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	Author	Korneev, A.; Semenov, A.; Vodolazov, D.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Physics and operation of superconducting single-photon devices			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	2017	Publication	Superconductors at the Nanoscale	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	279-308
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	De Gruyter	Place of Publication		Editor	Wördenweber, R.; Moshchalkov, V.; Bending, S.; Tafuri, F.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1326
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	Author	Verevkin, A.; Xu, Y.; Zheng, X.; Williams, C.; Sobolewski, Roman; Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Lipatov, A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Superconducting NbN-based ultrafast hot-electron single-photon detector for infrared range			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Proc. 12^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 12^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	462-468
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1539
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	Author	Yagoubov, P.; Hübers, H.-W.; Gol’tsman, G.; Semenov, A.; Gao, J.; Hoogeveen, R.; de Graauw, T.; Birk, M.; Selig, A.; de Korte, P.
	Title	Hot-electron bolometer mixers – technology for far-infrared heterodyne instruments in future atmospheric chemistry missions			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Submillimeter Wave Earth Observation From Space	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Submillimeter Wave Earth Observation From Space
	Volume		Issue		Pages	57-69
	Keywords	HEB mixers
	Abstract
	Address	Delmenhorst
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Logos-Verlag	Place of Publication		Editor	Buehler, S.; Berlin
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	3-89722-700-2	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	International Symposium on Submillimeter Wave Earth Observation from Space, ISSMWEOS01
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1549
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Blagosklonskaya, L. E.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Elant’ev, A. I.
	Title	Effect of a strong magnetic field on the spectrum of donors in InSb			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1978	Publication	Sov. Phys. Semicond.	Abbreviated Journal	Sov. Phys. Semicond.
	Volume	11	Issue	12	Pages	1395-1397
	Keywords	InSb, spectrum of donors, strong magnetic field
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1725
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	Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Baubert, J.; Lecomte, B.; Dauplay, F.; Krieg, J.-M.; Delorme, Y.; Feret, A.; Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A. D.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	2.5 THz multipixel heterodyne receiver based on NbN HEB mixers			Type	Abstract
	Year	2007	Publication	Proc. 18^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 18^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	112
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz has been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5μm thick Si3N4 / SiO2 membranes. Spherical mirrors (one per pixel) and backshort distance from the antenna have been used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. Measurements of the mixers sensitivity and the input RF band are presented, and compared against calculations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1419
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	Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Drakinskiy, V.; Lecomte, B.; Dauplay, F.; Krieg, J.-M.; Delorme, Y.; Feret, A.; Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.D.; Gol’tsman, G.N.
	Title	Terahertz heterodyne array based on NbN HEB mixers			Type	Abstract
	Year	2008	Publication	Proc. 19^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	43
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers array
	Abstract	A 16 pixel heterodyne receiver for 2.5 THz is been developed based on NbN superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The receiver uses a quasioptical RF coupling approach where HEB mixers are integrated into double dipole antennas on 1.5μm thick Si3N4 / SiO2 membranes. Miniature mirrors (one per pixel) and back short for the antenna were used to design the output mixer beam profile. The camera design allows all 16 pixel IF readout in parallel. The gain bandwidth of the HEB mixers on Si3N4 / SiO 2 membranes was found to be about 3 GHz, when an MgO buffer layers is applied on the membrane. We will also present the progress in the camera heterodyne tests.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1411
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	Author	Zinoni, C.; Alloing, B.; Li, L. H.; Marsili, F.; Fiore, A.; Lunghi, L.; Gerardino, A.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Erratum: “Single photon experiments at telecom wavelengths using nanowire superconducting detectors” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 031106 (2007)]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	96	Issue	8	Pages	089901
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, erratum
	Abstract	A calculation error was made in the original publication of this letter. The error was in the calculation of the noise equivalent power (NEP) values for the avalanche photodiode detector (APD) and the superconducting single photon detector (SSPD), the incorrect values were plotted on the right axis in Fig. 1(b). The correct NEP values were calculated with the same equation reported in the original letter and the revised Fig. 1(b) is shown below. The other conclusions of the paper remain unaltered.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1395
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	Author	Il’in, K.S.; Ptitsina, N.G.; Sergeev, A.V.; Gol’tsman, G.N.; Gershenzon, E.M.; Karasik, B.S.; Pechen, E.V.; Krasnosvobodtsev, S.I.
	Title	Interrelation of resistivity and inelastic electron-phonon scattering rate in impure NbC films			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Phys. Rev. B	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. Rev. B
	Volume	57	Issue	24	Pages	15623-15628
	Keywords	NbC films
	Abstract	A complex study of the electron-phonon interaction in thin NbC films with electron mean free path l=2–13nm gives strong evidence that electron scattering is significantly modified due to the interference between electron-phonon and elastic electron scattering from impurities. The interference T2 term, which is proportional to the residual resistivity, dominates over the Bloch-Grüneisen contribution to resistivity at low temperatures up to 60 K. The electron energy relaxation rate is directly measured via the relaxation of hot electrons heated by modulated electromagnetic radiation. In the temperature range 1.5–10 K the relaxation rate shows a weak dependence on the electron mean free path and strong temperature dependence ∼Tn, with the exponent n=2.5–3. This behavior is explained well by the theory of the electron-phonon-impurity interference taking into account the electron coupling with transverse phonons determined from the resistivity data.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0163-1829	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1585
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	Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Khosropanah, P.; Berg, T.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Drakinskiy, V.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Optimization of HEB mixer for the Herschel Space Observatory			Type	Abstract
	Year	2004	Publication	Proc. 15^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 15^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	16
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, applications
	Abstract	A mixer development for the HIFI instrument of the Herschel Space Observatory has come to the final stage. In our paper and conference presentation we will describe the most important details of the Band 6 Low and High Mixer Unit design. Special attention will be given to the optimization of the hot- electron bolometer mixer chip, which is based on 3.5nm NbN superconducting film on silicon. As the HEB’s local oscillator power requirements depend on the bolometer size, we have compared mixer noise temperature for different bolometer width- to- length ratio. A trade- off between mixer performance and local oscillator power requirements results in the mixer units equipped with optimized mixer chips, providing the largest coverage of the Band6 RF band with the lowest possible receiver noise. A short account of the beam pattern measurements of Band6 mixers will be given as well.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1490
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	Author	Polyakova, O. N.; Tikhonov, V. V.; Dzardanov, A. L.; Boyarskii, D. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Dielectric characteristics of ore minerals in a 10–40 GHz frequency range			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Tech. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Tech. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	34	Issue	11	Pages	967-970
	Keywords	ore minerals, complex permittivity, sphalerite, magnetite, labradorite
	Abstract	A new approach to investigation of the complex dielectric permittivity of both nonmetallic and ore minerals in the microwave frequency range is proposed. Using this approach, data on the complex permittivity of sphalerite, magnetite, and labradorite in a 10–40 GHz frequency range have been obtained for the first time. A method is proposed for calculating the complex permittivity from experimentally measured frequency dependences of the reflection and transmission coefficients of a plane-parallel plate of a given mineral. Approximate expressions that can be used for calculations of the complex refractive index and permittivity of minerals are presented.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1063-7850	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1406
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	Author	Tong, C.-Y. E.; Trifonov, A.; Shurakov, A.; Blundell, R.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	A microwave-operated hot-electron-bolometric power detector for terahertz radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	25	Issue	3	Pages	2300604 (1 to 4)
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixer
	Abstract	A new class of microwave-operated THz power detectors based on the NbN hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixer is proposed. The injected microwave signal ( 1 GHz) serves the dual purpose of pumping the HEB element and enabling the read-out of the internal state of the device. A cryogenic amplifier amplifies the reflected microwave signal from the device and a homodyne scheme recovers the effects of the incident THz radiation. Two modes of operation have been identified, depending on the level of incident radiation. For weak signals, we use a chopper to chop the incident radiation against a black body reference and a lock-in amplifier to perform synchronous detection of the homodyne readout. The voltage measured is proportional to the incident power, and we estimate an optical noise equivalent power of 5pW/ √Hz at 0.83 THz. At higher signal levels, the homodyne circuit recovers the stream of steady relaxation oscillation pulses from the HEB device. The frequency of these pulses is in the MHz frequency range and bears a linear relationship with the incident THz radiation over an input power range of 15 dB. A digital frequency counter is used to measure THz power. The applicable power range is between 1 nW and 1 μW.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1558-2515	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1354
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	Author	Men’shchikov, E. M.; Gogidze, I. G.; Sergeev, A. V.; Elant’ev, A. I.; Kuminov, P. B.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Superconducting fast detector based on the nonequilibrium inductance response of a film of niobium nitride			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Tech. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Tech. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	23	Issue	6	Pages	486-488
	Keywords	NbN KID
	Abstract	A new type of fast detector is proposed, whose operation is based on the variation of the kinetic inductance of a superconducting film caused by nonequilibrium quasiparticles created by the electromagnetic radiation. The speed of the detector is determined by the rate of multiplication of photo-excited quasiparticles, and is nearly independent of the temperature, being less than 1 ps for NbN. Models based on the Owen-Scalapino scheme give a good description of the experimentally determined dependence of the power-voltage sensitivity of the detector on the modulation frequency. The lifetime of the quasiparticles is determined, and it is shown that the reabsorption of nonequilibrium phonons by the condensate has a substantial effect even in ultrathin NbN films 5 nm thick, and results in the maximum possible quantum yield. A low concentration of equilibrium quasiparticles and a high quantum yield result in a detectivity D=1012 W−1·Hz1/2 at a temperature T=4.2 K and D=1016 W−1·cm· Hz1/2 at T=1.6 K.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1063-7850	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1593
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	Author	Gol’tsman, G.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Lipatov, A.; Dzardanov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Semenov, A.; Voronov, B.; Williams, C.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Fabrication and properties of an ultrafast NbN hot-electron single-photon detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	11	Issue	1	Pages	574-577
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	A new type of ultra-high-speed single-photon counter for visible and near-infrared wavebands based on an ultrathin NbN hot-electron photodetector (HEP) has been developed. The detector consists of a very narrow superconducting stripe, biased close to its critical current. An incoming photon absorbed by the stripe produces a resistive hotspot and causes an increase in the film’s supercurrent density above the critical value, leading to temporary formation of a resistive barrier across the device and an easily measurable voltage pulse. Our NbN HEP is an ultrafast (estimated response time is 30 ps; registered time, due to apparatus limitations, is 150 ps), frequency unselective device with very large intrinsic gain and negligible dark counts. We have observed sequences of output pulses, interpreted as single-photon events for very weak laser beams with wavelengths ranging from 0.5 /spl mu/m to 2.1 /spl mu/m and the signal-to-noise ratio of about 30 dB.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1558-2515	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1547
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	Author	Somani, S.; Kasapi, S.; Wilsher, K.; Lo, W.; Sobolewski, R.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	New photon detector for device analysis: Superconducting single-photon detector based on a hot electron effect			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B	Abbreviated Journal	J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B
	Volume	19	Issue	6	Pages	2766-2769
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	A novel superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD), intrinsically capable of high quantum efficiency (up to 20%) over a wide spectral range (ultraviolet to infrared), with low dark counts (<1 cps), and fast (<40 ps) timing resolution, is described. This SSPD has been used to perform timing measurements on complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs) by detecting the infrared light emission from switching transistors. Measurements performed from the backside of a 0.13 μm geometry flip–chip IC are presented. Other potential applications for this detector are in telecommunications, quantum cryptography, biofluorescence, and chemical kinetics.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0734211X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1542
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	Author	Karasik, B. S.; Zorin, M. A.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Elantev, A. I.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Subnanosecond switching of YBaCuO films between superconducting and normal states induced by current pulse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	J. Appl. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Appl. Phys.
	Volume	77	Issue	8	Pages	4064-4070
	Keywords	YBCO HTS switches
	Abstract	A study is reported of the current switching in high‐quality YBaCuO films deposited onto NdGaO3 and ZrO2 substrates between superconducting (S) and normal (N) states. The films 60–120 nm thick prepared by laser ablation were structured into single strips between gold contacts. The time dependence of the resistance after application of the voltage step to the film was monitored. Experiment performed within certain ranges of voltage amplitudes and temperatures has shown the occurrence of the fast stage (shorter than 400 ps) both in S‐N and N‐S transitions. A fraction of the film resistance changing within this stage in the S‐N transition increases with the current amplitude. A subnanosecond N‐S stage becomes more pronounced for shorter pulses. The fast switching is followed by the much slower change of resistance. The mechanism of switching is discussed in terms of the hot‐electron phenomena in YBaCuO. The contributions of other thermal processes (e.g., a phonon escape from the film, a heat diffusion in the film and substrate, a resistive domain formation) in the subsequent stage of the resistance dynamic have been also discussed. The basic limiting characteristics (average dissipated power, energy needed for switching, maximum repetition rate) of a picosecond switch which is proposed to be developed are estimated.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1623
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gousev, Y. P.; Elant’ev, A. I.; Semenov, A. D.
	Title	Electromagnetic radiation mixer based on electron heating in resistive state of superconductive Nb and YBaCuO films			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	IEEE Trans. Magn.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Magn.
	Volume	27	Issue	2	Pages	1317-1320
	Keywords	YBCO, HTS, Nb HEB mixers
	Abstract	A theory of an electron-heating mixer which makes it possible to calculate all the characteristics of the device is developed. It is shown that positive conversion gain is possible for such a mixer in the millimeter to near-infrared wavelength range. The dynamic range and the optimum heterodyne power can be selected from a very wide interval by varying the mixing element volume. Measurements made for Nb within the frequency range of 120-750 GHz confirm the theory. The conversion loss obtained at T=1.6 K and normalized to the element reaches 0.3 dB in the intermediate frequency band of 40 MHz; the possible noise temperature is 50 K. The estimation of noise temperature and output band for YBaCuO at T=77 yields 200 K and more than 10 GHz, respectively.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1941-0069	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1681
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	Author	Tret’yakov, I. V.; Ryabchun, S. A.; Kaurova, N. S.; Larionov, P. A.; Lobastova, A. A.; Voronov, B. M.; Finkel, M. I.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Optimum absorbed heterodyne power for superconducting NbN hot-electron bolometer mixer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Tech. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Tech. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	36	Issue	12	Pages	1103-1105
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixer
	Abstract	Absorbed heterodyne power has been measured in a low-noise broadband hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer for the terahertz range, operating on the effect of electron heating in the resistive state of an ultrathin superconducting NbN film. It is established that the optimum absorbed heterodyne power for the HEB mixer operating at 2.5 THz is about 100 nW.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1063-7850	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1389
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	Author	Cherednichenko, S.; Kroug, M.; Yagoubov, P.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	IF bandwidth of phonon cooled HEB mixers made from NbN films on MgO substrates			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Proc. 11^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 11^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	219-227
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, cinversion gain bandwidth, IF bandwidth
	Abstract	An investigation of gain and noise bandwidth of phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric (HEB) mixers is presented. The radiation coupling to the mixers is quasioptical through either a spiral or twin-slot antenna. A maximum gain bandwidth of 4.8 GHz is obtained for mixers based on a 3.5 nm thin NbN film with Tc= 10 K. The noise bandwidth is 5.6 GHz, at the moment limited by parasitic elements in the, device mount fixture. At 0.65 THz the DSB receiver noise temperature is 700-800 К in the IF band 1-2 GHz, and 1150-2700 К in the band 3.5-7 GHz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1557
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	Author	Elvira, D.; Michon, A.; Fain, B.; Patriarche, G.; Beaudoin, G.; Robert-Philip, I.; Vachtomin, Y.; Divochiy, A. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sagnes, I.; Beveratos, A.
	Title	Time-resolved spectroscopy of InAsP/InP(001) quantum dots emitting near 2 μm			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	97	Issue	13	Pages	131907 (1 to 3)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, InAsP/InP quantum dots
	Abstract	By using superconducting single photon detectors, we perform time-resolved characterization of a small ensemble of InAsP/InP quantum dots grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy, emitting at wavelengths between 1.6 and 2.2 μm. We demonstrate that alloying phosphorus with InAs allows to shift the emission wavelength toward higher wavelengths, while keeping the high optical quality of these quantum dots at room temperature, with no decrease in their radiative lifetime. This work was partially supported by Russian Ministry of Science and Education: Federal State Program “Scientific and Educational Cadres of Innovative” state Contract Nos. 02.740.0228, 14.740.11.0343, 14.740.11.0269, and P931, and RFBR Project No. 09-02-12364.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1238
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	Author	Kinev, N. V.; Filippenko, L. V.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Gorshkov, K. N.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Koshelets, V. P.
	Title	Superconducting integrated receiver with HEB-mixer			Type	Abstract
	Year	2014	Publication	Proc. 25^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 25^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	78
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixer, SIR, superconducting integrated receiver
	Abstract	Detectors in THz range with high sensitivity are very essential nowadays in different fields: space technology, atmospheric research, medicine and security. The most sensitive heterodyne detectors below 1 THz are the SIS- mixers due to its extremely high non-linearity and low noise level. Nevertheless, their effective range is strongly limited by superconducting gap Δ (about 1 THz for NbN circuits). Above 1 THz the detectors based on HEB (hot electron bolometers) are more effective [1]; their operation frequency is not limited from above and can be up to 70 THz [2]. HEBs can perform as both direct and heterodyne detectors (mixers). All HEB-mixers are used with external heterodyne, most useful are synthesizer with multipliers, quantum cascade lasers or far infrared lasers and backward-wave oscillators. Superconducting integrated receiver (SIR) is based on implementation of both SIS-miser and flux flow oscillator (FFO) acting as heterodyne at single chip [3]. Such receiver has been successfully applied at TELIS balloon-borne instrument for study of atmospheric constituents [4] and looks as very promising device for other THz missions including space research. Thus, there is a task to expand its operating range to higher frequencies. The frequency range of the SIR the operation is limited by both the SIS-mixer and the FFO maximum frequencies. The idea of present work is implementation of the HEB as a mixer in the SIR instead of the SIS traditionally used. We introduce the first results of integrating the HEB-mixer coupled to planar slot antenna with the FFO on one chip. For properly FFO operation the SIS harmonic mixer is used to phase lock the oscillator. The scheme of the SIR based on the HEB- mixer is presented in fig. 1. We have demonstrated the principal possibility of integration of both the HEB-mixer and the flux-flow oscillator on a single chip and succeed with sufficient power coupling for properly receiver operation. We measured the direct response of the HEB coupled to the antenna at THz frequencies by the FTS setup and noise temperature of the receiver with standard Y- factor measuring technique. The SIR operating range 450-620 GHz was achieved with the best uncorrected noise temperature of about 1000 К. One should note that it is still quite low frequencies for effective operation of the HEB-mixer; therefore we expect to obtain the better results for frequencies above 700 GHz (up to 1.2 THz). Another additional task is to increase the FFO frequencies by using NbTiN electrodes instead of NbN; currently we are working on this issue. This work was supported by the RFBR grant, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia and Russian Academy of Sciences. References 1. D. Semenov, H.-W. Hubers, J. Schubert, G. N. Gol’tsman, A. I. Elantiev, B. M. Voronov, E. M. Gershenzon, Design and performance of the lattice-cooled hot-electron terahertz mixer, J. Appl. Phys. 88, 6758, 2000. 2. Maslennikov S. N., Finkel M. I., Antipov S. V. et al. Spiral antenna coupled and directly coupled NbN HEB mixers in the frequency range from 1 to 70THz. Proc. 17 th international symposium on space terahertz technology. Paris, France: 2006.—may. Pp. 177 – 179. 3. V.P. Koshelets, S.V. Shitov. Integrated Superconducting Receivers. Supercond. Sci. Technol. Vol. 13. P. R53-R59. 2000. 4. Gert de Lange, Dick Boersma, Johannes Dercksen et.al. Development and Characterization of the Superconducting Integrated Receiver Channel of the TELIS Atmospheric Sounder. Supercond. Sci. Technol. vol. 23, No 4, 045016 (8pp). 2010.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1363
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	Author	Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B.
	Title	Terahertz Heterodyn Receiver with a hot-electron bolometer mixer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Far-IR, Sub-mm & MM Detector Technology Workshop	Abbreviated Journal	Far-IR, Sub-mm & MM Detector Technology Workshop
	Volume		Issue		Pages	3-24
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	During the past decade major advances have been made regarding low noise mixers for terahertz (THz) heterodyne receivers. State of the art hot-electron-bolometer (HEB) mixers have noise temperatures close to the quantum limit and require less than a µW power from the local oscillator (LO). The technology is now at a point where the performance of a practical receiver employing such mixer, rather than the figures of merit of the mixer itself, are of major concern. We have incorporated a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer in a 2.5 THz heterodyne receiver and investigated the performance of the receiver. This yields important information for the development of heterodyne receivers such as GREAT (German receiver for astronomy at THz frequencies aboard SOFIA) [1] and TELIS (Terahertz limb sounder), a balloon borne heterodyne receiver for atmospheric research [2]. Both are currently under development at DLR.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	NASA	Place of Publication		Editor	Wolf, U.; Farhoomand, J.; McCreight, C.R.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title	NASA CP	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Volume: 211408			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1537
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	Author	Maslennikov, S. N.; Morozov, D. V.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Okunev, O. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Imaging system for submillimeter wave range based on AlGaAs/GaAs hot electron bolometer mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Proc. 5-th MSMW	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 5-th MSMW
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	558-560
	Keywords	AlGaAs/GaAs HEB mixers
	Abstract	Electromagnetic radiation of the submillimeter (SMM) range is dispersed and absorbed significantly less than infrared (IR) radiation when passing through different objects. That is the reason for the development of an SMM imaging system. In this paper, we discuss the design of an SMM heterodyne imager, based on a matrix of AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure hot electron bolometer mixers (HEB) with relatively high (about 77 K) operating temperature. The predicted double side band (DSB) noise temperature is about 1000 K and optimal local oscillator (LO) power is about 1 /spl mu/W for such mixers, which seems to be quite prospective for an SMM heterodyne imager.
	Address	Kharkov, Ukraine
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	The Fifth International Kharkov Symposium on Physics and Engineering of Microwaves, Millimeter, and Submillimeter Waves (IEEE Cat. No.04EX828)
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1487
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	Author	Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M.; Trifonov, V.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Nonequilibrium and bolometric photoresponse in patterned YBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ thin films			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	J. Appl. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Appl. Phys.
	Volume	76	Issue	3	Pages	1902-1909
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB detector, nonequilibrium response
	Abstract	Epitaxial laser deposited YBa2Cu3O7−δ films of ∼50 nm thickness were patterned into detectors consisting of ten parallel 1 μm wide strips in order to study nonequilibrium and bolometric effects. Typically, the patterned samples had critical temperatures around 86 K, transition widths around 2 K and critical current densities above 1×106A/cm2 at 77 K. Pulsed laser measurements at 0.8 μm wavelength (17 ps full width at half maximum) showed a ∼30 ps response, attributed to electron heating, followed by a slower bolometric decay. Amplitude modulation in the band fmod=100 kHz–10 GHz of a laser with wavelength λ=0.8 μm showed two different thermal relaxations in the photoresponse. Phonon escape from the film (∼3 ns) is the limiting process, followed by heat diffusion in the substrate. Similar relaxations were also seen for λ=10.6 μm. The photoresponse measurements were made with the film in the resistive state and extended into the normal state. These states were created by supercritical bias currents. Measurements between 75 and 95 K (i.e., from below to above Tc) showed that the photoresponse was proportional to dR/dT for fmod=1 MHz and 4 GHz. The fast response is limited by the electron‐phonon scattering time, estimated to 1.8 ps from experimental data. The responsivity both at 0.8 and 10.6 μm wavelength was ∼1.2 V/W at fmod=1 GHz and the noise equivalent power was calculated to 1.5×10−9 WHz−1/2 for the fast response.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1637
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	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Smirnov, K.; Kouminov, P.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Drakinsky, V.; Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Fabrication of nanostructured superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	13	Issue	2	Pages	192-195
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Fabrication of NbN superconducting single-photon detectors, based on the hotspot effect is presented. The hotspot formation arises in an ultrathin and submicrometer-width superconductor stripe and, together with the supercurrent redistribution, leads to the resistive detector response upon absorption of a photon. The detector has a meander structure to maximally increase its active area and reach the highest detection efficiency. Main processing steps, leading to efficient devices, sensitive in 0.4-5 /spl mu/m wavelength range, are presented. The impact of various processing steps on the performance and operational parameters of our detectors is discussed.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1558-2515	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1515
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	Author	Hubers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Schwarz, M.; Gunther, B.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B.
	Title	Heterodyne receiver for 3-5 THz with hot-electron bolometer mixer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	5498	Issue		Pages	579-586
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy and planetary research need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently build for SOFIA and Herschel superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) will be used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. The local oscillator and the mixer are the most critical components for a heterodyne receiver operating at 3-5 THz. The design and performance of an optically pumped THz gas laser optimized for this frequency band will be presented. In order to optimize the performance for this frequency hot electron bolometer mixers with different in-plane dimensions and logarithmic-spiral feed antennas have been investigated. Their noise temperatures and beam patterns were measured. Above 3 THz the best performance was achieved with a superconducting bridge of 2.0 x 0.2 Î¼m² incorporated in a logarithmic spiral antenna. The DSB noise temperatures were 2700 K, 4700 K and 6400 K at 3.1 THz, 4.3 THz and 5.2 THz, respectively. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for THz heterodyne receivers up to at least 5 THz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Zmuidzinas, J.; Holland, W.S.; Withington, S.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1483
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	Author	Richter, H.; Semenov, A.; Hubers, H.-W.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B.
	Title	Phonon cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer for 1-5 THz			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Proc. 29th IRMMW / 12th THz	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 29th IRMMW / 12th THz
	Volume		Issue		Pages	241-242
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy and planetary research need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently built for SOFIA and Herschel, superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) are used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. In order to optimize the performance for this frequency of hot electron bolometer mixers with different in-plane dimensions and logarithmic-spiral feed antennas have been investigated. Their noise temperatures and beam patterns were measured. Above 3 THz the best performance was achieved with a superconducting bridge of 2.0/spl times/0.2 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ incorporated in a logarithmic spiral antenna. The DSB noise temperatures were 2700 K, 4700 and 6400 K at 3.1 THz, 4.3 THz and 5.2 THz, respectively. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for THz heterodyne receivers up to at least 5 THz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1506
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	Author	Huebers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Richter, H.; Birk, M.; Krocka, M.; Mair, U.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.
	Title	Superconducting hot electron bolometer as mixer for far-infrared heterodyne receivers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	4855	Issue		Pages	395-401
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum limited sensitivity. In instruments which are currently under development for SOFIA or Herschel superconducting hot electron bolometers (HEB) will be used to achieve this goal at frequencies above 1.4 THz. We present results of the development of a phonon-cooled NbN HEB mixer for GREAT, the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies, which will be flown aboard SOFIA. The mixer is a small superconducting bridge incorporated in a planar feed antenna and a hyperhemispherical lens. Mixers with logarithmic-spiral and double-slot feed antennas have been investigated with respect to their noise temperature, conversion loss, linearity and beam pattern. At 2.5 THz a double sideband noise temperature of 2200 K was achieved. The conversion loss was 17 dB. The response of the mixer was linear up to 400 K load temperature. The performance was verified by measuring an emission line of methanol at 2.5 THz. The measured linewidth is in good agreement with the linewidth deduced from pressure broadening measurements at millimeter wavelength. The results demonstrate that the NbN HEB is very well suited as a mixer for far-infrared heterodyne receivers.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication	Tucson, USA	Editor	Phillips, T. G.; Zmuidzinas, J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title	Presented at the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference	Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume	4855	Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	335
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	Author	Huebers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Schubert, J.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Krabbe, A.; Roeser, H.-P.
	Title	NbN hot-electron bolometer as THz mixer for SOFIA			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	4014	Issue		Pages	195-202
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, airborne, stratospheric observatory, SOFIA
	Abstract	Heterodyne receivers for applications in astronomy need quantum limited sensitivity. We have investigated phonon- cooled NbN hot electron bolometric mixers in the frequency range from 0.7 THz to 5.2 THz. The devices were 3.5 nm thin films with an in-plane dimension of 1.7 X 0.2 micrometers ² integrated in a complementary logarithmic spiral antenna. The best measured DSB receiver noise temperatures are 1300 K (0.7 THz), 2000 K (1.4 THz), 2100 K (1.6 THz), 2600 K (2.5 THz), 4000 K (3.1 THz), 5600 K (4.3 THz), and 8800 K (5.2 THz). The sensitivity fluctuation, the long term stability, and the antenna pattern were measured. The results demonstrate that this mixer is very well suited for GREAT, the German heterodyne receiver for SOFIA.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Melugin, R.K.; Roeser, H.-P.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Airborne Telescope Systems
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1554
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	Author	Trifonov, V. A.; Karasik, B. S.; Zorin, M. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Lindgren, M.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.
	Title	9.6 μm wavelength mixing in a patterned YBa₂Cu₃O_7‐δ thin film			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	68	Issue	10	Pages	1418-1420
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB mixers
	Abstract	Hot‐electron bolometric (HEB) mixing of 9.6 μm infrared radiation from two lasers in high‐quality YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) patterned thin film has been demonstrated. A heterodyne measurement showed an intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidth of 18 GHz, limited by our measurement system. An intrinsic limit of 100 GHz is predicted. Between 0.1 and 1 GHz intermediate frequency, temperature fluctuations with an equivalent output noise temperature Tfl up to ∼150 K, contributed to the mixer noise while Johnson noise dominated above 1 GHz. The overall conversion loss at 77 K at low intermediate frequencies was measured to be ∼25 dB, of which 13 dB was due to the coupling loss. The HEB mixer is very promising for use in heterodyne receivers within the whole infrared range.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1613
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	Author	Merkel, H. F.; Yagoubov, P. A.; Kroug, M.; Khosropanah, P.; Kollberg, E. L.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Noise temperature and absorbed LO power measurement methods for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric mixers at terahertz frequencies			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Proc. 28th European Microwave Conf.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 28th European Microwave Conf.
	Volume	1	Issue		Pages	294-299
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	In this paper the absorbed LO power requirements and the noise performance of NbN based phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric (HEB) quasioptical mixers are investigated for RF frequencies in the 0.55-1.1 range The minimal measured DSB noise temperatures are about 500 K at 640 GHz, 600 K at 750 GHz, 850 K at 910 GHz and 1250 K at 1.1 THz. The increase in noise temperature at 1.1THz is attributed to water absorption. The absorbed LO power is measured using a calorimetric approach. The results are subsequently corrected for lattice heating. These values are compared to results of a novel one dimensional hot spot mixer models and to a more traditional isotherm method which tends to underestimate the absorbed LO power for small bias powers. Typically a LO power between 50nW and 100nW is needed to pump the device to the optimal operating point.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	28th European Microwave Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1580
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	Author	Kooi, J. W.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Baryshev, A.; Schieder, R.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J.R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Stability of heterodyne terahertz receivers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	J. Appl. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Appl. Phys.
	Volume	100	Issue	6	Pages	064904 (1 to 9)
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	In this paper we discuss the stability of heterodyne terahertz receivers based on small volume NbN phonon cooled hot electron bolometers (HEBs). The stability of these receivers can be broken down in two parts: the intrinsic stability of the HEB mixer and the stability of the local oscillator (LO) signal injection scheme. Measurements show that the HEB mixer stability is limited by gain fluctuations with a 1∕f spectral distribution. In a 60MHz noise bandwidth this results in an Allan variance stability time of ∼0.3s. Measurement of the spectroscopic Allan variance between two intermediate frequency (IF) channels results in a much longer Allan variance stability time, i.e., 3s between a 2.5 and a 4.7GHz channel, and even longer for more closely spaced channels. This implies that the HEB mixer 1∕f noise is strongly correlated across the IF band and that the correlation gets stronger the closer the IF channels are spaced. In the second part of the paper we discuss atmospheric and mechanical system stability requirements on the LO-mixer cavity path length. We calculate the mixer output noise fluctuations as a result of small perturbations of the LO-mixer standing wave, and find very stringent mechanical and atmospheric tolerance requirements for receivers operating at terahertz frequencies.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1444
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	Author	Ryabchun, S.; Korneev, A.; Matvienko, V.; Smirnov, K.; Kouminov, P.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Superconducting single photon detectors array based on hot electron phenomena			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Proc. 15^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 15^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	242-247
	Keywords	NbN SSPD arrays, SNSPD
	Abstract	In this paper we propose to use time domain multiplexing for large format arrays of superconducting single photon detectors (SSPDs) of the terahertz, visible and infrared frequency ranges based on ultrathin superconducting NbN films. Effective realization of time domain multiplexing for SSPD arrays is possible due to a short electric pulse of the SSPD as response to radiation quantum absorption, picosecond jitter and extremely low noise equivalent power (NEP). We present experimental results of testing 2×2 arrays in the infrared waveband. The measured noise equivalent power in the infrared and expected for the terahertz waveband is 10 – 21 WHz -1/2 . The best quantum efficiency (QE) of SSPD is 50% at 1.3 µm wavelength.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1493
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	Author	Zhang, J.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Wilsher, K.; Lo, W.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	A superconducting single-photon detector for CMOS IC probing			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proc. 16-th LEOS	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 16-th LEOS
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	602-603
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	In this paper, a novel, time-resolved, NbN-based, superconducting single-photon detector (SSPD) has been developed for probing CMOS integrated circuits (ICs) using photon emission timing analysis (PETA).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	The 16th Annual Meeting of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society, 2003. LEOS 2003.
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1510
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	Author	Krause, S.; Mityashkin, V.; Antipov, S.; Gol’tsman, G.; Meledin, D.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Rudziński, M.
	Title	Reduction of phonon escape time for nbn hot electron bolometers by using gan buffer layers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2017	Publication	IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol.
	Volume	7	Issue	1	Pages	53-59
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixer
	Abstract	In this paper, we investigated the influence of the GaN buffer layer on the phonon escape time of phonon-cooled hot electron bolometers (HEBs) based on NbN material and compared our findings to conventionally employed Si substrate. The presented experimental setup and operation of the HEB close to the critical temperature of the NbN film allowed for the extraction of phonon escape time in a simplified manner. Two independent experiments were performed at GARD/Chalmers and MSPU on a similar experimental setup at frequencies of approximately 180 and 140 GHz, respectively, and have shown reproducible and consistent results. By fitting the normalized IF measurement data to the heat balance equations, the escape time as a fitting parameter has been deduced and amounts to 45 ps for the HEB based on Si substrate as in contrast to a significantly reduced escape time of 18 ps for the HEB utilizing the GaN buffer layer under the assumption that no additional electron diffusion has taken place. This study indicates a high phonon transmissivity of the NbN-to-GaN interface and a prospective increase of IF bandwidth for HEB made of NbN on GaN buffer layers, which is desirable for future THz HEB heterodyne receivers.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	2156-3446	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1330
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	Author	Antipov, S.; Trifonov, A.; Krause, S.; Meledin, D.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Gain bandwidth of NbN HEB mixers on GaN buffer layer operating at 2 THz local oscillator frequency			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Proc. 28^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 28^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	147-148
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, GaN buffer-layer, IF bandwidth
	Abstract	In this paper, we present IF bandwidth measurement results of NbN HEB mixers, which are employing NbN thin films grown on a GaN buffer-layer. The HEB mixers were operated in the heterodyne regime at a bath temperature of approximately 4.5 K and with a local oscillator operating at a frequency of 2 THz. A quantum cascade laser served as the local oscillator and a reference synthesizer based on a BWO generator (130-160 GHz) and a semiconductor superlattice (SSL) frequency multiplier was used as a signal source. By changing the LO frequency it was possible to record the IF response or gain bandwidth of the HEB with a spectrum analyzer at the operation point, which yielded lowest noise temperature. The gain bandwidth that was recorded in the heterodyne regime at 2 THz amounts to approximately 5 GHz and coincides well with a measurement that has been performed at elevated bath temperatures and lower LO frequency of 140 GHz. These findings strongly support that by using a GaN buffer-layer the phonon escape time of NbN HEBs can be significantly lower as compared to e.g. Si substrate, thus, providing higher gain bandwidth.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1175
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	Author	Shurakov, A.; Mikhalev, P.; Mikhailov, D.; Mityashkin, V.; Tretyakov, I.; Kardakova, A.; Belikov, I.; Kaurova, N.; Voronov, B.; Vasil’evskii, I.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Ti/Au/n-GaAs planar Schottky diode with a moderately Si-doped matching sublayer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2018	Publication	Microelectronic Engineering	Abbreviated Journal	Microelectronic Engineering
	Volume	195	Issue		Pages	26-31
	Keywords
	Abstract	In this paper, we report on the results of the study of the Ti/Au/n-GaAs planar Schottky diodes (PSD) intended for the wideband detection of terahertz radiation. The two types of the PSD devices were compared having either the dual n/n+ silicon dopant profile or the triple one with a moderately doped matching sublayer inserted. All the diodes demonstrated no noticeable temperature dependence of ideality factors and barrier heights, whose values covered the ranges of 1.15–1.50 and 0.75–0.85 eV, respectively. We observed the lowering of the flat band barrier height of ∼80 meV after introducing the matching sublayer into the GaAs sandwich. For both the devices types, the series resistance value as low as 20 Ω was obtained. To extract the total parasitic capacitance, we performed the Y-parameters analysis within the electromagnetic modeling of the PSD's behavior via the finite-element method. The capacitance values of 12–12.2 fF were obtained and further verified by measuring the diodes' response voltages in the frequency range of 400–480 GHz. We also calculated the AC current density distribution within the layered structures similar to those being experimentally studied. It was demonstrated that insertion of the moderately Si-doped matching sublayer might be beneficial for implementation of a PSD intended for the operation within the ‘super-THz’ frequency range.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0167-9317	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1155
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	Author	Zhang, W.; Li, N.; Jiang, L.; Ren, Y.; Yao, Q.-J.; Lin, Z.-H.; Shi, S.-C.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Dependence of noise temperature of quasi-optical superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixers on bath temperature and optical-axis displacement			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	6840	Issue		Pages	684007 (1 to 8)
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, noise temperature, LO power
	Abstract	It is known that the increase of bath temperature results in the decrease of critical current of superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixers owing to the depression of superconductivity, thus leading to the degradation of the mixer’s sensitivity. Here we report our study on the effect of bath temperature on the heterodyne mixing performance of quasi-optical superconducting NbN HEB mixers incorporated with a two-arm log-spiral antenna. The correlation between the bath temperature, critical current, LO power requirement and noise temperature is investigated at 0.5 THz. Furthermore, the heterodyne mixing performance of quasi-optical superconducting NbN HEB mixers is examined while there is an optical-axis displacement between the center of the extended hemispherical silicon lens and the superconducting NbN HEB device, which is placed on the back of the lens. Detailed experimental results and analysis are presented.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Zhang, C.; Zhang, X.-C.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Terahertz Photonics
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1415
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	Author	Dauler, E. A.; Kerman, A. J.; Robinson, B. S.; Yang, J. K. W.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Berggren, K. K.
	Title	Achieving high counting rates in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	CLEO/QELS	Abbreviated Journal	CLEO/QELS
	Volume		Issue		Pages	JTuD3 (1 to 2)
	Keywords	SSPD; SNSPD; Detectors; Photodetectors; Quantum optics; Quantum detectors; Photon counting; Photons; Pulse shaping; Quantum communications; Single photon detectors; Superconductors
	Abstract	Kinetic inductance is determined to be the primary limitation to the counting rate of superconducting nanowire single-photon counters. Approaches for overcoming this limitation will be discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Optical Society of America	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1451
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	Author	Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.-yu E.; Gol’tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov, B.; Cherednichenko, S.
	Title	Low noise NbN lattice-cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers at submillimeter wavelengths			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	70	Issue	12	Pages	1619-1621
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	Lattice-cooled superconducting hot-electron bolometric mixers are used in a submillimeter-wave waveguide heterodyne receiver. The mixer elements are niobium nitride film with 3.5 nm thickness and ∼10 μm2 area. The local oscillator power for optimal performance is estimated to be 0.5 μW, and the instantaneous bandwidth is 2.2 GHz. At an intermediate frequency centered at 1.4 GHz with 200 MHz bandwidth, the double sideband receiver noise temperature is 410 K at 430 GHz. The receiver has been used to detect molecular line emission in a laboratory gas cell.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1599
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	Author	Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Finkel, M. I.; Antipov, S. V.; Smirnov, K. V.; Kaurova, N. S.; Drakinskii, V. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	The gain bandwidth of mixers based on the electron heating effect in an ultrathin NbN film on a Si substrate with a buffer MgO layer			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	J. of communications technol. & electronics	Abbreviated Journal	J. of communications technol. & electronics
	Volume	48	Issue	6	Pages	671-675
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	Measurements of the intermediate frequency band 900 GHz of mixers based on the electron heating effect (EHE) in 2-nm- and 3.5-nm-thick superconducting NbN films sputtered on MgO and Si substrates with buffer MgO layers are presented. A 2-nm-thick superconducting NbN film with a critical temperature of 9.2 K has been obtained for the first time using a buffer MgO layer.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica, Birmingham, AL	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1064-2269	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=17302119 (Полоса преобразования смесителей на эффекте разогрева электронов в ультратонких пленках NbN на подложках из Si с подслоем MgO)			Approved	no
	Call Number	Vakhtomin2003			Serial	1522
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	Author	Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J.; de Korte, P.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Doubling of sensitivity and bandwidth in phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometer mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	5498	Issue		Pages	168-176
	Keywords	Hot electron bolometers, bandwidth, noise temperature, experimental
	Abstract	NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers are at this moment the best heterodyne detectors for frequencies above 1 THz. However, the fabrication procedure of these devices is such that the quality of the interface between the NbN superconducting film and the contact structure is not under good control. This results in a contact resistance between the NbN bolometer and the contact pad. We compare identical bolometers, with different NbN – contact pad interfaces, coupled with a spiral antenna. We find that cleaning the NbN interface and adding a thin additional superconductor prior to the gold contact deposition improves the noise temperature and the bandwidth of the HEB mixers with more than a factor of 2. We obtain a DSB noise temperature of 950 K at 2.5 THz and a Gain bandwidth of 5-6 GHz. For use in real receiver systems we design small volume (0.15x1 micron) HEB mixers with a twin slot antenna. We find that these mixers combine good sensitivity (900 K at 1.6 THz) with low LO power requirement, which is 160 – 240 nW at the Si lens of the mixer. This value is larger than expected from the isothermal technique and the known losses in the lens by a factor of 3-3.5.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Zmuidzinas, J.; Holland, W.S.; Withington, S.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Millimeter and Submillimeter Detectors for Astronomy II
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1744
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	Author	Baselmans, J.; Kooi, J.; Baryshev, A.; Yang, Z. Q.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Full characterization of small volume NbN HEB mixers for space applications			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proc. 16^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 16^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	457-462
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	NbN phonon cooled HEB’s are one of the most promising bolometer mixer technologies for (near) future (space) applications. Their performance is usually quantified by mea- suring the receiver noise temperature at a given IF frequency, usually around 1 – 2 GHz. However, for any real applications it is vital that one fully knows all the relevant properties of the mixer, including LO power, stability, direct detection, gain bandwidth and noise bandwidth, not only the noise temperature at low IF frequencies. To this aim we have measured all these parameters at the optimal operating point of one single, small volume quasioptical NbN HEB mixer. We find a minimum noise temperature of 900 K at 1.46 THz. We observe a direct detection effect indicated by a change in bias current when changing from a 300 K hot load to a 77 K cold load. Due to this effect we overestimate the noise temperature by about 22% using a 300 K hot load and a 77 K cold load. The LO power needed to reach the optimal operating point is 80 nW at the receiver lens front, 59 nW inside the NbN bridge. However, using the isothermal technique we find a power absorbed in the NbN bridge of 25 nW, a difference of about a factor 2. We obtain a gain bandwidth of 2.3 GHz and a noise bandwidth of 4 GHz. The system Allan time is about 1 sec. in a 50 MHz spectral bandwidth and a deviation from white noise integration (governed by the radiometer equation) occurs at 0.2 sec., which implies a maximum integration time of a few seconds in a 1 MHz bandwidth spectrometer.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Göteborg, Sweden	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	363
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	Author	Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; de Korte, P. A. J.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Improved NbN phonon cooled hot electron bolometer mixers			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Proc. 14^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 14^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	413-423
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometer mixers (HEBs) have been realized with negligible contact resistance to Au pads. By adding either a 5 nm Nb or a 10 nm NbTiN layer between the Au and NbN, to preserve superconductivity in the NbN under the Au contact pad, superior noise temperatures have been obtained. Using DC I,V curves and resistive transitions in combination with process parameters we analyze the nature of these improved devices and determine interface transparencies.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Tucson, USA	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	337
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	Author	Zhang, J.; Verevkin, A.; Slysz, W.; Chulkova, G.; Korneev, A.; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sobolewski, Roman
	Title	Time-resolved characterization of NbN superconducting single-photon optical detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2017	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	10313	Issue		Pages	103130F (1 to 3)
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	NbN superconducting single-photon detectors (SSPDs) are very promising devices for their picosecond response time, high intrinsic quantum efficiency, and high signal-to-noise ratio within the radiation wavelength from ultraviolet to near infrared (0.4 gm to 3 gm) [1-3]. The single photon counting property of NbN SSPDs have been investigated thoroughly and a model of hotspot formation has been introduced to explain the physics of the photon- counting mechanism [4-6]. At high incident flux density (many-photon pulses), there are, of course, a large number of hotspots simultaneously formed in the superconducting stripe. If these hotspots overlap with each other across the width w of the stripe, a resistive barrier is formed instantly and a voltage signal can be generated. We assume here that the stripe thickness d is less than the electron diffusion length, so the hotspot region can be considered uniform. On the other hand, when the photon flux is so low that on average only one hotspot is formed across w at a given time, the formation of the resistive barrier will be realized only when the supercurrent at sidewalks surpasses the critical current (jr) of the superconducting stripe [1]. In the latter situation, the formation of the resistive barrier is associated with the phase-slip center (PSC) development. The effect of PSCs on the suppression of superconductivity in nanowires has been discussed very recently [8, 9] and is the subject of great interest.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Armitage, J. C.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Opto-Canada: SPIE Regional Meeting on Optoelectronics, Photonics, and Imaging, 2002, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
	Notes	Downloaded from http://www2.ece.rochester.edu/projects/ufqp/PDF/2002/213NbNTimeOPTO_b.pdf This artcle was published in 2017 with only first author indicated (Zhang, J.). There were 8 more authors!			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1750
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	Author	Gerecht, E.; Musante, C. F.; Zhuang, Y.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	NbN hot electron bolometric mixerss—a new technology for low-noise THz receivers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	47	Issue	12	Pages	2519-2527
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	New advances in hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers have recently resulted in record-low receiver noise temperatures at terahertz frequencies. We have developed quasi-optically coupled NbN HEB mixers and measured noise temperatures up to 2.24 THz, as described in this paper. We project the anticipated future performance of such receivers to have even lower noise temperature and local-oscillator power requirement as well as wider gain and noise bandwidths. We introduce a proposal for integrated focal plane arrays of HEB mixers that will further increase the detection speed of terahertz systems.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1557-9670	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1560
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	Author	Karasik, B.S.; Lindgren, M.; Zorin, M.A.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Trifonov, V.V.; Gol’tsman, G.N.; Gershenzon, E.M.
	Title	Picosecond detection and broadband mixing of near-infrared radiation by YBaCuO films			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2159	Issue		Pages	68-76
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB mixer
	Abstract	Nonequilibrium picosecond and bolometric responses of YBCO films 500 angstroms thick patterned into 20 X 20 micrometers ² size structure to 17 ps laser pulses and modulated radiation of GaAs and CO₂ lasers have been studied. The modulation frequencies up to 10 GHz for GaAs laser and up to 1 GHz for CO₂ were attained. The use of small radiation power (1 – 10 mW/cm² for cw radiation and 10 – 100 nJ/cm² for pulse radiation) in combination with high sensitive read-out system made possible to avoid any non-linear transient processes caused by an overheating of sample above a critical temperature or S-N switching enhanced by an intense radiation. Responses due to the change of kinetic inductance were believed to be negligible. The only signals observed were caused by a small change of the film resistance either in the resistive state created by a bias current or in the normal state. The data obtained by means of pulse and modulation techniques are in agreement. The responsivity about 1 V/W was measured at 1 GHz modulation frequency both for 0.85 micrometers and 10.6 micrometers wavelengths. The sensitivity of high-T_c fast wideband infrared detector is discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Spie	Place of Publication		Editor	Nahum, M.; Villegier, J.-C.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	High-Temperature Superconducting Detectors: Bolometric and Nonbolometric
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1640
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	Author	Zinoni, C.; Alloing, B.; Li, L. H.; Marsili, F.; Fiore, A.; Lunghi, L.; Gerardino, A.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Single-photonics at telecom wavelengths using nanowire superconducting single photon detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2007	Publication	CLEO/QELS	Abbreviated Journal	CLEO/QELS
	Volume		Issue		Pages	QTuF6 (1 to 2)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Novel single-photon detectors based on NbN superconducting nanostructures promise orders-of- magnitude improvement over InGaAs APDs. We demonstrate this improved performance for the first time by measuring the g(2)(τ) on single photon states produced by a quantum dot at telecom wavelength.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Optical Society of America	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Zinoni:07			Serial	1432
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	Author	Zhang, J.; Pearlman, A.; Slysz, W.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Lo, W.; Wilsher, K.
	Title	Infrared picosecond superconducting single-photon detectors for CMOS circuit testing			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2003	Publication	CLEO/QELS	Abbreviated Journal	CLEO/QELS
	Volume		Issue		Pages	Cmv4
	Keywords	NbN SSPD; SNSPD; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Electron beam lithography; Infrared detectors; Infrared radiation; Quantum efficiency; Single photon detectors; Superconductors
	Abstract	Novel, NbN superconducting single-photon detectors have been developed for ultrafast, high quantum efficiency detection of single quanta of infrared radiation. Our devices have been successfully implemented in a commercial VLSI CMOS circuit testing system.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Optical Society of America	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1518
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	Author	Hübers, H.-W.; Schubert, J.; Krabbe, A.; Birk, M.; Wagner, G.; Semenov, A.; Gol’tsman, G.; Voronov, B.; Gershenzon, E.
	Title	Parylene anti-reflection coating of a quasi-optical hot-electron-bolometric mixer at terahertz frequencies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Infrared Physics & Technology	Abbreviated Journal	Infrared Physics & Technology
	Volume	42	Issue	1	Pages	41-47
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, anti-reflection coating
	Abstract	Parylene C was investigated as anti-reflection coating for silicon at terahertz frequencies. Measurements with a Fourier-transform spectrometer show that the transmittance of pure silicon can be improved by about 30% when applying a layer of Parylene C with a quarter wavelength optical thickness. The 10% bandwidth of this coating extends from 1.5 to 3 THz for a center frequency of 2.3–2.5 THz, where the transmittance is constant. Heterodyne measurements demonstrate that the noise temperature of a hot-electron-bolometric mixer can be reduced significantly by coating the silicon lens of the hybrid antenna with a quarter wavelength Parylene C layer. Compared to the same mixer with an uncoated lens the improvement is about 30% at a frequency of 2.5 THz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1350-4495	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1548
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	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	High speed hot-electron superconducting bolometer			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2104	Issue		Pages	181-182
	Keywords	NbN HEb, Nb, Al
	Abstract	Physical limitation of response time of a superconducting bolometer as well as the nature of non-equilibrium detection of radiation have been investigated for Al, Nb and NbN thin films in spectral range from submillimeter to near-infraredwavelengths [1,2]. In the case of ideal heat removal from the film with the f_‘. 100A thickness the detection mechanism is an electron heating effect that is not selective to radiation wavelength in a very broad range. The response time ofan electron heating bolometer is determined by an electron-phonon interaction time. This time is of about 10 ns, 0.5 ns and 20 ps for Al, Nb, and NbN correspondingly near the critical temperature of the superconducting film. Thesensitive area of the bolometer consists of a number of narrow strips (with awidth of 1Ã‚Âµm) connected in parallel to contact pads; these pads together witha sapphire substrate and a ground plate represent the microstrip transmissionline with an impedance of 50 Q.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Birch, J.R.; Parker, T.J.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	18th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1652
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	Author	Vachtomin, Y. B.; Antipov, S. V.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Smirnov, K. V.; Polyakov, S. L.; Zhang, W.; Svechnikov, S. I.; Kaurova, N. S.; Grishina, E. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Quasioptical hot electron bolometer mixers based on thin NBN films for terahertz region			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	688-689
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	Presented in this paper are the performances of HEB mixers based on 2-3.5 nm thick NbN films integrated with log-periodic spiral antenna. Double side-band receiver noise temperature values are 1300 K and 3100 K at 2.5 THz and at 3.8 THz, respectively. Mixer gain bandwidth is 5.2 GHz. Local oscillator power is 1-3 muW for mixers with different active area
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1445
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	Author	Smirnov, K.; Korneev, A.; Minaeva, O.; Divochij, A.; Rubtsova, I.; Antipov, A.; Ryabchun, S.; Okunev, O.; Milostnaya, I.; Chulkova, G.; Voronov, B.; Kaurova, N.; Seleznev, V.; Korotetskaya, Y.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Superconducting single-photon detector for near- and middle IR wavelength range			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	684-685
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Presented in this paper are the results of research of NbN-film superconducting single-photon detector. At 2 K temperature, quantum efficiency in the visible light (0.56 mum) reaches 30-40 %. With the wavelength increase quantum efficiency decreases and comes to 20% at 1.55 mum and 0.02% at 5.6 mum. Minimum dark counts rate is 2times10-4s-1. The jitter of detector is 35 ps. The detector was successfully implemented for integrated circuits non-invasive optical testing. It is also perspective for quantum cryptography systems
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1447
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sergeev, A.; Semenov, A. D.
	Title	Picosecond response of YBaCuO films to electromagnetic radiation			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Proc. European Conf. High-Tc Thin Films and Single Crystals	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. European Conf. High-Tc Thin Films and Single Crystals
	Volume		Issue		Pages	457-462
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors
	Abstract	Radiation-induced change of the resistance was studied in the resistive state of YBaCuO films. Electron-phonon relaxation time T h was determmed from direct ep measurements and analysis of quasistationary electron heating. Temperature dependence of That TS 40 K was found to – ep be T h.. T'. The resul ts show that ep detectors with the response time of few picosecond at nitrogen temperature can be realized.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor	Gorzkowski, W.; Gutowski, M.; Reich, A.; Szymczak, H.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	European Conference , Ustroń, Poland , 30 Sept – 4 Oct 1989
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1695
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	Author	Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Antipov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Morozov, D.; Korneev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Stysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Gorska, M.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Registration of infrared single photons by a two-channel receiver based on fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proc. 2-nd CAOL	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 2-nd CAOL
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	282-285
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are the foundation of all quantum communications (QC) protocols. Among different classes of SPDs currently studied, NbN superconducting SPDs (SSPDs) are established as the best devices for ultrafast counting of single photons in the infrared (IR) wavelength range. The SSPDs are nanostructured, 100 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ in total area, superconducting meanders, patterned by electron lithography in ultra-thin NbN films. Their operation has been explained within a phenomenological hot-electron photoresponse model. We present the design and performance of a novel, two-channel SPD receiver, based on two fiber-coupled NbN SSPDs. The receivers have been developed for fiber-based QC systems, operational at 1.3 /spl mu/m and 1.55 /spl mu/m telecommunication wavelengths. They operate in the temperature range from 4.2 K to 2 K, in which the NbN SSPDs exhibit their best performance. The receiver unit has been designed as a cryostat insert, placed inside a standard liquid-helium storage dewar. The input of the receiver consists of a pair of single-mode optical fibers, equipped with the standard FC connectors and kept at room temperature. Coupling between the SSPD and the fiber is achieved using a specially designed, precise micromechanical holder that places the fiber directly on top of the SSPD nanostructure. Our receivers achieve the quantum efficiency of up to 7% for near-IR photons, with the coupling efficiency of about 30%. The response time was measured to be <300 ps and it was limited by our read-out electronics. The jitter of fiber-coupled SSPDs is <35 ps and their dark-count rate is below 1 s/sup -1/. The presented performance parameters show that our single-photon receivers are fully applicable for quantum-correlation-type QC systems, including practical quantum cryptography.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Second International Conference on Advanced Optoelectronics and Lasers
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1462
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	Author	Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Milostnaya, I.; Antipov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Morozov, D.; Korneev, A.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.; Slysz, W.; Wegrzecki, M.; Bar, J.; Grabiec, P.; Górska, M.; Pearlman, A.; Cross, A.; Kitaygorsky, J.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Registration of infrared single photons by a two-channel receiver based on fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	7009	Issue		Pages	70090V (1 to 8)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, single-photon detectors, superconductors, superconducting nanost
	Abstract	Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are the foundation of all quantum communications (QC) protocols. Among different classes of SPDs currently studied, NbN superconducting SPDs (SSPDs) are established as the best devices for ultrafast counting of single photons in the infrared (IR) wavelength range. The SSPDs are nanostructured, 100 Î¼m² in total area, superconducting meanders, patterned by electron lithography in ultra-thin NbN films. Their operation has been explained within a phenomenological hot-electron photoresponse model. We present the design and performance of a novel, two-channel SPD receiver, based on two fiber-coupled NbN SSPDs. The receivers have been developed for fiber-based QC systems, operational at 1.3 Î¼m and 1.55 Î¼m telecommunication wavelengths. They operate in the temperature range from 4.2 K to 2 K, in which the NbN SSPDs exhibit their best performance. The receiver unit has been designed as a cryostat insert, placed inside a standard liquid-heliumstorage dewar. The input of the receiver consists of a pair of single-mode optical fibers, equipped with the standard FC connectors and kept at room temperature. Coupling between the SSPD and the fiber is achieved using a specially designed, precise micromechanical holder that places the fiber directly on top of the SSPD nanostructure. Our receivers achieve the quantum efficiency of up to 7% for near-IR photons, with the coupling efficiency of about 30%. The response time was measured to be < 1.5 ns and it was limited by our read-out electronics. The jitter of fiber-coupled SSPDs is < 35 ps and their dark-count rate is below 1s^-1. The presented performance parameters show that our single-photon receivers are fully applicable for quantum correlation-type QC systems, including practical quantum cryptography.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Sukhoivanov, I.A.; Svich, V.A.; Shmaliy, Y.S.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1413
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	Author	Xu, Y.; Zheng, X.; Williams, C.; Verevkin, A.; Sobolewski, R.; Chulkova, G.; Lipatov, A.; Okunev, O.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Ultrafast superconducting hot-electron single-photon detector			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2001	Publication	CLEO	Abbreviated Journal	CLEO
	Volume		Issue		Pages	345
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	Summary form only given. The current most-pressing need is to develop a practical, GHz-range counting single-photon detector, operational at either 1.3-/spl mu/m or 1.55-/spl mu/m radiation wavelength, for novel quantum communication and quantum cryptography systems. The presented solution of the problem is to use an ultrafast hot-electron photodetector, based on superconducting thin-film microstructures. This type of device is very promising, due to the macroscopic quantum nature of superconductors. Very fast response time and the small, (meV range) value of the superconducting energy gap characterize the superconductor, leading to the efficient avalanche process even for infrared photons.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Technical Digest. Summaries of papers presented at the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Postconference Technical Digest (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37170)
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1545
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	Author	Nebosis, R. S.; Heusinger, M. A.; Schatz, W.; Renk, K. F.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Karasik, B. S.; Semenov, A. D.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Ultrafast photoresponse of a structured YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ thin film to ultrashort FIR laser pulses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	3	Issue	1	Pages	2160-2162
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors
	Abstract	The authors have investigated the photoinduced voltage response of a current-carrying structured YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ thin film to ultrashort far-infrared (FIR) laser pulses in the frequency range from 0.7 THz to 7 THz. The detector has shown an almost constant sensitivity of 1 mV/W and a noise equivalent power of less than 5*10/sup -7/ W/ square root Hz. The temperature dependence of the decay time of the detector signal was studied for temperatures around the transition temperature of the film ( approximately 80 K). For a detector temperature where dR/dT had its maximum, the authors observed bolometric signals with decay times of about 2 ns, and for lower temperatures they observed nonbolometric signals with decay times of approximately 120 ps; the duration of the nonbolometric signals was limited by the time resolution of the electronic registration equipment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1658
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	Author	Gao, J. R.; Hajenius, M.; Tichelaar, F. D.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Grishin, E.; Gol’tsman, G.; Zorman, C. A.; Mehregany, M.
	Title	Monocrystalline NbN nanofilms on a 3C-SiC∕Si substrate			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	91	Issue	6	Pages	062504 (1 to 3)
	Keywords	NbN films, nanofilms
	Abstract	The authors have realized NbN (100) nanofilms on a 3C-SiC (100)/Si(100) substrate by dc reactive magnetron sputtering at 800°C. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is used to characterize the films, showing a monocrystalline structure and confirming epitaxial growth on the 3C-SiC layer. A film ranging in thickness from 3.4to4.1nm shows a superconducting transition temperature of 11.8K, which is the highest reported for NbN films of comparable thickness. The NbN nano-films on 3C-SiC offer a promising alternative to improve terahertz detectors. For comparison, NbN nanofilms grown directly on Si substrates are also studied by HRTEM. The authors acknowledge S. V. Svetchnikov at National Centre for HRTEM at Delft, who prepared the specimens for HRTEM inspections. This work was supported by the EU through RadioNet and INTAS.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1425
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	Author	Zinoni, C.; Alloing, B.; Li, L. H.; Marsili, F.; Fiore, A.; Lunghi, L.; Gerardino, A.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Single-photon experiments at telecommunication wavelengths using nanowire superconducting detectors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	91	Issue	3	Pages	031106 (1 to 3)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD, APD
	Abstract	The authors report fiber-coupled superconducting single-photon detectors with specifications that exceed those of avalanche photodiodes, operating at telecommunication wavelength, in sensitivity, temporal resolution, and repetition frequency. The improved performance is demonstrated by measuring the intensity correlation function g(2)(τ) of single-photon states at 1300nm produced by single semiconductor quantum dots. This work was supported by Swiss National Foundation through the “Professeur borsier” and NCCR Quantum Photonics program, FP6 STREP “SINPHONIA” (Contract No. NMP4-CT-2005-16433), IP “QAP” (Contract No. 15848), NOE “ePIXnet,” and the Italian MIUR-FIRB program.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Erratum: 1395			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1396
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	Author	Rasulova, G. K.; Brunkov, P. N.; Pentin, I. V.; Egorov, A. Y.; Knyazev, D. A.; Andrianov, A. V.; Zakhar’in, A. O.; Konnikov, S. G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	A weakly coupled semiconductor superlattice as a potential for a radio frequency modulated terahertz light emitter			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	100	Issue	13	Pages	131104 (1 to 4)
	Keywords	semiconductor superlattice
	Abstract	The bolometer response to THz radiation from a weakly coupled GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice biased in the self-oscillations regime has been observed. The bolometer signal is modulated with the frequency equal to the fundamental frequency of superlattice self-oscillations. The frequency spectrum of the bolometer signal contains higher harmonics whose frequency is a multiple of fundamental frequency of self-oscillations. This work was supported by State Contracts Nos. 16.740.11.0044 and 16.552.11.7002 of Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. Structural characterization was made on the equipment of the Joint Research Centre «Material science and characterization in advanced technology» (Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1379
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	Author	Shangina, E. L.; Smirnov, K. V.; Morozov, D. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A. A.; Toropov, A. I.
	Title	Concentration dependence of the intermediate frequency bandwidth of submillimeter heterodyne AlGaAs/GaAs nanostructures			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci. Phys.
	Volume	74	Issue	1	Pages	100-102
	Keywords	2DEG AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures, THz heterodyne detectors, IF bandwidth
	Abstract	The concentration dependence of the intermediate frequency bandwidth of heterodyne AlGaAs/GaAs detectors with 2D electron gas is measured using submillimeter spectroscopy with high time resolution at T= 4.2 K. The intermediate frequency bandwidth f3dBfalls from 245 to 145 MHz with increasing concentration of 2D electrons n s = (1.6-6.6) × 10[su11] cm-2. The dependence f3dB ≈ n s – 0.04±is observed in the studied concentration range; this dependence is determined by electron scattering by the deformation potential of acoustic phonons and piezoelectric scattering.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1062-8738	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1217
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	Author	Verevkin, A. A.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Smirnov, K. V.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenson, E. M.; Yngvesson, K. S.
	Title	Multiple Andreev reflection in hybrid AlGaAs/GaAs structures with superconducting NbN contacts			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Semicond.	Abbreviated Journal	Semicond.
	Volume	33	Issue	5	Pages	551-554
	Keywords	2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures
	Abstract	The conductivity of hybrid microstructures with superconducting contacts made of niobium nitride to a semiconductor with a two-dimensional electron gas in a AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure has been investigated. Distinctive features of the behavior of the conductivity indicate the presence of multiple Andreev reflection at scattering centers in the normal region near the superconductor-semiconductor boundary.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1063-7826	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1571
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	Author	Ozhegov, R. V.; Okunev, O. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Filippenko, L. V.; Koshelets, V. P.
	Title	Noise equivalent temperature difference of a superconducting integrated terahertz receiver			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	J. Commun. Technol. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Commun. Technol. Electron.
	Volume	54	Issue	6	Pages	716-720
	Keywords	SIS mixer SIR NETD, FFO, harmonic mixer
	Abstract	The dependence of the noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) of a superconducting integrated receiver (SIR) on the receiver noise temperature and the inputsignal level has been investigated. An unprecedented NETD of 13±2 mK has been measured at a SIR noise temperature of 200 K, intermediate-frequency bandwidth of 4 GHz, and time constant of 1 s. With a decrease in the input signal, an improvement in the NETD is observed. This effect is explained by a reduction in the influence of the instabilities of the receiver power supply and the amplification circuit that occur when the input signal is decreased.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1064-2269	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1400
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	Author	Svechnikov, S. I.; Finkel, M. I.; Maslennikov, S. N.; Vachtomin, Y. B.; Smirnov, K. V.; Seleznev, V. A.; Korotetskaya, Y. P.; Kaurova, N. S.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Superconducting hot electron bolometer mixer for middle IR range			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 16th Int. Crimean Microwave and Telecommunication Technology
	Volume	2	Issue		Pages	686-687
	Keywords	IR NbN HEB mixer, detector, GaAs substrate
	Abstract	The developed directly lens coupled hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer was based on 5 nm superconducting NbN deposited on GaAs substrate. The layout of the structure, including 30x20 mcm^2 active area coupled with a 50 Ohm coplanar line, was patterned by photolithography. The responsivity of the mixer was measured in a direct detection mode in the 25-64 THz frequency range. The noise performance of the mixer and the directivity of the receiver were investigated in a heterodyne mode. A 10.6 mum wavelength CW CO2 laser was utilized as a local oscillator.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	4023440			Serial	1297
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	Author	Ozhegov, R. V.; Gorshkov, K. N.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Filippenko, L. V.; Koshelets, V. P.
	Title	Terahertz imaging system based on superconducting integrated receiver			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Proc. 2-nd Int. Conf. Terahertz and Microwave radiation: Generation, Detection and Applications	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 2-nd Int. Conf. Terahertz and Microwave radiation: Generation, Detection and Applications
	Volume		Issue		Pages	20-22
	Keywords	SIS mixer, SIR
	Abstract	The development of terahertz imaging instruments for security systems is on the cutting edge of terahertz technology. We are developing a THz imaging system based on a superconducting integrated receiver (SIR). An SIR is a new type of heterodyne receiver based on an SIS mixer integrated with a flux-flow oscillator (FFO) and a harmonic mixer which is used for phase-locking the FFO. Developing an array of SIRs would allow obtaining amplitude and phase characteristics of incident radiation in the plane of the receiver. Employing an SIR in an imaging system means building an entirely new instrument with many advantages compare to traditional systems: i) high temperature resolution, comparable to the best results for incoherent receivers; ii) high spectral resolution allowing spectral analysis of various substances; iii) the local oscillator frequency can be varied to obtain images at different frequencies, effectively providing “color” images; iv) since a heterodyne receiver preserves the phase of the radiation, it is possible to construct 3D images. The paper presents a prototype THz imaging system using an 1 pixel SIR. We have studied the dependence of the noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) on the integration time and also possible ways of achieving best possible sensitivity. An NETD of 13 mK was obtained with an integration time of 1 sec a detection bandwidth of 4 GHz at a local oscillator frequency of 520 GHz. An important advantage of an FFO is its wide operation range: 300-700 GHz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	ozhegov2010terahertz			Serial	1397
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	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	The “Millimetron” project, a future space telescope mission			Type	Abstract
	Year	2007	Publication	Proc. 18^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 18^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	255
	Keywords	Millimetron space observatory, VLBI
	Abstract	The goal of the Millimetron project is to develop a space observatory operating in the millimeter, sub-millimeter and infrared wavelength ranges using a 12-m actively cooled telescope in a single-dish mode and as an interferometer with the space-ground and space-space baselines (the later after the launch of the second identical space telescope). The Millimetron’s main reflector and other optics will be cooled down to 4K thus enabling astronomical observations with super high sensitivity in MM and subMM (down to nanoJansky level). Heterodyne observations in an interferometer mode at frequencies 0.1-1 THz will provide super high angular resolution. The main instruments, planned to be installed are wide-range imaging arrays, radiometers with spectrometers and polarimeters, VLBI heterodyne receivers, and Mikelson type interferometer devices. Wide-range MM and subMM imaging arrays and spectrometers will be based on a superconducting hot electron direct detectors with Andreev mirrors operating at 0.1 K. Such detectors are the best candidates to reach the noise equivalent power level of 10 -19 -10 -20 W/√Hz. Heterodyne receivers will be both SIS based superconducting integrated receiver with flux-flow oscillator as LO (0.1-0.9 THz range) and HEB based receivers using multiplied Gunn oscillator as LO for 1-2 THz range and quantum cascade lasers as LO for 2-5 THz range. For observations in middle IR region there will be installed large arrays of superconducting single photon detectors, providing imaging with very high dynamic range and ultimate sensitivity.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1422
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	Author	Kawamura, J.; Blundell, R.; Tong, C.‐yu E.; Gol’tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.; Voronov, B.
	Title	Performance of NbN lattice‐cooled hot‐electron bolometric mixers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	J. Appl. Phys.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Appl. Phys.
	Volume	80	Issue	7	Pages	4232-4234
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	The heterodyne performance of lattice‐cooled hot‐electron bolometric mixers is measured at 200 GHz. Superconducting thin‐film niobium nitride strips with ∼5 nm thickness are used as waveguide mixer elements. A double‐sideband receiver noise temperature of 750 K at 244 GHz is measured at an intermediate frequency centered at 1.5 GHz with 500 MHz bandwidth and with 4.2 K device temperature. The instantaneous bandwidth for this mixer is 1.6 GHz. The local oscillator power required by the mixer is about 0.5 μW. The mixer is linear to within 1 dB up to an input power level 6 dB below the local oscillator power. A receiver incorporating a hot‐electron bolometric mixer was used to detect molecular line emission in a laboratory gascell. This experiment unambiguously confirms that the receiver noise temperature determined from Y‐factor measurements reflects the true heterodyne sensitivity.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8979	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1607
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	Author	Schwaab, G.W.; Auen, K.; Bruendermann, E.; Feinaeugle, R.; Gol’tsman, G.N.; Huebers, H.-W.; Krabbe, A.; Roeser, H.-P.; Sirmain, G.
	Title	2- to 6-THz heterodyne receiver array for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	3357	Issue		Pages	85-96
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, applications, stratospheric observatory, airborne
	Abstract	The Institute of Space Sensor Technology of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) is developing a heterodyne array receiver for the frequency range 2 to 6 THz for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Key science issues in that frequency range are the observation of lines of atoms [e.g. (OI)], ions [e.g. (CII), (NII)], and molecules (e.g. OH, HD, CO) with high spectral resolution to study the dynamics and evolution of galactic and extragalactic objects. Long term goal is the development of an integrated array heterodyne receiver with superconducting hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers and p-type Ge or Si lasers as local oscillators. The first generation receiver will be composed of HEB mixers in a 2 pixel 2 polarization array which will be pumped by a gas laser local oscillator. Improved Schottky diode mixers are the backup solution for the HEBs. The state of the art of HEB mixer and p-type Ge laser technology are described as well as possible improvements in the ’conventional’ optically pumped far-infrared laser and Schottky diode mixer technology. Finally, the frequency coverage of the first generation heterodyne receiver for some important astronomical transitions is discussed. The expected sensitivity is compared to line fluxes measured by the ISO satellite.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Phillips, T.G.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Advanced Technology MMW, Radio, and Terahertz Telescopes
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1583
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	Author	Ekstrom, H.; Karasik, B.; Weikle, R.; Yngvesson, K. S.; Gol’tsman, G.; Kollberg, E.; Gershenzon, E.
	Title	Mixers using superconducting Nb films in the resistive state			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	23rd European Microwave Conf.	Abbreviated Journal	23rd European Microwave Conf.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	787-789
	Keywords	Nb HEB mixers
	Abstract	The mixing of 20 GHz radiation in a Nb superconducting film in the resistive state was studied. The experiment gave evidence of electron-heating to be the origin of the non-linear phenomenon. The requirements on the operation mode and on the film parameters in order to obtain small conversion losses or even gain are determined. Our measurements indicate a conversion loss of about 6-8 dB. The hot-electron bolometer is considered to be very promising for use in heterodyne receivers in a wide frequency range from microwaves to terahertz frequencies.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1651
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	Author	Smirnov, K. V.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Vakhtomin, Y. B.; Verevkin, A. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Energy relaxation of two-dimensional electrons in the quantum Hall effect regime			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	71	Issue	1	Pages	31-34
	Keywords	2DEG, GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures
	Abstract	The mm-wave spectroscopy with high temporal resolution is used to measure the energy relaxation times τe of 2D electrons in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures in magnetic fields B=0–4 T under quasi-equilibrium conditions at T=4.2 K. With increasing B, a considerable increase in τe from 0.9 to 25 ns is observed. For high B and low values of the filling factor ν, the energy relaxation rate τ −1e oscillates. The depth of these oscillations and the positions of maxima depend on the filling factor ν. For ν>5, the relaxation rate τ −1e is maximum when the Fermi level lies in the region of the localized states between the Landau levels. For lower values of ν, the relaxation rate is maximum at half-integer values of τ −1e when the Fermi level is coincident with the Landau level. The characteristic features of the dependence τ −1e (B) are explained by different contributions of the intralevel and interlevel electron-phonon transitions to the process of the energy relaxation of 2D electrons.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-3640	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	http://jetpletters.ru/ps/899/article_13838.shtml (“Энергетическая релаксация двумерных электронов в области квантового эффекта Холла”)			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1559
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	Author	Sergeev, A. V.; Aksaev, E. E.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Thermal boundary resistance at YBaCuO film-substrate interface			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter VII. Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter VII. Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences
	Volume	112	Issue		Pages	405-406
	Keywords	YBCO films
	Abstract	The nanosecond voltage response of YBaCuo films on Al2O3, MgO and ZrO2 substrates to electromagnetic radiation of millimeter and visible ranges has been investigated. The analysis of experimental conditions for Al2O3 and MgO substrates shows that the resistance change is monitored by the Kapitza boundary shift of temperature during the temporal interval ~ 100 ns limited by the time of phonon return from a substrate into a film. The observed exponential voltage decay is described by the phonon escape time which is proportional to the film thickness and is weakly temperature dependent.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor	Meissner, M.; Pohl, R. O.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Seventh International Conference, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, August 3-7, 1992
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1665
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	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer: overview of recent results			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	6	Issue	10-12	Pages	649-655
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	The paper presents an overview of recent results for NbN phonon-cooled hot electron bolometric (HEB) mixers. The noise temperature of the receivers based on both quasioptical and waveguide versions of HEB mixer has crossed the level of 1 K·GHz−1 at 430 GHz (410 K) and 600–650 GHz (480 K) and is close to this level at 820 GHz (1100 K) and 900 GHz (980 K). The gain bandwidth measured for quasioptical HEB mixer at 620 GHz reached 4 GHz and the noise temperature bandwidth was almost 8 GHz. Local oscillator power requirements are about 1 μW for mixers made by photolithography and are about 100 nW for mixers made by e-beam lithography. The studies in terahertz receivers based on HEB superconducting mixers now present a dynamic, rapidly developing field.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0964-1807	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1564
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	Author	Yagoubov, P.; Kroug, M.; Merkel, H.; Kollberg, E.; Schubert, J.; Hubers, H.-W.; Schwaab, G.; Gol’tsman, G.; Gershenzon, E.
	Title	Performance of NbN phonon-cooled hot-electron bolometric mixer at Terahertz frequencies			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Proc. 6-th Int. Conf. Terahertz Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 6-th Int. Conf. Terahertz Electron.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	149-152
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	The performance of a NbN based phonon-cooled Hot Electron Bolometric (HEB) quasioptical mixer is investigated in the 0.65-3.12 THz frequency range. The device is made from a 3 nm thick NbN film on high resistivity Si and integrated with a planar spiral antenna on the same substrate. The in-plane dimensions of the bolometer strip are 0.2/spl times/2 /spl mu/m. The results of the DSB noire temperature are: 1300 K at 650 GHz, 4700 K at 2.5 TBz and 10000 K at 3.12 THz. The RF bandwidth of the receiver is at least 2.5 THz. The amount of LO power absorbed in the bolometer is about 100 nW. The mixer is linear to within 1 dB compression up to the signal level 10 dB below that of the LO. The intrinsic single sideband conversion gain is measured to be -9 dB, the total conversion gain -14 dB.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	IEEE Sixth International Conference on Terahertz Electronics Proceedings. THZ 98. (Cat. No.98EX171)
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1582
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	Author	Tuchak, A. N.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Kitaeva, G. K.; Penin, A. N.; Seliverstov, S. V.; Finkel, M. I.; Shepelev, A. V.; Yakunin, P. V.
	Title	Generation of nanosecond terahertz pulses by the optical rectification method			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	96	Issue	2	Pages	94-97
	Keywords	optical rectification, lithium niobate crystal
	Abstract	The possibility of the generation of quasi-cw terahertz radiation by the optical rectification method for broad-band Fourier unlimited nanosecond laser pulses has been experimentally demonstrated. The broadband radiation of a LiF dye-center laser is used as a pump source of a nonlinear optical oscillator. The energy efficiency of terahertz optical frequency conversion in a periodically polarized lithium niobate crystal is 4 × 10−9 at a pump power density of 7 MW/cm2.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-3640	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1377
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	Author	Ozhegov, R. V.; Gorshkov, K. N.; Okunev, O. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Superconducting hot-electron bolometer mixer as element of thermal imager matrix			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Tech. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Tech. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	36	Issue	11	Pages	1006-1008
	Keywords	HEB mixers
	Abstract	The possibility of using a matrix of sensitive elements on a 12-mm-diameter hyperhemispherical lens in a thermal imager operating in the terahertz range has been studied. Dimensions of a lens region acceptable for arrangement of the matrix, in which the receiver noise temperature varies within 16% of the mean value, are determined to be 3.3% of the lens diameter. Deviations of the main lobe of the directivity pattern are evaluated, which amount to ±1.25° relative to the direction toward the optimum position of a mixer. The fluctuation sensitivity of the receiver measured in experiment is 0.5 K at a frequency of 300 GHz.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1063-7850	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1390
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	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Terahertz technology in Russia			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication	24th European Microwave Conf.	Abbreviated Journal	24th European Microwave Conf.
	Volume	1	Issue		Pages	113-121
	Keywords	BWO, HEB mixers
	Abstract	The presentation consider the parameters and operating peculiarities of unique microwave generators of the terahertz range which have been created in Russia – the backward wave oscillators – as well as certain devices based on these generators, such as high resolution. spectrometers and time-resolving spectrometers with picosecond temporal resolution. Most resent BWO-based studies are illustrated by a project devoted to superconductive hot-electron. bolometers which are of great independent value for the terahertz technology as high-sensitive picosecond detectors and low noise broad-band mixers.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	24th European Microwave Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1635
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	Author	Il’in, K. S.; Milostnaya, I. I.; Verevkin, A. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Ultimate quantum efficiency of a superconducting hot-electron photodetector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	73	Issue	26	Pages	3938-3940
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	The quantum efficiency and current and voltage responsivities of fast hot-electron photodetectors, fabricated from superconducting NbN thin films and biased in the resistive state, have been shown to reach values of 340, 220 A/W, and 4×104 V/W, respectively, for infrared radiation with a wavelength of 0.79 μm. The characteristics of the photodetectors are presented within the general model, based on relaxation processes in the nonequilibrium electron heating of a superconducting thin film. The observed, very high efficiency and sensitivity of the superconductor absorbing the photon are explained by the high multiplication rate of quasiparticles during the avalanche breaking of Cooper pairs.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1579
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	Author	Smirnov, K. V.; Vakhtomin, Yu. B.; Divochiy, A. V.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Pentin, I. V.; Slivinskaya, E. V.; Tarkhov, M. A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Single-photon detectors for the visible and infrared parts of the spectrum based on NbN nanostructures			Type	Abstract
	Year	2009	Publication	Proc. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symp.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symp.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	863-864
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	The research by the group of Moscow State Pedagogical University into the hot-electron phenomena in thin superconducting films has led to the development of new types ofdetectors [1, 2] and their use both in fundamental and applied studies [3–6]. In this paper, wepresent the results of the development and fabrication of receiving systems for the visible andinfrared parts of the spectrum optimised for use in telecommunication systems and quantumcryptography.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Moscow, Russia	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	RPLAB @ sasha @ smirnovsession			Serial	1050
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	Author	Shangina, E. L.; Smirnov, K. V.; Morozov, D. V.; Kovalyuk, V. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Verevkin, A. A.; Toropov, A. I.
	Title	Frequency bandwidth and conversion loss of a semiconductor heterodyne receiver with phonon cooling of two-dimensional electrons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Semicond.	Abbreviated Journal	Semicond.
	Volume	44	Issue	11	Pages	1427-1429
	Keywords	2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures mixers
	Abstract	The temperature and concentration dependences of the frequency bandwidth of terahertz heterodyne AlGaAs/GaAs detectors based on hot electron phenomena with phonon cooling of two-dimensional electrons have been measured by submillimeter spectroscopy with a high time resolution. At a temperature of 4.2 K, the frequency bandwidth at a level of 3 dB (f 3 dB) is varied from 150 to 250 MHz with a change in the concentration n s according to the power law f 3dB ∝ n −0.5 s due to the dominant contribution of piezoelectric phonon scattering. The minimum conversion loss of the semiconductor heterodyne detector is obtained in structures with a high carrier mobility (μ > 3 × 105 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 4.2 K).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1063-7826	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Полоса и потери преобразования полупроводникового смесителя с фононным каналом охлаждения двумерных электронов			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1216
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	Author	Verevkin, A. A.; Ptitsina, N. G.; Smirnov, K. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.; Ingvesson, K. S.
	Title	Direct measurements of energy relaxation times on an AlGaAs/GaAs heterointerface in the range 4.2–50 K			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	JETP Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	JETP Lett.
	Volume	64	Issue	5	Pages	404-409
	Keywords	2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures
	Abstract	The temperature dependence of the energy relaxation time τe (T) of a two-dimensional electron gas at an AlGaAs/GaAs heterointerface is measured under quasiequilibrium conditions in the region of the transition from scattering by acoustic phonons to scattering with the participation of optical phonons. The temperature interval of constant τe, where scattering by the deformation potential predominates, is determined. In the preceding, low-temperature region, where piezoacoustic and deformation-potential-induced scattering processes coexist, τ e decreases slowly with increasing temperature. Optical phonons start to participate in the scattering processes at T∼25 K (the characteristic phonon lifetime was equal to τLOτ4.5 ps). The energy losses calculated from the τe data in a model with an effective nonequilibrium electron temperature agree with the published data obtained under strong heating conditions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-3640	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	http://jetpletters.ru/ps/981/article_14955.shtml (“Прямые измерения времен энергетической релаксации на гетерогранице AlGaAs/GaAs в диапазоне 4.2 – 50 К”)			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1608
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	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.; Aksaev, E. E.; Gogidze, I. G.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Electron-phonon interaction in thin YBaCuO films and fast detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter VII. Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter VII. Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences
	Volume	112	Issue		Pages	184-185
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors
	Abstract	The thin. YBaCuO film response to laser and submillimeter radiation demonstrates the picosecond nonequilibrium peak on the nanosecond bolometric background. Experimental data give an evidence for the spectral dependence of picosecond photoresponse probably due to a poor efficiency of electron multiplication processes. Presented results prove an availability of fast YBaCuO thin film detector.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor	Meissner, M.; Pohl, R. O.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Seventh International Conference, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, August 3-7, 1992
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1662
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	Author	Hübers, H.-W.; Semenov, A.; Holldack, K.; Schade, U.; Wüstefeld, G.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Time domain analysis of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	87	Issue	18	Pages	184103 (1 to 3)
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers, applications
	Abstract	The time structure of coherent terahertz synchrotron radiation at the electron storage ring of the Berliner Elektronensynchrotron und Speicherring Gesellschaft has been analyzed with a fast superconducting hot-electron bolometer. The emission from a single bunch of electrons was found to last ∼1500ps at frequencies around 0.4THz, which is much longer than the length of an electron bunch in the time domain (∼5ps). It is suggested that this is caused by multiple reflections at the walls of the beam line. The quadratic increase of the power with the number of electrons in the bunch as predicted for coherent synchrotron radiation and the transition from stable to bursting radiation were determined from a single storage ring fill pattern of bunches with different populations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1457
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	Author	Arutyunov, K. Y.; Ramos-Álvarez, A.; Semenov, A. V.; Korneeva, Y. P.; An, P. P.; Korneev, A. A.; Murphy, A.; Bezryadin, A.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Quasi-1-dimensional superconductivity in highly disordered NbN nanowires			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2016	Publication	arXiv	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	narrow NbN nanowires, BCS
	Abstract	The topic of superconductivity in strongly disordered materials has attracted a significant attention. In particular vivid debates are related to the subject of intrinsic spatial inhomogeneity responsible for non-BCS relation between the superconducting gap and the pairing potential. Here we report experimental study of electron transport properties of narrow NbN nanowires with effective cross sections of the order of the debated inhomogeneity scales. We find that conventional models based on phase slip concept provide reasonable fits for the shape of the R(T) transition curve. Temperature dependence of the critical current follows the text-book Ginzburg-Landau prediction for quasi-one-dimensional superconducting channel Ic~(1-T/Tc)^3/2. Hence, one may conclude that the intrinsic electronic inhomogeneity either does not exist in our structures, or, if exist, does not affect their resistive state properties.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Duplicated as 1332			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1338
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	Author	Semenov, A. D.; Goghidze, I. G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sergeev, A. V.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Evidence for the spectral dependence of nonequilibrium picosecond photoresponse of YBaCuO thin films			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	63	Issue	5	Pages	681-683
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors, nonequilibrium
	Abstract	The transient voltage photoresponse of current biased YBaCuO thin films to 20 ps laser pulses of 0.63 and 1.54 μm wavelengths is measured for temperatures around the superconducting transition region. The fast picosecond decay of the response is followed by a slow nanosecond relaxation which is associated with the bolometric effect. The magnitude of the fast component of the response varies in proportion to the square root of wavelength that plausibly reflects multiplication processes of photoexcited electrons via electron–electron scattering and interaction with high energy phonons.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1655
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	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Kouminov, P. B.; Goghidze, I. G.; Karasik, B. S.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Nonbolometric and fast bolometric responses of YBaCuO thin films in superconducting, resistive, and normal states			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Proc. SPIE	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. SPIE
	Volume	2159	Issue		Pages	81-86
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB, nonbolornetric
	Abstract	The transient voltage response in both epitaxial and granular YBaCuO thin films to 20 ps pulses of YAG:Nd laser radiation with 0.63 micrometers and 1.54 micrometers was studied. In normal and resistive states both types of films demonstrate two components: nonequilibrium picosecond component and following bolometric nanosecond. The normalized amplitudes are almost the same for all films. In superconducting state we observed a kinetic inductive response and two-component shape after integration. The normalized amplitude of the response in granular films is up to several orders of magnitude larger than in epitaxial films. We interpret the nonequilibrium response in terms of a suppression of order parameter by the excess of quasiparticles followed by the change of resistance in normal and resistive states or kinetic inductance in superconducting state. The sharp rise of inductive response in granular films is explained both by a diminishing of the crossection for current percolation through the disordered network os Josephson weak links and by a decrease of condensate density in neighboring regions.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	SPIE	Place of Publication		Editor	Nahum, M.; Villegier, J.-C.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	High-Temperature Superconducting Detectors: Bolometric and Nonbolometric
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1641
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Dzardanov, A. L.; Zorin, M. A.
	Title	Ultrafast superconductive switch			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	IEEE Trans. Magn.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Magn.
	Volume	27	Issue	2	Pages	2844-2846
	Keywords	Nb superconducting switch
	Abstract	The transition from superconductive to resistive state caused by infrared radiation and bias current pulses was investigated in order to minimize switching time tau and driving power W. Experimental results for Nb microstrips confirm the correctness of calculations based on the model of electron heating. For Nb switches, tau measured directly is 0.3-0.8 ns for radiation pulses and 1-3 ns for bias current pulses at T=4.2 K, while for YBaCuO switches at T=77 K it is expected to be several picoseconds. For an YBaCuO sample with the dimensions of 520.15 mu m/sup 2/, W was 10 mW, and it can be further reduced to the order of several microwatts by decreasing the volume of the sample.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1941-0069	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1680
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	Author	Sergeev, A. V.; Semenov, A. D.; Kouminov, P.; Trifonov, V.; Goghidze, I. G.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Transparency of a YBa2Cu3O7-film/substrate interface for thermal phonons measured by means of voltage response to radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter.	Abbreviated Journal	Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter.
	Volume	49	Issue	13	Pages	9091-9096
	Keywords	YBCO films
	Abstract	The transparency of a film/substrate interface for thermal phonons was investigated for YBa2Cu3O7 thin films deposited on MgO, Al2O3, LaAlO3, NdGaO3, and ZrO2 substrates. Both voltage response to pulsed-visible and to continuously modulated far-infrared radiation show two regimes of heat escape from the film to the substrate. That one dominated by the thermal boundary resistance at the film/substrate interface provides an initial exponential decay of the response. The other one prevailing at longer times or smaller modulation frequencies causes much slower decay and is governed by phonon diffusion in the substrate. The transparency of the boundary for phonons incident from the film on the substrate and also from the substrate on the film was determined separately from the characteristic time of the exponential decay and from the time at which one regime was changed to the other. Taking into account the specific heat of optical phonons and the temperature dependence of the group velocity of acoustic phonons, we show that the body of experimental data agrees with acoustic mismatch theory rather than with the model that assumes strong diffusive scattering of phonons at the interface.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0163-1829	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10009690			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1648
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	Author	Semenov, A. D.; Goghidze, I. G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Sergeev, A. V.; Aksaev, E. E.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	Non-equilibrium quasiparticle response to radiation and bolometric effect in YBaCuO films			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
	Volume	3	Issue	1	Pages	2132-2135
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB detectors
	Abstract	The voltage photoresponse of structured current biased YBCO films on different substrates to 20-ps laser pulses of 0.63- mu m and 1.54- mu m wavelengths and to continuously modulated radiation of 2-mm wavelength is measured to temperatures around T_c. Fast picosecond decay of the response to pulsed radiation is followed by slow exponential relaxation with a nanosecond characteristic time depending on the substrate material and film dimensions. The slow component does not depend on wavelength and is attributed to the bolometric effect, while the magnitude of the fast component associated with nonequilibrium response rises with wavelength. More than an order-of-magnitude increase of the nonequilibrium response is seen from near-infrared to millimeter-wave range. This dependence plausibly reflects the low efficiency of multiplication of photoexcited electrons in YBaCuO compared to conventional superconductors.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1558-2515	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1659
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	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Smirnov, K. V.
	Title	Electron-phonon interaction in a two-dimensional electron gas of semiconductor heterostructures at low temperatures			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Jetp Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Jetp Lett.
	Volume	74	Issue	9	Pages	474-479
	Keywords	2DEG, AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures
	Abstract	Theoretical and experimental works devoted to studying electron-phonon interaction in the two-dimensional electron gas of semiconductor heterostructures at low temperatures in the case of strong heating in an electric field under quasi-equilibrium conditions and in a quantizing magnetic field perpendicular to the 2D layer are considered.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-3640	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	По итогам проектов российского фонда фундаментальных исследований. Проект РФФИ # 98-02-16897 Электрон-фононное взаимодействие в двумерном электронном газе полупроводниковых гетероструктур при низких температурах			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1541
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	Author	Lindgren, M.; Trifonov, V.; Zorin, M.; Danerud, M.; Winkler, D.; Karasik, B. S.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Gershenzon, E.M.
	Title	Transient resistive photoresponse of YBa₂Cu₃O_7−δ films using low power 0.8 and 10.6 μm laser radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	64	Issue	22	Pages	3036-3038
	Keywords	YBCO HTS HEB, nonequilibrium
	Abstract	Thin YBa2Cu3O7−δ laser deposited films were patterned into devices consisting of ten parallel 1 μm wide strips. Nonequilibrium picosecond and bolometric photoresponses were studied by the use of 17 ps full width at half‐maximum laser pulses and amplitude modulated radiation from an AlGaAs laser up to 10 GHz and from a CO2 laser up to 1 GHz. The time and frequency domain measurements were in agreement. The fast response can be explained by electron heating. The use of low optical power and a sensitive measurement system excluded any nonlinear transient processes and kinetic inductance changes in the superconducting state. At 1 GHz modulation frequency, the responsivity was ∼1.2 V/W both for 0.8 and 10.6 μm wavelengths. The sensitivity of a fast and spectrally broadband infrared detector is discussed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1639
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	Author	Kurochkin, V. L.; Zverev, A. V.; Kurochkin, Y. V.; Ryabtsev, I. I.; Neizvestnyi, I. G.; Ozhegov, R. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Larionov, P. A.
	Title	Long-distance fiber-optic quantum key distribution using superconducting detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Proc. Optoelectron. Instrum.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Optoelectron. Instrum.
	Volume	51	Issue	6	Pages	548-552
	Keywords	QKD, SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	This paper presents the results of experimental studies on quantum key distribution in optical fiber using superconducting detectors. Key generation was obtained on an experimental setup based on a self-compensation optical circuit with an optical fiber length of 101.1 km. It was first shown that photon polarization encoding can be used for quantum key distribution in optical fiber over a distance in excess of 300 km.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	8756-6990	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1342
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	Author	Gershenzon, E. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Semenov, A. D.; Sergeev, A. V.
	Title	Mechanism of picosecond response of granular YBaCuO films to electromagnetic radiation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	IEEE Trans. Magn.	Abbreviated Journal	IEEE Trans. Magn.
	Volume	27	Issue	2	Pages	1321-1324
	Keywords	YBCO HTS detectors
	Abstract	Ultrafast mechanisms of radiation detection in granular YBaCuO films are studied in the wide wavelength range from millimeter waves to near infrared. With an increase in radiation frequency, the Josephson detection at the grain-boundary weak links is replaced by electron heating into the grains. This change occurs in the submillimeter wavelength range. The electron-phonon relaxation time tau /sub eph/ is determined from direct measurements, quasi-stationary electron heating measurements, and the frequency dependence of the current at which maximum voltage shift is observed. The temperature dependence of tau /sub eph/ at T<or=40 K was found to be tau /sub eph/ approximately T/sup -1/. The results show that detectors with a response time of a few picoseconds at nitrogen temperature are attainable.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1941-0069	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1679
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	Author	Beck, M.; Klammer, M.; Lang, S.; Leiderer, P.; Kabanov, V. V.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Demsar, J.
	Title	Energy-gap dynamics of superconducting NbN thin films studied by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	2011	Publication	arXiv	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	NbN thin film, energy gap dynamics
	Abstract	Using time-domain Terahertz spectroscopy we performed direct studies of the photoinduced suppression and recovery of the superconducting gap in a conventional BCS superconductor NbN. Both processes are found to be strongly temperature and excitation density dependent. The analysis of the data with the established phenomenological Rothwarf-Taylor model enabled us to determine the bare quasiparticle recombination rate, the Cooper pair-breaking rate and the electron-phonon coupling constant, \lambda = 1.1 +/- 0.1, which is in excellent agreement with theoretical estimates.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Duplicated as 641			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1388
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	Author	Tikhonov, V. V.; Polyakova, O. N.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Dzardanov, A. L.; Boyarskiy, D. A.
	Title	Determination of dielectric properties of ore minerals in the microwave band			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Radiophys. Quant. Electron.
	Volume	51	Issue	12	Pages	966-974
	Keywords	ore complex permittivity, chalcopyrite, magnetite, sphalerite, labradorite
	Abstract	We consider a method for determining the complex dielectric permittivity of ore and nonmetal minerals in the microwave band of electromagnetic radiation. The results of measuring the reflectivity and transmittivity of chalcopyrite, magnetite, sphalerite, and labradorite samples in the frequency range 77–300 GHz are presented. A method for calculation of the complex dielectric permittivity of minerals on the basis of the obtained experimental data is proposed. The approximation formulas for calculation of the complex dielectric permittivity of the studied minerals are given.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0033-8443	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1404
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	Author	Marsili, F.; Bitauld, D.; Divochiy, A.; Gaggero, A.; Leoni, R.; Mattioli, F.; Korneev, A.; Seleznev, V.; Kaurova, N.; Minaeva, O.; Gol’tsman, G.; Lagoudakis, K.G.; Benkahoul, M.; Lévy, F.; Fiore, A.
	Title	Superconducting nanowire photon number resolving detector at telecom wavelength			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	CLEO/QELS	Abbreviated Journal	CLEO/QELS
	Volume		Issue		Pages	Qmj1 (1 to 2)
	Keywords	PNR SSPD; SNSPD; Detectors; Infrared; Low light level; Diode lasers; Photons; Scanning electron microscopy; Superconductors; Ti:sapphire lasers
	Abstract	We demonstrate a photon-number-resolving (PNR) detector, based on parallel superconducting nanowires, capable of resolving up to 5 photons in the telecommunication wavelength range, with sensitivity and speed far exceeding existing approaches.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Optical Society of America	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-1-55752-859-9	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Marsili:08			Serial	1243
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	Author	Verevkin, A.; Slysz, W.; Pearlman, A.; Zhang, J.; Sobolewski, R.; Okunev, O.; Korneev, A.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Chulkova, G.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Currie, M.
	Title	Real-time GHz-rate counting of infrared photons using nanostructured NbN superconducting detectors			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2003	Publication	CLEO/QELS	Abbreviated Journal	CLEO/QELS
	Volume		Issue		Pages	CThM8
	Keywords	NbN SSPD; SNSPD; Infrared; Quantum detectors; Detectors; Photon counting; Quantum communications; Quantum cryptography; Single photon detectors; Superconductors
	Abstract	We demonstrate that our ultrathin, nanometer-width NbN superconducting single-photon detectors are capable of above 1-GHz-frequency, real-time counting of near-infrared photons. The measured system jitter of the detector is below 15 ps.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Optical Society of America	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1517
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	Author	Blundell, R.; Kawamura, J. H.; Tong, C. E.; Papa, D. C.; Hunter, T. R.; Gol’tsman, G. N.; Cherednichenko, S. I.; Voronov, B. M.; Gershenzon, E. M.
	Title	A hot-electron bolometer mixer receiver for the 680-830 GHz frequency range			Type	Conference Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Proc. 6-th Int. Conf. Terahertz Electron.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 6-th Int. Conf. Terahertz Electron.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	18-20
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixers
	Abstract	We describe a heterodyne receiver designed to operate in the partially transparent atmospheric windows centered on 680 and 830 GHz. The receiver incorporates a niobium nitride thin film, cooled to 4.2 K, as the phonon-cooled hot-electron mixer element. The double sideband receiver noise, measured over the frequency range 680-830 GHz, is typically 700-1300 K. The instantaneous output bandwidth of the receiver is 600 MHz. This receiver has recently been used at the SubMillimeter Telescope, jointly operated by the Steward Observatory and the Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy, for observations of the neutral carbon and CO spectral lines at 810 GHz and at 806 and 691 GHz respectively. Laboratory measurements on a second mixer in the same test receiver have yielded extended high frequency performance to 1 THz.
	Address	Leeds, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	IEEE	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	0-7803-4903-2	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	IEEE Sixth International Conference on Terahertz Electronics Proceedings. THZ 98. (Cat. No.98EX171)
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1581
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	Author	Gol’tsman, G. N.; Okunev, O.; Chulkova, G.; Lipatov, A.; Semenov, A.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; Dzardanov, A.; Williams, C.; Sobolewski, R.
	Title	Picosecond superconducting single-photon optical detector			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Appl. Phys. Lett.	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Phys. Lett.
	Volume	79	Issue	6	Pages	705-707
	Keywords	NbN SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We experimentally demonstrate a supercurrent-assisted, hotspot-formation mechanism for ultrafast detection and counting of visible and infrared photons. A photon-induced hotspot leads to a temporary formation of a resistive barrier across the superconducting sensor strip and results in an easily measurable voltage pulse. Subsequent hotspot healing in ∼30 ps time frame, restores the superconductivity (zero-voltage state), and the detector is ready to register another photon. Our device consists of an ultrathin, very narrow NbN strip, maintained at 4.2 K and current-biased close to the critical current. It exhibits an experimentally measured quantum efficiency of ∼20% for 0.81 μm wavelength photons and negligible dark counts.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6951	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1543
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	Author	Rosfjord, K. M.; Yang, J. K. W.; Dauler, E. A.; Anant, V.; Berggren, K. K.; Kerman, A. J.; Voronov, B. M.; Gol’tsman, G. N.
	Title	Increased detection efficiencies of nanowire single-photon detectors by integration of an optical cavity and anti-reflection coating			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2006	Publication	CLEO/QELS	Abbreviated Journal	CLEO/QELS
	Volume		Issue		Pages	JTuF2 (1 to 2)
	Keywords	SSPD, SNSPD
	Abstract	We fabricate and test superconducting NbN-nanowire single-photon detectors with an integrated optical cavity and anti-reflection coating. We design the cavity and coating such as to maximize absorption in the NbN film of the detector.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	2006 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and 2006 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1452
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	Author	Yang, Z. Q.; Hajenius, M.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Gao, J.R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Voronov, B.; Gol’tsman, G.
	Title	Improved sensitivity of NbN hot electron bolometer mixers by vacuum baking			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Proc. 16^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 16^th Int. Symp. Space Terahertz Technol.
	Volume		Issue		Pages	222-225
	Keywords	NbN HEB mixer
	Abstract	We find that the sensitivity of heterodyne receivers based on superconducting hot-electron bolometer (HEB) in- creases by 25 − 30% after baking at 85 o C and in a high vacuum. The devices studied are twin-slot antenna coupled HEB mixers with a small NbN bridge of 1×0.15 μm 2 . The mixer noise temperature, gain, and resistance versus temperature curve of a HEB before and after baking are compared and analyzed. We show that baking reduces the intrinsic noise of the mixer by 37 % and makes the superconducting transition of the bridge and the contacts sharper. We argue that the reduction of the noise is due to the improvement of the transparency of the contact/film interface. The lowest receiver noise temperature of 700 K is measured at a local oscillator frequency of 1.63 THz and a bath temperature of 4.3 K.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1471
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