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Zhang, J.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Lo, W.; Wilsher, K. |
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Title |
Infrared picosecond superconducting single-photon detectors for CMOS circuit testing |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
CLEO/QELS |
Abbreviated Journal |
CLEO/QELS |
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Cmv4 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD; SNSPD; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Electron beam lithography; Infrared detectors; Infrared radiation; Quantum efficiency; Single photon detectors; Superconductors |
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Abstract  |
Novel, NbN superconducting single-photon detectors have been developed for ultrafast, high quantum efficiency detection of single quanta of infrared radiation. Our devices have been successfully implemented in a commercial VLSI CMOS circuit testing system. |
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Optical Society of America |
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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference |
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Serial |
1518 |
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Smirnov, K.; Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Divochij, A.; Rubtsova, I.; Antipov, A.; Ryabchun, S.; Okunev, O.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Seleznev, V.; Korotetskaya, Y.; Gol’tsman, G. |
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Title |
Superconducting single-photon detector for near- and middle IR wavelength range |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology |
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Volume |
2 |
Issue |
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Pages |
684-685 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
Presented in this paper are the results of research of NbN-film superconducting single-photon detector. At 2 K temperature, quantum efficiency in the visible light (0.56 mum) reaches 30-40 %. With the wavelength increase quantum efficiency decreases and comes to 20% at 1.55 mum and 0.02% at 5.6 mum. Minimum dark counts rate is 2times10-4s-1. The jitter of detector is 35 ps. The detector was successfully implemented for integrated circuits non-invasive optical testing. It is also perspective for quantum cryptography systems |
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Russian |
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1447 |
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Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Antipov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Morozov, D.; Korneev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Stysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Gorska, M.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
Registration of infrared single photons by a two-channel receiver based on fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Proc. 2-nd CAOL |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2-nd CAOL |
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Volume |
2 |
Issue |
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Pages |
282-285 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are the foundation of all quantum communications (QC) protocols. Among different classes of SPDs currently studied, NbN superconducting SPDs (SSPDs) are established as the best devices for ultrafast counting of single photons in the infrared (IR) wavelength range. The SSPDs are nanostructured, 100 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ in total area, superconducting meanders, patterned by electron lithography in ultra-thin NbN films. Their operation has been explained within a phenomenological hot-electron photoresponse model. We present the design and performance of a novel, two-channel SPD receiver, based on two fiber-coupled NbN SSPDs. The receivers have been developed for fiber-based QC systems, operational at 1.3 /spl mu/m and 1.55 /spl mu/m telecommunication wavelengths. They operate in the temperature range from 4.2 K to 2 K, in which the NbN SSPDs exhibit their best performance. The receiver unit has been designed as a cryostat insert, placed inside a standard liquid-helium storage dewar. The input of the receiver consists of a pair of single-mode optical fibers, equipped with the standard FC connectors and kept at room temperature. Coupling between the SSPD and the fiber is achieved using a specially designed, precise micromechanical holder that places the fiber directly on top of the SSPD nanostructure. Our receivers achieve the quantum efficiency of up to 7% for near-IR photons, with the coupling efficiency of about 30%. The response time was measured to be <300 ps and it was limited by our read-out electronics. The jitter of fiber-coupled SSPDs is <35 ps and their dark-count rate is below 1 s/sup -1/. The presented performance parameters show that our single-photon receivers are fully applicable for quantum-correlation-type QC systems, including practical quantum cryptography. |
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Second International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics and Lasers |
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Serial |
1462 |
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Author |
Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Antipov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Morozov, D.; Korneev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Górska, M.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
Registration of infrared single photons by a two-channel receiver based on fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Proc. SPIE |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. SPIE |
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Volume |
7009 |
Issue |
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Pages |
70090V (1 to 8) |
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Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD, single-photon detectors, superconductors, superconducting nanost |
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Abstract |
Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are the foundation of all quantum communications (QC) protocols. Among different classes of SPDs currently studied, NbN superconducting SPDs (SSPDs) are established as the best devices for ultrafast counting of single photons in the infrared (IR) wavelength range. The SSPDs are nanostructured, 100 μm2 in total area, superconducting meanders, patterned by electron lithography in ultra-thin NbN films. Their operation has been explained within a phenomenological hot-electron photoresponse model. We present the design and performance of a novel, two-channel SPD receiver, based on two fiber-coupled NbN SSPDs. The receivers have been developed for fiber-based QC systems, operational at 1.3 μm and 1.55 μm telecommunication wavelengths. They operate in the temperature range from 4.2 K to 2 K, in which the NbN SSPDs exhibit their best performance. The receiver unit has been designed as a cryostat insert, placed inside a standard liquid-heliumstorage dewar. The input of the receiver consists of a pair of single-mode optical fibers, equipped with the standard FC connectors and kept at room temperature. Coupling between the SSPD and the fiber is achieved using a specially designed, precise micromechanical holder that places the fiber directly on top of the SSPD nanostructure. Our receivers achieve the quantum efficiency of up to 7% for near-IR photons, with the coupling efficiency of about 30%. The response time was measured to be < 1.5 ns and it was limited by our read-out electronics. The jitter of fiber-coupled SSPDs is < 35 ps and their dark-count rate is below 1s-1. The presented performance parameters show that our single-photon receivers are fully applicable for quantum correlation-type QC systems, including practical quantum cryptography. |
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SPIE |
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Sukhoivanov, I.A.; Svich, V.A.; Shmaliy, Y.S. |
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Serial |
1413 |
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Author |
Xu, Y.; Zheng, X.; Williams, C.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Chulkova, G.; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G. N. |
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Title |
Ultrafast superconducting hot-electron single-photon detector |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
CLEO |
Abbreviated Journal |
CLEO |
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Pages |
345 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
Summary form only given. The current most-pressing need is to develop a practical, GHz-range counting single-photon detector, operational at either 1.3-/spl mu/m or 1.55-/spl mu/m radiation wavelength, for novel quantum communication and quantum cryptography systems. The presented solution of the problem is to use an ultrafast hot-electron photodetector, based on superconducting thin-film microstructures. This type of device is very promising, due to the macroscopic quantum nature of superconductors. Very fast response time and the small, (meV range) value of the superconducting energy gap characterize the superconductor, leading to the efficient avalanche process even for infrared photons. |
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Technical Digest. Summaries of papers presented at the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Postconference Technical Digest (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37170) |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1545 |
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Author |
Reiger, E.; Pan, D.; Slysz, W.; Jukna, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Dorenbos, S.; Zwiller, V.; Korneev, A.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Minaeva, O.; Gol'tsman, G.; Kitaygorsky, J. |
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Title |
Spectroscopy with nanostructured superconducting single photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. |
Abbreviated Journal |
IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron. |
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Volume |
13 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
934-943 |
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Keywords |
SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
Superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) are nanostructured devices made from ultrathin superconducting films. They are typically operated at liquid helium temperature and exhibit high detection efficiency, in combination with very low dark counts, fast response time, and extremely low timing jitter, within a broad wavelength range from ultraviolet to mid-infrared (up to 6 mu m). SSPDs are very attractive for applications such as fiber-based telecommunication, where single-photon sensitivity and high photon-counting rates are required. We review the current state-of-the-art in the SSPD research and development, and compare the SSPD performance to the best semiconducting avalanche photodiodes and other superconducting photon detectors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SSPDs can also be successfully implemented in photon-energy-resolving experiments. Our approach is based on the fact that the size of the hotspot, a nonsuperconducting region generated upon photon absorption, is linearly dependent on the photon energy. We introduce a statistical method, where, by measuring the SSPD system detection efficiency at different bias currents, we are able to resolve the wavelength of the incident photons with a resolution of 50 nm. |
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1077-260X |
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Serial |
1424 |
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Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Rubtsova, I.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G.; Voronov, B.; Smirnov, K.; Seleznev, V.; Gol'tsman, G.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Cross, A.; Alvarez, P.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
Superconducting single-photon ultrathin NbN film detector |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Quantum Electronics |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
35 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
698-700 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD |
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Abstract |
Superconducting single-photon ultrathin NbN film detectors are studied. The development of manufacturing technology of detectors and the reduction of their operating temperature down to 2 K resulted in a considerable increase in their quantum efficiency, which reached in the visible region (at 0.56 μm) 30%—40%, i.e., achieved the limit determined by the absorption coefficient of the film. The quantum efficiency exponentially decreases with increasing wavelength, being equal to ~20% at 1.55 μm and ~0.02% at 5 μm. For the dark count rate of ~10-4s-1, the experimental equivalent noise power was 1.5×10-20 W Hz-1/2; it can be decreased in the future down to the record low value of 5×10-21 W Hz-1/2. The time resolution of the detector is 30 ps. |
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Сверхпроводящий однофотонный детектор на основе ультратонкой пленки NbN |
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383 |
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Author |
Zhang, J.; Boiadjieva, N.; Chulkova, G.; Deslandes, H.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Leibowitz, M.; Lo, W.; Malinsky, R.; Okunev, O.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Smirnov, K.; Tsao, C.; Verevkin, A.; Voronov, B.; Wilsher, K.; Sobolewski, R. |
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Title |
Noninvasive CMOS circuit testing with NbN superconducting single-photon detectors |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Electron. Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Electron. Lett. |
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Volume |
39 |
Issue |
14 |
Pages |
1086-1088 |
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Keywords |
NbN SSPD, SNSPD, applications |
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Abstract |
The 3.5 nm thick-film, meander-structured NbN superconducting single-photon detectors have been implemented in the CMOS circuit-testing system based on the detection of near-infrared photon emission from switching transistors and have significantly improved the performance of the system. Photon emissions from both p- and n-MOS transistors have been observed. |
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0013-5194 |
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no |
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1512 |
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Sergeev, A.; Karasik, B. S.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Chulkova, G. M.; Il'in, K. S.; Gershenzon, E. M. |
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Title |
Electron–phonon interaction in disordered conductors |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter |
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Volume |
263-264 |
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Pages |
190-192 |
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Keywords |
disordered conductors, electron-phonon interaction |
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The electron–phonon interaction is strongly modified in conductors with a small value of the electron mean free path (impure metals, thin films). As a result, the temperature dependencies of both the inelastic electron scattering rate and resistivity differ significantly from those for pure bulk materials. Recent complex measurements have shown that modified dependencies are well described at K by the electron interaction with transverse phonons. At helium temperatures, available data are conflicting, and cannot be described by an universal model. |
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0921-4526 |
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1765 |
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Verevkin, A. I.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Chulkova, G. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Yngvesson, K. S. |
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Title |
Electron energy relaxation in a 2D channel in AlGaAs-GaAs heterostructures under quasiequilibrium conditions at low temperatures |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
JETP Lett. |
Abbreviated Journal |
JETP Lett. |
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Volume |
61 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
591-595 |
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2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures |
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The energy relaxation time of 2D electrons, Te, has been measured under quasiequilibrium conditions in AlGaAs—GaAs heterojunctions over the temperature range T= 1.5—20 K. At T> 4 K, Te depends only weakly on the temperature, while at T< 4 K 7;'(T) there is a dependence fr; lNT. A linear dependence 7: 1 (T) in the Bloch—-Grfineisen temperature region (T< 5 K) is unambiguous evidence that a piezoacoustic mechanism of an electron—phonon interaction is predominant in the inelastic scattering of electrons. The values of T6 in this temperature range agree very accurately with theoretical results reported by Karpus [Sov. Phys. Semicond. 22 (1988)]. At higher temperatures, where scat—tering by deformation acoustic phonons becomes substantial, there is a significant discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical re-sults. |
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1624 |
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