasks being explored is growing up gradually. In our work, we have investigated performance of a superconducting nanowire photon-counting detector operating in the coherent mode for detection of weak signals at the telecommunication wavelength. Quantum-noise limited sensitivity of the detector was ensured by the nature of the photon-counting detection and restricted by the quantum efficiency of the detector only. Spectral resolution given by the heterodyne technique and was defined by the linewidth and stability of the Local Oscillator (LO). Response bandwidth was found to coincide with the detector’s pulse width, which, in turn, could be controlled by the nanowire length. In addition, the system noise bandwidth was shown to be governed by the electronics/lab equipment, and the detector noise bandwidth is predicted to depend on its jitter. As have been demonstrated, a very small amount of the LO power (of the order of a few picowatts down to hundreds of femtowatts) was required for sufficient detection of the test signal, and eventual optimization could lead to further reduction of the LO power required, which would perfectly suit for the foreseen development of receiver matrices and the need for detection of ultra-low signals at a level of less-than-one-photon per second.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Prochazka, I.; Sobolewski, R.; James, R.B.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Photon counting applications
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	10.1117/12.2267724			Serial	1201
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	Author	Huebers, H.-W.; Schubert, J.; Semenov, A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Schwaab, G. W.
	Title	NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer as a mixer for THz heterodyne receivers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	3828	Issue		Pages	410-416
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We have investigated a phonon-cooled NbN hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixer in the frequency range from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The device was a 3.5 nm thin film with an in- plane dimension of 1.7 X 0.2 micrometers ² integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. The measured DSB receiver noise temperatures are 1500 K, 2200 K, 2600 K, 2900 K, 4000 K, 5600 K and 8800 K. The sensitivity fluctuation, the long term stability, and the antenna pattern were measured and the suitability of the mixer for a practical heterodyne receiver is discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Chamberlain, J.M.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Terahertz Spectroscopy and Applications II
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1477
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	Author	Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Divochiy, A.; Antipov, A.; Kaurova, N.; Seleznev, V.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Pan, D.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Slysz, W.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Ultrafast and high quantum efficiency large-area superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	6583	Issue		Pages	65830I (1 to 9)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, superconducting NbN films, infrared single-photon detectors
	Abstract	We present our latest generation of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) patterned from 4-nm-thick NbN films, as meander-shaped 0.5-mm-long and 100-nm-wide stripes. The SSPDs exhibit excellent performance parameters in the visible-to-near-infrared radiation wavelengths: quantum efficiency (QE) of our best devices approaches a saturation level of 30% even at 4.2 K (limited by the NbN film optical absorption) and dark counts as low as 2x10^-4 Hz. The presented SSPDs were designed to maintain the QE of large-active-area devices, but, unless our earlier SSPDs, hampered by a significant kinetic inductance and a nanosecond response time, they are characterized by a low inductance and GHz counting rates. We have designed, simulated, and tested the structures consisting of several, connected in parallel, meander sections, each having a resistor connected in series. Such new, multi-element geometry led to a significant decrease of the device kinetic inductance without the decrease of its active area and QE. The presented improvement in the SSPD performance makes our detectors most attractive for high-speed quantum communications and quantum cryptography applications.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Dusek, M.; Hillery, M.S.; Schleich, W.P.; Prochazka, I.; Migdall, A.L.; Pauchard, A.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1249
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Korneev, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Florya, I.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Spectral sensitivity of narrow strip NbN superconducting single-photon detector			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	8072	Issue		Pages	80720G (1 to 9)
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) is patterned from 4-nm-thick NbN film deposited on sapphire substrate as a 100-nm-wide strip. Due to its high detection efficiency, low dark counts, and picosecond timing jitter SSPD has become a competitor to the InGaAs avalanche photodiodes at 1550 nm and longer wavelengths. Although the SSPD is operated at liquid helium temperature its efficient single-mode fibre coupling enabled its usage in many applications ranging from single-photon sources research to quantum cryptography. In our strive to increase the detection efficiency at 1550 nm and longer wavelengths we developed and fabricated SSPD with the strip almost twice narrower compared to the standard 100 nm. To increase the voltage response of the device we utilized cascade switching mechanism: we connected 50-nm-wide and 10-Î¼m-long strips in parallel covering the area of 10 Î¼mx10 μm. Absorption of a photon breaks the superconductivity in a strip leading to the bias current redistribution between other strips followed their cascade switching. As the total current of all the strips about is 1 mA by the order of magnitude the response voltage of such an SSPD is several times higher compared to the traditional meander-shaped SSPDs. In middle infrared (about 3 Î¼m wavelength) these devices have the detection efficiency several times higher compared to the traditional SSPDs.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Fiurásek, J.; Prochazka, I.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Photon Counting Applications, Quantum Optics, and Quantum Information Transfer and Processing III
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1387
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	Author	Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Ultrafast nanowire superconducting single-photon detector with photon number resolving capability			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	7236	Issue		Pages	72360D (1 to 11)
	Keywords	PNR NbN SSPD, SNSPD, superconducting single-photon detectors, photon number resolving detectors, ultrathin NbN films
	Abstract	In this paper we present a review of the state-of-the-art superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD), its characterization and applications. We also present here the next step in the development of SSPD, i.e. photon-number resolving SSPD which simultaneously features GHz counting rate. We have demonstrated resolution up to 4 photons with quantum efficiency of 2.5% and 300 ps response pulse duration providing very short dead time.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Arakawa, Y.; Sasaki, M.; Sotobayashi, H.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1403
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	Author	Smirnov, K. V.; Vachtomin, Y. B.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Pentin, I. V.; Slivinskaya, E. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Fiber coupled single photon receivers based on superconducting detectors for quantum communications and quantum cryptography			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	7138	Issue		Pages	713827 (1 to 6)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, superconducting single photon detector, ultra-thin superconducting films, optical fiber coupling, ready to use receiver
	Abstract	At present superconducting detectors become increasingly attractive for various practical applications. In this paper we present results on the depelopment of fiber coupled receiver systems for the registration of IR single photons, optimized for telecommunication and quantum-cryptography. These receiver systems were developed on the basis of superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD) of VIS and IR wavelength ranges. The core of the SSPD is a narrow ( 100 nm) and long ( 0,5 mm) strip in the form of a meander which is patterned from a 4-nm-thick NbN film (T_C=10-11 K, j_C= 5-7â€¢10⁶ A/cm²); the sensitive area dimensions are 10Ã—10 Î¼m². The main problem to be solved while the receiver system development was optical coupling of a single-mode fiber (9 microns in diameter) with the SSPD sensitive area. Characteristics of the developed system at the optical input are as follows: quantum efficiency >10 % (at 1.3 Î¼m), >4 % (at 1.55 Î¼m); dark counts rate â‰¤1 s^-1; duration of voltage pulse â‰¤5 ns; jitter â‰¤40 ps. The receiver systems have either one or two identical channels (for the case of carrying out correlation measurements) and are made as an insert in a helium storage Dewar.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Tománek, P.; Senderáková, D.; Hrabovský, M.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1405
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	Author	Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Antipov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Morozov, D.; Korneev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Górska, M.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Registration of infrared single photons by a two-channel receiver based on fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	7009	Issue		Pages	70090V (1 to 8)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, single-photon detectors, superconductors, superconducting nanost
	Abstract	Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are the foundation of all quantum communications (QC) protocols. Among different classes of SPDs currently studied, NbN superconducting SPDs (SSPDs) are established as the best devices for ultrafast counting of single photons in the infrared (IR) wavelength range. The SSPDs are nanostructured, 100 Î¼m² in total area, superconducting meanders, patterned by electron lithography in ultra-thin NbN films. Their operation has been explained within a phenomenological hot-electron photoresponse model. We present the design and performance of a novel, two-channel SPD receiver, based on two fiber-coupled NbN SSPDs. The receivers have been developed for fiber-based QC systems, operational at 1.3 Î¼m and 1.55 Î¼m telecommunication wavelengths. They operate in the temperature range from 4.2 K to 2 K, in which the NbN SSPDs exhibit their best performance. The receiver unit has been designed as a cryostat insert, placed inside a standard liquid-heliumstorage dewar. The input of the receiver consists of a pair of single-mode optical fibers, equipped with the standard FC connectors and kept at room temperature. Coupling between the SSPD and the fiber is achieved using a specially designed, precise micromechanical holder that places the fiber directly on top of the SSPD nanostructure. Our receivers achieve the quantum efficiency of up to 7% for near-IR photons, with the coupling efficiency of about 30%. The response time was measured to be < 1.5 ns and it was limited by our read-out electronics. The jitter of fiber-coupled SSPDs is < 35 ps and their dark-count rate is below 1s^-1. The presented performance parameters show that our single-photon receivers are fully applicable for quantum correlation-type QC systems, including practical quantum cryptography.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Sukhoivanov, I.A.; Svich, V.A.; Shmaliy, Y.S.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1413
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Zhang, W.; Li, N.; Jiang, L.; Ren, Y.; Yao, Q.-J.; Lin, Z.-H.; Shi, S.-C.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Dependence of noise temperature of quasi-optical superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers on bath temperature and optical-axis displacement			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	6840	Issue		Pages	684007 (1 to 8)
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature, LO power
	Abstract	It is known that the increase of bath temperature results in the decrease of critical current of superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers owing to the depression of superconductivity, thus leading to the degradation of the mixer’s sensitivity. Here we report our study on the effect of bath temperature on the heterodyne mixing performance of quasi-optical superconducting NbN HEB mixers incorporated with a two-arm log-spiral antenna. The correlation between the bath temperature, critical current, LO power requirement and noise temperature is investigated at 0.5 THz. Furthermore, the heterodyne mixing performance of quasi-optical superconducting NbN HEB mixers is examined while there is an optical-axis displacement between the center of the extended hemispherical silicon lens and the superconducting NbN HEB device, which is placed on the back of the lens. Detailed experimental results and analysis are presented.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Zhang, C.; Zhang, X.-C.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Terahertz Photonics
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1415
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Gorska, M.; Rieger, E.; Dorenbos, P.; Zwiller, V.; Milostnaya, I.; Minaeva, O.; Antipov, A.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Gol’tsman, G.N.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Pan, D.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Komissarov, I.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Fiber-coupled NbN superconducting single-photon detectors for quantum correlation measurements			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	6583	Issue		Pages	65830J (1 to 11)
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD, superconducting single-photon detectors, single-photon detectors, fiber-coupled optical detectors, quantum correlations, superconducting devices
	Abstract	We have fabricated fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs), designed for quantum-correlationtype experiments. The SSPDs are nanostructured ( 100-nm wide and 4-nm thick) NbN superconducting meandering stripes, operated in the 2 to 4.2 K temperature range, and known for ultrafast and efficient detection of visible to nearinfrared photons with almost negligible dark counts. Our latest devices are pigtailed structures with coupling between the SSPD structure and a single-mode optical fiber achieved using a micromechanical photoresist ring placed directly over the meander. The above arrangement withstands repetitive thermal cycling between liquid helium and room temperature, and we can reach the coupling efficiency of up to 33%. The system quantum efficiency, measured as the ratio of the photons counted by SSPD to the total number of photons coupled into the fiber, in our early devices was found to be around 0.3 % and 1% for 1.55 &mgr;m and 0.9 &mgr;m photon wavelengths, respectively. The photon counting rate exceeded 250 MHz. The receiver with two SSPDs, each individually biased, was placed inside a transport, 60-liter liquid helium Dewar, assuring uninterrupted operation for over 2 months. Since the receiver’s optical and electrical connections are at room temperature, the set-up is suitable for any applications, where single-photon counting capability and fast count rates are desired. In our case, it was implemented for photon correlation experiments. The receiver response time, measured as a second-order photon cross-correlation function, was found to be below 400 ps, with timing jitter of less than 40 ps.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Dusek, M.; Hillery, M.S.; Schleich, W.P.; Prochazka, I.; Migdall, A.L.; Pauchard, A.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Photon Counting Applications, Quantum Optics, and Quantum Cryptography
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1431
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Ryabchun, S.; Tong, C.-yu E.; Blundell, R.; Kimberk, R.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Effect of microwave radiation on the stability of terahertz hot-electron bolometer mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	6373	Issue		Pages	63730J (1 to 5)
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, hot-electron bolometer mixers, stability, Allan variance, LO power fluctuations
	Abstract	We report our studies of the effect of microwave radiation, with a frequency much lower than that corresponding to the energy gap of the superconductor, on the performance of the NbN hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer incorporated into a THz heterodyne receiver. It is shown that exposing the HEB mixer to microwave radiation does not result in a significant rise of the receiver noise temperature and degradation of the mixer conversion gain so long as the level of microwave power is small compared to the local oscillator drive. Hence the injection of a small, but controlled amount of microwave radiation enables active compensation of local oscillator power and coupling fluctuations which can significantly degrade the stability of HEB mixer receivers.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Anwar, M.; DeMaria, A.J.; Shur, M.S.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Terahertz Physics, Devices, and Systems
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1441
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Milostnaya, I.; Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Rubtsova, I.; Slepneva, S.; Seleznev, V.; Chulkova, G.; Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Slysz, W.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Cross, A.; Pearlman, A.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Superconducting nanostructured detectors capable of single photon counting of mid-infrared optical radiation			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	5957	Issue		Pages	59570A (1 to 9)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, single-photon detectors, superconductors, superconducting
	Abstract	We report on our progress in research and development of ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) based on ultrathin NbN nanostructures. Our SSPDs were made of the 4-nm-thick NbN films with T_c 11 K, patterned as meander-shaped, 100-nm-wide strips, and covering an area of 10×10 μm². The detectors exploit a combined detection mechanism, where upon a single-photon absorption, a hotspot of excited electrons and redistribution of the biasing supercurrent, jointly produce a picosecond voltage transient signal across the superconducting nanostripe. The SSPDs are typically operated at 4.2 K, but their sensitivity in the infrared radiation range can be significantly improved by lowering the operating temperature from 4.2 K to 2 K. When operated at 2 K, the SSPD quantum efficiency (QE) for visible light photons reaches 30-40%, which is the saturation value limited by the optical absorption of our 4-nm-thick NbN film. With the wavelength increase of the incident photons,the QE of SSPDs decreases significantly, but even at the wavelength of 6 μm, the detector is able to count single photons and exhibits QE of about 10^-2 %. The dark (false) count rate at 2 K is as low as 2x10^-4 s,^-1 which makes our detector essentially a background-limited sensor. The very low dark-count rate results in a noise equivalent power (NEP) below 10^-18WHz^-1/2 for the mid-infrared range (6 μm). Further improvement of the SSPD performance in the mid-infrared range can be obtained by substituting NbN for another, lower-T_c materials with a narrow superconducting gap and low quasiparticles diffusivity. The use of such superconductors should shift the cutoff wavelength below 10 μm.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Rogalski, A.; Dereniak, E.L.; Sizov, F.F.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Infrared Photoelectronics
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1458
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Górska, M.; Latta, C.; Zwiller, V.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Verevkin, A.; Currie, M.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Fiber-coupled quantum-communications receiver based on two NbN superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	5957	Issue		Pages	59571K (1 to 10)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, single-photon detectors, quantum communication, quantum cryptography, superconductors, infrared optical detectors
	Abstract	We present the design and performance of a novel, two-channel single-photon receiver, based on two fiber-coupled NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). The SSPDs are nanostructured superconducting meanders covering an area of 100 μm² and are known for ultrafast and efficient counting of single, visible-to-infrared photons. Their operation has been explained within a phenomenological hot-electron photoresponse model. Our receiver is intended for fiber-based quantum cryptography and communication systems, operational at near-infrared (NIR) telecommunication wavelengths, λ = 1.3 μm and λ = 1.55 μm. Coupling between the NbN detector and a single-mode optical fiber was achieved using a specially designed, micromechanical photoresist ring, positioned directly over the SSPD active area. The positioning accuracy of the ring was below 1 μm. The receiver with SSPDs was placed (immersed) in a standard liquid-helium transport Dewar and kept without interruption for over two months at 4.2 K. At the same time, the optical fiber inputs and electrical outputs were kept at room temperature. Our best system reached a system quantum efficiency of up to 0.3 % in the NIR radiation range, with the detector coupling efficiency of about 30 %. The response time was measured to be about 250 ps and was limited by our read-out electronics. The measured jitter was close to 35 ps. The presented performance parameters show that our NIR single photon detectors are suitable for practical quantum cryptography and for applications in quantum-correlation experiments.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Rogalski, A.; Dereniak, E.L.; Sizov, F.F.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Infrared Photoelectronics
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1459
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Goltsman, G.; Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Rubtsova, I.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Lipatov, A. P.; Pearlman, A. J.; Cross, A.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A. A.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Advanced nanostructured optical NbN single-photon detector operated at 2.0 K			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	5732	Issue		Pages	520-529
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We present our studies on quantum efficiency (QE), dark counts, and noise equivalent power (NEP) of the latest generation of nanostructured NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) operated at 2.0 K. Our SSPDs are based on 4 nm-thick NbN films, patterned by electron beam lithography as highly-uniform 100÷120-nm-wide meander-shaped stripes, covering the total area of 10x10 μm² with the meander filling factor of 0.7. Advances in the fabrication process and low-temperature operation lead to QE as high as 30-40% for visible-light photons (0.56 μm wavelength)-the saturation value, limited by optical absorption of the NbN film. For 1.55 μm photons, QE was 20% and decreased exponentially with the wavelength reaching 0.02% at the 5-μm wavelength. Being operated at 2.0-K temperature the SSPDs revealed an exponential decrease of the dark count rate, what along with the high QE, resulted in the NEP as low as 5x10^-21 W/Hz^-1/2, the lowest value ever reported for near-infrared optical detectors. The SSPD counting rate was measured to be above 1 GHz with the pulse-to-pulse jitter below 20 ps. Our nanostructured NbN SSPDs operated at 2.0 K significantly outperform their semiconducting counterparts and find practical applications ranging from noninvasive testing of CMOS VLSI integrated circuits to ultrafast quantum communications and quantum cryptography.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Razeghi, M.; Brown, G.J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices II
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1478
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	Author	Hubers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Schwarz, M.; Gunther, B.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B.
	Title	Heterodyne receiver for 3-5 THz with hot-electron bolometer mixer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	5498	Issue		Pages	579-586
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy and planetary research need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently build for SOFIA and Herschel superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) will be used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. The local oscillator and the mixer are the most critical components for a heterodyne receiver operating at 3-5 THz. The design and performance of an optically pumped THz gas laser optimized for this frequency band will be presented. In order to optimize the performance for this frequency hot electron bolometer mixers with different in-plane dimensions and logarithmic-spiral feed antennas have been investigated. Their noise temperatures and beam patterns were measured. Above 3 THz the best performance was achieved with a superconducting bridge of 2.0 x 0.2 Î¼m² incorporated in a logarithmic spiral antenna. The DSB noise temperatures were 2700 K, 4700 K and 6400 K at 3.1 THz, 4.3 THz and 5.2 THz, respectively. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for THz heterodyne receivers up to at least 5 THz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Zmuidzinas, J.; Holland, W.S.; Withington, S.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1483
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	Author	Hoogeveen, R. W. M.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Maurellis, A.; Koshelets, V. P.; Shitov, S. V.; Mair, U.; Krocka, M.; Wagner, G.; Birk, M.; Huebers, H.-W.; Richter, H.; Semenov, A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Ellison, B.N.; Kerridge, B.J.; Matheson, D. N.; Alderman, B.; Harman, M.; Siddans, R.; Reburn, J.
	Title	New cryogenic heterodyne techniques applied in TELIS: the balloonborne THz and submillimeter limb sounder for atmospheric research			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	5152	Issue		Pages	347-355
	Keywords	TELIS, limb sounder, heterodyne detection, terahertz, sub millimeter, cryogenic, limb sounding, balloon borne, atmospheric research
	Abstract	We present a design concept for a new state-of-the-art balloon borne atmospheric monitor that will allow enhanced limb sounding of the Earth’s atmosphere within the submillimeter and far-infrared wavelength spectral range: TELIS, TErahertz and submm LImb Sounder. The instrument is being developed by a consortium of major European institutes that includes the Space Research Organization of the Netherlands (SRON), the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) will utilize state-of-the-art superconducting heterodyne technology and is designed to be a compact, lightweight instrument cpaable of providing broad spectral coverage, high spectral resolution and long flight duration ( 24 hours duration during a single flight campaign). The combination of high sensitivity and extensive flight duration will allow evaluation of the diurnal variation of key atmospheric constitutenets sucyh as OH, HO2, ClO, BrO togehter will onger lived constituents such as O₃, HCL and N₂O. Furthermore, TELIS will share a common balloon platform to that of the MIPAS-B Fourier Transform Spectrometer, developed by the Institute of Meteorology and Climate research of the over an extended spectral range. The combination of the TELIS and MIPAS instruments will provide atmospheric scientists with a very powerful observational tool. TELIS will serve as a testbed for new cryogenic heterodyne detection techniques, and as such it will act as a prelude to future spaceborne instruments planned by the European Space Agency (ESA).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Strojnik, M.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XI
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1508
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	Author	Sobolewski, R.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Kouminov, P.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Drakinsky, V.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Ultrafast superconducting single-photon optical detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	5123	Issue		Pages	1-11
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We present a new class of single-photon devices for counting of both visible and infrared photons. Our superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) are characterized by the intrinsic quantum efficiency (QE) reaching up to 100%, above 10 GHz counting rate, and negligible dark counts. The detection mechanism is based on the photon-induced hotspot formation and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-wide superconducting stripe. The devices are fabricated from 3.5-nm-thick NbN films and operate at 4.2 K, well below the NbN superconducting transition temperature. Various continuous and pulsed laser sources in the wavelength range from 0.4 Î¼m up to >3 Î¼m were implemented in our experiments, enabling us to determine the detector QE in the photon-counting mode, response time, and jitter. For our best 3.5-nm-thick, 10Ã—10 Î¼m²-area devices, QE was found to reach almost 100% for any wavelength shorter than about 800 nm. For longer-wavelength (infrared) radiation, QE decreased exponentially with the photon wavelength increase. Time-resolved measurements of our SSPDs showed that the system-limited detector response pulse width was below 150 ps. The system jitter was measured to be 35 ps. In terms of the counting rate, jitter, and dark counts, the NbN SSPDs significantly outperform their semiconductor counterparts. Already identifeid and implemented applications of our devices range from noninvasive testing of semiconductor VLSI circuits to free-space quantum communications and quantum cryptography.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Spigulis, J.; Teteris, J.; Ozolinsh, M.; Lusis, A.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Advanced Optical Devices, Technologies, and Medical Applications
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1513
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	Author	Verevkin, A. A.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Zhang, J.; Sobolewski, R.; Chulkova, G.; Okunev, O.; Kouminov, P.; Drakinskij, V.; Smirnov, K.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Currie, M.
	Title	Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors for infrared wavelength quantum communications			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	5105	Issue		Pages	160-170
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD, applications, single-photon detector, quantum cryptography, quantum communications, superconducting devices
	Abstract	We have developed a new class of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) for ultrafast counting of infrared (IR) photons for secure quantum communications. The devices are operated on the quantum detection mechanism, based on the photon-induced hotspot formation and subsequent appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin and submicron-wide superconducting stripe. The detectors are fabricated from 3.5-nm-thick NbN films and they operate at 4.2 K inside a closed-cycle refrigerator or liquid helium cryostat. Various continuous and pulsed laser sources have been used in our experiments, enabling us to determine the detector experimental quantum efficiency (QE) in the photon-counting mode, response time, time jitter, and dark counts. Our 3.5-nm-thick SSPDs reached QE above 15% for visible light photons and 5% at 1.3 – 1.5 Î¼m infrared range. The measured real-time counting rate was above 2 GHz and was limited by the read-out electronics (intrinsic response time is <30 ps). The measured jitter was <18 ps, and the dark counting rate was <0.01 per second. The measured noise equivalent power (NEP) is 2 x 10^-18 W/Hz^1/2 at Î» = 1.3 Î¼m. In near-infrared range, in terms of the counting rate, jitter, dark counts, and overall sensitivity, the NbN SSPDs significantly outperform their semiconductor counterparts. An ultrafast quantum cryptography communication technology based on SSPDs is proposed and discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Donkor, E.; Pirich, A.R.; Brandt, H.E.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Quantum Information and Computation
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1514
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Baubert, J.; Salez, M.; Delorme, Y.; Pons, P.; Goltsman, G.; Merkel, H.; Leconte, B.
	Title	Membrane-based HEB mixer for THz applications			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	5116	Issue		Pages	551-562
	Keywords	membrane NbN HEB mixers, heterodyne receiver, stress-less membrane, coupling efficiency, submillimeter-waves frequency, low-cost space applications
	Abstract	We report in this paper a new concept for 2.7 THz superconducting Niobium nitride (NbN) Hot-Electron Bolometer mixer (HEB). The membrane process was developped for space telecommnunication applications a few years ago and the HEB mixer concept is now considered as the best choice for low-noise submillimeter-wave frequency heterodyne receivers. The idea is then to join these two technologies. The novel fabrication scheme is to fabricate a NbN HEB mixer on a 1 μm thick stress-less Si₃N₄/SiO₂ membrane. This seems to present numerous improvements concerning : use at higher RF frequencies, power coupling efficiency, HEB mixer sensitivity, noise temperature, and space applications. This work is to be continued within the framework of an ESA TRP project, a 2.7 THz heterodyne camera with numerous applications including a SOFIA airborne receiver. This paper presents the whole fabrication process, the validation tests and preliminary results. Membrane-based HEB mixer theory is currently being investigated and further tests such as heterodyne and Fourier transform spectrometry measurement are planed shortly.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Chiao, J.-C.; Varadan, V.K.; Cané, C.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Smart Sensors, Actuators, and MEMS
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1520
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Khosropanah, P.; Adam, A.; Merkel, H. F.; Kollberg, E. L.; Loudkov, D.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Richter, H.; Huebers, H.-W.
	Title	1.4- to 1.7-THz NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer for the Herschel space observatory			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	4855	Issue		Pages	361-370
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	NbN hot- electron bolometer mixers have reached the level of 10hv/k in terms of the input noise temperature with the noise bandwidth of 4-6 GHz from subMM band up to 2.5 THz. In this paper we discuss the major characteristics of this kind of receiver, i.e. the gain and the noise bandwidth, the noise temperature in a wide RF band, bias regimes and optimisation of RF coupling to the quasioptical mixer. We present the status of the development of the mixer for Band 6 Low for Herschel Telescope.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Phillips, T.G.; Zmuidzinas, J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1521
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	Author	Verevkin, A. A.; Zhang, J.; Slysz, W.; Sobolewski, R.; Lipatov, A. P.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Superconducting single-photon detectors for GHz-rate free-space quantum communications			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	4821	Issue		Pages	447-454
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD, single-photon detector, thin-film superconductivity, quantum cryptography, ultrafast communications
	Abstract	We report our studies on the performance of new NbN ultrathin-film superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). Our SSPDs exhibit experimentally measured quantum efficiencies from 5% at wavelength λ = 1550 nm up to 10% at λ = 405 nm, with exponential, activation-energy-type spectral sensitivity dependence in the 0.4-μm – 3-μm wavelength range. Using a variable optical delay setup, we have shown that our NbN SSPDs can resolve optical photons with a counting rate up to 10 GHz, presently limited by the read-out electronics. The measured device jitter was below 35 ps under optimum biasing conditions. The extremely high photon counting rate, together with relatively high (especially for λ > 1 μm) quantum efficiency, low jitter, and very low dark counts, make NbN SSPDs very promising for free-space communications and quantum cryptography.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Ricklin, J.C.; Voelz, D.G.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Free-Space Laser Communication and Laser Imaging II
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1523
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	Author	Huebers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Schubert, J.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Krabbe, A.; Roeser, H.-P.
	Title	NbN hot-electron bolometer as THz mixer for SOFIA			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	4014	Issue		Pages	195-202
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, airborne, stratospheric observatory, SOFIA
	Abstract	Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum limited sensitivity. We have investigated phonon- cooled NbN hot electron bolometric mixers in the frequency range from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The devices were 3.5 nm thin films with an in-plane dimension of 1.7 X 0.2 micrometers ² integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. The best measured DSB receiver noise temperatures are 1300 K (0.7 THz), 2000 K (1.4 THz), 2100 K (1.6 THz), 2600 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz), 5600 K (4.3 THz), and 8800 K (5.2 THz). The sensitivity fluctuation, the long term stability, and the antenna pattern were measured. The results demonstrate that this mixer is very well suited for GREAT, the German heterodyne receiver for SOFIA.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Melugin, R.K.; Roeser, H.-P.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Airborne Telescope Systems
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1554
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Yngvesson, K. S.; Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Zhuang, Y.; Ji, M.; Goyette, T. M.; Dickinson, J. C.; Waldman, J.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Low-noise HEB heterodyne receivers and focal plane arrays for the THz regime using NbN			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	3795	Issue		Pages	357-368
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We have developed prototype HEB receivers using thin film superconducting NbN devices deposited on silicon substrates. The devices are quasi-optically coupled through a silicon lens and a self-complementary log-specific toothed antenna. We measured DSB receiver noise temperatures of 500 K (13 X hf/2k) at 1.56 THz and 1,100 K (20 X hf/2k) at 2.24 THz. Noise temperatures are expected to fall further as devices and quasi-optical coupling methods are being optimized. The measured 3 dB IF conversion gain bandwidth for one device was 3 GHz, and it is estimated that the bandwidth over which the receiver noise temperature is within 3 dB of its minimum value is 6.5 GHz which is sufficient for a number of practical applications. We will discuss our latest results and give a detailed description of our prototype setup and experiments. We will also discuss our plans for developing focal plane arrays with tens of Hot Electron Bolometric mixer elements on a single silicon substrate which will make real time imaging systems in the THz region feasible.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Hwu, R.J.; Wu, K.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Terahertz and Gigahertz Photonics
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1561
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Schwaab, G.W.; Auen, K.; Bruendermann, E.; Feinaeugle, R.; Gol’tsman, G.N.; Huebers, H.-W.; Krabbe, A.; Roeser, H.-P.; Sirmain, G.
	Title	2- to 6-THz heterodyne receiver array for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	3357	Issue		Pages	85-96
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, applications, stratospheric observatory, airborne
	Abstract	The Institute of Space Sensor Technology of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) is developing a heterodyne array receiver for the frequency range 2 to 6 THz for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Key science issues in that frequency range are the observation of lines of atoms [e.g. (OI)], ions [e.g. (CII), (NII)], and molecules (e.g. OH, HD, CO) with high spectral resolution to study the dynamics and evolution of galactic and extragalactic objects. Long term goal is the development of an integrated array heterodyne receiver with superconducting hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers and p-type Ge or Si lasers as local oscillators. The first generation receiver will be composed of HEB mixers in a 2 pixel 2 polarization array which will be pumped by a gas laser local oscillator. Improved Schottky diode mixers are the backup solution for the HEBs. The state of the art of HEB mixer and p-type Ge laser technology are described as well as possible improvements in the ’conventional’ optically pumped far-infrared laser and Schottky diode mixer technology. Finally, the frequency coverage of the first generation heterodyne receiver for some important astronomical transitions is discussed. The expected sensitivity is compared to line fluxes measured by the ISO satellite.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Phillips, T.G.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Advanced Technology MMW, Radio, and Terahertz Telescopes
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1583
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Karasik, B. S.; Zorin, M. A.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Elantev, A. I.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Evidence of subnanosecond transition stage in S-N current switching of YBaCuO films			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2160	Issue		Pages	74-82
	Keywords	YBCO HTS switches
	Abstract	We report on a study of S-N and N-S current switching in high quality YBaCuO films deposited onto ZrO₂ and NdGaO₃ substrates. The films 60-120 nm thick prepared by laser ablation were structured into single strips and were provided with gold contacts. We monitored the time dependence of the resistance upon application of the voltage step on the film. Experiment performed within certain ranges of voltage amplitudes and temperatures showed the occurrence of the fast stage both in S-N (shorter than 300 ps) and N-S transition. We discuss the mechanism of switching taking into account the hot electron phenomena in YBaCuO. The contributions of various thermal processes in the subsequent stage of the resistance dynamic are also discussed. The basic limiting characteristics (average dissipated power, minimum work done for switching, maximum repetition rate) of a picosecond switch which is proposed to be developed are estimated.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Buhrman, R.A.; Clarke, J.T.; Daly, K.; Koch, R.H.; Luine, J.A.; Simon, R.W.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Superconductive Devices and Circuits
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1638
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Karasik, B.S.; Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M.A.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Trifonov, V.V.; Gol’tsman, G.N.; Gershenzon, E.M.
	Title	Picosecond detection and broadband mixing of near-infrared radiation by YBaCuO films			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2159	Issue		Pages	68-76
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB mixer
	Abstract	Nonequilibrium picosecond and bolometric responses of YBCO films 500 angstroms thick patterned into 20 X 20 micrometers ² size structure to 17 ps laser pulses and modulated radiation of GaAs and CO₂ lasers have been studied. The modulation frequencies up to 10 GHz for GaAs laser and up to 1 GHz for CO₂ were attained. The use of small radiation power (1 – 10 mW/cm² for cw radiation and 10 – 100 nJ/cm² for pulse radiation) in combination with high sensitive read-out system made possible to avoid any non-linear transient processes caused by an overheating of sample above a critical temperature or S-N switching enhanced by an intense radiation. Responses due to the change of kinetic inductance were believed to be negligible. The only signals observed were caused by a small change of the film resistance either in the resistive state created by a bias current or in the normal state. The data obtained by means of pulse and modulation techniques are in agreement. The responsivity about 1 V/W was measured at 1 GHz modulation frequency both for 0.85 micrometers and 10.6 micrometers wavelengths. The sensitivity of high-T_c fast wideband infrared detector is discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Nahum, M.; Villegier, J.-C.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	High-Temperature Superconducting Detectors: Bolometric and Nonbolometric
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1640
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Kouminov, P. B.; Goghidze, I. G.; Karasik, B. S.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Nonbolometric and fast bolometric responses of YBaCuO thin films in superconducting, resistive, and normal states			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2159	Issue		Pages	81-86
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB, nonbolornetric
	Abstract	The transient voltage response in both epitaxial and granular YBaCuO thin films to 20 ps pulses of YAG:Nd laser radiation with 0.63 micrometers and 1.54 micrometers was studied. In normal and resistive states both types of films demonstrate two components: nonequilibrium picosecond component and following bolometric nanosecond. The normalized amplitudes are almost the same for all films. In superconducting state we observed a kinetic inductive response and two-component shape after integration. The normalized amplitude of the response in granular films is up to several orders of magnitude larger than in epitaxial films. We interpret the nonequilibrium response in terms of a suppression of order parameter by the excess of quasiparticles followed by the change of resistance in normal and resistive states or kinetic inductance in superconducting state. The sharp rise of inductive response in granular films is explained both by a diminishing of the crossection for current percolation through the disordered network os Josephson weak links and by a decrease of condensate density in neighboring regions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Nahum, M.; Villegier, J.-C.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	High-Temperature Superconducting Detectors: Bolometric and Nonbolometric
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1641
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	High speed hot-electron superconducting bolometer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2104	Issue		Pages	181-182
	Keywords	NbN HEb, Nb, Al
	Abstract	Physical limitation of response time of a superconducting bolometer as well as the nature of non-equilibrium detection of radiation have been investigated for Al, Nb and NbN thin films in spectral range from submillimeter to near-infraredwavelengths [1,2]. In the case of ideal heat removal from the film with the f_‘. 100A thickness the detection mechanism is an electron heating effect that is not selective to radiation wavelength in a very broad range. The response time ofan electron heating bolometer is determined by an electron-phonon interaction time. This time is of about 10 ns, 0.5 ns and 20 ps for Al, Nb, and NbN correspondingly near the critical temperature of the superconducting film. Thesensitive area of the bolometer consists of a number of narrow strips (with awidth of 1Ã‚Âµm) connected in parallel to contact pads; these pads together witha sapphire substrate and a ground plate represent the microstrip transmissionline with an impedance of 50 Q.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1652
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	Author	Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Zorin, M.; Trifonov, V.; Karasik, B.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Lindgren, M.
	Title	Picosecond detection of infrared radiation with YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ thin films			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2104	Issue		Pages	183-184
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB detectors
	Abstract	Picosecond nonequilibrium and slow bolometric responses from a patterned high-Tc superconducting (HTS) film due toinfrared radiation were investigated using both modulation and pulse techniques. Measurements at A, = 0.85 [tm andA, = 10.6 lim have shown a similar behaviour of the response vs modulation frequency f. The responsivity of the HTS filmbased detector at f ..- 0.6-1 GHz is estimated to be 10-2 – 10-1 V/W.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves
	Notes	https://inis.iaea.org/search/searchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=25034664			Approved	no
	Call Number	10.1117/12.2298489			Serial	1653
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Hot-electron superconducting mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2104	Issue		Pages	329-330
	Keywords
	Abstract	The creation of low noise heterodyne receivers for frequencies above 1 THz is in the urgentneed for radio astronomy, laser spectroscopy, plasma diagnostic, etc. In this paper we discussthe nonlinear effect related to hot electrons in superconductors, and their potential use in lownoise submilimeter wave mixer. We also discuss results achieved so far as well as possible futuredevelopments.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1654
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	Author	Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J.; de Korte, P.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Doubling of sensitivity and bandwidth in phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	5498	Issue		Pages	168-176
	Keywords	Hot electron bolometers, bandwidth, noise temperature, experimental
	Abstract	NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers are at this moment the best heterodyne detectors for frequencies above 1 THz. However, the fabrication procedure of these devices is such that the quality of the interface between the NbN superconducting film and the contact structure is not under good control. This results in a contact resistance between the NbN bolometer and the contact pad. We compare identical bolometers, with different NbN – contact pad interfaces, coupled with a spiral antenna. We find that cleaning the NbN interface and adding a thin additional superconductor prior to the gold contact deposition improves the noise temperature and the bandwidth of the HEB mixers with more than a factor of 2. We obtain a DSB noise temperature of 950 K at 2.5 THz and a Gain bandwidth of 5-6 GHz. For use in real receiver systems we design small volume (0.15x1 micron) HEB mixers with a twin slot antenna. We find that these mixers combine good sensitivity (900 K at 1.6 THz) with low LO power requirement, which is 160 – 240 nW at the Si lens of the mixer. This value is larger than expected from the isothermal technique and the known losses in the lens by a factor of 3-3.5.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Zmuidzinas, J.; Holland, W.S.; Withington, S.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1744
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	Author	Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Slysz, W.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, Roman
	Title	Time-resolved characterization of NbN superconducting single-photon optical detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	10313	Issue		Pages	103130F (1 to 3)
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) are very promising devices for their picosecond response time, high intrinsic quantum efficiency, and high signal-to-noise ratio within the radiation wavelength from ultraviolet to near infrared (0.4 gm to 3 gm) [1-3]. The single photon counting property of NbN SSPDs have been investigated thoroughly and a model of hotspot formation has been introduced to explain the physics of the photon- counting mechanism [4-6]. At high incident flux density (many-photon pulses), there are, of course, a large number of hotspots simultaneously formed in the superconducting stripe. If these hotspots overlap with each other across the width w of the stripe, a resistive barrier is formed instantly and a voltage signal can be generated. We assume here that the stripe thickness d is less than the electron diffusion length, so the hotspot region can be considered uniform. On the other hand, when the photon flux is so low that on average only one hotspot is formed across w at a given time, the formation of the resistive barrier will be realized only when the supercurrent at sidewalks surpasses the critical current (jr) of the superconducting stripe [1]. In the latter situation, the formation of the resistive barrier is associated with the phase-slip center (PSC) development. The effect of PSCs on the suppression of superconductivity in nanowires has been discussed very recently [8, 9] and is the subject of great interest.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Armitage, J. C.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Opto-Canada: SPIE Regional Meeting on Optoelectronics, Photonics, and Imaging, 2002, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
	Notes	Downloaded from http://www2.ece.rochester.edu/projects/ufqp/PDF/2002/213NbNTimeOPTO_b.pdf This artcle was published in 2017 with only first author indicated (Zhang, J.). There were 8 more authors!			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1750
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	Author	Moshkova, M. A.; Morozov, P. V.; Antipov, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.
	Title	High-efficiency multi-element superconducting single-photon detector			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	11771	Issue		Pages	2-8
	Keywords	PNR SSPD, large active area, detection efficiency
	Abstract	We present the result of the creation and investigation of the multi-element superconducting single photon detectors, which can recognize the number of photons (up to six) in a short pulse of the radiation at telecommunication wavelengths range. The best receivers coupled with single-mode fiber have the system quantum efficiency of ⁓85%. The receivers have a 100 ps time resolution and a few nanoseconds dead time that allows them to operate at megahertz counting rate. Implementation of the multi-element architecture for creation of the superconducting single photon detectors with increased sensitive area allows to create the high efficiency receivers coupled with multi-mode fibers and with preserving of the all advantages of superconducting photon counters.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Prochazka, I.; Štefaňák, M.; Sobolewski, R.; Gábris, A.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Quantum Optics and Photon Counting
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1795
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	Author	Schroeder, E.; Mauskopf, P.; Pilyavsky, G.; Sinclair, A.; Smith, N.; Bryan, S.; Mani, H.; Morozov, D.; Berggren, K.; Zhu, D.; Smirnov, K.; Vakhtomin, Y.
	Title	On the measurement of intensity correlations from laboratory and astronomical sources with SPADs and SNSPDs			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	9907	Issue		Pages	99070P (1 to 13)
	Keywords	SPAD, NbN SSPD applications, SNSPD
	Abstract	We describe the performance of detector modules containing silicon single photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs) and superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) to be used for intensity interferometry. The SPADs are mounted in fiber-coupled and free-space coupled packages. The SNSPDs are mounted in a small liquid helium cryostat coupled to single mode fiber optic cables which pass through a hermetic feed-through. The detectors are read out with microwave amplifiers and FPGA-based coincidence electronics. We present progress on measurements of intensity correlations from incoherent sources including gas-discharge lamps and stars with these detectors. From the measured laboratory performance of the correlation system, we estimate the sensitivity to intensity correlations from stars using commercial telescopes and larger existing research telescopes.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Malbet, F.; Creech-Eakman, M.J.; Tuthill, P.G.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging V
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1809
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	Author	Ozhegov, R. V.; Gorshkov, K. N.; Vachtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Goltsman, G. N.; Kiselev, O. S.; Kinev, N. V.; Filippenko, L. V.; Koshelets, V. P.
	Title	Terahertz imaging system based on superconducting heterodyne integrated receiver			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Proc. THz and Security Applications	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. THz and Security Applications
	Volume		Issue		Pages	113-125
	Keywords	SIS mixer, SIR, THz imaging
	Abstract	The development of terahertz imaging instruments for security systems is on the cutting edge of terahertz technology. We are developing a THz imaging system based on a superconducting integrated receiver (SIR). An SIR is a new type of heterodyne receiver based on an SIS mixer integrated with a flux-flow oscillator (FFO) and a harmonic mixer which is used for phase-locking the FFO. Employing an SIR in an imaging system means building an entirely new instrument with many advantages compared to traditional systems. In this project we propose a prototype THz imaging system using an 1 pixel SIR and 2D scanner. At a local oscillator frequency of 500 GHz the best noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) of the SIR is 10 mK at an integration time of 1 s and a detection bandwidth of 4 GHz. The scanner consists of two rotating flat mirrors placed in front of the antenna consisting of a spherical primary reflector and an aspherical secondary reflector. The diameter of the primary reflector is 0.3 m. The operating frequency of the imaging system is 600 GHz, the frame rate is 0.1 FPS, the scanning area is 0.5 × 0.5 m2, the image resolution is 50 × 50 pixels, the distance from an object to the scanner was 3 m. We have obtained THz images with a spatial resolution of 8 mm and a NETD of less than 2 K.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Netherlands	Place of Publication	Dordrecht	Editor	Corsi, C.; Sizov, F.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-94-017-8828-1	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1368
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Heating of electrons in resistive state of superconducting films. Detectors, mixers and switches			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Progress in High Temperature Superconductivity	Abbreviated Journal	Progress in High Temperature Superconductivity
	Volume	32	Issue		Pages	190-195
	Keywords	superconducting films, heating of electrons
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	International Conference on High Temperature Superconductivity and Localization Phenomena , Moscow, Russia , 11 – 15 May 1991
	Notes	https://books.google.co.kr/books?hl=en&lr=&id=uCI0DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA190&ots=z7WGjXYWr4&sig=TQ6G6dKsmcj4faYe1ZLw_BFmps8			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1666
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	Author	Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	The concept of the receiving complex for the “Millimetron” space radio telescope			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
	Volume	50	Issue	10-11	Pages	837-846
	Keywords	HEB, applications, Millimetron, VLBI
	Abstract	We consider the current status of research in the development of a submillimeter and far-infrared receiving instrument and propose promising solutions for the receivers of the spaceborne telescope “Millimetron,” which allow one to realize comprehensively the opportunities given by this international project administrated by the Astrospace Center of the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0033-8443	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	411
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	Author	Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Terahertz heterodyne receivers based on superconductive hot-electron bolometer mixers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
	Volume	48	Issue	10-11	Pages	859-864
	Keywords	HEB, applications
	Abstract	We consider recent results in development of hot-electron bolometer mixers. Special attention is paid to optimization of the contacts between the antenna and the active area of a superconducting film. An important result in the study of the parasitic effect of direct detection is obtained during the measurement of the noise temperatures by the hot/cold load method. The latest results of studies of the waveguide hot-electron bolometer mixers and their successful practical applications are considered. Progress in development of high-frequency (over 1.3 THz) heterodyne receivers for several important international projects is discussed and new submillimeter radio astronomy projects ESPRIT and SAFIR are described.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0033-8443	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	381
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	Author	Smirnov, A. V.; Baryshev, A. M.; de Bernardis, P.; Vdovin, V. F.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kardashev, N. S.; Kuz'min, L. S.; Koshelets, V. P.; Vystavkin, A. N.; Lobanov, Yu. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Finkel, M. I.; Khokhlov, D. R.
	Title	The current stage of development of the receiving complex of the millimetron space observatory			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
	Volume	54	Issue	8	Pages	557-568
	Keywords	Millimetron space observatory, HEB applications
	Abstract	We present an overview of the state of the onboard receiving complex of the Millimetron space observatory in the development phase of its preliminary design. The basic parameters of the onboard equipment planned to create and required for astrophysical observations are considered. A review of coherent and incoherent detectors, which are central to each receiver of the observatory, is given. Their characteristics and limiting parameters feasible at the present level of technology are reported.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1079
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	Author	Tretyakov, I. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Kardakova, A. I.; Seliverstov, S. V.; Petrenko, D. V.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Hot-electron bolometer mixers with in situ contacts			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
	Volume	56	Issue	8-9	Pages	591-598
	Keywords	HEB mixers
	Abstract	We report on the latest achievements in the development of superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers for terahertz superheterodyne receivers. We consider application ranges of such receivers and requirements for the basic characteristics of the mixers. Main features of the mixers, such as noise temperature, gain bandwidth, noise bandwidth, and required local-oscillator power, have been improved significantly over the past few years due to intense research work, both in terms of the element fabrication quality and in terms of understanding of the physics of the processes occurring in the HEB mixers. Contacts between the superconducting bridge and the planar antenna play a key role in the mixer operation. Improvement of the quality of the contacts leads simultaneously to a decrease in the noise temperature and an increase in the gain bandwidth of a mixer.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0033-8443	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1170
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	Author	Tretyakov, I. V.; Anfertyev, V. A.; Revin, L. S.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Vaks, V. L.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Sensitivity and resolution of a heterodyne receiver based on the NbN HEB mixer with a quantum-cascade laser as a local oscillator			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
	Volume	60	Issue	12	Pages	988-992
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixer
	Abstract	We present the results of experimental studies of the basic characteristics and operation features of a terahertz heterodyne detector based on the superconducting NbN HEB mixer and a quantum cascade laser as a local oscillator operating at a frequency of 2.02 THz. The measured noise temperature of such a mixer amounted to 1500 K. The spectral resolution of the detector is determined by the width of the local-oscillator spectral line whose measured value does not exceed 1 MHz. The quantum-cascade laser could be linearly tuned with respect to frequency with the coefficient 7.2 MHz/mA within the limits of the current oscillation bandwidth.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0033-8443	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1307
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	Author	Seliverstov, S. V.; Anfertyev, V. A.; Tretyakov, I. V.; Ozheredov, I. A.; Solyankin, P. M.; Revin, L. S.; Vaks, V. L.; Rusova, A. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Shkurinov, A. P.
	Title	Terahertz heterodyne receiver with an electron-heating mixer and a heterodyne based on the quantum-cascade laser			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
	Volume	60	Issue	7	Pages	518-524
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixer, QCL
	Abstract	We study characteristics of the laboratory prototype of a terahertz heterodyne receiver with an electron-heating mixer and a heterodyne based on the quantum-cascade laser. The results obtained demonstrate the possibility to use this receiver as a basis for creation of a high-sensitivity terahertz spectrometer, which can be used in many basic and practical applications. A significant advantage of this receiver will be the possibility of placing the mixer and heterodyne in the same cryostat, which will reduce the device dimensions considerably. The obtained experimental results are analyzed, and methods of optimizing the parameters of the receiver are proposed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0033-8443	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1322
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	Author	Tikhonov, V. V.; Polyakova, O. N.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Dzardanov, A. L.; Boyarskiy, D. A.
	Title	Determination of dielectric properties of ore minerals in the microwave band			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
	Volume	51	Issue	12	Pages	966-974
	Keywords	ore complex permittivity, chalcopyrite, magnetite, sphalerite, labradorite
	Abstract	We consider a method for determining the complex dielectric permittivity of ore and nonmetal minerals in the microwave band of electromagnetic radiation. The results of measuring the reflectivity and transmittivity of chalcopyrite, magnetite, sphalerite, and labradorite samples in the frequency range 77–300 GHz are presented. A method for calculation of the complex dielectric permittivity of minerals on the basis of the obtained experimental data is proposed. The approximation formulas for calculation of the complex dielectric permittivity of the studied minerals are given.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0033-8443	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1404
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	Author	Verevkin, A.; Zhang, J.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Sobolewski, Roman; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	Ultimate sensitivity of superconducting single-photon detectors in the visible to infrared range			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2004	Publication	ResearchGate	Abbreviated Journal	ResearchGate
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We present our quantum efficiency (QE) and noise equivalent power (NEP) measurements of the meandertype ultrathin NbN superconducting single-photon detector in the visible to infrared radiation range. The nanostructured devices with 3.5-nm film thickness demonstrate QE up to~ 10% at 1.3–1.55 µm wavelength, and up to 20% in the entire visible range. The detectors are sensitive to infrared radiation with the wavelengths down to~ 10 µm. NEP of about 2× 10-18 W/Hz1/2 was obtained at 1.3 µm wavelength. Such high sensitivity together with GHz-range counting speed, make NbN photon counters very promising for efficient, ultrafast quantum communications and another applications. We discuss the origin of dark counts in our devices and their ultimate sensitivity in terms of the resistive fluctuations in our superconducting nanostructured devices.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Not attributed to any publisher! File name: PR9VervekinSfin_f.doc; Author: JAOLEARY; Last modification date: 2004-02-26			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1751
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	Author	Shcheslavskiy, V.; Morozov, P.; Divochiy, A.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Smirnov, K.; Becker, W.
	Title	Erratum: “Ultrafast time measurements by time-correlated single photon counting coupled with superconducting single photon detector” [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 053117 (2016)]			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2016	Publication	Rev. Sci. Instrum.	Abbreviated Journal	Rev. Sci. Instrum.
	Volume	87	Issue	6	Pages	069901
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, TCSPC, jitter
	Abstract	In the original paper1the Ref. 10 should be M. Sanzaro, N. Calandri, A. Ruggeri, C. Scarcella, G. Boso, M. Buttafava, and A. Tosi, Proc. SPIE9370, 93701T (2015).
	Address	Becker & Hickl GmbH, Nahmitzer Damm 30, Berlin 12277, Germany
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0034-6748	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:27370512			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1810
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	Author	Korneev, A. A.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Korneeva, Yu. P.; Larionov, P. A.; Manova, N. N.; Florya, I. N.; Trifonov, A. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Smirnov, K. V.; Semenov, A. V.; Chulkova, G. M.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	IR single-photon receiver based on ultrathin NbN superconducting film			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Rus. J. Radio Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Rus. J. Radio Electron.
	Volume		Issue	5	Pages
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We present our recent results in research and development of superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD). We achieved the following performance improvement: first, we developed and characterized SSPD integrated in optical cavity and enabling its illumination from the face side, not through the substrate, second, we improved the quantum efficiency of the SSPD at around 3 μm wavelength by reduction of the strip width to 40 nm, and, finally, we improved the detection efficiency of the SSPD-based single-photon receiver system up to 20% at 1550 nm and extended its wavelength range beyond 1800 nm by the usage of the fluoride ZBLAN fibres.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	8 pages			Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ sasha @ korneevir			Serial	1043
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	Author	Semenov, A. V.; Devyatov, I. A.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Maslennikova, A. S.; Larionov, P. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Chulkova, G. M.
	Title	Absorption of terahertz electromagnetic radiation in dirty superconducting film at arbitrary type of the spectral functions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Rus. J. Radio Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Rus. J. Radio Electron.
	Volume		Issue	10	Pages
	Keywords	terahertz electromagnetic radiation; superconductors; detectors of terahertz range
	Abstract	A problem of absorption of high-frequency electromagnetic field in dirty superconductor is treated within Keldysh technic. Expression for the source term in the kinetic equation for quasiparticle distribution function is derived. The result is significant for deriving a consistent microscopic theory of superconducting detectors for terahertz frequency range, perspective detectors on kinetic inductance of current-biased superconducting strip and on Josephson inductance of tunnel.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	7 pages			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1117
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	Author	Pentin, Ivan; Finkel, Matvey; Maslennikov, Sergey; Vakhtomin, Yuri; Smirnov, Konstantin; Kaurova, Nataliya; Goltsman, Gregory
	Title	Superconducting hot-electron-bolometer mixers for the mid-IR			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Rus. J. Radio Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Rus. J. Radio Electron.
	Volume		Issue	10	Pages
	Keywords	IR NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	The work presents the result of development of the NbN superconducting hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixer. The sensitive element of the mixer is directly coupled to mid-IR radiation, and doesn’t have planar metallic antenna. Investigations of noise characteristics of NbN HEB mixer were performed at the frequency 28.4 THz (λ = 10.6 µm) by using gas-discharge CW CO2-laser without consideration of optical and electrical losses in the heterodyne receiver. The noise temperature of NbN HEB mixer with the size of the sensitive element 10 µm × 10 µm was 2320 K (~ 1.5hν/kB) at the heterodyne frequency of 28.4 THz. The noise temperature was determined by measuring the Y-factor taking into account the term which describes fluctuations of zero-point oscillations in accordance with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem of Calle-Welton. Isothermal method was used to estimate the absorbed heterodyne radiation power which was 9 µW at the optimal operating point for the minimum noise temperature of NbN HEB mixer.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1684-1719	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	http://jre.cplire.ru/jre/oct17/9/abstract.html (Russian) Гетеродинный приемник со сверхпроводниковым смесителем на эффекте электронного разогрева для среднего инфракрасного диапазона			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1747
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	Author	Smirnov, K.; Vachtomin, Y.; Divochiy, A.; Antipov, A.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	The limitation of noise equivalent power by background radiation for infrared superconducting single photon detectors coupled to standard single mode optical fibers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Rus. J. Radio Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Rus. J. Radio Electron.
	Volume		Issue	5	Pages
	Keywords	NbN SSPD
	Abstract	We investigated the minimum level of the dark count rates and noise equivalent power of superconducting single photon detectors coupled to standard single mode optical fibers. We found that background radiation limits the minimum level of the dark count rates. We also proposed the effective method for reducing background radiation out of the required spectral range of the detector. Measured noise equivalent power of detector reaches 8.9×10-19 W×Hz1/2 at a wavelength of 1.55 μm and quantum efficiency 35%.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	14 pages			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1813
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	Author	Semenov, A. V.; Devyatov, I. A.; Korneev, A. A.; Smirnov, K. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Melnikov, A. P.
	Title	Derivation of expression for thermodynamic potential of “dirty” superconductor			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Rus. J. Radio Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Rus. J. Radio Electron.
	Volume		Issue	4	Pages
	Keywords	dirty superconductor, Usadel theory, thermodynamic potential
	Abstract	We derive a formula for thermodynamic potential of dirty superconductor which express it via isotropic quasiclassical Green functions of Usadel theory. Our result allows unify description of dynamic processes and fluctuations in superconducting nano-electronic devices.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	7 pages			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1824
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	Author	Korneeva, Yu. P.; Trifonov, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Smirnov, K. V.
	Title	Design of resonator for superconducting single-photon detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Rus. J. Radio Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Rus. J. Radio Electron.
	Volume		Issue	12	Pages
	Keywords	SSPD optical resonator, SNSPD
	Abstract	A resonator for superconducting single-photon detector is designed. Near 60% coupling with a radiation propagating from a dielectric substrate of optical fiber is demonstrated to be achieved for typical values of the detector’s film sheet resistance.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	6 pages			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1827
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	Author	Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Semenov, A.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Lobanov, Y.; Ozhegov, R.; Korneev, A.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Pernice, W.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	On-chip coherent detection with quantum limited sensitivity			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Sci Rep	Abbreviated Journal	Sci Rep
	Volume	7	Issue	1	Pages	4812
	Keywords	waveguide, SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	While single photon detectors provide superior intensity sensitivity, spectral resolution is usually lost after the detection event. Yet for applications in low signal infrared spectroscopy recovering information about the photon's frequency contributions is essential. Here we use highly efficient waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detectors for on-chip coherent detection. In a single nanophotonic device, we demonstrate both single-photon counting with up to 86% on-chip detection efficiency, as well as heterodyne coherent detection with spectral resolution f/f exceeding 10(11). By mixing a local oscillator with the single photon signal field, we observe frequency modulation at the intermediate frequency with ultra-low local oscillator power in the femto-Watt range. By optimizing the nanowire geometry and the working parameters of the detection scheme, we reach quantum-limited sensitivity. Our approach enables to realize matrix integrated heterodyne nanophotonic devices in the C-band wavelength range, for classical and quantum optics applications where single-photon counting as well as high spectral resolution are required simultaneously.
	Address	National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, 101000, Russia. ggoltsman@hse.ru
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2045-2322	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:28684752; PMCID:PMC5500578			Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ kovalyuk @			Serial	1129
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	Author	Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W. H. P.
	Title	Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detectors with high internal quantum efficiency at telecom wavelengths			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Sci. Rep.	Abbreviated Journal	Sci. Rep.
	Volume	5	Issue		Pages	10941 (1 to 11)
	Keywords	optical waveguides; waveguide integrated SSPD; waveguide SSPD; nanophotonics
	Abstract	Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) provide high efficiency for detecting individual photons while keeping dark counts and timing jitter minimal. Besides superior detection performance over a broad optical bandwidth, compatibility with an integrated optical platform is a crucial requirement for applications in emerging quantum photonic technologies. Here we present efficiencies close to unity at 1550nm wavelength. This allows for the SNSPDs to be operated at bias currents far below the critical current where unwanted dark count events reach milli-Hz levels while on-chip detection efficiencies above 70% are maintained. The measured dark count rates correspond to noiseequivalent powers in the 10–19W/Hz–1/2 range and the timing jitter is as low as 35ps. Our detectors are fully scalable and interface directly with waveguide-based optical platforms.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:26061283; PMCID:PMC4462017			Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ kovalyuk @			Serial	946
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	Author	Murphy, A.; Semenov, A.; Korneev, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Gol'tsman, G.; Bezryadin, A.
	Title	Three temperature regimes in superconducting photon detectors: quantum, thermal and multiple phase-slips as generators of dark counts			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Sci. Rep.	Abbreviated Journal	Sci. Rep.
	Volume	5	Issue		Pages	10174 (1 to 10)
	Keywords	SPD, SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We perform measurements of the switching current distributions of three w approximately 120 nm wide, 4 nm thick NbN superconducting strips which are used for single-photon detectors. These strips are much wider than the diameter of the vortex cores, so they are classified as quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D). We discover evidence of macroscopic quantum tunneling by observing the saturation of the standard deviation of the switching distributions at temperatures around 2 K. We analyze our results using the Kurkijarvi-Garg model and find that the escape temperature also saturates at low temperatures, confirming that at sufficiently low temperatures, macroscopic quantum tunneling is possible in quasi-2D strips and can contribute to dark counts observed in single photon detectors. At the highest temperatures the system enters a multiple phase-slip regime. In this range single phase-slips are unable to produce dark counts and the fluctuations in the switching current are reduced.
	Address	Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2045-2322	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:25988591; PMCID:PMC4437302			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1344
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	Author	Pentin, I.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Seleznev, V.; Smirnov, K.
	Title	Hot electron energy relaxation time in vanadium nitride superconducting film structures under THz and IR radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2020	Publication	Sci. Rep.	Abbreviated Journal	Sci. Rep.
	Volume	10	Issue	1	Pages	16819
	Keywords	VN HEB
	Abstract	The paper presents the experimental results of studying the dynamics of electron energy relaxation in structures made of thin (d approximately 6 nm) disordered superconducting vanadium nitride (VN) films converted to a resistive state by high-frequency radiation and transport current. Under conditions of quasi-equilibrium superconductivity and temperature range close to critical (~ Tc), a direct measurement of the energy relaxation time of electrons by the beats method arising from two monochromatic sources with close frequencies radiation in sub-THz region (omega approximately 0.140 THz) and sources in the IR region (omega approximately 193 THz) was conducted. The measured time of energy relaxation of electrons in the studied VN structures upon heating of THz and IR radiation completely coincided and amounted to (2.6-2.7) ns. The studied response of VN structures to IR (omega approximately 193 THz) picosecond laser pulses also allowed us to estimate the energy relaxation time in VN structures, which was ~ 2.8 ns and is in good agreement with the result obtained by the mixing method. Also, we present the experimentally measured volt-watt responsivity (S~) within the frequency range omega approximately (0.3-6) THz VN HEB detector. The estimated values of noise equivalent power (NEP) for VN HEB and its minimum energy level (deltaE) reached NEP@1MHz approximately 6.3 x 10(-14) W/ radicalHz and deltaE approximately 8.1 x 10(-18) J, respectively.
	Address	National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Str., Moscow, 101000, Russia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2045-2322	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:33033360; PMCID:PMC7546726			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1797
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	Author	Shangina, E. L.; Smirnov, K. V.; Morozov, D. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A. A.; Toropov, A. I.
	Title	Frequency bandwidth and conversion loss of a semiconductor heterodyne receiver with phonon cooling of two-dimensional electrons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Semicond.	Abbreviated Journal	Semicond.
	Volume	44	Issue	11	Pages	1427-1429
	Keywords	2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures mixers
	Abstract	The temperature and concentration dependences of the frequency bandwidth of terahertz heterodyne AlGaAs/GaAs detectors based on hot electron phenomena with phonon cooling of two-dimensional electrons have been measured by submillimeter spectroscopy with a high time resolution. At a temperature of 4.2 K, the frequency bandwidth at a level of 3 dB (f 3 dB) is varied from 150 to 250 MHz with a change in the concentration n s according to the power law f 3dB ∝ n −0.5 s due to the dominant contribution of piezoelectric phonon scattering. The minimum conversion loss of the semiconductor heterodyne detector is obtained in structures with a high carrier mobility (μ > 3 × 105 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 4.2 K).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1063-7826	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Полоса и потери преобразования полупроводникового смесителя с фононным каналом охлаждения двумерных электронов			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1216
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	Author	Morozov, D. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Smirnov, A. V.; Lyakhov, V. A.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	A millimeter-submillimeter phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixer based on two-dimensional electron gas in an AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Semicond.	Abbreviated Journal	Semicond.
	Volume	39	Issue	9	Pages	1082-1086
	Keywords	2D electron gas, AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures, mixers
	Abstract	Experimental results obtained by studying the main characteristics of a millimeter-submillimeter wave mixer based on the hot-electron effect in a two-dimensional electron gas in a AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure with a phonon-scattering cooling mechanism for charge carriers are reported. The gain bandwidth of the mixer is 4 GHz, the internal conversion losses are 13 dB, and the optimum local-oscillator power is 0.5 μW (for a mixer area of 1 μm2). It is shown that a millimeter-submillimeter-wave receiver with a noise temperature of 1900 K can be developed on the basis of a AlGaAs/GaAs mixer. This mixer also appears to be promising for use in array receiver elements.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1063-7826	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1463
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	Author	Verevkin, A. A.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Smirnov, K. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenson, E. M.; Yngvesson, K. S.
	Title	Multiple Andreev reflection in hybrid AlGaAs/GaAs structures with superconducting NbN contacts			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Semicond.	Abbreviated Journal	Semicond.
	Volume	33	Issue	5	Pages	551-554
	Keywords	2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures
	Abstract	The conductivity of hybrid microstructures with superconducting contacts made of niobium nitride to a semiconductor with a two-dimensional electron gas in a AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure has been investigated. Distinctive features of the behavior of the conductivity indicate the presence of multiple Andreev reflection at scattering centers in the normal region near the superconductor-semiconductor boundary.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1063-7826	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1571
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	Author	Fedorov, G. E.; Stepanova, T. S.; Gazaliev, A. S.; Gaiduchenko, I. A.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Goltzman, G. N.
	Title	Asymmetric devices based on carbon nanotubes for terahertz-range radiation detection			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Semicond.	Abbreviated Journal	Semicond.
	Volume	50	Issue	12	Pages	1600-1603
	Keywords	carbon nanotubes, CNT detectors
	Abstract	Various asymmetric detecting devices based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are studied. The asymmetry is understood as inhomogeneous properties along the conducting channel. In the first type of devices, an inhomogeneous morphology of the CNT grid is used. In the second type of devices, metals with highly varying work functions are used as the contact material. The relation between the sensitivity and detector configuration is analyzed. Based on the data obtained, approaches to the development of an efficient detector of terahertz radiation, based on carbon nanotubes are proposed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1063-7826	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1776
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	Author	Akhmadishina, K. F.; Bobrinetskiy, I. I.; Komarov, I. A.; Malovichko, A. M.; Nevolin, V. K.; Fedorov, G. E.; Golovin, A. V.; Zalevskiy, A. O.; Aidarkhanov, R. D.
	Title	Fast-response biological sensors based on single-layer carbon nanotubes modified with specific aptamers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Semicond.	Abbreviated Journal	Semicond.
	Volume	49	Issue	13	Pages	1749-1753
	Keywords	carbon nanotubes, CNT detectors
	Abstract	The possibility of the fabrication of a fast-response biological sensor based on a composite of single-layer carbon nanotubes and aptamers for the specific detection of proteins is shown. The effect of modification of the surface of the carbon nanotubes on the selectivity and sensitivity of the sensors is investigated. It is shown that carboxylated nanotubes have a better selectivity for detecting thrombin.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1063-7826	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1783
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	Author	Shangina, E. L.; Smirnov, K. V.; Morozov, D. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A. A.; Toropov, A. I.; Mauskopf, P.
	Title	Concentration dependence of energy relaxation time in AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunctions: direct measurements			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Semicond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Semicond. Sci. Technol.
	Volume	26	Issue	2	Pages	025013
	Keywords	AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunctions
	Abstract	We present measurements of the energy relaxation time, τε, of electrons in a single heterojunction in a quasi-equilibrium state using microwave time-resolved spectroscopy at 4.2 K. We find the relaxation time has a power-law dependence on the carrier density of the two-dimensional electron gas, τε∝nγs with γ = 0.40 ± 0.02 for values of the carrier density, ns, from 1.6 × 1011 to 6.6 × 1011cm−2. The results are in good agreement with predictions taking into account the scattering of the carriers by both piezoelectric and deformation potential acoustic phonons. We compare these results with indirect measurements of the energy relaxation time from energy loss measurements involving Joule heating of the electron gas.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0268-1242	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1215
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semyonov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Heating of electrons in superconductor in the resistive state due to electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Solid State Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Solid State Communications
	Volume	50	Issue	3	Pages	207-212
	Keywords	Nb HEB
	Abstract	The effect of heating electrons with respect to phonons in a thin superconducting film driven into the resistive state by the current and the external magnetic field has been observed and investigated. This effect caused by the electromagnetic radiation is manifested in the increased resistance of the film and is not selective over the frequency range from 1010 to 1015 Hz. That the effect is frequency independent under the conditions of strong electron scattering caused by static defects is explained by the decisive role of electron -electron collisions in forming the distribution function. The characteristic time of resistance change, obtained experimentally, corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter near the superconducting transition and to the relaxation time of the nonelastic electron-phonon interaction at lower temperatures and in lower magnetic fields.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0038-1098	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1709
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	Author	Bespalov, A.V.; Gol'tsman, G.N.; Semenov, A.D.; Renk, K.F.
	Title	Determination of the far-infrared emission characteristic of a cyclotron p-germanium laser by use of a superconducting Nb detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Solid State Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Solid State Communications
	Volume	80	Issue	7	Pages	503-506
	Keywords	Nb detector, applications
	Abstract	We studied the far-infrared emission characteristics of a cyclotron p-germanium laser using a broad-band superconducting Nb film detector. For magnetic fields between ∼25 kOe and ∼50 kOe, emission in a frequency range from ∼50 cm-1 to ∼100 cm-1 with maximum intensity around 90 cm-1 was obtained. We determined, for fixed magnetic fields, electric field dependences of the emission intensity taking into account that the total electric field is a sum of the applied and the Hall electric field. An analysis of the emission intensity characteristic gives evidence that transitions between the two lowest Landau levels of light holes are responsible for the laser action.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0038-1098	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1677
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Mechanism of picosecond response of granular YBaCuO films to electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Solid State Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Solid State Communications
	Volume	76	Issue	4	Pages	493-497
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors
	Abstract	The ultrafast mechanisms of radiation detection in granular YBaCuO films are studied in the wide wavelength range from millimeter to near infrared. With the rise of radiation frequency the Josephson detection at the grain boundary weak links is replaced by electron heating into the grains. This change occurs in the submillimeter wavelength range. Electron-phonon relaxation time τeph is determined by direct measurements and analyses quasistationary electron heating. Temperature dependence of τeph at T ≤ 40 K was found to be τeph ∼ T−1. The results show that detectors with the response time of few picoseconds at nitrogen temperature are attainable.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0038-1098	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1685
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Potapov, V. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Restriction of microwave enhancement of superconductivity in impure superconductors due to electron-electron interaction			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Solid State Communications	Abbreviated Journal	Solid State Communications
	Volume	75	Issue	8	Pages	639-641
	Keywords	impure superconductors
	Abstract	Transition from microwave enhancement of supercurrent to superconductivity suppression is investigated in impure superconductors. It is demonstrated that the frequency range of the enhancement effect narrows with the decrease of the electron mean free path, l, and at l ⩽ 1 nm electron heating is observed in the whole frequency range. Dependences of frequency boundaries on l are explained by taking into account strong electron-electron interaction in impure metals.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0038-1098	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1687
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elantiev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.; Potoskuev, S. E.
	Title	Intense electromagnetic radiation heating of electrons of a superconductor in the resistive state			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys.
	Volume	14	Issue	7	Pages	414-420
	Keywords	HEB
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes	Duplicated as 1697			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	236
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	Author	Elant'ev, A. I.; Karasik, B. S.
	Title	Effect of high-frequency current on Nb superconductive film in resistive state			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. J. Low Temp. Phys.
	Volume	15	Issue	7	Pages	379-383
	Keywords	Nb HEB
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	882
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	Author	Voevodin, E. I.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Energy-spectrum of shallow acceptors in Ge deformed strongly by a uniaxial pressure			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Sov. Phys. and Technics of Semiconductors	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. and Technics of Semiconductors
	Volume	23	Issue	8	Pages	843-846
	Keywords	Ge, crystallography
	Abstract	Проведены исследования спектров фототермической ионизации мелких акцепторов (В, Аl) в Ge, предельно сжатом вдоль кристаллографической оси [100]. Из данных измерений с учетом теории построен энергетический спектр примесей. Показано, что энергии большого числа уровней четных и нечетных состояний хорошо соответствуют расчету, выполненному для примесей в анизотропном полупроводнике с параметром анизотропии γ=m∗⊥/m∗∥>1.
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	Notes	Энергетический спектр мелких акцепторов в сильно одноосно деформированном Ge			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1692
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Goltsman, G. N.; Lulkin, A.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Electron-phonon interaction in ultrathin Nb films			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	70	Issue	3	Pages	505-511
	Keywords	Nb films
	Abstract	A study was made of the heating of electrons in normal resistive states of superconducting thin Nb films. The directly determined relaxation time of the resistance of a sample and the rise of the electron temperature were used to find the electron-phonon interaction time rep,, The dependence of rep, on the mean free path of electrons re,, a 1-'demonstrated, in agreement with the theoretical predictions, that the contribution of the inelastic scattering of electrons by impurities to the energy relaxation process decreased at low temperatures and the observed temperature dependence rep, a T 2 was due to a modification of the phonon spectrum in thin fllms. 1. Much new information on the electron-phonon interaction time?;,, in thin films of normal metals and superconductors has been published recently. This information has been obtained mainly as a result of two types of measurement. One includes experiments on weak electron localization investigated by the method of quantum interference corrections to the conductivity of disordered conductors, which can be used to find the relaxation time T, of the phase of the electron wave function. In the absence of the scattering of electrons by paramagnetic impurities the relaxation time T, is associated with the most effective process of energy relaxation: T;= TL+ rep;, where T,, is the electronelectron relaxation time. At low temperatures, when the dependence T; a T is exhibited by thin disordered films, the dominant channel is that of the electron-electron relaxation and there is a lower limit to the temperature range in which rep, can be investigated.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	241
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Multanovskii, V. V.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Kinetics of electron and hole binding into excitons in germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	57	Issue	2	Pages	369-376
	Keywords	Ge, electron and hole binding
	Abstract	The kinetics of binding of free carriers'into excitons under stationary and nonstationary conditions is studied by investigating the submillimeter photoconductivity of Ge in a wide range of temperatures and of excitation levels. It is shown that the absolute values and the temperature dependence of the binding cross section (o- T-'.' ) can be satisfactorily described by the cascade recombination theory. The value of o and its temperature dependence differ significantly from the cross sections, measured in the same manner, for capture by attracting small impurities. Under nonstationary conditions, just as in the case of recombination with shallow impurities, a signifi- cant role is played by the sticking of the carriers in highly excited states.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1711
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gershenzon, M. E.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Heating of electrons in a superconductor in the resistive state by electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	59	Issue	2	Pages	442-450
	Keywords	Nb HEB
	Abstract	The effect of heating of electrons relative to phonons is observed and investigated in a superconducting film that is made resistive by current and by an external magnetic field. The effect is manifested by an increase of the film resistance under the influence of the electromagnetic radiation, and is not selective in the frequency band 10^10-10^15 Hz. The independence of the effect of frequency under conditions of strong scattering by static defects is attributed to the decisive role of electron-electron collisions in the distribution function. The experimentally obtained characteristic time of resistance variation near the superconducting transition corresponds to the relaxation time of the order parameter, while at lower temperatures and fields it corresponds to the time of the inelastic electron-phonon interaction.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ phisix @			Serial	983
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Il'in, V. A.; Litvak-Gorskaya, L. B.; Filonovich, S. R.
	Title	Character of submillimeter photoconductivity in n-lnSb			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1979	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	49	Issue	1	Pages	121-128
	Keywords
	Abstract	A comprehensive investigation was made of the submillimeter photoconductivity of n -1nSb in the range of wavelengths L = 0.6-8 mm, magnetic fields H = 0-30 kOe, electric fields E = 0.01-0.5 V/cm, and temperatures T = 1.3-30 K. The kinetics of the photoconductivity processes as a function of T, E; and H is investigated. It is shown that impurity photoconductivity does exist for any degree of compensation of extremely purified n-InSb. Particular attention is paid to the hopping photoconductivity realized in strongly compensated n-1nSb (K > 0.8).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ phisix @			Serial	985
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	Author	Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gusinskii, E. N.; Malyavkin, A. V.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Selevko, A. G.; Edel'shtein, V. M.
	Title	The excitonic Zeeman effect in uniaxially-strained germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	65	Issue	6	Pages	1233-1241
	Keywords	Ge, Zeeman effect
	Abstract	We have carried out a high-resolution spectroscopic study of the absorption of submillimeter radiation by free excitons in germanium compressed along the [ 1 11 ] axis in a magnetic field parallel to the compression axis. In particular, we studied the splitting of the 1s- 2p transition in fields up to 6 kOe at T = 1.6 K, and observed a complex pattern in the Zeeman splitting which we believe is related to the effect of thermal motion of the excitons in a magnetic field on their internal structure (the magneto-Stark effect). The calculated submillimeter spectrum of excitons agrees with the experimental data. We predict that in a magnetic field the energy of the 2p, term is a minimum at a finite value of the exciton momentum perpendicular to the field-that is, the energy minimum forms a ring in momentum space. It follows that the density of states for this term must be a nonmonotonic function of the energy. A theory is developed of analogous phenomena in positronium.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1705
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Riger, E. R.
	Title	Effect of electron-electron collisions on the trapping of free carriers by shallow impurity centers in germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	64	Issue	4	Pages	889-897
	Keywords	Ge, trapping of free carriers
	Abstract	Cascade Auger recombination of free carriers on shallow impurities in Ge is investigated under quasi-equilibrium conditions (T= 2-12 K) and in impurity breakdown. The Auger capture cross sections are found to be a,= 5. 10-l9 T-'n cm2 for donors and uip= 7- T-5p cm2 for acceptors. It is shown that in an isotropic semiconductor (p-Ge) ui is well described by the cascade-capture theory that takes into account only electron-electron collisions. In an anisotropic semiconductor ui is considerably larger (n-Ge, strongly uniaxially compressedp-Ge). Under impurity breakdown conditions the electron-electron collisions determine the lifetimes of the free carriers only in samples with appreciable density of the compensating impurity (Nk loi3 cmP3).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1707
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Population and lifetime of excited states of shallow impurities in Ge			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1979	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	49	Issue	2	Pages	355-362
	Keywords	Ge, photothermal ionization, shallow impurities
	Abstract	An investigation was made of the dependences of the intensities of photothermal ionization lines of excited states of shallow impurities in Ge on the intensity of impurity-absorbed background radiation and on temperature. The results obtained were used to find the density and lifetime of carriers of lower excited states of the impurity centers. The lifetimes of the excited states of donors in Ge were 10-~-10-" sec and the lifetime of the lower excited state of acceptors was -lo-' sec. In the presence of background radiation the population of the excited states was very different from the equilibrium value and, in particular, a population inversion of the 2pk, state relative to the 3p0 and 3s states was observed.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1719
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Multanovskii, V. V.; Ptitsyna, N. G.
	Title	Capture of photoexcited carriers by shallow impurity centers in germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1979	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	50	Issue	4	Pages	728-734
	Keywords	Ge, photoexcited carriers, shallow impurity centers
	Abstract	Measurements were made of the lifetimes rf of free carriers and the relaxation time 7, of the submillimeter impurity photoconductivity when carriers are captured by attracting shallow donors and acceptom in Ge. It is nod that in samples with capture-center concentration N,Z 10"cm-' the relaxation time 7, greatly exceeds rf in the temperature range 4.2-12 K. The measured values of 7,- are compared with the calculation of cascade recombination by the classical model. To evaluate the data on T,, the distinguishing features of this model are considered for the nonstationary case. The substantial difference betweea the values of rf and T, is attributed to re-emission of the carriers from the excited states of the shallow impurities.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1720
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Kagane, M. L.
	Title	Energy spectrum of acceptors in germanium and its response to a magnetic field			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	45	Issue	4	Pages	769-776
	Keywords	p-Ge, photoconductivity, energy spectrum, magnetic field
	Abstract	We investigated the spectrum of the submillimeter photoconductivity of p-Ge at helium temperatures and the effects of a magnetic field up to 40 kOe on the spectrum. A large number of lines of transitions between the excited states of the acceptors was observed, some of the lines were identified, and the energies of a number of spectral levels B, Al, Ga, In, and TI in Ge were identified. The results are compared with calculations and with experimental data obtained from the spectra of the photoexcitation of the ground state of the impurities. Using one transition as an example, we discuss the splitting of the excited states of acceptors in the magnetic field and under uniaxial compression.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1727
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Elant'ev, A. I.
	Title	Energy spectrum of the donors in GaAs and Ge and its reaction to a magnetic field			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	45	Issue	3	Pages	555-565
	Keywords	Ge, GaAs, magnetic field, donors, energy spectrum
	Abstract	The spectrum of the submillimeter photoconductivity of n-GaAs and n-Ge in a magnetic field up to 60 kOe at helium temperatures was investigated. A large number of lines due to transitions between excited states of the donors have been investigated, and the measurement results were used to determine a number of levels of the energy spectrum in a wide range of magnetic fields. For GaAs, these data are compared with calculations of the energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom in magnetic fields up to -2X lo9 Oe. For the donors in Ge, the energy spectrum is investigated at different orientations of the magnetic field relative to the crystallographic axes (H 11 [loo], [I 1 I], [110]), and these results are also compared with the corresponding calculations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1728
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Investigation of free excitons in Ge and their condensation at submillimeter wavelengths			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1976	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	43	Issue	1	Pages	116-122
	Keywords	Ge, free excitons
	Abstract	Results are presented of an investigation of free excitons in Ge in the submillimeter wavelength range for low as well as for high excitation levels when interaction between the excitons becomes important. The free-exciton energy spectrum is discussed. It is shown that the drop radii and their concentrations can be determined by measuring the temperature dependence of the free-exciton concentration. A section of the phase diagram is obtained in the 0.5-2.8 K temperature range for the free excitons+condensate system.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1731
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Submillimeter spectroscopy of semiconductors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1973	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	37	Issue	2	Pages	299-304
	Keywords	semiconductors, submillimeter spectroscopy, spectrometer, BWO, Ge, free excitons
	Abstract	The possibility is considered of carrying out submillimeter-wave spectral investigations of semiconductors by means of a high resolution spectrometer with backward-wave tubes. Results of a study of the excitation spectra of small impurities, D-(A +) centers and free excitons in germanium are presented.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1735
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gurvich, Yu. A.; Orlova, S. L.; Ptitsina, N. G.
	Title	Cyclotron resonance of electrons in Ge in a quantizing magnetic field in the case of inelastic scattering by acoustic phonons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1975	Publication	Sov. Phys. JETP	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. JETP
	Volume	40	Issue	2	Pages	311-315
	Keywords	Ge, cyclotron resonance
	Abstract	Results are presented of an experimental study of the linewidth of cyclotron resonance under strong quantization conditions on the scattering of electrons by acoustic phonons. The measurements were performed in the 2....{).4 mm wavelength range at temperatures between 10 and 1.4 OK. A number of singularities were observed in the temperature and frequency dependences of the cyclotron linewidth. These can be ascribed to the effect of inhomogeneous broadening due to nonparabolicity of the electron spectrum, which is renormalized as a result of interaction with acoustic phonons.
	Address
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1768
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Zeeman effect in excited-states of donors in germanium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	Sov. Phys. Semicond.	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. Semicond.
	Volume	6	Issue	3	Pages	509
	Keywords	Ge, donors, Zeeman effect
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Amer Inst Physics 1305 Walt Whitman Rd, Ste 300, Melville, Ny 11747-4501 Usa	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1737
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