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	Author	Polyakova, M. I.; Korneev, A. A.; Semenov, A. V.
	Title	Comparison single- and double- spot detection efficiencies of SSPD based to MoSi and NbN films			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
	Volume	1695	Issue		Pages	012146 (1 to 3)
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD, MoSi
	Abstract	In this work, we present results of quantum detector tomography of superconducting single photon detector (SSPD) based on MoSi film, and compare them with previously reported data on NbN. We find that for both materials hot spot interaction length coincides with the strip width, and the dependence of single and double-spot detection efficiencies on bias current are compatible with sufficiently large hot-spot size, approaching the strip width.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1742-6588	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1787
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	Author	Moshkova, M. A.; Morozov, P. V.; Antipov, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.
	Title	High-efficiency multi-element superconducting single-photon detector			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	11771	Issue		Pages	2-8
	Keywords	PNR SSPD, large active area, detection efficiency
	Abstract	We present the result of the creation and investigation of the multi-element superconducting single photon detectors, which can recognize the number of photons (up to six) in a short pulse of the radiation at telecommunication wavelengths range. The best receivers coupled with single-mode fiber have the system quantum efficiency of ⁓85%. The receivers have a 100 ps time resolution and a few nanoseconds dead time that allows them to operate at megahertz counting rate. Implementation of the multi-element architecture for creation of the superconducting single photon detectors with increased sensitive area allows to create the high efficiency receivers coupled with multi-mode fibers and with preserving of the all advantages of superconducting photon counters.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Prochazka, I.; Štefaňák, M.; Sobolewski, R.; Gábris, A.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Quantum Optics and Photon Counting
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1795
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	Author	Vasilev, D. D.; Malevannaya, E. I.; Moiseev, K. M.; Zolotov, P. I.; Antipov, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.
	Title	Influence of deposited material energy on superconducting properties of the WSi films			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.	Abbreviated Journal	IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.
	Volume	781	Issue		Pages	012013 (1 to 6)
	Keywords	WSi SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	WSi thin films have the advantages for creating SNSPDs with a large active area or array of detectors on a single substrate due to the amorphous structure. The superconducting properties of ultrathin WSi films substantially depends on their structure and thickness as the NbN films. Scientific groups investigating WSi films mainly focused only on changes of their thickness and the ratio of the components on the substrate at room temperature. This paper presents experiments to determine the effect of the bias potential on the substrate, the temperature of the substrate, and the peak power of pulsed magnetron sputtering, which is the equivalent of ionization, a tungsten target, on the surface resistance and superconducting properties of the WSi ultrathin films. The negative effect of the substrate temperature and the positive effect of the bias potential and the ionization coefficient (peak current) allow one to choose the best WSi films formation mode for SNSPD: substrate temperature 297 K, bias potential -60 V, and peak current 3.5 A.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1757-899X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1798
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	Author	Antipov, A. V.; Seleznev, V. A.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Morozov, P. V.; Vasilev, D. D.; Malevannaya, E. I.; Moiseev, K. M.; Smirnov, K.
	Title	Investigation of WSi and NbN superconducting single-photon detectors in mid-IR range			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2020	Publication	IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.	Abbreviated Journal	IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.
	Volume	781	Issue		Pages	012011 (1 to 5)
	Keywords	WSi, NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Spectral characteristics of WSi and NbN superconducting single-photon detectors with different surface resistance and width of nanowire strips have been investigated in the wavelength range of 1.3-2.5 μm. WSi structures with narrower strips demonstrated better performance for detection of single photons in longer wavelength range. The difference in normalized photon count rate for such structures reaches one order of magnitude higher in comparison with structures based on NbN thin films at 2.5 μm.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1757-899X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1799
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	Author	Moshkova, M. A.; Divochiy, A. V.; Morozov, P. V.; Antipov, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Smirnov, K. V.
	Title	Characterization of topologies of superconducting photon number resolving detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Photonics and Information Optics	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Photonics and Information Optics
	Volume		Issue		Pages	465-466
	Keywords	PNR SSPD
	Abstract	Comparative analysis for different topologies of superconducting single-photon detectors with ability to resolve up to 4 photons in a short pulse of IR radiation has been carry out. It was developed the detector with a system detection efficiency of ~ 85 % at λ = 1550 nm. The possibility of using such detector to restore photon statistics of a pulsed radiation source was demonstrated.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-5-7262-2536-4	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	http://fioconf.mephi.ru/files/2018/12/FIO2019-Sbornik.pdf			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1803
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	Author	Мошкова, М. А.; Дивочий, А. В.; Морозов, П. В.; Антипов, А. В.; Вахтомин, Ю. Б.; Смирнов, К. В.
	Title	Оценка статистики распределения фотонов с использованием многоэлементного сверхпроводникового однофотонного детектора			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Межвузовская научно-техническая конференция студентов, аспирантов и молодых специалистов им. Е. В. Арменского	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	201-202
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract	Проведен сравнительный анализ топологий сверхпроводниковых однофотонных детекторов с способностью к разрешению до четырёх фотонов в коротком импульсе ИК излучения. Получен детектор, с системной квантовой эффективностью ~85% на λ=1550 нм. Продемонстрирована возможность его использования для распределения числа фотонов импульсного источника излучения.
	Address	Москва
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	МИЭМ НИУ ВШЭ	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1804
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	Author	Schroeder, E.; Mauskopf, P.; Pilyavsky, G.; Sinclair, A.; Smith, N.; Bryan, S.; Mani, H.; Morozov, D.; Berggren, K.; Zhu, D.; Smirnov, K.; Vakhtomin, Y.
	Title	On the measurement of intensity correlations from laboratory and astronomical sources with SPADs and SNSPDs			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	9907	Issue		Pages	99070P (1 to 13)
	Keywords	SPAD, NbN SSPD applications, SNSPD
	Abstract	We describe the performance of detector modules containing silicon single photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs) and superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) to be used for intensity interferometry. The SPADs are mounted in fiber-coupled and free-space coupled packages. The SNSPDs are mounted in a small liquid helium cryostat coupled to single mode fiber optic cables which pass through a hermetic feed-through. The detectors are read out with microwave amplifiers and FPGA-based coincidence electronics. We present progress on measurements of intensity correlations from incoherent sources including gas-discharge lamps and stars with these detectors. From the measured laboratory performance of the correlation system, we estimate the sensitivity to intensity correlations from stars using commercial telescopes and larger existing research telescopes.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Malbet, F.; Creech-Eakman, M.J.; Tuthill, P.G.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging V
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1809
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Корнеева, Ю. П.; Михайлов, М. М.; Манова, Н. Н.; Дивочий, А. А.; Корнеев, А. А.; Вахтомин, Ю. Б.; Першин, Ю. П.; Гольцман, Г. Н.
	Title	Сверхпроводниковый однофотонный детектор на основе аморфных пленок MoSi			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Труды XVIII международного симпозиума «Нанофизика и наноэлектроника»	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	1	Issue		Pages	53-54
	Keywords	MoSi SSPD
	Abstract	Нами были изготовлены и исследованы однофотонные детекторы на основе сверхпроводящих пленок Mo x Si 1-x двух различных стехиометрий: Mo 3 Si и Mo 4 Si. При температуре 1.7 К лучшие детекторы площадью 7 мкм*7 мкм на основе этих пленок продемонстрировали системную квантовую эффективность 18% при скорости темнового счета 10 с -1 на длине волны 1.2 мкм с использованием неполяризованного источника, длительность импульса – 6 нс, джиттер – 120 пс.
	Address	Нижний Новгород, Россия
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1836
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Semenov, A.; Lobanov, Yu; Shcherbatenko, M.; Korneev, A; Pernice, W.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detector for on-chip quantum and spectral photonic application			Type	Conference Volume
	Year	2017	Publication	Proc. SPBOPEN	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPBOPEN
	Volume		Issue		Pages	421-422
	Keywords	waveguide, SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	By adopting a travelling-wave geometry approach, integrated superconductor- nanophotonic devices were fabricated. The architecture consists of a superconducting NbN- nanowire atop of a silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) nanophotonic waveguide. NbN-nanowire was operated as a single-photon counting detector, with up to 92% on-chip detection efficiency (OCDE), in the coherent mode, serving as a highly sensitive IR heterodyne mixer with spectral resolution (f/df) greater than 10^6 in C-band at 1550 nm wavelength.
	Address	St. Petersburg, Russia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Duplicated as 1140			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1256
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	Author	Semenov, Alexei D; Gol'tsman, Gregory N; Sobolewski, Roman
	Title	Hot-electron effect in superconductors and its applications for radiation sensors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Superconductor Science and Technology	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
	Volume	15	Issue	4	Pages	R1-R16
	Keywords	HEB, SSPD
	Abstract	The paper reviews the main aspects of nonequilibrium hot-electron phenomena in superconductors and various theoretical models developed to describe the hot-electron effect. We discuss implementation of the hot-electron avalanche mechanism in superconducting radiation sensors and present the most successful practical devices, such as terahertz mixers and direct intensity detectors, for far-infrared radiation. Our presentation also includes the novel approach to hot-electron quantum detection implemented in superconducting x-ray to optical photon counters.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	416
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	Author	Divochiy, Aleksander; Marsili, Francesco; Bitauld, David; Gaggero, Alessandro; Leoni, Roberto; Mattioli, Francesco; Korneev, Alexander; Seleznev, Vitaliy; Kaurova, Nataliya; Minaeva, Olga; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Lagoudakis, Konstantinos G.; Benkhaoul, Moushab; Lévy, Francis; Fiore, Andrea
	Title	Superconducting nanowire photon-number-resolving detector at telecommunication wavelengths			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Nat. Photon.	Abbreviated Journal	Nat. Photon.
	Volume	2	Issue	5	Pages	302-306
	Keywords	SSPD, photon-number-resolving
	Abstract	Optical-to-electrical conversion, which is the basis of the operation of optical detectors, can be linear or nonlinear. When high sensitivities are needed, single-photon detectors are used, which operate in a strongly nonlinear mode, their response being independent of the number of detected photons. However, photon-number-resolving detectors are needed, particularly in quantum optics, where n-photon states are routinely produced. In quantum communication and quantum information processing, the photon-number-resolving functionality is key to many protocols, such as the implementation of quantum repeaters1 and linear-optics quantum computing2. A linear detector with single-photon sensitivity can also be used for measuring a temporal waveform at extremely low light levels, such as in long-distance optical communications, fluorescence spectroscopy and optical time-domain reflectometry. We demonstrate here a photon-number-resolving detector based on parallel superconducting nanowires and capable of counting up to four photons at telecommunication wavelengths, with an ultralow dark count rate and high counting frequency.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	916
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	Author	Tarkhov, M.; Claudon, J.; Poizat, J. Ph.; Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Minaeva, O.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Semenov, A. V.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	Ultrafast reset time of superconducting single photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	92	Issue	24	Pages	241112 (1 to 3)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	429
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	Author	Hadfield, Robert. H.; Habif, Jonathan L.; Schlafer, John; Schwall, Robert. E.; Nam, Sae Woo
	Title	Quantum key distribution at 1550 nm with twin superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Applied Physics Letters	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	89	Issue	24	Pages	241129
	Keywords	SSPD, quantum cryptography
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	533
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	Author	Sobolewski, Roman; Xu, Ying; Zheng, Xuemei; Williams, Carlo; Zhang, Jin; Verevkin, Aleksandr; Chulkova, Galina; Korneev, Alexander; Lipatov, Andrey; Okunev, Oleg; Smirnov, Konstantin; Gol'tsman, Gregory N.
	Title	Spectral sensitivity of the NbN single-photon superconducting detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	IEICE Trans. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	IEICE Trans. Electron.
	Volume	E85-C	Issue	3	Pages	797-802
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We report our studies on the spectral sensitivity of superconducting NbN thin-film single-photon detectors (SPD's) capable of GHz counting rates of visible and near-infrared photons. In particular, it has been shown that a NbN SPD is sensitive to 1.55-µm wavelength radiation and can be used for quantum communication. Our SPD's exhibit experimentally measured intrinsic quantum efficiencies from 20% at 800 nm up to 1% at 1.55-µm wavelength. The devices demonstrate picosecond response time (<100 ps, limited by our readout system) and negligibly low dark counts. Spectral dependencies of photon counting of continuous-wave, 0.4-µm to 3.5-µm radiation, and 0.63-µm, 1.33-µm, and 1.55-µm laser-pulsed radiations are presented for the single-stripe-type and meander-type devices.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1531
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	Author	Корнеев, А. А.; Минаева, О.; Рубцова, И.; Милостная, И.; Чулкова, Г.; Воронов, Б.; Смирнов, К.; Селезнёв, В.; Гольцман, Г.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Cross, A.; Alvarez, P.; Верёвкин, А.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Сверхпроводящий однофотонный детектор на основе ультратонкой пленки NbN			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Квантовая электроника	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	35	Issue	8	Pages	698-700
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Представлены результаты исследований сверхпроводящих однофотонных детекторов, изготовленных из ультратонкой пленки NbN. Развитие технологического процесса изготовления детекторов, а также снижение рабочей температуры до 2 К позволили существенно увеличить квантовую эффективность: для видимого света (λ = 0.56 мкм) она составила 30%–40%, т.е. достигла предела, определяемого коэффициентом поглощения пленки. С ростом длины волны квантовая эффективность экспоненциально падает, составляя ~20% на λ=1.55 мкм и ~0.02% на λ = 5 мкм. При скорости темнового счета ~10-4s-1 экспериментально измеренная эквивалентная мощность шума составила 1.5 × 10-20 Вт/Гц-1/2; в дальнейшем она может быть уменьшена до рекордно низкого значения 5 × 10-21 Вт/Гц-1/2. Временное разрешение детектора равно 30 пс.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Duplicated as 383 (Superconducting single-photon ultrathin NbN film detector)			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	382
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	Author	Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Rubtsova, I.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G.; Voronov, B.; Smirnov, K.; Seleznev, V.; Gol'tsman, G.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Cross, A.; Alvarez, P.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Superconducting single-photon ultrathin NbN film detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Quantum Electronics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	35	Issue	8	Pages	698-700
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Superconducting single-photon ultrathin NbN film detectors are studied. The development of manufacturing technology of detectors and the reduction of their operating temperature down to 2 K resulted in a considerable increase in their quantum efficiency, which reached in the visible region (at 0.56 μm) 30%—40%, i.e., achieved the limit determined by the absorption coefficient of the film. The quantum efficiency exponentially decreases with increasing wavelength, being equal to ~20% at 1.55 μm and ~0.02% at 5 μm. For the dark count rate of ~10-4s-1, the experimental equivalent noise power was 1.5×10-20 W Hz-1/2; it can be decreased in the future down to the record low value of 5×10-21 W Hz-1/2. The time resolution of the detector is 30 ps.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Сверхпроводящий однофотонный детектор на основе ультратонкой пленки NbN			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	383
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	Author	Rosfjord, Kristine M.; Yang, Joel K. W.; Dauler, Eric A.; Kerman, Andrew J.; Vikas Anant; Voronov, Boris M.; Gol'tsman, Gregory N.; Berggren, Karl K.
	Title	Nanowire Single-photon detector with an integrated optical cavity and anti-reflection coating			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Opt. Express	Abbreviated Journal	Opt. Express
	Volume	14	Issue	2	Pages	527-534
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, cavity
	Abstract	We have fabricated and tested superconducting single-photon detectors and demonstrated detection efficiencies of 57% at 1550-nm wavelength and 67% at 1064 nm. In addition to the peak detection efficiency, a median detection efficiency of 47.7% was measured over 132 devices at 1550 nm. These measurements were made at 1.8K, with each device biased to 97.5% of its critical current. The high detection efficiencies resulted from the addition of an optical cavity and anti-reflection coating to a nanowire photodetector, creating an integrated nanoelectrophotonic device with enhanced performance relative to the original device. Here, the testing apparatus and the fabrication process are presented. The detection efficiency of devices before and after the addition of optical elements is also reported.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1094-4087	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:19503367			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	388
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	Author	Delacour, C.; Claudon, J.; Poizat, J.-Ph.; Pannetier, B.; Bouchiat, V.; de Lamaestre, R. Espiau; Villegier, J.-C.; Tarkhov, M.; Korneev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	Superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation with an atomic force microscope			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	90	Issue	19	Pages	191116 (1 t0 3)
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract	The authors present a fabrication technique of superconducting single photon detectors made by local oxidation of niobium nitride ultrathin films. Narrow superconducting meander lines are obtained by direct writing of insulating niobium oxynitride lines through the films using voltage-biased tip of an atomic force microscope. Due to the 30nm resolution of the lithographic technique, the filling factor of the meander line can be made substantially higher than detector of similar geometry made by electron beam lithography, thus leading to increased quantum efficiency. Single photon detection regime of these devices is demonstrated at 4.2K. The authors thank J.-P. Maneval for stimulating discussions. This work has been partly supported by ACI Nanoscience from French Ministry of Research, D.G.A., by Grant No. 02.445.11.7434 of Russian Ministry of Education and Science, and by the European Commission under project “SINPHONIA,” Contract No. NMP4-CT-2005-16433.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	423
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	Author	Heeres, R.W.; Dorenbos, S.N.; Koene, B.; Solomon, G.S.; Kouwenhoven, L.P.; Zwiller, V.
	Title	On-Chip Single Plasmon Detection			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Nano Letters	Abbreviated Journal	Nano Lett.
	Volume	10	Issue		Pages	661-664
	Keywords	optical antennas; SSPD; Single surface plasmons; superconducting detectors; semiconductor quantum dots; nanophotonics
	Abstract	Surface plasmon polaritons (plasmons) have the potential to interface electronic and optical devices. They could prove extremely useful for integrated quantum information processing. Here we demonstrate on-chip electrical detection of single plasmons propagating along gold waveguides. The plasmons are excited using the single-photon emission of an optically emitting quantum dot. After propagating for several micrometers, the plasmons are coupled to a superconducting detector in the near-field. Correlation measurements prove that single plasmons are being detected.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ akorneev @			Serial	620
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	Author	Sobolewski, R.; Verevkin, A.; Gol'tsman, G.N.; Lipatov, A.; Wilsher, K.
	Title	Ultrafast superconducting single-photon optical detectors and their applications			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	13	Issue	2	Pages	1151-1157
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We present a new class of ultrafast single-photon detectors for counting both visible and infrared photons. The detection mechanism is based on photon-induced hotspot formation, which forces the supercurrent redistribution and leads to the appearance of a transient resistive barrier across an ultrathin, submicrometer-width, superconducting stripe. The devices were fabricated from 3.5-nm- and 10-nm-thick NbN films, patterned into <200-nm-wide stripes in the 4 /spl times/ 4-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ or 10 /spl times/ 10-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ meander-type geometry, and operated at 4.2 K, well below the NbN critical temperature (T/sub c/=10-11 K). Continuous-wave and pulsed-laser optical sources in the 400-nm-to 3500-nm-wavelength range were used to determine the detector performance in the photon-counting mode. Experimental quantum efficiency was found to exponentially depend on the photon wavelength, and for our best, 3.5-nm-thick, 100-/spl mu/m/sup 2/-area devices varied from >10% for 405-nm radiation to 3.5% for 1550-nm photons. The detector response time and jitter were /spl sim/100 ps and 35 ps, respectively, and were acquisition system limited. The dark counts were below 0.01 per second at optimal biasing. In terms of the counting rate, jitter, and dark counts, the NbN single-photon detectors significantly outperform their semiconductor counterparts. Already-identified applications for our devices range from noncontact testing of semiconductor CMOS VLSI circuits to free-space quantum cryptography and communications.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	509
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	Author	Il’in, K. S.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Verevkin, A. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Ultimate quantum efficiency of a superconducting hot-electron photodetector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	73	Issue	26	Pages	3938-3940
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	The quantum efficiency and current and voltage responsivities of fast hot-electron photodetectors, fabricated from superconducting NbN thin films and biased in the resistive state, have been shown to reach values of 340, 220 A/W, and 4×104 V/W, respectively, for infrared radiation with a wavelength of 0.79 μm. The characteristics of the photodetectors are presented within the general model, based on relaxation processes in the nonequilibrium electron heating of a superconducting thin film. The observed, very high efficiency and sensitivity of the superconductor absorbing the photon are explained by the high multiplication rate of quasiparticles during the avalanche breaking of Cooper pairs.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1579
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	Author	Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Hartmann, W.; Vetter, A.; Kahl, O.; Lee, C.; Korneev, A.; Rockstuhl, C.; Gol'tsman, G.; Pernice, W.
	Title	Hot-spot relaxation time current dependence in niobium nitride waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Opt. Express	Abbreviated Journal	Opt. Express
	Volume	25	Issue	8	Pages	8739-8750
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, photon counting; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Integrated optics; Multiphoton processes; Photon statistics
	Abstract	We investigate how the bias current affects the hot-spot relaxation dynamics in niobium nitride. We use for this purpose a near-infrared pump-probe technique on a waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detector driven in the two-photon regime. We observe a strong increase in the picosecond relaxation time for higher bias currents. A minimum relaxation time of (22 +/- 1)ps is obtained when applying a bias current of 50% of the switching current at 1.7 K bath temperature. We also propose a practical approach to accurately estimate the photon detection regimes based on the reconstruction of the measured detector tomography at different bias currents and for different illumination conditions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ kovalyuk @			Serial	1118
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	Author	Verevkin, A.; Zhang, J.; Sobolewski, Roman; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Smirnov, K.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A.
	Title	Detection efficiency of large-active-area NbN single-photon superconducting detectors in the ultraviolet to near-infrared range			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	80	Issue	25	Pages	4687-4689
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD, QE
	Abstract	We report our studies on spectral sensitivity of meander-type, superconducting NbN thin-film single-photon detectors (SPDs), characterized by GHz counting rates of visible and near-infrared photons and negligible dark counts. Our SPDs exhibit experimentally determined quantum efficiencies ranging from ∼0.2% at the 1.55 μm wavelength to ∼70% at 0.4 μm. Spectral dependences of the detection efficiency (DE) at the 0.4 to 3.0-μm-wavelength range are presented. The exponential character of the DE dependence on wavelength, as well as its dependence versus bias current, is qualitatively explained in terms of superconducting fluctuations in our ultrathin, submicron-width superconducting stripes. The DE values of large-active-area NbN SPDs in the visible range are high enough for modern quantum communications.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	331
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	Author	Korneev, Alexander; Vachtomin, Yury; Minaeva, Olga; Divochiy, Alexander; Smirnov, Konstantin; Okunev, Oleg; Gol'tsman, Gregory; Zinoni, C.; Chauvin, Nicolas; Balet, Laurent; Marsili, Francesco; Bitauld, David; Alloing, Blandine; Li, Lianhe; Fiore, Andrea; Lunghi, L.; Gerardino, Annamaria; Halder, Matthäus; Jorel, Corentin; Zbinden, Hugo
	Title	Single-photon detection system for quantum optics applications			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.
	Volume	13	Issue	4	Pages	944-951
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We describe the design and characterization of a fiber-coupled double-channel single-photon detection system based on superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPD), and its application for quantum optics experiments on semiconductor nanostructures. When operated at 2-K temperature, the system shows 10% quantum efficiency at 1.3-Ã‚Â¿m wavelength with dark count rate below 10 counts per second and timing resolution <100 ps. The short recovery time and absence of afterpulsing leads to counting frequencies as high as 40 MHz. Moreover, the low dark count rate allows operation in continuous mode (without gating). These characteristics are very attractive-as compared to InGaAs avalanche photodiodes-for quantum optics experiments at telecommunication wavelengths. We demonstrate the use of the system in time-correlated fluorescence spectroscopy of quantum wells and in the measurement of the intensity correlation function of light emitted by semiconductor quantum dots at 1300 nm.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1077-260X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	430
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	Author	Gol'tsman, G.; Minaeva, O.; Korneev, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Rubtsova, I.; Divochiy, A.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Pan, D.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Cross, A.; Pearlman, A.; Komissarov, I.; Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Grabiec, P.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Middle-infrared to visible-light ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	17	Issue	2	Pages	246-251
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We present an overview of the state-of-the-art of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). Our devices exhibit quantum efficiency (QE) of up to 30% in near-infrared wavelength and 0.4% at 5 mum, with a dark-count rate that can be as low as 10 -4 s -1 . The SSPD structures integrated with lambda/4 microcavities achieve a QE of 60% at telecommunication, 1550-nm wavelength. We have also developed a new generation of SSPDs that possess the QE of large-active-area devices, but, simultaneously, are characterized by low kinetic inductance that allows achieving short response times and the GHz-counting rate with picosecond timing jitter. The improvements presented in the SSPD development, such as fiber-coupled SSPDs, make our detectors most attractive for high-speed quantum communications and quantum computing.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	431
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	Author	Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Matvienko, V.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Currie, M.; Lo, W.; Wilsher, K.; Zhang, J.; Słysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, Roman
	Title	Sensitivity and gigahertz counting performance of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	84	Issue	26	Pages	5338-5340
	Keywords	SSPD, NEP, QE
	Abstract	We have measured the quantum efficiencysQEd, GHz counting rate, jitter, and noise-equivalentpowersNEPdof nanostructured NbN superconducting single-photon detectorssSSPDsdin thevisible to infrared radiation range. Our 3.5-nm-thick and 100- to 200-nm-wide meander-typedevices(total area 10310mm2), operating at 4.2 K, exhibit an experimental QE of up to 20% inthe visible range and,10% at 1.3 to 1.55mm wavelength and are potentially sensitive up tomidinfrareds,10mmdradiation. The SSPD counting rate was measured to be above 2 GHz withjitter,18 ps, independent of the wavelength. The devices’ NEP varies from,10−17W/Hz1/2for1.55mm photons to,10−20W/Hz1/2for visible radiation. Lowering the SSPD operatingtemperature to 2.3 K significantly enhanced its performance, by increasing the QE to,20% andlowering the NEP level to,3310−22W/Hz1/2, both measured at 1.26mm wavelength.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	532
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	Author	Semenov, A.; Engel, A.; Il'in, K.; Gol'tsman, G.; Siegel, M.; Hübers, H.-W.
	Title	Ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys.
	Volume	21	Issue	3	Pages	171-178
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We analyze the ultimate performance of a superconducting quantum detector in order to meet requirements for applications in near-infrared astronomy and X-ray spectroscopy. The detector exploits a combined detection mechanism, in which avalanche quasiparticle multiplication and the supercurrent jointly produce a voltage response to a single absorbed photon via successive formation of a photon-induced and a current-induced normal hotspot in a narrow superconducting strip. The response time of the detector should increase with the photon energy providing energy resolution. Depending on the superconducting material and operation conditions, the cut-off wavelength for the single-photon detection regime varies from infrared waves to visible light. We simulated the performance of the background-limited infrared direct detector and X-ray photon counter utilizing the above mechanism. Low dark count rate and intrinsic low-frequency cut-off allow for realizing a background limited noise equivalent power of 10−20 W Hz−1/2 for a far-infrared direct detector exposed to 4-K background radiation. At low temperatures, the intrinsic response time of the counter is rather determined by diffusion of nonequilibrium electrons than by the rate of energy transfer to phonons. Therefore, thermal fluctuations do not hamper energy resolution of the X-ray photon counter that should be better than 10−3 for 6-keV photons. Comparison of new data obtained with a Nb based detector and previously reported results on NbN quantum detectors support our estimates of ultimate detector performance.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1286-0042	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	534
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	Author	Stucki, Damien; Barreiro, Claudio; Fasel, Sylvain; Gautier, Jean-Daniel; Gay, Olivier; Gisin, Nicolas; Thew, Rob; Thoma, Yann; Trinkler, Patrick; Vannel, Fabien; Zbinden, Hugo
	Title	Continuous high speed coherent one-way quantum key distribution			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Optics Express	Abbreviated Journal	Opt. Express
	Volume	17	Issue	16	Pages	13326-13334
	Keywords	quantum cryptography, QKD, PNS, SSPD, coherent one way, COW
	Abstract	Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the first commercial quantum technology operating at the level of single quanta and is a leading light for quantum-enabled photonic technologies. However, controlling these quantum optical systems in real world environments presents significant challenges. For the first time, we have brought together three key concepts for future QKD systems: a simple high-speed protocol; high performance detection; and integration both, at the component level and for standard fibre network connectivity. The QKD system is capable of continuous and autonomous operation, generating secret keys in real time. Laboratory and field tests were performed and comparisons made with robust InGaAs avalanche photodiodes and superconducting detectors. We report the first real world implementation of a fully functional QKD system over a 43dB-loss (150km) transmission line in the Swisscom fibre optic network where we obtained average real-time distribution rates over 3 hours of 2.5bps.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ akorneev @			Serial	602
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	Author	Goltsman, G.; Korneev, A.; Divochiy, A.; Minaeva, O.; Tarkhov, M.; Kaurova, N.; Seleznev, V.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Antipov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Vachtomin, Yu.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G.
	Title	Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	J. Modern Opt.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Modern Opt.
	Volume	56	Issue	15	Pages	1670-1680
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	The state-of-the-art of the NbN nanowire superconducting single-photon detector technology (SSPD) is presented. The SSPDs exhibit excellent performance at 2 K temperature: 30% quantum efficiency from visible to infrared, negligible dark count rate, single-photon sensitivity up to 5.6 µm. The recent achievements in the development of GHz counting rate devices with photon-number resolving capability is presented.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0950-0340	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ akorneev @			Serial	607
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	Author	Korneeva, Y. P.; Manova, N. N.; Dryazgov, M. A.; Simonov, N. O.; Zolotov, P. I.; Korneev, A. A.
	Title	Influence of sheet resistance and strip width on the detection efficiency saturation in micron-wide superconducting strips and large-area meanders			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
	Volume	34	Issue	8	Pages	084001
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SMSPD
	Abstract	We report our study of detection efficiency (DE) saturation in wavelength range 400 – 1550 nm for the NbN Superconducting Microstrip Single-Photon Detectors (SMSPD) featuring the strip width up to 3 μm. We observe an expected decrease of the $DE$ saturation plateau with the increase of photon wavelength and decrease of film sheet resistance. At 1.7 K temperature DE saturation can be clearly observed at 1550 nm wavelength in strip with the width up to 2 μm when sheet resistance of the film is above 630Ω/sq. In such strips the length of the saturation plateau almost does not depend on the strip width. We used these films to make meander-shaped detectors with the light sensitive area from 20×20μm2 to a circle 50 μm in diameter. In the latter case, the detector with the strip width of 0.49 μm demonstrates saturation of DE up to 1064 nm wavelength. Although DE at 1310 and 1550 nm is not saturated, it is as high as 60%. The response time is limited by the kinetic inductance and equals to 20 ns(by 1/e decay), timing jitter is 44 ps. When coupled to multi-mode fibre large-area meanders demonstrate significantly higher dark count rate which we attribute to thermal background photons, thus advanced filtering technique would be required for practical applications.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1793
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	Author	Takesue, Hiroki; Nam, Sae Woo; Zhang, Qiang; Hadfield, Robert H.; Honjo, Toshimori; Tamaki, Kiyoshi; Yamamoto, Yoshihisa
	Title	Quantum key distribution over a 40-dB channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Nature Photonics	Abbreviated Journal	Nat. Photon.
	Volume	1	Issue		Pages	343-348
	Keywords	quantum cryptography, SSPD, QKD, DSP
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ akorneev @			Serial	609
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	Author	Stucki, D.; Walenta, N.; Vannel, F.; Thew, R.T.; Gisin, N.; Zbinden, H.; Gray, S.; Towery, C. R.; Ten, S.
	Title	High rate long-distance quantum key distribution over 250 km of ultra low loss fibres			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	New J. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	11	Issue	7	Pages	075003
	Keywords	SSPD, quantum cryptography, QKD, COW
	Abstract	We present a fully automated quantum key distribution prototype running at 625 MHz clock rate. Taking advantage of ultra low loss fibres and low-noise superconducting detectors, we can distribute 6,000 secret bits per second over 100 km and 15 bits per second over 250km.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ akorneev @			Serial	610
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	Author	Stevens, M.; Hadfield, R.; Schwall, R.; Nam, S.W.; Mirin, R.; Gupta, J.
	Title	Fast lifetime measurements of infrared emitters using a low-jitter superconduct- ing single-photon detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Applied Physics Letters	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	89	Issue		Pages	031109
	Keywords	SSPD, jitter, QD, QW
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ akorneev @			Serial	611
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	Author	Stevens, M.; Hadfeld, R.; Schwall, R.; Nam, S.W.; and Mirin, R.
	Title	Quantum dot single photon sources studied with superconducting single photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	12	Issue	6	Pages	1255-1267
	Keywords	SSPD, jitter, QD, QW
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ akorneev @			Serial	612
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	Author	Seki, T.; Shibata, H.; Takesue, H.; Tokura, Y.; Imoto, N.
	Title	Comparison of timing jitter between NbN superconducting single-photon detector and avalanche photodiode			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Phys. C	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. C
	Volume	470	Issue	20	Pages	1534-1537
	Keywords	SSPD; APD; jitter
	Abstract	We report the pulse-to-pulse timing jitter measurement of a niobium nitride (NbN) superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) and an InGaAs avalanche photodiode (APD) at 1550-nm wavelength. A direct comparison of their timing jitter was performed by using the same experimental configuration to measure both detectors. The measured jitter of the SSPD and the APD are 75 and 84 ps at full-width at half-maximum (FWHM), and 138 and 384 ps at full-width at tenth-maximum (FWTM), respectively. The jitter of the SSPD remains small at FWTM while that of APD is wide. We also estimated the transmission distances and secure key generation rates for fiber-based quantum key distribution (QKD) which uses these detectors. The estimated transmission distances of the APD are 86 km and 107 km with respect to 1 ns and 100 ps time windows, respectively, and those of the SSPD are 125 km and 172 km with respect to 1 ns and 100 ps time windows, respectively. This estimation indicates the SSPDÐƒfs advantages for QKD compared to the APD.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ akorneev @			Serial	613
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	Author	Yang, J. K. W.; Kerman, A. J.; Dauler, E. A.; Anant, V.; Rosfjord, K. M.; Berggren, K. K.
	Title	Modeling the electrical and thermal response of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	17	Issue	2	Pages	581 - 585
	Keywords	SSPD, modeling
	Abstract	We modeled the response of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors during a photodetection event, taking into consideration only the thermal and electrical properties of a superconducting NbN nanowire on a sapphire substrate. Our calculations suggest that heating which occurs after the formation of a photo-induced resistive barrier is responsible for the generation of a measurable voltage pulse. We compared this numerical result with experimental data of a voltage pulse from a slow device, i.e. large kinetic inductance, and obtained a good fit. Using this electro-thermal model, we estimated the temperature rise and the resistance buildup in the nanowire, and the return current at which the nanowire becomes superconducting again. We also show that the reset time of these photodetectors can be decreased by the addition of a series resistance and provide supporting experimental data. Finally we present preliminary results on a detector latching behavior that can also be explained using the electro-thermal model.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	625
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	Author	Манова, Н.Н.; Корнеева, Ю.П.; Корнеев, А.А.; Слыш, В.; Воронов, Б.М.; Гольцман, Г.Н.
	Title	Сверхпроводниковый NbN однофотонный детектор, интегрированный с четвертьволновым резонатором			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Письма в Журнал технической физики	Abbreviated Journal	ПЖТФ
	Volume	37	Issue	10	Pages	7
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract	Исследована спектральная зависимость квантовой эффективности сверхпроводниковых NbN однофотонных детекторов, интегрированных с оптическими четвертьволновыми резонаторами с использованием диэлектриков Si3N4, SiO2, SiO.
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	637
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	Author	Korneeva, Y.; Florya, I.; Semenov, A.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	New generation of nanowire NbN superconducting single-photon detector for mid-infrared			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	21	Issue	3	Pages	323-326
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract	We present a break-through approach to mid-infrared single-photon detection based on nanowire NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPD). Although SSPD became a mature technology for telecom wavelengths (1.3-1.55 μm) its further expansion to mid-infrared wavelength was hampered by low sensitivity above 2 μm. We managed to overcome this limit by reducing the nanowire width to 50 nm, while retaining high superconducting properties and connecting the wires in parallel to produce a voltage response of sufficient magnitude. The new device exhibits 10 times better quantum efficiency at 3.5 μm wavelength than the “standard” SSPD.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	644
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	Author	Mohan, Nishant; Minaeva, Olga; Goltsman, Gregory N.; Saleh, Mohammed F.; Nasr, Magued B.; Sergienko, Alexander V.; Saleh, Bahaa E.; Teich, Malvin C.
	Title	Ultrabroadband coherence-domain imaging using parametric downconversion and superconducting single-photon detectors at 1064 nm			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Appl. Opt.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Opt.
	Volume	48	Issue	20	Pages	4009–4017
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, SPAD
	Abstract	Coherence-domain imaging systems can be operated in a single-photon-counting mode, offering low detector noise; this in turn leads to increased sensitivity for weak light sources and weakly reflecting samples. We have demonstrated that excellent axial resolution can be obtained in a photon-counting coherence-domain imaging (CDI) system that uses light generated via spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC) in a chirped periodically poled stoichiometric lithium tantalate (chirped-PPSLT) structure, in conjunction with a niobium nitride superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD). The bandwidth of the light generated via SPDC, as well as the bandwidth over which the SSPD is sensitive, can extend over a wavelength region that stretches from 700 to 1500 nm. This ultrabroad wavelength band offers a near-ideal combination of deep penetration and ultrahigh axial resolution for the imaging of biological tissue. The generation of SPDC light of adjustable bandwidth in the vicinity of 1064 nm, via the use of chirped-PPSLT structures, had not been previously achieved. To demonstrate the usefulness of this technique, we construct images for a hierarchy of samples of increasing complexity: a mirror, a nitrocellulose membrane, and a biological sample comprising onion-skin cells.
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	652
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	Author	Terai, Hirotaka; Miki, Shigehito; Yamashita, Taro; Makise, Kazumasa; Wang, Zhen
	Title	Demonstration of single-flux-quantum readout operation for superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Applied Physics Letters	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	97	Issue	11	Pages	3
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract	A readout circuit using superconducting single-flux-quantum (SFQ) circuits has been developed to realize an independently addressable array of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs). We tested the SFQ readout circuits by connecting with SSPDs. The error rates of readout circuits were below 10–5 for input signal amplitude of greater than 18.2 μA. Detection efficiencies (DEs) for single-photon incidents were measured both with and without the connection of a readout circuit. The observed DEs traced almost the same curves regardless of the connection of the readout circuit, except that the SSPD is likely to latch by connecting the readout circuit.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	654
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	Author	Manova, N. N.; Korneeva, Yu. P.; Korneev, A. A.; Slysz, W.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Superconducting NbN single-photon detector integrated with quarter-wave resonator			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Tech. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Tech. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	37	Issue	5	Pages	469-471
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	The spectral dependence of the quantum efficiency of superconducting NbN single-photon detectors integrated with quarter-wave resonators based on Si3N4, SiO2, and SiO layers has been studied.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	664
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	Author	Driessen, Eduard Frans Clemens
	Title	Coupling light to periodic nanostructures			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Faculty of Science, Leiden University	Abbreviated Journal	Fac. Scien., Leiden Un.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	144
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Issue Date: 2009-09-24			Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	675
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	Author	Wang, Zhen; Miki, S.; Fujiwara, M.
	Title	Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors for quantum information and communications			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	15	Issue	6	Pages	1741-1747
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract	Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs or SSPD) are highly promising devices in the growing field of quantum information and communications technology. We have developed a practical SSPD system with our superconducting thin films and devices fabrication, optical coupling packaging, and cryogenic technology. The SSPD system consists of six-channel SSPD devices and a compact Gifford-McMahon (GM) cryocooler, and can operate continuously on 100 V ac power without the need for any cryogens. The SSPD devices were fabricated from high-quality niobium nitride (NbN) ultrathin films that were epitaxially grown on single-crystal MgO substrates. The packaged SSPD devices were temperature stabilized to 2.96 K Ã‚± 10 mK. The system detection efficiency for an SSPD device with an area of 20 Ãƒâ€” 20 Ã‚Â¿m2 was found to be 2.6% and 4.5% at wavelengths of 1550 and 1310 nm, respectively, at a dark count rate of 100 Hz, and a jitter of 100 ps full-width at half maximum. We also performed ultrafast BB84 quantum key distribution (QKD) field testing and entanglement-based QKD experiments using these SSPD devices.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	676
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	Author	Gaggero, A.; Nejad, S. Jahanmiri; Marsili, F.; Mattioli, F.; Leoni, R.; Bitauld, D.; Sahin, D.; Hamhuis, G. J.; Nötzel, R.; Sanjines, R.; Fiore, A.
	Title	Nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors on GaAs for integrated quantum photonic applications			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Applied Physics Letters	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	97	Issue	15	Pages	3
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract	We demonstrate efficient nanowire superconducting single photon detectors (SSPDs) based on NbN thin films grown on GaAs. NbN films ranging from 3 to 5 nm in thickness have been deposited by dc magnetron sputtering on GaAs substrates at 350 °C. These films show superconducting properties comparable to similar films grown on sapphire and MgO. In order to demonstrate the potential for monolithic integration, SSPDs were fabricated and measured on GaAs/AlAs Bragg mirrors, showing a clear cavity enhancement, with a peak quantum efficiency of 18.3% at λ = 1300 nm and T = 4.2 K.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	681
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	Author	Engel, Andreas; Aeschbacher, Adrian; Inderbitzin, Kevin; Schilling, Andreas; Il'in, Konstantin; Hofherr, Matthias; Siegel, Michael; Semenov, Alexei; Hübers, Heinz-Wilhelm
	Title	Tantalum nitride superconducting single-photon detectors with low cut-off energy			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	arXiv	Abbreviated Journal	arXiv
	Volume		Issue		Pages	9
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract	Materials with a small superconducting energy gap favor a high detection efficiency of low-energy photons in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. We developed a TaN detector with smaller gap and lower density of states at the Fermi energy than in comparable NbN devices, while other relevant parameters remain essentially unchanged. This results in a reduction of the minimum photon energy required for direct detection to $\approx1/3$ as compared to NbN.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	arXiv:1110.4576	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	687
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	Author	Dorenbos, S. N.; Heeres, R.W.; Driessen, E.F.C; Zwiller, V.
	Title	Efficient and robust fiber coupling of superconducting single photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	arXiv	Abbreviated Journal	arXiv
	Volume		Issue		Pages	6
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract	We applied a recently developed fiber coupling technique to superconducting single photon detectors (SSPDs). As the detector area of SSPDs has to be kept as small as possible, coupling to an optical fiber has been either inefficient or unreliable. Etching through the silicon substrate allows fabrication of a circularly shaped chip which self aligns to the core of a ferrule terminated fiber in a fiber sleeve. In situ alignment at cryogenic temperatures is unnecessary and no thermal stress during cooldown, causing misalignment, is induced. We measured the quantum efficiency of these devices with an attenuated tunable broadband source. The combination of a lithographically defined chip and high precision standard telecommunication components yields near unity coupling efficiency and a system detection efficiency of 34% at a wavelength of 1200 nm. This quantum efficiency measurement is confirmed by an absolute efficiency measurement using correlated photon pairs (with $\lambda$ = 1064 nm) produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion. The efficiency obtained via this method agrees well with the efficiency measured with the attenuated tunable broadband source.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	arXiv:1109.5809	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	689
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	Author	Dauler, Eric; Kerman, Andrew; Robinson, Bryan; Yang, Joel; Voronov, Boris; Goltsman, Gregory; Hamilton, Scott; Berggren, Karl
	Title	Photon-number-resolution with sub-30-ps timing using multi-element superconducting nanowire single photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	J. Modern Opt.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Modern Opt.
	Volume	56	Issue	2	Pages	364-373
	Keywords	PNR SSPD; SNSPD; photon-number-resolution; superconducting nanowire single photon detector; timing jitter; system detection efficiency
	Abstract	A photon-number-resolving detector based on a four-element superconducting nanowire single photon detector is demonstrated to have sub-30-ps resolution in measuring the arrival time of individual photons. This detector can be used to characterize the photon statistics of non-pulsed light sources and to mitigate dead-time effects in high-speed photon counting applications. Furthermore, a 25% system detection efficiency at 1550 nm was demonstrated, making the detector useful for both low-flux source characterization and high-speed photon-counting and quantum communication applications. The design, fabrication and testing of this detector are described, and a comparison between the measured and theoretical performance is presented.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	700
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	Author	Marsili, F.; Bitauld, D.; Fiore, A.; Gaggero, A.; Leoni, R.; Mattioli, F.; Divochiy, A.; Korneev, A.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Minaeva, O.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Superconducting parallel nanowire detector with photon number resolving functionality			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	J. Modern Opt.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Modern Opt.
	Volume	56	Issue	2-3	Pages	334-344
	Keywords	PNR; SSPD; SNSPD; thin superconducting films; photon number resolving detector; multiplication noise; telecom wavelength; NbN
	Abstract	We present a new photon number resolving detector (PNR), the Parallel Nanowire Detector (PND), which uses spatial multiplexing on a subwavelength scale to provide a single electrical output proportional to the photon number. The basic structure of the PND is the parallel connection of several NbN superconducting nanowires (100 nm-wide, few nm-thick), folded in a meander pattern. Electrical and optical equivalents of the device were developed in order to gain insight on its working principle. PNDs were fabricated on 3-4 nm thick NbN films grown on sapphire (substrate temperature TS=900C) or MgO (TS=400C) substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering in an Ar/N2 gas mixture. The device performance was characterized in terms of speed and sensitivity. The photoresponse shows a full width at half maximum (FWHM) as low as 660ps. PNDs showed counting performance at 80 MHz repetition rate. Building the histograms of the photoresponse peak, no multiplication noise buildup is observable and a one photon quantum efficiency can be estimated to be QE=3% (at 700 nm wavelength and 4.2 K temperature). The PND significantly outperforms existing PNR detectors in terms of simplicity, sensitivity, speed, and multiplication noise.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0950-0340	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	701
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	Author	Флоря, И.Н.; Корнеева, Ю.П.; Корнеев, А.А.; Гольцман, Г.Н.
	Title	Сверхпроводниковый однофотонный детектор для среднего инфракрасного диапазона на основе узких параллельных полосок			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Труды Московского физико-технического института	Abbreviated Journal	Труды МФТИ
	Volume	3	Issue	2	Pages	14-17
	Keywords	SSPD
	Abstract	Мы рассматриваем ультрабыстрый сверхпроводниковый однофотонный детектор (SSPD). SSPD представляет собой тонкопленочную наноструктуру â€” очень узкую и длинную полоску сверхпроводника, изогнутую в виде меандра, изготовленную из пленки NbN толщиной 4 нм, нанесенной на сапфировую подложку. SSPD хорошо сопрягается с оптоволокном и легко может быть интегрирован в полностью готовую для работы приемную систему. В стремлении продвинуться в средний ИК диапозон нам удалось разработать SSPD в виде параллельно соединенных полосок с шириной полоски всего 50 нм и сохранить при этом сверхпроводящие свойства. Эти детекторы показывают более чем на порядок большую чувствительность на длине волны 3;5 мкм, чем SSPD в виде меандра. Полученные результаты открывают путь к эффективным детекторам среднего ИК-диапазона, обладающим скоростью счета свыше 1 ГГц.
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	706
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	Author	Пентин, И. В.; Смирнов, К. В.; Вахтомин, Ю. Б.; Смирнов, А. В.; Ожегов, Р. В.; Дивочий, А. В.; Гольцман, Г. Н.
	Title	Быстродействующий терагерцевый приемник и инфракрасный счетчик одиночных фотонов на эффекте разогрева электронов в сверхпроводниковых тонкопленочных наноструктурах			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Труды МФТИ	Abbreviated Journal	Труды МФТИ
	Volume	3	Issue	2	Pages	38-42
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, HEB
	Abstract	Представлены результаты создания приемных систем терагерцевого диапазона (0.3-70 ТГц), обладающих рекордным быстродействием (50 пс) и высокой чувствительностью (до 5x 10^(-14) Вт/Гц^(1/2)), а также однофотонных приемных систем ближнего инфракрасного диапазона с квантовой эффективностью 25 %, уровнем темнового счета 10-1c., максимальной скоростью счета ~ 100 МГц и временным разрешением до 50 пс.
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	707
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	Author	Reiger, E.; Pan, D.; Slysz, W.; Jukna, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Dorenbos, S.; Zwiller, V.; Korneev, A.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Minaeva, O.; Gol'tsman, G.; Kitaygorsky, J.
	Title	Spectroscopy with nanostructured superconducting single photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.
	Volume	13	Issue	4	Pages	934-943
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) are nanostructured devices made from ultrathin superconducting films. They are typically operated at liquid helium temperature and exhibit high detection efficiency, in combination with very low dark counts, fast response time, and extremely low timing jitter, within a broad wavelength range from ultraviolet to mid-infrared (up to 6 mu m). SSPDs are very attractive for applications such as fiber-based telecommunication, where single-photon sensitivity and high photon-counting rates are required. We review the current state-of-the-art in the SSPD research and development, and compare the SSPD performance to the best semiconducting avalanche photodiodes and other superconducting photon detectors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SSPDs can also be successfully implemented in photon-energy-resolving experiments. Our approach is based on the fact that the size of the hotspot, a nonsuperconducting region generated upon photon absorption, is linearly dependent on the photon energy. We introduce a statistical method, where, by measuring the SSPD system detection efficiency at different bias currents, we are able to resolve the wavelength of the incident photons with a resolution of 50 nm.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1077-260X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1424
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	Author	Bulaevskii, L. N.; Graf, Matthias J.; Kogan, V. G.
	Title	Vortex-assisted photon counts and their magnetic field dependence in single-photon superconducting detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Phys. Rev. B	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. Rev. B
	Volume	85	Issue	1	Pages	9
	Keywords	SSPD; SNSPD; single-vortex crossing; normal-state belt
	Abstract	We argue that photon counts in a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) are caused by the transition from a current-biased metastable superconducting state to the normal state. Such a transition is triggered by vortices crossing the thin and narrow superconducting strip from one edge to another due to the Lorentz force. Detector counts in SNSPDs may be caused by three processes: (a) a single incident photon with sufficient energy to break enough Cooper pairs to create a normal-state belt across the entire width of the strip (direct photon count), (b) thermally induced single-vortex crossing in the absence of photons (dark count), which at high-bias currents releases the energy sufficient to trigger the transition to the normal state in a belt across the whole width of the strip, and (c) a single incident photon of insufficient energy to create a normal-state belt but initiating a subsequent single-vortex crossing, which provides the rest of the energy needed to create the normal-state belt (vortex-assisted single-photon count). We derive the current dependence of the rate of vortex-assisted photon counts. The resulting photon count rate has a plateau at high currents close to the critical current and drops as a power law with high exponent at lower currents. While the magnetic field perpendicular to the film plane does not affect the formation of hot spots by photons, it causes the rate of vortex crossings (with or without photons) to increase. We show that by applying a magnetic field one may characterize the energy barrier for vortex crossings and identify the origin of dark counts and vortex-assisted photon counts.
	Address
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	733
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	Author	Чулкова, Г. М.; Семенов, А. В.; Корнеев, А. А.; Кардакова, А. И.; Аверьев, Н. В.; Ан, П. П.; Казаков, А. Ю.; Трифонов, А. В.
	Title	Спектральная чувствительность сверхпроводникового однофотонного детектора			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Журнал радиоэлектроники	Abbreviated Journal	Ж. радиоэлектрон.
	Volume	11	Issue		Pages	5
	Keywords	SSPD; quantum efficiency; spectral sensitivity
	Abstract	We consider quantum efficiency dependence on photons' energy from hot spot model. Direction of quasiparticles diffusion drive across superconductive film. The maximal quantum efficiency is proportional to a probability of photon absorption. The spectral sensitivity of superconductive single photon detector does not have clearly expressed red limit. Changing regimes of work depends on a wavelength we can get high values of quantum efficiency in visible and infrared range which will be specified by the quality of fabrication of detectors and their consistency with the radiation. Key words: superconducting single-photon detector, SSPD, quantum efficiency, spectral sensitivity. В статье представлена зависимость квантовой эффективности от энергии фотона в рамках модели горячего пятна. Диффузия квазичастиц происходит в основном перпендикулярно направлению тока в областях с максимальной плотностью тока. Максимальная квантовая эффективность детектора пропорциональна вероятности поглощения фотона. Несмотря на квантовый характер работы сверхпроводникового однофотонного детектора, он не имеет четко выраженной красной границы. Изменяя режим работы в зависимости от длины волны можно в видимом и инфракрасном диапазонах получать высокие значения квантовой эффективности, которые будут определяться лишь качеством изготовления детекторов и степенью их согласования с излучением.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ gujma @			Serial	844
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	Author	Sprengers, J. P.; Gaggero, A.; Sahin, D.; Jahanmirinejad, S.; Frucci, G.; Mattioli, F.; Leoni, R.; Beetz, J.; Lermer, M.; Kamp, M.; Höfling, S.; Sanjines, R.; Fiore A.
	Title	Waveguide superconducting single-photon detectors for integrated quantum photonic circuits			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Applied Physics Letters	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	99	Issue	18	Pages	181110(1-3)
	Keywords	optical waveguides, waveguide SSPD
	Abstract	The monolithic integration of single-photon sources, passive optical circuits, and single-photon detectors enables complex and scalable quantum photonic integrated circuits, for application in linear-optics quantum computing and quantum communications. Here, we demonstrate a key component of such a circuit, a waveguide single-photon detector. Our detectors, based on superconducting nanowires on GaAs ridge waveguides, provide high efficiency (~0%) at telecom wavelengths, high timing accuracy (~0 ps), and response time in the ns range and are fully compatible with the integration of single-photon sources, passive networks, and modulators.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	847
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	Author	Henrich, D.; Dorner,S.; Hofherr, M.; Il'in, K.; Semenov, A.; Heintze, E.; Scheffler, M.; Dressel, M.; Siegel, M.
	Title	Broadening of hot-spot response spectrum of superconducting NbN nanowire single-photon detector with reduced nitrogen content			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	J. Appl. Phys.
	Volume	112	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, magnetron sputtering, spectrum, NbN film, nitrogen concentration
	Abstract	The spectral detection efficiency and the dark count rate of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPD) have been studied systematically on detectors made from thin NbN films with different chemical compositions. Reduction of the nitrogen content in the 4 nm thick NbN films results in a decrease of the dark count rates more than two orders of magnitude and in a red shift of the cut-off wavelength of the hot-spot SNSPD response. The observed phenomena are explained by an improvement of uniformity of NbN films that has been confirmed by a decrease of resistivity and an increase of the ratio of the measured critical current to the depairing current. The latter factor is considered as the most crucial for both the cut-off wavelength and the dark count rates of SNSPD. Based on our results we propose a set of criteria for material properties to optimize SNSPD in the infrared spectral region. VC 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4757625]
	Address
	Corporate Author	D. Henrich, S. Dorner, M. Hofherr, K. Il'in, A. Semenov, E. Heintze, M. Scheffler, M. Dressel, M. Siegel			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title	Broadening of hot-spot response spectrum of superconducting NbN nanowire single-photon detector with reduced nitrogen content
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ seleznev @			Serial	877
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	Author	Inderbitzin, K.; Engel, A.; Schilling, A.; Il'in, K.; Siegel, M.
	Title	An ultra-fast superconducting Nb nanowire single-photon detector for soft x-rays			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	101	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, x-ray, Nb
	Abstract	Although superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are well studied regarding the detection of infrared/optical photons and keV-molecules, no studies on continuous x-ray photon counting by thick-film detectors have been reported so far. We fabricated a 100 nm thick niobium x-ray SNSPD (an X-SNSPD) and studied its detection capability of photons with keV-energies in continuous mode. The detector is capable to detect photons even at reduced bias currents of 0.4%, which is in sharp contrast to optical thin-film SNSPDs. No dark counts were recorded in extended measurement periods. Strikingly, the signal amplitude distribution depends significantly on the photon energy spectrum.VC
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ seleznev @			Serial	878
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	Author	Julia Toussaint, Roman Grüner, Marco Schubert, Torsten May, Hans-Georg Meyer, Benjamin Dietzek, Jürgen Popp, Matthias Hofherr, Matthias Arndt, Dagmar Henrich, Konstantin Il'in, and Michael Siegel
	Title	Superconducting single-photon counting system for optical experiments requiring time-resolution in the picosecond range			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	AIP REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
	Volume	83	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	SSPD, picosecond, time-resolution
	Abstract	We have developed a cryogenic measurement system for single-photon counting, which can be used in optical experiments requiring high time resolution in the picosecond range. The system utilizes niobium nitride superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors which are integrated in a timecorrelated single-photon counting (TCSPC) setup. In this work, we describe details of the mechanical design, the electrical setup, and the cryogenic optical components. The performance of the complete system in TCSPC mode is tentatively benchmarked using 140 fs long laser pulses at a repetition frequency of 75MHz. Due to the high temporal stability of these pulses, the measured time resolution of 35 ps (FWHM) is limited by the timing jitter of the measurement system. The result was crosschecked in a Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) setup, where scattered pulses from a Î²-barium borate crystal have been detected with the same time resolution.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ seleznev @			Serial	885
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	Author	Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Kovalyuk, V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W. H. P.
	Title	Waveguide-integrated single- and multi-photon detection at telecom wavelengths using superconducting nanowires			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	106	Issue	15	Pages	151101 (1 to 5)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We investigate single- and multi-photon detection regimes of superconducting nanowire detectors embedded in silicon nitride nanophotonic circuits. At near-infrared wavelengths, simultaneous detection of up to three photons is observed for 120 nm wide nanowires biased far from the critical current, while narrow nanowires below 100 nm provide efficient single photon detection. A theoretical model is proposed to determine the different detection regimes and to calculate the corresponding internal quantum efficiency. The predicted saturation of the internal quantum efficiency in the single photon regime agrees well with plateau behavior observed at high bias currents. W. H. P. Pernice acknowledges support by the DFG Grant Nos. PE 1832/1-1 and PE 1832/1-2 and the Helmholtz society through Grant No. HIRG-0005. The Ph.D. education of O. Kahl is embedded in the Karlsruhe School of Optics and Photonics (KSOP). G. N. Goltsman acknowledges support by Russian Federation President Grant HШ-1918.2014.2 and Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Contract No.: RFMEFI58614X0007. A. Korneev acknowledges support by Statement Task No. 3.1846.2014/k. V. Kovalyuk acknowledges support by Statement Task No. 2327. We also acknowledge support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the State of Baden-Württemberg through the DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN) within subproject A6.4. We thank S. Kühn and S. Diewald for the help with device fabrication as well as B. Voronov and A. Shishkin for help with NbN thin film deposition and A. Semenov for helpful discussion about the detection mechanism of nanowire SSPD's. The authors declare no competing financial interests.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1211
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	Author	Glejm, A. V.; Anisimov, A. A.; Asnis, L. N.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Divochiy, A. V.; Egorov, V. I.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Kynev, S. M.; Nazarov, Yu. V.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Rupasov, A. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Smirnov, M. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Kozlov, S. A.
	Title	Quantum key distribution in an optical fiber at distances of up to 200 km and a bit rate of 180 bit/s			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Physics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	78	Issue	3	Pages	171-175
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, applications
	Abstract	An experimental demonstration of a subcarrier-wave quantum cryptography system with superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) that distributes a secure key in a single-mode fiber at distance of 25 km with a bit rate of 800 kbit/s, a distance of 100 km with a bit rate of 19 kbit/s, and a distance of 200 km with a bit rate of 0.18 kbit/s is described.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1062-8738	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ kovalyuk @			Serial	940
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	Author	Kovalyuk, V.; Hartmann, W.; Kahl, O.; Kaurova, N.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.; Pernice, W. H. P.
	Title	Absorption engineering of NbN nanowires deposited on silicon nitride nanophotonic circuits			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Opt. Express	Abbreviated Journal	Opt. Express
	Volume	21	Issue	19	Pages	22683-22692
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, NbN nanoeires, Si3N4 waveguides
	Abstract	We investigate the absorption properties of U-shaped niobium nitride (NbN) nanowires atop nanophotonic circuits. Nanowires as narrow as 20nm are realized in direct contact with Si3N4 waveguides and their absorption properties are extracted through balanced measurements. We perform a full characterization of the absorption coefficient in dependence of length, width and separation of the fabricated nanowires, as well as for waveguides with different cross-section and etch depth. Our results show excellent agreement with finite-element analysis simulations for all considered parameters. The experimental data thus allows for optimizing absorption properties of emerging single-photon detectors co-integrated with telecom wavelength optical circuits.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1094-4087	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:24104155			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1213
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	Author	Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Pernice, W. H. P.
	Title	Waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detectors with high internal quantum efficiency at telecom wavelengths			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Sci. Rep.	Abbreviated Journal	Sci. Rep.
	Volume	5	Issue		Pages	10941 (1 to 11)
	Keywords	optical waveguides; waveguide integrated SSPD; waveguide SSPD; nanophotonics
	Abstract	Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) provide high efficiency for detecting individual photons while keeping dark counts and timing jitter minimal. Besides superior detection performance over a broad optical bandwidth, compatibility with an integrated optical platform is a crucial requirement for applications in emerging quantum photonic technologies. Here we present efficiencies close to unity at 1550nm wavelength. This allows for the SNSPDs to be operated at bias currents far below the critical current where unwanted dark count events reach milli-Hz levels while on-chip detection efficiencies above 70% are maintained. The measured dark count rates correspond to noiseequivalent powers in the 10–19W/Hz–1/2 range and the timing jitter is as low as 35ps. Our detectors are fully scalable and interface directly with waveguide-based optical platforms.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:26061283; PMCID:PMC4462017			Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ kovalyuk @			Serial	946
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	Author	Schuck, C.; Pernice, W. H. P.; Minaeva, O.; Li, Mo; Gol'tsman, G.; Sergienko, A. V.; Tang, H. X.
	Title	Matrix of integrated superconducting single-photon detectors with high timing resolution			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	23	Issue	3	Pages	2201007-2201007
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD, array, matrix
	Abstract	We demonstrate a large grid of individually addressable superconducting single photon detectors on a single chip. Each detector element is fully integrated into an independent waveguide circuit with custom functionality at telecom wavelengths. High device density is achieved by fabricating the nanowire detectors in traveling wave geometry directly on top of silicon-on-insulator waveguides. Our superconducting single photon detector matrix includes detector designs optimized for high detection efficiency, low dark count rate, and high timing accuracy. As an example, we exploit the high timing resolution of a particularly short nanowire design to resolve individual photon round-trips in a cavity ring-down measurement of a silicon ring resonator.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1373
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	Author	Gol’tsman, G.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Lipatov, A.; Dzardanov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Semenov, A.; Voronov, B.; Williams, C.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Fabrication and properties of an ultrafast NbN hot-electron single-photon detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	11	Issue	1	Pages	574-577
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	A new type of ultra-high-speed single-photon counter for visible and near-infrared wavebands based on an ultrathin NbN hot-electron photodetector (HEP) has been developed. The detector consists of a very narrow superconducting stripe, biased close to its critical current. An incoming photon absorbed by the stripe produces a resistive hotspot and causes an increase in the film’s supercurrent density above the critical value, leading to temporary formation of a resistive barrier across the device and an easily measurable voltage pulse. Our NbN HEP is an ultrafast (estimated response time is 30 ps; registered time, due to apparatus limitations, is 150 ps), frequency unselective device with very large intrinsic gain and negligible dark counts. We have observed sequences of output pulses, interpreted as single-photon events for very weak laser beams with wavelengths ranging from 0.5 /spl mu/m to 2.1 /spl mu/m and the signal-to-noise ratio of about 30 dB.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1558-2515	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1547
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	Author	Murphy, A.; Semenov, A.; Korneev, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Gol'tsman, G.; Bezryadin, A.
	Title	Three temperature regimes in superconducting photon detectors: quantum, thermal and multiple phase-slips as generators of dark counts			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Sci. Rep.	Abbreviated Journal	Sci. Rep.
	Volume	5	Issue		Pages	10174 (1 to 10)
	Keywords	SPD, SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We perform measurements of the switching current distributions of three w approximately 120 nm wide, 4 nm thick NbN superconducting strips which are used for single-photon detectors. These strips are much wider than the diameter of the vortex cores, so they are classified as quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D). We discover evidence of macroscopic quantum tunneling by observing the saturation of the standard deviation of the switching distributions at temperatures around 2 K. We analyze our results using the Kurkijarvi-Garg model and find that the escape temperature also saturates at low temperatures, confirming that at sufficiently low temperatures, macroscopic quantum tunneling is possible in quasi-2D strips and can contribute to dark counts observed in single photon detectors. At the highest temperatures the system enters a multiple phase-slip regime. In this range single phase-slips are unable to produce dark counts and the fluctuations in the switching current are reduced.
	Address	Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2045-2322	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:25988591; PMCID:PMC4437302			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1344
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	Author	Korneev, A. A.; Korneeva, Y. P.; Mikhailov, M. Yu.; Pershin, Y. P.; Semenov, A. V.; Vodolazov, D. Yu.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Sivakov, A. G.; Devizenko, A. Yu.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Characterization of MoSi superconducting single-photon detectors in the magnetic field			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	25	Issue	3	Pages	2200504 (1 to 4)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We investigate the response mechanism of nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) made of amorphous MoxSi1-x. We study the dependence of photon count and dark count rates on bias current in magnetic fields up to 113 mT at 1.7 K temperature. The observed behavior of photon counts is similar to the one recently observed in NbN SSPDs. Our results show that the detecting mechanism of relatively high-energy photons does not involve the vortex penetration from the edges of the film, and on the contrary, the detecting mechanism of low-energy photons probably involves the vortex penetration from the film edges.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ akorneev @ KorneevIEEE2015			Serial	991
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	Author	Korneev, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Manova, N.; Larionov, P.; Divochiy, A.; Semenov, A.; Chulkova, G.; Vachtomin, Y.; Smirnov, K.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	Recent nanowire superconducting single-photon detector optimization for practical applications			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	23	Issue	3	Pages	2201204 (1 to 4)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	In this paper, we present our approaches to the development of fiber-coupled superconducting single photon detectors with enhanced photon absorption. For such devices we have measured detection efficiency in wavelength range from 500 to 2000 nm. The best fiber coupled devices exhibit detection efficiency of 44.5% at 1310 nm wavelength and 35.5% at 1550 nm at 10 dark counts per second.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ akorneev @ KorneevIEEE2013			Serial	996
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	Author	Elvira, D.; Michon, A.; Fain, B.; Patriarche, G.; Beaudoin, G.; Robert-Philip, I.; Vachtomin, Y.; Divochiy, A. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sagnes, I.; Beveratos, A.
	Title	Time-resolved spectroscopy of InAsP/InP(001) quantum dots emitting near 2 μm			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	97	Issue	13	Pages	131907 (1 to 3)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, InAsP/InP quantum dots
	Abstract	By using superconducting single photon detectors, we perform time-resolved characterization of a small ensemble of InAsP/InP quantum dots grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy, emitting at wavelengths between 1.6 and 2.2 μm. We demonstrate that alloying phosphorus with InAs allows to shift the emission wavelength toward higher wavelengths, while keeping the high optical quality of these quantum dots at room temperature, with no decrease in their radiative lifetime. This work was partially supported by Russian Ministry of Science and Education: Federal State Program “Scientific and Educational Cadres of Innovative” state Contract Nos. 02.740.0228, 14.740.11.0343, 14.740.11.0269, and P931, and RFBR Project No. 09-02-12364.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1238
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	Author	Bell, M.; Kaurova, N.; Divochiy, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Bird, J.; Sergeev, A.; Verevkin, A.
	Title	On the nature of resistive transition in disordered superconducting nanowires			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	17	Issue	2	Pages	267-270
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Hot-electron single-photon counters based on long superconducting nanowires are starting to become popular in optical and infrared technologies due to their ultimately high sensitivity and very high response speed. We investigate intrinsic fluctuations in long NbN nanowires in the temperature range of 4.2 K-20 K, i.e. above and below the superconducting transition. These fluctuations are responsible for fluctuation resistivity and also determine the noise in practical devices. Measurements of the fluctuation resistivity were performed at low current densities and also in external magnetic fields up to 5 T. Above the BCS critical temperature T co the resistivity is well described by the Aslamazov-Larkin (AL) theory for two-dimensional samples. Below T co the measured resistivity is in excellent agreement with the Langer-Ambegaokar-McCumber-Halperin (LAMH) theory developed for one-dimensional superconductors. Despite that our nanowires of 100 nm width are two-dimensional with respect to the coherence length, our analysis shows that at relatively low current densities the one-dimensional LAMH mechanism based on thermally induced phase slip centers dominates over the two-dimensional mechanism related to unbinding of vortex-antivortex pairs below the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1247
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	Author	Marksteiner, M.; Divochiy, A.; Sclafani, M.; Haslinger, P.; Ulbricht, H.; Korneev, A.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Arndt, M.
	Title	A superconducting NbN detector for neutral nanoparticles			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Nanotechnol.	Abbreviated Journal	Nanotechnol.
	Volume	20	Issue	45	Pages	455501
	Keywords	SSPD; SNSPD; Electric Conductivity; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Nanoparticles/chemistry/ultrastructure; Nanotechnology/methods; Photons
	Abstract	We present a proof-of-principle study of superconducting single photon detectors (SSPD) for the detection of individual neutral molecules/nanoparticles at low energies. The new detector is applied to characterize a laser desorption source for biomolecules and allows retrieval of the arrival time distribution of a pulsed molecular beam containing the amino acid tryptophan, the polypeptide gramicidin as well as insulin, myoglobin and hemoglobin. We discuss the experimental evidence that the detector is actually sensitive to isolated neutral particles.
	Address	University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. markus.arndt@univie.ac.at
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0957-4484	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:19822928			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1239
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	Author	Kitaygorsky, J.; Komissarov, I.; Jukna, A.; Pan, D.; Minaeva, O.; Kaurova, N.; Divochiy, A.; Korneev, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Voronov, B.; Milostnaya, I.; Gol'tsman, G.; Sobolewski, R.R.
	Title	Dark counts in nanostructured nbn superconducting single-photon detectors and bridges			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	17	Issue	2	Pages	275-278
	Keywords	SSPD; SNSPD
	Abstract	We present our studies on dark counts, observed as transient voltage pulses, in current-biased NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs), as well as in ultrathin (~4 nm), submicrometer-width (100 to 500 nm) NbN nanobridges. The duration of these spontaneous voltage pulses varied from 250 ps to 5 ns, depending on the device geometry, with the longest pulses observed in the large kinetic-inductance SSPD structures. Dark counts were measured while the devices were completely isolated (shielded by a metallic enclosure) from the outside world, in a temperature range between 1.5 and 6 K. Evidence shows that in our two-dimensional structures the dark counts are due to the depairing of vortex-antivortex pairs caused by the applied bias current. Our results shed some light on the vortex dynamics in 2D superconductors and, from the applied point of view, on intrinsic performance of nanostructured SSPDs.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1248
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	Author	Korneev, A.; Korneeva, Y.; Florya, I.; Voronov, B.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	NbN nanowire superconducting single-photon detector for mid-infrared			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Phys. Procedia	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. Procedia
	Volume	36	Issue		Pages	72-76
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPD) is typically 100 nm-wide supercondiucting strip in a shape of meander made of 4-nm-thick ﬁlm. To reduce response time and increase voltage response a parallel connection of the strips was proposed. Recently we demonstrated that reduction of the strip width improves the quantum effciency of such a detector at wavelengths longer than 1.5 μm. Being encourage by this progress in quantum effciency we improved the fabrication process and made parallel-wire SSPD with 40-nm-wide strips covering total area of 10 μm x 10 μm. In this paper we present the results of the characterization of such a parallel-wire SSPD at 10.6 μm wavelength and demonstrate linear dependence of the count rate on the light power as it should be in case of single-photon response.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1875-3892	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1382
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	Author	Чулкова, Г. М.; Семёнов, А. В.; Дивочий, А. В.; Тархов, М. А.
	Title	Сверхпроводниковый однофотонный детектор с разрешением числа фотонов для систем дальней телекоммуникационной связи			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Ж. радиоэлектрон.	Abbreviated Journal	Ж. радиоэлектрон.
	Volume		Issue	12	Pages	1-6
	Keywords	PNR SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Рассмотрена возможность применения сверхпроводникового однофотонного детектора, разрешающего число фотонов, в качестве датчика приёмных модулей телекоммуникационных линий. Показано, что для достижения доли ошибочных битов на уровне 10-11 достаточно на два порядка меньшей мощности в оптическом импульсе, чем при использовании существующих приёмных модулей.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ sasha @ чулковасверхпроводниковый			Serial	1031
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	Author	Смирнов, Константин Владимирович; Вахтомин, Юрий Борисович; Смирнов, Андрей Владимирович; Ожегов, Роман Викторович; Пентин, Иван Викторович; Дивочий, Александр Валерьевич; Сливинская, Елизавета Вячеславовна; Гольцман, Григорий Наумович
	Title	Приемники терагерцового и инфракрасного диапазонов, основанные на тонкопленочных сверхпроводниковых наноструктурах			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Вестник НГУ. Серия: Физика	Abbreviated Journal	Вестник НГУ. Серия: Физика
	Volume	5	Issue	4	Pages
	Keywords	HEB, SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	В работе представлены результаты разработки и создания чувствительных и ультрабыстрых приемников, основанных на тонкопленочных сверхпроводниковых наноструктурах: болометрах на эффекте электронного разогрева (HEB – hot-electron bolometer) и детекторах одиночных фотонов видимого и инфракрасного диапазонов волн (SSPD – superconducting singe-photon detector). Представлены основные принципы работы сверхпроводниковых устройств, технология создания и конструкционные особенности приемников, их основные типы и характеристики. Достигнутые рекордные значения параметров приемных систем позволяют использовать созданные приборы при решении различных научно-исследовательских задач в ближнем, среднем и дальнем ИК диапазонах волн. This work presents the results of the development and fabrication of sensitive and ultrafast detectorsbased on thin film superconducting nanostructures: hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) and visible and infrared superconducting singe photon detectors (SSPDs). The main operational principles of the superconducting devices are presentedas well as the technology of fabrication of the detectors and their main types and parameters. The achieved record parameters of the detectors allow application of the fabricated devices to solution of various research problems in the near, middle and far IR ranges.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Новосибирский государственный университет	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title	Физика	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1818-7994	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	УДК 538.9			Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ sasha @ смирнов2010приемники			Serial	1033
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	Author	Milostnaya, I.; Korneev, A.; Tarkhov, M.; Divochiy, A.; Minaeva, O.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Superconducting single photon nanowire detectors development for IR and THz applications			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	J. Low Temp. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Low Temp. Phys.
	Volume	151	Issue	1-2	Pages	591-596
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We present our progress in the development of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) based on meander-shaped nanowires made from few-nm-thick superconducting films. The SSPDs are operated at a temperature of 2–4.2 K (well below T c ) being biased with a current very close to the nanowire critical current at the operation temperature. To date, the material of choice for SSPDs is niobium nitride (NbN). Developed NbN SSPDs are capable of single photon counting in the range from VIS to mid-IR (up to 6 μm) with a record low dark counts rate and record-high counting rate. The use of a material with a low transition temperature should shift the detectors sensitivity towards longer wavelengths. We present state-of-the art NbN SSPDs as well as the results of our recent approach to expand the developed SSPD technology by the use of superconducting materials with lower T c , such as molybdenum rhenium (MoRe). MoRe SSPDs first were made and tested; a single photon response was obtained.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-2291	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1244
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	Author	Korneev, A. A.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Korneeva, Yu. P.; Larionov, P. A.; Manova, N. N.; Florya, I. N.; Trifonov, A. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Smirnov, K. V.; Semenov, A. V.; Chulkova, G. M.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	IR single-photon receiver based on ultrathin NbN superconducting film			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Rus. J. Radio Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Rus. J. Radio Electron.
	Volume		Issue	5	Pages
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We present our recent results in research and development of superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD). We achieved the following performance improvement: first, we developed and characterized SSPD integrated in optical cavity and enabling its illumination from the face side, not through the substrate, second, we improved the quantum efficiency of the SSPD at around 3 μm wavelength by reduction of the strip width to 40 nm, and, finally, we improved the detection efficiency of the SSPD-based single-photon receiver system up to 20% at 1550 nm and extended its wavelength range beyond 1800 nm by the usage of the fluoride ZBLAN fibres.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	8 pages			Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ sasha @ korneevir			Serial	1043
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	Author	Korneeva, Y. P.; Mikhailov, M. Y.; Pershin, Y. P.; Manova, N. N.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Korneev, A. A.; Smirnov, K. V.; Sivakov, A. G.; Devizenko, A. Y.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Superconducting single-photon detector made of MoSi film			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Supercond. Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Supercond. Sci. Technol.
	Volume	27	Issue	9	Pages	095012
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We fabricated and characterized nanowire superconducting single-photon detectors made of 4 nm thick amorphous Mox Si1−x films. At 1.7 K the best devices exhibit a detection efficiency (DE) up to 18% at 1.2 $\mu {\rm m}$ wavelength of unpolarized light, a characteristic response time of about 6 ns and timing jitter of 120 ps. The DE was studied in wavelength range from 650 nm to 2500 nm. At wavelengths below 1200 nm these detectors reach their maximum DE limited by photon absorption in the thin MoSi film.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	IOP Publishing	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0953-2048	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ sasha @ korneeva2014superconducting			Serial	1044
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	Author	Takemoto, K.; Nambu, Y.; Miyazawa, T.; Sakuma, Y.; Yamamoto, T.; Yorozu, S.; Arakawa, Y.
	Title	Quantum key distribution over 120 km using ultrahigh purity single-photon source and superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Sci. Rep.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	5	Issue		Pages	14383
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD applications, quantum key distribution, QKD
	Abstract	Advances in single-photon sources (SPSs) and single-photon detectors (SPDs) promise unique applications in the field of quantum information technology. In this paper, we report long-distance quantum key distribution (QKD) by using state-of-the-art devices: a quantum-dot SPS (QD SPS) emitting a photon in the telecom band of 1.5 μm and a superconducting nanowire SPD (SNSPD). At the distance of 100 km, we obtained the maximal secure key rate of 27.6 bps without using decoy states, which is at least threefold larger than the rate obtained in the previously reported 50-km-long QKD experiment. We also succeeded in transmitting secure keys at the rate of 0.307 bps over 120 km. This is the longest QKD distance yet reported by using known true SPSs. The ultralow multiphoton emissions of our SPS and ultralow dark count of the SNSPD contributed to this result. The experimental results demonstrate the potential applicability of QD SPSs to practical telecom QKD networks.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1104
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	Author	Sidorova, Maria V.; Divochiy, Alexander V.; Vakhtomin, Yury B.; Smirnov, Konstantin V.
	Title	Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detector with a reduced active area coupled to a tapered lensed single-mode fiber			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	J. Nanophoton.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	1	Pages	093051
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	This paper presents an ultrafast niobium nitride (NbN) superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) with an active area of 3×3 μm2 that offers better timing performance metrics than the previous SSPD with an active area of 7×7 μm2. The improved SSPD demonstrates a record timing jitter (<25 ps), an ultrashort recovery time (<2 ns), an extremely low dark count rate, and a high detection efficiency in a wide spectral range from visible part to near infrared. The record parameters were obtained due to the development of a new technique providing effective optical coupling between a detector with a reduced active area and a standard single-mode telecommunication fiber. The advantages of the new approach are experimentally confirmed by taking electro-optical measurements.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1934-2608	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1117/1.JNP.9.093051			Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ sasha @			Serial	1052
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	Author	McCarthy, Aongus; Krichel, Nils J.; Gemmell, Nathan R.; Ren, Ximing; Tanner, Michael G.; Dorenbos, Sander N.; Zwiller, Val; Hadfield, Robert H.; Buller, Gerald S.
	Title	Kilometer-range, high resolution depth imaging via 1560 nm wavelength single-photon detection			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Opt. Express	Abbreviated Journal	Opt. Express
	Volume	21	Issue	7	Pages	8904-8915
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, lidar, SSPD applications, SNSPD applications
	Abstract	This paper highlights a significant advance in time-of-flight depth imaging: by using a scanning transceiver which incorporated a free-running, low noise superconducting nanowire single-photon detector, we were able to obtain centimeter resolution depth images of low-signature objects in daylight at stand-off distances of the order of one kilometer at the relatively eye-safe wavelength of 1560 nm. The detector used had an efficiency of 18% at 1 kHz dark count rate, and the overall system jitter was ~100 ps. The depth images were acquired by illuminating the scene with an optical output power level of less than 250 µW average, and using per-pixel dwell times in the millisecond regime.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1053
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	Author	Manus, M. K. Mc; Kash, J. A.; Steen, S. E.; Polonsky, S.; Tsang, J.C.; Knebel, D. R.; Huott, W.
	Title	PICA: Backside failure analysis of CMOS circuits using picosecond imaging circuit analysis			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Microelectronics Reliability	Abbreviated Journal	Microelectronics Reliability
	Volume	40	Issue		Pages	1353-1358
	Keywords	SSPD, CMOS testing
	Abstract	Normal operation of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices entails the emission of picosecond pulses of light, which can be used to diagnose circuit problems. The pulses that are observed from submicron sized field effect transistors (FETs) are synchronous with logic state switching. Picosecond Imaging Circuit Analysis (PICA), a new optical imaging technique combining imaging with timing, spatially resolves individual devices at the 0.5 micron level and switching events on a 10 picosecond timescale. PICA is used here for the diagnostics of failures on two VLSI microprocessors.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1054
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	Author	Marsili, F.; Verma, V. B.; Stern, J. A.; Harrington, S.; Lita, A. E.; Gerrits, T.; Vayshenker, I.; Baek, B.; Shaw, M. D.; Mirin, R. P.; Nam, S. W.
	Title	Detecting single infrared photons with 93% system efficiency			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	Nat. Photon.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	7	Issue	3	Pages	210-214
	Keywords	SSPD quantum efficiency
	Abstract	Single-photon detectors1 at near-infrared wavelengths with high system detection efficiency (>90%), low dark count rate (<1 c.p.s.), low timing jitter (<100 ps) and short reset time (<100 ns) would enable landmark experiments in a variety of fields2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Although some of the existing approaches to single-photon detection fulfil one or two of the above specifications1, to date, no detector has met all of the specifications simultaneously. Here, we report on a fibre-coupled single-photon detection system that uses superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors7 and closely approaches the ideal performance of single-photon detectors. Our detector system has a system detection efficiency (including optical coupling losses) greater than 90% in the wavelength range λ = 1,520–1,610 nm, with a device dark count rate (measured with the device shielded from any background radiation) of ~1 c.p.s., timing jitter of ~150 ps full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) and reset time of 40 ns.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1056
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	Author	Kitaygorsky, J.; Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Sergeev, A.; Korneev, A.; Matvienko, V.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Gol'tsman, G.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Origin of dark counts in nanostructured NbN single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	15	Issue	2	Pages	545-548
	Keywords	SSPD dark counts, SNSPD, dark counts rate
	Abstract	We present our study of dark counts in ultrathin (3.5 to 10 nm thick), narrow (120 to 170 nm wide) NbN superconducting stripes of different lengths. In experiments, where the stripe was completely isolated from the outside world and kept at temperature below the critical temperature Tc, we detected subnanosecond electrical pulses associated with the spontaneous appearance of the temporal resistive state. The resistive state manifested itself as generation of phase-slip centers (PSCs) in our two-dimensional superconducting stripes. Our analysis shows that not far from Tc, PSCs have a thermally activated nature. At lowest temperatures, far below Tc, they are created by quantum fluctuations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1057
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	Author	Zhang, Jin; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Lipatov, A.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Response time characterization of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	13	Issue	2	Pages	180-183
	Keywords	SSPD jitter, SNSPD jitter
	Abstract	We report our time-resolved measurements of NbN-based superconducting single-photon detectors. The structures are meander-type, 10-nm thick, and 200-nm wide stripes and were operated at 4.2 K. We have shown that the NbN devices can count single-photon pulses with below 100-ps time resolution. The response signal pulse width was about 150 ps, and the system jitter was measured to be 35 ps.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	IEEE	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1058
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	Author	Driessen, E. F. C.; Braakman, F. R.; Reiger, E. M.; Dorenbos, S. N.; Zwiller, V.; de Dood, M. J. A.
	Title	Impedance model for the polarization-dependent optical absorption of superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	47	Issue		Pages	10701
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We measured the single-photon detection efficiency of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors as a function of the polarization state of the incident light for different wavelengths in the range from 488 nm to 1550 nm. The polarization contrast varies from ~% at 488 nm to~0% at 1550 nm, in good agreement with numerical calculations. We use an optical-impedance model to describe the absorption for polarization parallel to the wires of the detector. For the extremely lossy NbN material, the absorption can be kept constant by keeping the product of layer thickness and filling factor constant. As a consequence, the maximum possible absorption is independent of filling factor. By illuminating the detector through the substrate, an absorption efficiency of ~0% can be reached for a detector on Si or GaAs, without the need for an optical cavity.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ alex_kazakov @			Serial	1062
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	Author	Shcheslavskiy, V.; Morozov, P.; Divochiy, A.; Vakhtomin, Yu.; Smirnov, K.; Becker, W.
	Title	Ultrafast time measurements by time-correlated single photon counting coupled with superconducting single photon detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Rev. Sci. Instrum.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	87	Issue		Pages	053117 (1 to 5)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, TCSPC, jitter
	Abstract	Time resolution is one of the main characteristics of the single photon detectors besides quantum efficiency and dark count rate. We demonstrate here an ultrafast time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) setup consisting of a newly developed single photon counting board SPC-150NX and a superconducting NbN single photon detector with a sensitive area of 7 × 7 μm. The combination delivers a record instrument response function with a full width at half maximum of 17.8 ps and system quantum efficiency ~5% at wavelength of 1560 nm. A calculation of the root mean square value of the timing jitter for channels with counts more than 1% of the peak value yielded about 7.6 ps. The setup has also good timing stability of the detector–TCSPC board.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1077
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	Author	Gupta, D.; Kadin, A. M.
	Title	Single-photon-counting hotspot detector with integrated RSFQ readout electronics			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	9	Issue	2	Pages	4487-4490
	Keywords	RSFQ, SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Absorption of an infrared photon in an ultrathin film (such as 10-nm NbN) creates a localized nonequilibrium hotspot on the submicron length scale and sub-ns time scale. If a strip /spl sim/1 /spl mu/m wide is biased in the middle of the superconducting transition, this hotspot will lead to a resistance pulse with amplitude proportional to the energy of the incident photon. This resistance pulse, in turn, can be converted to a current pulse and inductively coupled to a SQUID amplifier with a digitized output, operating at 4 K or above. A preliminary design analysis indicates that this data can be processed on-chip, using ultrafast RSFQ digital circuits, to obtain a sensitive infrared detector for wavelengths up to 10 /spl mu/m and beyond, with bandwidth of 1 GHz, that counts individual photons and measures their energy with 25 meV resolution. This proposed device combines the speed of a hot-electron bolometer with the single-photon-counting ability of a transition-edge microcalorimeter, to obtain an infrared detector with sensitivity, speed, and spectral selectivity that are unmatched by any alternative technology.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1080
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	Author	Steudle, Gesine A.; Schietinger, Stefan; Höckel, David; Dorenbos, Sander N.; Zadeh, Iman E.; Zwiller, Valery; Benson, Oliver
	Title	Measuring the quantum nature of light with a single source and a single detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Phys. Rev. A	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	86	Issue	5	Pages	053814
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, saturation count rates, dead time, dynamic range
	Abstract	An elementary experiment in optics consists of a light source and a detector. Yet, if the source generates nonclassical correlations such an experiment is capable of unambiguously demonstrating the quantum nature of light. We realized such an experiment with a defect center in diamond and a superconducting detector. Previous experiments relied on more complex setups, such as the Hanbury Brown and Twiss configuration, where a beam splitter directs light to two photodetectors, creating the false impression that the beam splitter is a fundamentally required element. As an additional benefit, our results provide a simplification of the widely used photon-correlation techniques.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	American Physical Society	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1089
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	Author	Vetter, A.; Ferrari, S.; Rath, P.; Alaee, R.; Kahl, O.; Kovalyuk, V.; Diewald, S.; Goltsman, G. N.; Korneev, A.; Rockstuhl, C.; Pernice, W. H. P.
	Title	Cavity-enhanced and ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Nano Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Nano Lett.
	Volume	16	Issue	11	Pages	7085-7092
	Keywords	SSPD; SNSPD; multiphoton detection; nanophotonic circuit; photonic crystal cavity
	Abstract	Ultrafast single-photon detectors with high efficiency are of utmost importance for many applications in the context of integrated quantum photonic circuits. Detectors based on superconductor nanowires attached to optical waveguides are particularly appealing for this purpose. However, their speed is limited because the required high absorption efficiency necessitates long nanowires deposited on top of the waveguide. This enhances the kinetic inductance and makes the detectors slow. Here, we solve this problem by aligning the nanowire, contrary to usual choice, perpendicular to the waveguide to realize devices with a length below 1 mum. By integrating the nanowire into a photonic crystal cavity, we recover high absorption efficiency, thus enhancing the detection efficiency by more than an order of magnitude. Our cavity enhanced superconducting nanowire detectors are fully embedded in silicon nanophotonic circuits and efficiently detect single photons at telecom wavelengths. The detectors possess subnanosecond decay ( approximately 120 ps) and recovery times ( approximately 510 ps) and thus show potential for GHz count rates at low timing jitter ( approximately 32 ps). The small absorption volume allows efficient threshold multiphoton detection.
	Address	Institute of Physics, University of Munster , 48149 Munster, Germany
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1530-6984	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:27759401			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1208
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	Author	Lobanov, Y.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Semenov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Kahl, O.; Ferrari, S.; Korneev, A.; Ozhegov, R.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B. M.; Pernice, W. H. P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Superconducting nanowire single photon detector for coherent detection of weak signals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	27	Issue	4	Pages	1-5
	Keywords	NbN SSPD mixer, SNSPD, nanophotonic waveguide
	Abstract	Traditional photon detectors are operated in the direct detection mode, counting incident photons with a known quantum efficiency. Here, we have investigated a superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) operated as a photon counting mixer at telecommunication wavelength around 1.5 μm. This regime of operation combines excellent sensitivity of a photon counting detector with excellent spectral resolution given by the heterodyne technique. Advantageously, we have found that low local oscillator (LO) power of the order of hundreds of femtowatts to a few picowatts is sufficient for clear observation of the incident test signal with the sensitivity approaching the quantum limit. With further optimization, the required LO power could be significantly reduced, which is promising for many practical applications, such as the development of receiver matrices or recording ultralow signals at a level of less-than-one-photon per second. In addition to a traditional NbN-based SNSPD operated with normal incidence coupling, we also use detectors with a travelling wave geometry, where a NbN nanowire is placed on the top of a Si 3 N 4 nanophotonic waveguide. This approach is fully scalable and a large number of devices could be integrated on a single chip.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1206
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	Author	Vorobyov, V. V.; Kazakov, A. Y.; Soshenko, V. V.; Korneev, A. A.; Shalaginov, M. Y.; Bolshedvorskii, S. V.; Sorokin, V. N.; Divochiy, A. V.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Shalaev, V. M.; Akimov, A. V.; Goltsman, G. N.
	Title	Superconducting detector for visible and near-infrared quantum emitters [Invited]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Opt. Mater. Express	Abbreviated Journal	Opt. Mater. Express
	Volume	7	Issue	2	Pages	513-526
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Further development of quantum emitter based communication and sensing applications intrinsically depends on the availability of robust single-photon detectors. Here, we demonstrate a new generation of superconducting single-photon detectors specifically optimized for the 500–1100 nm wavelength range, which overlaps with the emission spectrum of many interesting solid-state atom-like systems, such as nitrogen-vacancy and silicon-vacancy centers in diamond. The fabricated detectors have a wide dynamic range (up to 350 million counts per second), low dark count rate (down to 0.1 counts per second), excellent jitter (62 ps), and the possibility of on-chip integration with a quantum emitter. In addition to performance characterization, we tested the detectors in real experimental conditions involving nanodiamond nitrogen-vacancy emitters enhanced by a hyperbolic metamaterial.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2159-3930	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1234
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	Author	Shcherbatenko, M.; Lobanov, Y.; Semenov, A.; Kovalyuk, V.; Korneev, A.; Ozhegov, R.; Kazakov, A.; Voronov, B.M.; Goltsman, G.N.
	Title	Potential of a superconducting photon counter for heterodyne detection at the telecommunication wavelength			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2016	Publication	Opt. Express	Abbreviated Journal	Opt. Express
	Volume	24	Issue	26	Pages	30474-30484
	Keywords	NbN SSPD mixer, SNSPD
	Abstract	Here, we report on the successful operation of a NbN thin film superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) in a coherent mode (as a mixer) at the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm. Providing the local oscillator power of the order of a few picowatts, we were practically able to reach the quantum noise limited sensitivity. The intermediate frequency gain bandwidth (also referred to as response or conversion bandwidth) was limited by the spectral band of a single-photon response pulse of the detector, which is proportional to the detector size. We observed a gain bandwidth of 65 MHz and 140 MHz for 7 x 7 microm² and 3 x 3 microm² devices, respectively. A tiny amount of the required local oscillator power and wide gain and noise bandwidths, along with unnecessary low noise amplification, make this technology prominent for various applications, with the possibility for future development of a photon counting heterodyne-born large-scale array.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1094-4087	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:28059394			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1207
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	Author	Lusche, R.; Semenov, A.; Ilin, K.; Siegel, M.; Korneeva, Y.; Trifonov, A.; Korneev, A.; Goltsman, G.; Vodolazov, D.; Hübers, H.-W.
	Title	Effect of the wire width on the intrinsic detection efficiency of superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	J. Appl. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Appl. Phys.
	Volume	116	Issue	4	Pages	043906 (1 to 9)
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD, TaN
	Abstract	A thorough spectral study of the intrinsic single-photon detection efficiency in superconducting TaN and NbN nanowires with different widths has been performed. The experiment shows that the cut-off of the intrinsic detection efficiency at near-infrared wavelengths is most likely controlled by the local suppression of the barrier for vortex nucleation around the absorption site. Beyond the cut-off quasi-particle diffusion in combination with spontaneous, thermally activated vortex crossing explains the detection process. For both materials, the reciprocal cut-off wavelength scales linearly with the wire width where the scaling factor agrees with the hot-spot detection model.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1357
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	Author	Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Kahl, O.; Semenov, A.; Shcherbatenko, M.; Lobanov, Y.; Ozhegov, R.; Korneev, A.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Pernice, W.; Gol'tsman, G.
	Title	On-chip coherent detection with quantum limited sensitivity			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Sci Rep	Abbreviated Journal	Sci Rep
	Volume	7	Issue	1	Pages	4812
	Keywords	waveguide, SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	While single photon detectors provide superior intensity sensitivity, spectral resolution is usually lost after the detection event. Yet for applications in low signal infrared spectroscopy recovering information about the photon's frequency contributions is essential. Here we use highly efficient waveguide integrated superconducting single-photon detectors for on-chip coherent detection. In a single nanophotonic device, we demonstrate both single-photon counting with up to 86% on-chip detection efficiency, as well as heterodyne coherent detection with spectral resolution f/f exceeding 10(11). By mixing a local oscillator with the single photon signal field, we observe frequency modulation at the intermediate frequency with ultra-low local oscillator power in the femto-Watt range. By optimizing the nanowire geometry and the working parameters of the detection scheme, we reach quantum-limited sensitivity. Our approach enables to realize matrix integrated heterodyne nanophotonic devices in the C-band wavelength range, for classical and quantum optics applications where single-photon counting as well as high spectral resolution are required simultaneously.
	Address	National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, 101000, Russia. ggoltsman@hse.ru
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2045-2322	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:28684752; PMCID:PMC5500578			Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ kovalyuk @			Serial	1129
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	Author	Elezov, M. S.; Semenov, A. V.; An, P. P.; Tarkhov, M. A.; Goltsman, G. N.; Kardakova, A. I.; Kazakov, A. Y.
	Title	Investigating the detection regimes of a superconducting single-photon detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication	J. Opt. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Opt. Technol.
	Volume	80	Issue	7	Pages	435
	Keywords	SSPD, quantum efficiency
	Abstract	The detection regimes of a superconducting single-photon detector have been investigated. A technique is proposed for determining the regions in which “pure regimes” predominate. Based on experimental data, the dependences of the internal quantum efficiency on the bias current are determined in the one-, two-, and three-photon detection regimes.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1070-9762	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1172
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	Author	Ferrari, S.; Kovalyuk, V.; Vetter, A.; Lee, C.; Rockstuhl, C.; Semenov, A.; Gol'tsman, G.; Pernice, W.
	Title	Analysis of the detection response of waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors at high count rate			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	115	Issue	10	Pages	101104
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, waveguide
	Abstract	Nanophotonic circuitry and superconducting nanowires have been successfully combined for detecting single photons, propagating in an integrated photonic circuit, with high efficiency and low noise and timing uncertainty. Waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) can nowadays be engineered to achieve subnanosecond recovery times and can potentially be adopted for applications requiring Gcps count rates. However, particular attention shall be paid to such an extreme count rate regime since artifacts in the detector functionality emerge. In particular, a count-rate dependent detection efficiency has been encountered that can compromise the accuracy of quantum detector tomography experiments. Here, we investigate the response of waveguide-integrated SNSPDs at high photon flux and identify the presence of parasitic currents due to the accumulation of charge in the readout electronics to cause the above-mentioned artifact in the detection efficiency. Our approach allows us to determine the maximum photon count rate at which the detector can be operated without adverse effects. Our findings are particularly important to avoid artifacts when applying SNSPDs for quantum tomography. We acknowledge support through ERC Consolidator Grant No. 724707 and from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through Project No. PE 1832/5-1,2, as well as funding by the Volkswagen Foundation. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 675745. V.K. and G.G. acknowledge support from the Russian Science Foundation Project No. 16-12-00045 (NbN film deposition and testing). A.V. acknowledges support from the Karlsruhe School of Optics and Photonics (KSOP).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1185
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	Author	Polyakova, M.; Semenov, A. V.; Kovalyuk, V.; Ferrari, S.; Pernice, W. H. P.; Gol'tsman, G. N.
	Title	Protocol of measuring hot-spot correlation length for SNSPDs with near-unity detection efficiency			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	29	Issue	5	Pages	1-5
	Keywords	SSPD, waveguide-integrated SNSPD, hot-spot interaction length
	Abstract	We present a simple quantum detector tomography protocol, which allows, without ambiguities, to measure the two-spot detection efficiency and extract the hot-spot interaction length of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) with unity intrinsic detection efficiency. We identify a significant parasitic contribution to the measured two-spot efficiency, related to an effect of the bias circuit, and find a way to rule out this contribution during data post-processing and directly in the experiment. From the data analysis for waveguide-integrated SNSPD, we find signatures of the saturation of the two-spot efficiency and hot-spot interaction length of order of 100 nm.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1187
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	Author	Morozov, P.; Lukina, M.; Shirmanova, M.; Divochiy, A.; Dudenkova, V.; Gol'tsman, G. N.; Becker, W.; Shcheslavskiy, V. I.
	Title	Singlet oxygen phosphorescence imaging by superconducting single-photon detector and time-correlated single-photon counting			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	Opt. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Opt. Lett.
	Volume	46	Issue	6	Pages	1217-1220
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, applications
	Abstract	This Letter presents, to the best of our knowledge, a novel optical configuration for direct time-resolved measurements of luminescence from singlet oxygen, both in solutions and from cultured cells on photodynamic therapy. The system is based on the superconducting single-photon detector, coupled to the confocal scanner that is modified for the near-infrared measurements. The recording of a phosphorescence signal from singlet oxygen at 1270 nm has been done using time-correlated single-photon counting. The performance of the system is verified by measuring phosphorescence from singlet oxygen generated by the photosensitizers commonly used in photodynamic therapy: methylene blue and chlorin e6. The described system can be easily upgraded to the configuration when both phosphorescence from singlet oxygen and fluorescence from the cells can be detected in the imaging mode. Thus, co-localization of the signal from singlet oxygen with the areas inside the cells can be done.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0146-9592	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:33720151			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1221
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	Author	Zolotov, P. I.; Semenov, A. V.; Divochiy, A. V.; Goltsman, G. N.; Romanov, N. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.
	Title	Dependence of photon detection efficiency on normal-state sheet resistance in marginally superconducting films of NbN			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	31	Issue	5	Pages	1-5
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We present an extensive set of data on nanowire-type superconducting single-photon detectors based on niobium-nitride (NbN) to establish the empirical correlation between performance and the normal-state resistance per square. We focus, in particular, on the bias current, compared to the expected depairing current, needed to achieve a near-unity detection efficiency for photon detection. The data are discussed within the context of a model in which the photon energy triggers the movement of vortices i.e. superconducting dissipation, followed by thermal runaway. Since the model is based on the non-equilibrium theory for conventional superconductors deviations may occur, because the efficient regime is found when NbN acts as a marginal superconductor in which long-range phase coherence is frustrated.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1222
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	Author	Zolotov, P.; Semenov, A.; Divochiy, A.; Goltsman, G.
	Title	A comparison of VN and NbN thin films towards optimal SNSPD efficiency			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2021	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	31	Issue	5	Pages	1-4
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD, WSi
	Abstract	Based on early phenomenological ideas about the operation of superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPD or SNSPD), it was expected that materials with a lower superconducting gap should perform better in the IR range. The plausibility of this concept could be checked using two popular SSPD materials – NbN and WSi films. However, these materials differ strongly in crystallographic structure (polycrystalline B1 versus amorphous), which makes their dependence on disorder different. In our work we present a study of the single-photon response of SSPDs made from two disordered B1 structure superconductors – vanadium nitride and niobium nitride thin films. We compare the intrinsic efficiency of devices made from films with different sheet resistance values. While both materials have a polycrystalline structure and comparable diffusion coefficient values, VN films show metallic behavior over a wide range of sheet resistance, in contrast to NbN films with an insulator-like temperature dependence of resistivity, which may be partially due to enhanced Coulomb interaction, leading to different starting points for the normal electron density of states. The results show that even though VN devices are more promising in terms of theoretical predictions, their optimal performance was not reached due to lower values of sheet resistance.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1051-8223	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1223
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	Author	Moshkova, M.; Divochiy, A.; Morozov, P.; Vakhtomin, Y.; Antipov, A.; Zolotov, P.; Seleznev, V.; Ahmetov, M.; Smirnov, K.
	Title	High-performance superconducting photon-number-resolving detectors with 86% system efficiency at telecom range			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2019	Publication	J. Opt. Soc. Am. B	Abbreviated Journal	J. Opt. Soc. Am. B
	Volume	36	Issue	3	Pages	B20
	Keywords	NbN PNR SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	The use of improved fabrication technology, highly disordered NbN thin films, and intertwined section topology makes it possible to create high-performance photon-number-resolving superconducting single-photon detectors (PNR SSPDs) that are comparable to conventional single-element SSPDs at the telecom range. The developed four-section PNR SSPD has simultaneously an 86±3% system detection efficiency, 35 cps dark count rate, ∼2 ns dead time, and maximum 90 ps jitter. An investigation of the PNR SSPD’s detection efficiency for multiphoton events shows good uniformity across sections. As a result, such a PNR SSPD is a good candidate for retrieving the photon statistics for light sources and quantum key distribution systems.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0740-3224	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1225
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